Initial Environmental Examination

February 2012

IND: Bihar State Highways II Project

SH-89: Siwan-Siswan Road Subproject

Prepared by Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. for the Asian Development Bank. ii

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Ltd. BSPCB – Bihar State Pollution Control Board CGM – Chief General Manager CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CRRI – Central Road Research Institute DoE – Department of Environment DFO – District Forest Officer DGM – Deputy General Manager DPR – Detailed Project Report EA – Executing Agency EFRC – environment friendly road construction EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan EMoP – environmental management and monitoring plan EO – Environmental Officer GDP – gross domestic product GoB – Government of Bihar GoI – Government of India GRC – grievance redress mechanism IEE – initial environmental examination IMD – Indian Meteorological Department INR – Indian rupee IRC – Indian Road Congress MDR – major district roads MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests MoSRTandH – Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways MSL – mean sea level NGO – non-government organization NH – national highway NOx – oxides of nitrogen NSDP – net state domestic product PIU – Project Implementation Unit PPE – personal protective equipment PWD – Public Works Department R&R – resettlement and rehabilitation ROB – road over bridge ROW – right-of-way RCD – Road Construction Department RSPM – respirable suspended particulate matter RP – resettlement plan SC – Supervision Consultant SH – state highway SO2 – sulphur dioxide SPM – suspended particulate matter SPS – ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 SOI – Survey of India SPCB – State Pollution Control Board iii

TA – technical assistance TOR – terms of reference UNDP – United Nations Development Program

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES kg – kilogram km – kilometer m – meter m3 – cubic meter MT – metric ton

NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

iv

Contents Executive Summary ...... ix 1. Introduction ...... 1 A. Project Background...... 1 B. Executing Agency ...... 1 C. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard ...... 2 D. Purpose of the Study ...... 2 E. Extent of IEE ...... 2 F. IEE Content ...... 2 G. Methodology ...... 3 H. Information/ data Sources ...... 3 I. Public Consultation ...... 4 2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 5 A. Country‟s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project ..5 B. Forest Clearance Process...... 6 3. Description of the Environment of the Project and Sub-project ...... 8 A. Project Location ...... 8 1. Characteristics of the Existing road ...... 8 2. Category of the Project ...... 9 3. Need for the Sub-Project ...... 9 B. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities ...... 10 C. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost ...... 13 4. Description of the environment ...... 14 A. Physical Environment ...... 14 1. Meteorology and Climate ...... 14 2. Natural Hazards ...... 14 3. Air and Noise Quality ...... 15 4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography ...... 16 5. Geology ...... 17 6. Soil ...... 17 7. Land use ...... 18 8. Groundwater ...... 19 9. Surface water ...... 20 C. Ecological Resources ...... 21 10. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 21 11. Aquatic Ecology ...... 23 12. Economic Development ...... 23 13. Infrastructure Facilities ...... 24 14. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 26 15. Health Facilities ...... 26 16. Literacy ...... 27 17. Occupational Status and Migration...... 27 18. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples ...... 28 5. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and its Mitigation Measures ...... 29 A. Impacts and Mitigation Measures on Physical Environment ...... 29 1. Climate ...... 29 2. Natural Hazard ...... 29 3. Air Quality ...... 30 4. Noise ...... 31 v

5. Impact on Land and Soil ...... 33 6. Groundwater ...... 36 7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies ...... 37 8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies ...... 37 9. Hydrology and Drainage ...... 38 B. Impact on Biological Environment ...... 39 1. Terrestrial Ecology ...... 39 2. Aquatic Ecology ...... 40 C. Management of Construction Debris/Waste ...... 41 D. Socio-Economic Impact ...... 42 1. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers ...... 42 2. Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community .... 43 3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic ...... 44 4. Transports and Storage of Materials ...... 45 5. Impact on Land and Private Properties ...... 45 6. Impact on Common Property Resources ...... 45 6. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure...... 47 A. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed ...... 47 B. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements ...... 47 C. Consultation with Executing Agency ...... 47 D. Consultation with other Government Departments ...... 48 E. NGO Consultation ...... 48 F. Beneficiaries‟ Comments ...... 49 G. Integration of Comments into the IEE ...... 49 H. Public Disclosure ...... 50 7. Environmental Management plan and grievance addressal mechanism ...... 51 A. Environmental Management Plan ...... 51 B. Other Mitigation Plans ...... 51 1. Resettlement Plan ...... 51 2. Emergency Response Plan ...... 51 3. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP) ...... 51 C. Grievance Redressal Mechanism ...... 56 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 57

List of Appendix Appendix 2.1 : Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ...... 58 Appendix 4.1 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 64 Appendix 4.2 : Noise Level Limits Of Goi (In Leq Db(A)) ...... 65 Appendix 4.3 : Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991) ...... 66 Appendix 4.4 : Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979) ...... 69 Appendix 5.1: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management ...... 70 Appendix 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-89: Siwan- Siswan) ...... 74 Appendix 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators ...... 98

vi

Map 1: Location Map of Road Sections in BSHP II vii

Map 2: Location Map of SH-89 Sub- Project

viii

Executive Summary

1. The road condition in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and riding quality. The road density in Bihar is only 901 kilometres (km) per million persons compared with the national average of 2,567. About half of the villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Most roads suffer from poor geometry, weak pavement, inadequate capacity, and coupled with lack bridges causes high transport cost and excessive travel time. 2. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways (SH) to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads (MDR) to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 kms of key state highways are now in the final stages of implementation. In the second phase, GOB has initially approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 4 state highways, namely: SHs78, 81, 90, and 91 with an aggregate length of 173 kms under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II) which was processed for implementation in 2010. During Phase II implementation, prudent financial management has resulted to substantial savings enough to take up another road, SH-89: Siwan-Siswan, which is the subject of this environmental assessment. The Phase II also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA‟s capacity for road asset development and management. The road sections details under BSHP II are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km.) 1 78 Bihta – Sarmera 100.31 Patna, Nalanda 2 81 Sakkadi – Nasriganj 86.80 Rohtas, Bhojpur 3 89 Siwan – Siswan 33.06 Siwan 4 90 Mohammadpur - Chhapra 68.50 Gopalganj, Saran 5 91 Birpur – Udakishanganj 104.04 Madhepura, Supoul

3. The proposed upgrading of the State Highway-89:Siwan-Siswan is located in Siwan District of Bihar. It starts from Aradia Chowk at Siwan on NH-85 and terminates at Siswan where it meets on Tejpur-Majhi-Siswan-Barauli MDR. The total length of the sub- project road is 33.065 km. The subproject is in addition to the 4 state highways under the Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHRP II) which was processed and started implementation in 2010. The Project also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (TA 7130-IND) which will enhance EA‟s capacity for road asset development and management. Key upgrading components involve the widening of existing intermediate lane road into a 2-lane road with paved shoulders of 1.5m on both sides, improved road geometry, proper and adequate embankment, rehabilitate and construction of new cross drainage structures and side drains, improve juctions/intersections, bus bays, and improved road safety

ix

4. The sub-project‟s environmental impacts were screened using the ADB‟s environmental guidelines and was classified as Category-B consistent with the requirements of ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). The screening of impacts revealed the road section does not pass through or located near any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forests, or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. All significant impacts are site-specific and co-terminus with the construction phase. The road section, with the exception of two by-passes, are existing alignments and these are proposed to minimize social impacts. The only irreversible impact is the change in landuse along the ROW due to the double-laning of the road section. No significant adverse environmental impacts are anticipated. The Bihar State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) approved the Bihar State Road Development Corporation‟s, Ltd. (BSRDC) request for exemption from the EIA Notification during its 13.02.2012 meeting since the road section is not located above 1,000 meters above mean sea level and does not pass through notified sanctuaries and parks. 5. The overall terrain is wholly in flat terrain with gradual rise in ground elevations from south to north. Road elevations vary from ground level to typically 1.5 metres. It passes through mostly rural areas. Land use on the project corridor constitutes 45% of urban to semi-urban type with residential and commercial uses while the remaining 55% is under agricultural use. The overall terrain is predominantly flat throughout the stretch. Important settlements along the project road are Siwan, Surapur, Chhapiya, Gopalpur, Sahuli, Nawada, Hasanpura, Jalalpur, Simri, Rajjanpura, Madhawapur, Rampur, Bhagwanpur Ghurghar, Chandpur and Siswan. 6. The Daha River is instrumental for water stagnation in low-lying area due to backwater flow/over flow from the river. The water carrying capacities of the River have reduced over time due to siltation resulting in floods in the basin. The flood affect the subproject road from Hassanpura area up to Ghurghut including the Chainpur main market area. 7. The economy of Bihar is agricultural and service oriented. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India between 1999 and 2008; GDP grew by 5.1% annually, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% in 2006-2007, and stood at 942,510 crores rupees (US $21 billion) which makes Bihar one of the fastest growing major states. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The major crops of Bihar are: paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India accounting for 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize and jute produced in India, respectively. The major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji (sweets) factory, beverages, cold storage, and plywood. There are no major industries in the sub-project area. 8. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The sub-project district contributes nearly 9 % of the state population. Health facility in the state is weak. Among the project districts, Patna being the state capital, the health care facilities is comparatively better than Nalanda. More than 30% of the hospitals/dispensaries of the state are located alone in Patna. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate of 65.38%.

x

There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57% respectively. Among the project districts, Patna has the higher literacy rate of 63.4% the highest in the state while Nalanda ranks ninth. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the State. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. Based on census and National Sample Survey reports, Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in India. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. There are no structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance. 9. All pre-construction, construction, and operation activities that were likely to cause environmental impacts were identified, and evaluated to assess their magnitude, duration, and potential receptors in consultation with the stakeholders. Consultations were made with the government representatives (District Forest Office, State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Department, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, and the District Rural Development Authority), local communities (Chaata, Chainpur, and Ghurghut), and NGOs (Hassanpura Vikash Manch, Socio Economic Development Society Siswan, Chainpur Vikash Parisad) between March to June 2009. 10. Sections of the SH-89 are prone to flooding particularly near Daha River. Submergence is mainly due to reduced river capacity in the area coupled with drainage congestion. 11. An estimated 972 trees will be cleared needing forest clearance from the Forestry Department. This will be mitigated, among others, through a 1:3 compensatory plantation scheme. 12. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources etc. During operation stage the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. Other issues relates to road safety including pedestrian and cattles. 13. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short- duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 14. In general, the sub-project received immense support from local people with some concerns and apprehensions related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large population and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive economic and social benefits which outweights the negative environmental impacts. 15. This initial environmental examination (IEE) ascertains that the sub-project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. Few impacts were identified attributable to the proposed sub-project, all of which are localized and temporary in nature and can be easily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage.

1. INTRODUCTION

A. Project Background

1. Bihar is one of the economically backward states of India. Judged by the per capita state income of Rs9,765 in the FY2007, Bihar ranks far below the all India average of Rs33,299. The road network in Bihar is very poor in terms of coverage and conditions while demand for road transport is increasing. The road density in Bihar is only 861 km per million population, compared with the national average of 2,828 km. About half of villages lack all-weather road connectivity. Insufficient funding for road maintenance in the past has increased the number of roads beyond maintainable condition. 2. Poor quality of the road infrastructure is one of the major factors constraining the socio-economic development of Bihar. Rapid development and strengthening of the road network will provide momentum in accelerating economic development of the state, enabling Bihar to move from being dependent on subsistence farming to focusing on market-oriented agriculture and tourism. Since Bihar is the third most populous and poorest state in fast-growing India, development of the state is equally important for the country‟s goal of regionally balanced growth. 3. With the above background, Government of Bihar (GOB) launched an ambitious plan to undertake the State Highway Development Program to rehabilitate and upgrade state highways (SH) to at least two lanes and expand the network by upgrading major district roads (MDR) to two lanes with funding support from Asian Development Bank (ADB). In the first phase, 820 kms of key state highways are now in the final stages of implementation. In the second phase, GOB has initially approached ADB for financial assistance for improving another 4 state highways, namely, SHs78, 81, 90, and 91 with an aggregate length of 173 kms under Bihar State Highways II Project (BSHP II) which was processed for implementation in 2010. During Phase II implementation, prudent financial management has resulted to substantial savings enough to take up another road, SH-89: Siwan-Siswan, and considered as the fifth package in BSHP-II. BSHP –II also includes the institutional strengthening of the road sector under separate TA (IND 7130) which will enhance EA‟s capacity for road asset development and management. The road sections details under BSHP II are given in Table below.

Table 1-1. Road Sections under Bihar State Highways II Project SH Length S. No. Project Road Districts No. (Km.) 1 78 Bihta – Sarmera 100.31 Patna, Nalanda 2 81 Sakkadi – Nasriganj 86.80 Rohtas, Bhojpur 3 89 Siwan – Siswan 33.06 Siwan 4 90 Mohammadpur - Chhapra 68.50 Gopalganj, Saran 5 91 Birpur - Udakishanganj 104.04 Madhepura, Supoul

B. Executing Agency

4. Executing agency (EA) for the project is Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDC). Road Construction Department (RCD) is the parent organisation responsible for construction and maintenance of roads on behalf of GOB. 2

GOB has recently setup the BSRDC to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. All powers, functions, and accountability of road agencies in the state have been redefined.

C. Technical Assistance for Environmental Safeguard

5. ADB fielded TA 7773-IND to assist BSRDC in project preparation for possible financing of Additional Financing BSHP. As a part of this TA and safeguard requirement of ADB, environmental assessment has been carried out in accordance with relevant country‟s applicable laws, regulations and in consistent to ADB‟s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003 and Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. 6. The present report pertains to Siwan-Siswan (SH-89) sub-project. It has been categorized as Category ‘B’ and hence an initial environmental examination (IEE) has been conducted.

D. Purpose of the Study

7. The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental issues to be considered at project planning and design stages, assess environmental consequences due to project intervention, and suggests measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the adverse environmental impacts, if any, associated with construction and operation. E. Extent of IEE

8. The IEE was conducted based on the most up-to-date detailed project report. Certain changes may occur in the subproject structural components but these changes are unlikely to cause significant environmental impacts. The IEE covered all activities proposed under the project. The core zone of impact is taken as 100 meters either side of the alignment. However, the study area is considered up to 7 km on either side of road alignment for larger analysis of landuse and other environmental features. Assessment is carried out for all components of environment covering terrestrial and aquatic ecology, soil, water, noise and socio economic aspects. F. IEE Content

9. The IEE has been largely structured in compliance to the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003). This includes following eight Chapters including this introduction chapter.

Chapter 1- Introduction Chapter 2- Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3- Description of Project Chapter 4- Description of Environment Chapter 5- Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures Chapter 6- Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation Chapter 7- Environment Management Plan and Grievance Redressal Mechanism Chapter 8- Conclusion and Recommendation 3

G. Methodology

10. Suitable methodology has been adopted to accomplish the study. As the first step, project scoping exercise was undertaken identifying the parameters needed to be considered for the study and to outline the activities for collecting data on each parameter. Data pertaining to all facets of environment like physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment both through primary and secondary sources were collected. The stepwise activities include: Review of legal requirements Review of feasibility study Reconnaissance survey for identification of key issues data requirement and preliminary consultation. Primary and secondary data collection Consultation with stakeholders Identification of impacts and mitigation measures Institutional review and finalization of EMP in consultation with EA.

H. Information/ data Sources

11. Both secondary and primary data were gathered from different sources during study period. All efforts were made for collecting most recent and updated information on the baseline condition of the area. Key information sources is summarised in the succeeding Table. Table 1-2: Primary and Secondary Information Sources Environmental Parameters Information Sources

Project objectives, Technical Bihar State Road Development Corporation information on existing road Limited (BSRDC) and Design Consultant features and proposed rehabilitation work Inventory of road features like Ground Physical surveys water Bodies, Community structures, environmentally sensitive locations areas, congested locations etc. Climatic Condition Status of Environment report on Bihar by SPCB, Envis and other Website1, Feasibility report, primary data collection

Geology, Seismicity, Soil and State of Environment report published by SPCB, Topography government websites and feasibility report, primary data collection

1 http:// http://www.envfor.nic.in/, gov.bih.nic.in/, http://BSRDC.bih.nic.in, http://www.nawada.bih.nic.in/, http://www.nalanda.bih.nic.in/, http://www.sheikhpura.bih.nic.in, http://www.wrd.bih.nic.in/

4

Land Use/ Land Cover Survey of India (SoI) Toposheet, Observation during survey and Satellite Imagery based landuse classification

Drainage Pattern Survey of India Toposheet, water resources, field observation and local people, GIS Based land use analysis Status of forest areas. Divisional Forest Offices Compensatory afforestation norms etc. Status of Fishing Activity Public consultation

Air, Noise, Soil and Water quality Onsite monitoring and Analysis of Field samples

Borrow Areas, Quarries and Design consultant and public consultation during other construction material field visit source River geo-morphology, SOI Toposheet, DPR and information from local hydrology, drainage, flood people, field observations patterns, Socio-economic Environment Different Government agencies/civic bodies, Official websites maintained by state Govt., census of India 2001 and Public Consultation during the Field survey, Bihar through figures collected from Directorate of Statistics.

I. Public Consultation

12. Extensive consultations were held with local residents, government departments/agencies, road users, and NGOs to collect baseline information and better understand the potential impacts and appreciate their perspectives/concerns. Information gathered were integrated in project design and formulating mitigation measures and environmental management plan. 5

2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

A. Country’s Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project

13. The legal framework of the country consists of several acts, notifications, rules, and regulations to protect environment and wildlife. Review of Indian legal system has been carried out to identify its applicability to the project. A list of all clearances/ permissions required for the subproject has been summarised in the succeeding Table.

Table 2-1:Permissions/Clearances Required for the Sub-Project S. No. Clearances Acts/ Rules/ Concerned Responsibility Notifications/ Agency Guidelines A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Environmental EIA Notification 2006 State BSRDC Clearance2 promulgated under Environmental Environment (Protection) Impact (not Required Act 1986 and its Assessment since the project amendments till date Authority road is not (SEIAA), If not passing through constituted then ecologically MoEF sensitive areas or located in hilly terrain (above 1000 amsl) 2 Forest Forest Conservation Act State Forest BSRDC Clearance and (1980) Dept, permission for MoEF and its tree cutting regional office. B. Implementation Stage 3 Permission for Mines and Minerals River Board Contractor Sand Mining (Regulation and Authorities/ from river bed Development) Act, 1957 Department of as amended in 1972 Mining Government of Bihar

2 The Notification entails requirement of prior environmental clearance to the following road projects. Category A: (i) New National High ways; and ii) Expansion of National High ways greater than 30 KM, involving additional right of way greater than 20m involving land acquisition and passing through more than one State. Category B: (i) All new State High ways; and ii) Expansion projects in hilly terrain (above 1000 amsl and or ecologically sensitive areas)

Note: A general condition applies to both of the above category: “Any project or activity specified in Category „B‟ will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries”.

6

4 Consent to Air (Prevention and Bihar Pollution Contractor operate Hot Control of Pollution) Act Control Board mix plant, 1981 Crushers, Batching Plant 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste Bihar Pollution Contractor for storage (Management and Control Board and disposal of Handling) Rules 1989 Hazardous Public Liability and Waste Insurance Act 1991

6 Consent for Water (Prevention and Bihar Pollution Contractor disposal of Control of Pollution) Control Board sewage from Act 1974 labour camps. 7 Transport, use The Explosives Act (& Chief Controller Contractor and storage of Rules) 1884 (1983) of Explosives Explosive materials 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Department of Contractor Control Vehicle Act 1988 Transport, Certificate Government of Bihar authorised testing centres 9 Employing The Building and Other District Labour Contractor Labour/workers Construction Workers Commissioner (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996,

B. Forest Clearance Process

14. Among all the above applicable clearances/permits/NOCs required for the project, forest clearance achieves greater significance due to the longer impacts of tree cutting/clearing and its potential effect of habitat, and the needed lead time to secure compliance usually extending 6 months due to involvement of forest regulatory bodies at both state and central levels. The procedure for obtaining forest clearance has been has been illustrated in the following Figure. 7

Application by user Agency to Nodal Officer PCCF to State Environment & in Prescribed Form A Forest Department

Forwarded to DFO Regional Office of MoEF MoEF (within 3 days) (If diversion is upto 40 Ha) (If diversion is above 40 Ha)

State Advisory Site Inspection in Forest Advisory Scrutiny, joint verification and Group case of > 100 Ha Committee recommendation in Part II of the Application to CF Issuance of Meeting Stage I Clearance Recommendation (within 30 days) Scrutiny, verification and Monitoring by recommendation of CF and Regional Office State Govt. Forwarded to Nodal Officer

State Govt. Issue of Order by Formal Approval Compliance Report Nodal Officer to PCCF for Sate Govt. Order by MoEF to MoEF (30 days) recommendation

Figure 2-1: Procedure for Obtaining Forest Clearance

8

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROJECT AND SUB- PROJECT

A. Project Location

15. The sub-project road section SH-89 is located in Siwan District of Bihar and connects Siswan on Chapra-Manhji, Darauli, Guthani Road in Siwan District. The total length of the sub-project road is 33.065 km. The location map of Bihar State Highway Projects II and sub-project location is given as Map 1. 1. Characteristics of the Existing road

16. Right of Way: The existing right of way along the whole stretch ranges between 8 to 22 m and is generally concentric with the centre line of the existing road. 17. Carriageway and Pavement Conditions: Carriageway width is varies from 3.0 m to 5.5m with 1m unpaved shoulder on both sides. Carriageway condition is mainly poor along various section measuring 18 kms to fair the remaining 16 km while riding is in fair condition for 20 km length. For remaining stretch, the pavement condition is poor and has developed fine to medium cracks. The pavement is mostly single/ intermediate lane with 1 m wide earthen shoulder exists along the project road except some reaches. Average speed traversing the entire stretch is only 20-25 kph. 18. Horizontal and Vertical Alignment: The horizontal alignment of the existing road has several sub-standard and sharp curves including reverse S-curves. There is no proper transition length for most of the horizontal curves including the reverse ones to provide for required super elevation reversal for riding safety and comfort. These deficiencies have been corrected by fixing the horizontal alignment for the entire project road to conform to MoSRT&H standards. The vertical alignment of the road is at a flat grade with the height of embankment generally varying from 0.50 to 3.00 m, except for the approaches to major bridges. 19. Cross Drainage (CD) Structures: There are 1 major bridge, 5 minor bridges, and 44 culverts along the entire stretch of the sub-project road. 20. Terrain and Landuse: The overall terrain is wholly in flat terrain with gradual rise in ground elevations from south to north. Road elevations vary from ground level to typically 1.5 metres. It passes through mostly rural areas. Land use on the project corridor constitutes 45% of urban to semi-urban type with residential and commercial uses while the remaining 55% is under agricultural use. The overall terrain is predominantly flat throughout the stretch. Important settlements along the project road are Siwan, Surapur, Chhapiya, Gopalpur, Sahuli, Nawada, Hasanpura, Jalalpur, Simri, Rajjanpura, Madhawapur, Rampur, Bhagwanpur Ghurghar, Chandpur and Siswan. 21. Road Intersections: There are 12 intersections/junctions, and major junctions include the starting point in Siwan with NH-85 which have been designed as at-grade junction. 22. Level Crossing: Only one level crossing is along the sub-project road near Siwan. 9

2. Category of the Project

23. The sub-project has been evaluated using ADB rapid environmental assessment screening checklist (Appendix 1) for Roads and Highways. The sub-project section does not passes through or located near any wildlife sanctuary, national park, reserved forest, mangrove, estuarine, protected area buffer zone, or any other similar environmental sensitive or protected areas. It traverses agricultural land and some congested urban areas. The anticipated environmental impacts are minimal and most are related with the construction phase. The project has been classified as Category “B” in accordance with ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. 3. Need for the Sub-Project

24. The project road Siwan to Siswan (SH-89) constitutes a very important connection between NH-85 at Aradia Chowk and Tejpur-Majhi-Siswan-Barauli MDR serving as a shorter route for vehicles travelling from NH-85 to Tejpur-Majhi-Siswan- Barauli MDR. B. Project Components

25. Traffic Scenario: Traffic surveys were carried out at two locations; km 3.00 and at km 27.00. About 60% of total traffic at km 3 is slow moving vehicles and 65% at km 27. Similarly, 25% of total traffic on project road is two wheelers indicating trips on the subproject road are for short distance. The annual average daily traffic (AADT) on the project road as reported below. Present Traffic Volume at Selected Locations S.No Location Chainage AADT in PCU 1 Surapur 3+000 5,419 2 Chainpur 27+000 2,321

26. The origin destination survey conducted at km 12.5 and km 81 establishes that local traffic is predominant. Total junction peak hour flow of 5 junctions where intersection turning movement survey was conducted varies from 201 to 2,323 PCU. The speed and delay study conducted along the project gives an average running speed of 35 km/h for section 0 – 22 km; 31.7kmph between 22-50km, and 16.36 for the last section. Low running speed in the last section is attributed to the poor road condition. 27. Projected Traffic: Traffic forecast was carried out considering socio-economic variables such as population, vehicle registrations, and net state domestic product. An optimistic, most likely and a pessimistic scenarios of growth have been estimated for the indicators and the traffic growth rates were established. The following Tables present the projected traffic for both the locations. Table 3-1: Total Projected Traffic at Surapur (Km. 3.000) Realistic Optimistic Pessimistic Year Scenario Scenario Scenario Veh PCUs Veh PCUs Veh PCUs 2010 6,937 5,672 6,971 5,694 6,902 5,650 2015 9,145 7,284 9,478 7,488 8,833 7,092 2020 12,451 9,562 13,453 10,167 11,558 9,020 2025 17,333 12,804 19,688 14,203 15,388 11,631 2030 24,723 17,566 29,771 20,523 20,851 15,253 Source: Feasibility Report

10

Table 3-2: Total Projected Traffic at Chainpur (Km. 27.000) Optimistic Most Probable Pessimistic Year Scenario Scenario Scenario Veh PCUs Veh PCUs Veh PCUs 2010 3397 2436 3415 2447 3379 2425 2015 4500 3198 4670 3303 4341 3099 2020 6162 4308 6674 4616 5707 4031 2025 8626 5909 9829 6616 7633 5313 2030 12366 8281 14945 9767 10390 7110 Source: Feasibility Report

C. Key Rehabilitation/Improvement Activities

28. Key activities for sub-project road improvement involves: widening/strengthening of the road up to 2-lane carriageway configuration with paved shoulders on either side, improving road geometry, laying of embankment, rehabilitation and construction of new bridges and other cross drainage structures, construction of side drains, Junctions/intersections improvement, and provision of underpasses, and way side amenities. 29. Proposed Right of Way: Varying ROW is adopted, from 25 m in built-up areas to a maximum of 30 meters in open areas. In sections with high banks, deep cuts and at intersections, wider land width is required. Proposed formation width is 12m. 30. Road Configuration: It is proposed to convert the present single lane state highway with 2-lane consisting of 7m wide carriageway and 1.5 m wide paved shoulders on both sides. For the structures, new 2 Lane standard configuration with or without footpaths have been proposed for all six locations. Typical cross-section for standard-2 lane road is given in the succeeding Figure.

11

Figure 3-1:Typical cross section of standard 2-lane

31. Geometric Design, Ruling and Design Speed: Geometric design standards are based on the IRC 73-1980 for „plain / rolling‟ terrain as applicable to State Highways. The following other parameters have been used: Design speed 80 km/h against 100km/h as per IRC Minimum design speed 40 km/h against 80 km/h as per IRC The DPR study adopted a reduced ruling and minimum design speeds considering the adverse social impact and economic benefits of utilizing existing road assets. However, alignment can be designed at 100 Km/h wherever possible. 32. Geometric Improvements: The geometry of the existing road is generally satisfactory except at few locations where minor geometric improvement is considered appropriate. 33. Realignment/Bypasses: Two bypasses are recommended with a total length of 3.750 kilometers. The first is between kilometer chainage 0.00 – 2.750 near Siwan to avoid crowded market area and difficulty in improving several existing substandard curves in this section. Further, this section passes through one railway level crossing and construction of ROB at this location is not recommended in the DPR due to low number of gate closures. The same railway line also crosses NH85 about 400m from the project start junction at Km 0+00. The star point of the road section was shifted to avoid construction of separate ROB for NH. 34. Another important realignment is proposed from Km 5+800 to 6+800 near Chatta to avoid heavy built-up area, religious structures, and narrow ROWs. Open land is available on the left side of the project road and realignment of this section on this direction is proposed to avoid the dangerous S-curve. 35. Embankment: Some part of the road is in flood prone area. Overtopping was reported in sections close to Daha River. These stretches are exposed to erosion from floods. Embankment of road in these stretches especially near km 25.850 will be protected by pitching. The final road surface also needs raising at this location with installation of additional culverts are proposed to facilitate cross draining. In order to have more stability to the approach embankments of minor bridges, against erosive

12

attack, as this is a flood prone area, 45 degree splayed wing walls are recommended with rigid aprons, cut-off walls and launching flexible aprons in accordance with practice. Retaining walls will be provided at all required locations for a length of 245m. 36. Bridges and other Cross Drainage Structures: A total of 1 major and 7 minor bridges will be improved under the Project. All 44 culverts will be replaced and an additional 51 culverts will be added to facilitate cross drainage. 37. Roadside Drainage: No proper drainage exists in the entire stretch. Suitable drainage provision shall be designed based on detailed hydrological design from contours, characteristics of catchment, location of outfall points, rain fall intensity and need to furnish the open drainage design and schedule. Provision of 3,150m of drain has been made on both sides. In rural stretches, provisions of longitudinal side drains intercepted by mitre drain are proposed to be constructed to serve as outlet channel. 38. Junctions/intersections Improvement: A total of 5 junctions will be improved in compliance with IRC standards. Layouts will feature separate left and right turning lanes protected by raised (curbed) channelizing islands. The required taper and parallel lane acceleration and deceleration dimensions will conform to the above standards. List of Junctions to be improved are given below. Table 3-3: Details of the Junctions and Intersections S. No Joining road Chainage (km) Junction Type 1 At Siwan Market 1.855 T Junction 2 Daranda Andar road 16.995 X Junction 3 Chhapra Road 26.800 T Junction 4 End of the project road 33.221 T Junction Source: Interim Report, PPTA 39. Service Roads and Underpasses: Presently, no provision of service roads has been made. To accommodate the slow moving traffic in the built-up areas and to improve overall safety and level of service in the main carriageway, pedestrian walkways/cycle paths are recommended with following components. Construction of pedestrian walkway/cycle path (1.0+ 2.0 m wide) on built up sections on both side of the road. Concrete kerb with CC M20 to separate fast and slow moving traffic to channelize the traffic Pavement for pedestrian walkways/cycle paths shall be 250mm Granular gravel base course with PCC 40. Utility Shifting: There are a number of amenities and utility services along the project corridor including high and low tension electrical lines, water and telephone lines, and optical fiber cables. All such utilities shall be safely shifted/relocated in coordination with the concerned departments. 41. Plantation/Landscaping: The project highway will have plantation of trees along the highway on both sides based on IRC: SP: 21. Plantation scheme will be reviewed so that it does not affect the road safety including visibility. A range of 10-15 m center-to- center distance is recommended for spacing of trees. Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be as per IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. 42. Road Safety Provisions: Adequate road safety features like crash barriers, markings, and signages will be provided in accordance with the requirements of IRC/MOSRTH. The executing agency has developed a road safety unit to institutionalize 13

road safety audits, to ensure that safety elements of IRC standards are incorporated in design and during construction. 43. Material Sourcing: A total of 383,006.82 cu.m. of earth will be borrowed for the proposed road upgrading. Earth can be borrowed from nearby areas along the project road. The soil from the borrow areas are in compliance to MoRTH recommendations for the construction of embankment and earthen shoulder. Identified borrow areas are given below. Table 3-4: Some of the Identified Borrow Areas Sl No Borrow Area Location Road Length Covered 1 Chatapur Adjacent to road on LHS Km. 0.000 to Km. 8.000 2 Kutup Chatapur Adjacent to road on LHS Km. 8.000 to Km. 15.165 3 Chainpur Adjacent to Road on LHS Km. 15.165 to Km. 24.745 Chainpur Adjacent to road on both 4 Km. 24.745 to Km. 33.221 Mubarakpur sides Source: Draft DPR 44. The coarse aggregates for the construction work will come from the Pakur, Karnwadiha, and Shiekpura quarries. Stone metal and morrum can also be obtained from Shekpura area which is situated at a distance of 273 Km from Siwan. The source of coarse sand is located near Doriganj which is about 80 Km from Siwan. Bitumen and emulsion are obtained from Barauni and Uluberia which are 270 Km and 590 Km, respectively from the sub-project road. 45. NTPC‟s thermal power plant at Kanti is located about 100 km from the Siwan. Fly ash shall be used mandatorily in road construction as per fly ash notification. Since, there is shortage of fly ash due to ongoing construction works of NH-28 and other highways nearby; use of fly ash has not been proposed. D. Project Implementation Schedule and Cost

46. The project is in the detailed design stage. The Project will be implemented over 3 years, inclusive of procurement, preconstruction activities in 2012. It is expected to be completed by 2015. The estimated cost of the project excluding resettlement and rehabilitation and EMP implementation is 167.96 crores rupees.

14

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

47. A description of the existing environment, including its physical and ecological resources, economic development of the region, and issues relating to quality of life are presented in this section. A. Physical Environment

1. Meteorology and Climate

48. The state has a tropical monsoon climate with three distinct seasons; winter, summer, and rainy. The state can be divided into three climate zones based on physiographic set-up: (a) Sub-Himalayan zone, (b) Ganga plains zone, and (c) parts of Chotanagpur plateau zones of South Bihar. 49. The project district lies in the Ganga plains zone. The district observes hot and damp easterly winds from March to May with afternoon storms accompanied by rain. The summer season experiences “Loo” during May and June having temperature above 400C. Since the district is in the transitional zone, monsoon rain starts late and persists until September. This period provides maximum rain to the area. July and August are oppressive months due to heat and high humidity. The winter season is normally pleasant with low temperature and light rains intensify the cold. The annual rainfall of Siwan for last 3 years is presented in Table below. Table 4-1: Total Yearly Rainfall at Siwan 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Year Rainy Rainy Rainy District Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall Days Days Days 834.20 35.40 Siwan 932.50 34.70 884.20 33.40

2. Natural Hazards

50. Flood: Out of 36 districts in Bihar, 28 districts are susceptible to flood. This constitutes nearly 17% of the total flood affected area in the country affecting 22% of the country‟s total population. The north Bihar plains are drained by a number of rivers viz. Kosi, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla Balan, Mahananda and Adhwara Group. They originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar. About 65% of catchments area of these rivers falls in Nepal/Tibet. The plains of north Bihar have recorded the highest number of floods during the last 30years. In the years 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007 Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood. Among all, 2004 flood was most severe when the flood level surpassed all time high flood level. At many places, the embankments of north Bihar were breached, resulting in flood inundation in a vast area of North Bihar. 51. In 2008, there was an unprecedented flood due to breach of Eastern Kosi Afflux Embankment with catastrophic results in Sunsari and Saptari districts of Nepal and Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Saharsa, Katihar and purnea districts of Bihar. The River Kosi entirely changed its course from earlier one which was again tamed to its original course by Water Resources Department. 15

52. Drought: In Bihar, the districts usually affected by drought are Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Gaya, Nawada, Jamui, and Banka. Most part of the project area is not subjected to drought. 53. Seismicity: Bihar being close to seismically active Himalayas, is prone to seismic hazards. According to Seismic Zonal Map of India prepared by Bureau of Indian Standard, Bihar lies partially in Zones IV and V. The project district is located in the Zone IV denoting higher damage risk. A multi-hazard zone map, shown in the succeeding Table, prepared by United Nation Development Program (UNDP) indicates that both the project districts fall under moderate zone with respect to earthquakes, flood and cyclones.

Figure 4-1: Multi Hazard Zone Map of Bihar

3. Air and Noise Quality

54. In absence of secondary data on ambient air quality and noise levels at the project area, onsite monitoring was conducted at few select locations. Most of the project area lies in vast open agricultural land largely free from air pollution and noise generating sources other than traffic and few brick kilns. These brick-kilns are equipped with smokestack, located in open area, and operate only for few months. Ambient air monitoring was carried out at two locations, at 100 meter away from highways in urban and rural areas.

Air Quality 55. The ambient air quality levels with respect to suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RSPM), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides

16

(NOx) range from 345 to 420 µg/m3, 145-162 µg/m3, 213.5-14.5 µg/m3,8.5 to 7.2 µg/m3 and 13.5-14.5 µg/m3 , respectively in the project area. These ambient air quality levels conform to the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) appended as Appendix 4.1 except for PM 10 at both the sampling site due to heavy traffic, unpaved shoulders and inadequate road capacity.

Table 4-2: Ambient Air Quality Along the project corridor (24 Hourly) Parameters (ug/NCM) RSPM SPM SO NOX Locations (PM 10) 2 Chainpur 345 145 8.5 13.5 Siwan 420 162 7.2 14.5 CBCP Standard for industrial, --- 100 80 80 residential and other rural Areas Source: Field Monitoring. All units are in µg/m3 . Noise 56. Ambient noise monitoring results were found to conform with prescribed limit for all landuse categories monitored except at few commercial areas particularly Siwan, Chainpur, and Siswan where it marginally exceeds the prescribed limits during day and night time.

Table 4-3: Noise Level in dB (A) Along the Project Corridor Noise Level Day Time Night Time Locations (6.00 am-9.00 pm) (9.00 pm-6.00 am) Siwan 71.2 45.2 Chata 56.2 43.2 Hassanpura 57.2 42.5 Chainpur 69.2 43.2 Ghurghut 54.2 38.2 Siswan 64.5 45.2 Source: Onsite monitoring 4. Landforms/Physiography and Topography

Based on broad geomorphic parameters, Bihar may be divided into three geomorphic domains. They are: (i) uplifted block of hilly southern highlands (ii) Ganga foredeep of the North Bihar Plains bounded by the rising Himalaya in the north and the Ganga R. in the south and (ii) The transition zone between the southern highlands the Great Ganga Plains, constituting the central Bihar Plains. The subproject area lies in Central Bihar Plains. This geomorphic/physiographic unit has been further categorised into three land systems e.g. (i) Alluvial upland (ii) Older Flood Plain, and (iii) Present Flood Plains.

57. The project district lies in an alluvial landscape shaped by the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan Rivers Gandaki and Ghaghara. The district is also navigated by few small rivers like Jharahi, Daha, Gandaki, Dhamati or Dhamahi, Siahi, Nikari, and Sona. Among these, Ghaghara is the perennial river, which flows alongside the district's boundary. The project road connects the centre to southern end of Siwan district and is situated at about 120 meters above MSL.

B

17

5. Geology

58. The State of Bihar exhibits diverse geological formations ranging in age from Archean to Holocene. Geologically, Bihar represents the extreme northern front of Indian sub-continent. These include: (i) belt of Himalayan foothills in the northern fringe (ii) vast Ganga Plains, (iii) Vindhyan (Kaimur) Plateau (iv) sporadic and small Gondwana basin outliers in Banka district, (v) Satpura Range extending into large part of the area north of Chotanagpur Plateau, (vi) parts of Bihar Mica belt in Nawada, Jamui and Banka districts and (vii) Granite Gneissic complex of Chotanagpur plateau.

59. The project district is situated in the western part of North Bihar and Ganga basin. Lithostratigraphically, the project area is part of Magadh Formation characterized by silt, clay, and sand of quaternary period transgressing over the alluvial upland and spreading along the valley sides of river drainage systems.

Figure 4-2: Geological Map of Bihar

6. Soil

60. There are three major types of soils in Bihar, namely: (i) Piedmont Swamp Soil found in north-western part of west Champaran district, (ii) Terai Soil found in northern part of the state along the border of Nepal, and (iii) Gangetic Alluvium is spread along the plain of Bihar. The district of Siwan falls between Bhanger plain of Uttar Pradesh and Khader plain of West Bengal. „Bhanger‟ or Banger is an older alluvium containing heavier soil with greater clay proportion, while Khader is the newer alluvial deposit by river floods, both types of soils are found in the district, but Khader is limited to the vicinity of the rivers where it is periodically renewed by fresh deposits, especially in “Diara” areas. Khader is locally termed as 'Domat' and „Bhanger‟ as 'Balsundari'.

18

Bhanger contains nodular segregations of carbonate of lime known as 'Kankar'. Result of soil sampling is given below. Table 4-4: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil in the Project Area S. No. Parameters Siswan

1 Bulk Density; g/cm3 1.28 2 Color Brown 3 Organic matter; % 0.45 4 Water Holding Capacity, % 30 5 pH (20% slurry) 7.33 6 Texture Sandy Loam 7 Moisture % 0.28 8 Chloride % 0.0213 9 Carbonates, % NT 10 BiCarbonates, % 0.060 11 Conductivity 410 (20% slurry), mhos/cm 12 Potassium, % 0.30 13 Phosphorus, % 0.024 14 Nitrogen, % 1.42

7. Land use

61. Predominant land use of the project district is agricultural. The land use distribution in the project district is provided below. Table 4-5: Land use of Project District in percentage Project Districts Siwan Land use Category Forest 0 % Barren and uncultivable Land 3.95 % Land Put to Non-Agricultural land 13.8 % Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land 0.07 % Cultivable waste other than fallow land 0.34 % Miscellaneous Trees and Groves 3.70 % Other Fallow Land 0.68 % Current Fallow 3.61 % Net Area Shown 72.72 % 62. Land use/landcover of the proposed sub-project corridor was assessed during field observation. Nearly 65% of the project corridor is agricultural. Table below provides the landuse distribution along the road corridor.

19

Table 4-6: Land use (in %) along the Project corridor Agriculture Approx 65% Built-up Approx 15% Roadside Plantation, Pvt. Orchards , scrub and grasses Approx 3% Water bodies Approx 7% Community Property and Misc. Approx10%

8. Groundwater

63. There is a wide use of groundwater in the sub-project area, including irrigation. The ground water aquifer in the area occurs under unconfined state while deeper aquifers are under semi-confined to confined state. Shallow water table condition exists in close proximity to rivers. The depth of water table in the area varies from 4-35 m below ground level. Groundwater yield is high (above 150m3/hr) to moderate (50- 150m3/hr) in the region. 64. The result of the groundwater sampling and analysis made during field survey is summarized in the succeeding Table. The ground water quality from the monitored location meets the drinking water standards (Appendix 4). Table 4-7: Groundwater Quality Along the Project Corridor S.No. Parameters Gurghat (SH89) 1 pH 7.76 2 Conductivity, mhos/cm 304 3 Turbidity (NTU) 2.1 4 Dissolved solids mg/l 208 5 Alkalinity mg/l 160 6 Suspended solids mg/l 4 7 Total Hardness mg/l 90 8 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 42.6 9 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 11.2

10 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 5.8

11 Phosphates as PO4 mg/l 0.031 12 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.72 13 Total Iron as Fe mg/l 0.032 14 Lead as Pb mg/l NT 15 Copper as Cu mg/l NT 16 Nickel as Ni mg/l NT 17 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.45 18 Chromium (Total Cr) mg/l NT 19 Manganese as Mn mg/l NT 20 Oil and Grease mg/l NT 21 Calcium as Ca mg/l 32 22 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 2.44 23 Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml Nil Source: Analysis of Field Samples

20

9. Surface water

a. River System and Water bodies of the Project Area

65. The major river in the project area is Daha. It lies in the western side of the subproject road, finally crossed it after Chainpur market at 29.8km Chainage. The Daha River is perennial in nature. It originates from Nepal with its outfall at River Ganga. List of water bodies along the corridor is given below.

Table 4-8: List of Water Bodies Along/across Project Corridor Water S. No. Bodies Chainage 1. Pond 6.6 2. Canal 6.8 3. Pond 7.4 4. Nalla 9.3 5. Pond 12.1 6. Pond 12.2

7. Pond 12.4 8. Pond 14.6 9. Pond 15.3 10. Tal Khoir 22.8 11. Daha River 29.8

b. Siltation and other Hydrological Attributes of Rivers of the project area

66. The Daha River is instrumental for water stagnation in low-lying area due to backwater flow/over flow from the river. The water carrying capacities of the River have reduced over time due to siltation resulting in floods in the basin. The flood affected sections of the project road is from Hassanpura area up to Ghurghut including the Chainpur main market area. c. Surface Water Quality

67. Surface water sample taken from the Daha River have been compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for Irrigation- Class D and propagation of wild life and fisheries -Class-E (Appendix 4). The results of the samples conforms their suitability for both these purposes. Results of the surface water quality in the project area have been summarized below. Table 4-9: Surface Water Quality of the river in project area S.No. Parameters Daha River

1 pH 7.45 2 Conductivity, mhos/cm 441 3 Turbidity (NTU) 3.6 4 Dissolved solids mg/l 306 5 Alkalinity mg/l 120 21

S.No. Parameters Daha River

6 Suspended solids 7 7 Total Hardness mg/l 140 8 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 78.1

9 Sulphates as SO4- mg/l 19.2

10 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 8.9

11 Phosphates as PO4 mg/l 0.21 12 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.76 13 Total Iron as Fe mg/l 0.098 14 Lead as Pb mg/l NT 15 Copper as Cu mg/l NT 16 Nickel as Ni mg/l NT 17 Zinc as Zn mg/l 0.62 18 Chromium (Total Cr) mg/l NT 19 Manganese as Mn mg/l NT 20 Oil and Grease mg/l NT 21 Calcium as Ca mg/l 32 22 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 14.6 23 Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml 42 Source: Analysis of field Samples

C. Ecological Resources

1. Terrestrial Ecology

a. Forests

68. Forest Areas: The state of Bihar has only 6.9% of forest cover to its total geographic area. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forests, and Unclassified Forest" and their areas are 693 sq. km (0.75%), 5779 sq. km (6.14%) and 1 sq. km (0%) respectively. Per capita forest area in the state is 0.01 ha against the national average of 0.07 ha. The latest estimates of Forest Survey of India (FSI), published in the State of Forest Report (SFR) 2003, suggest that the total forest cover of Bihar is 5,558 sq. km., which is 5.9% of the land area.

69. Forest Types and its Spatial Extent: There are three forest types in the state dry and wet deciduous, and Tarai. Dry deciduous found in northeastern of Kishanganj district and particularly in the water logged area with annual rainfall more than 120 cm. Density of vegetation is very high. The major vegetation type are Sal, Assam, Semal, Ghaura, Caham, Kend, Mango ,and Jamun. The wet deciduous forest is found in hills of Kanpur and Chotanagpur plateau and in few parts of Raxual, Purnia and Araria districts where the annual rainfall is less than 120 cm. They are not dense forest and categorized as open forest. The major vegetation type is Sal, Bamboo, Khair, Pal, Shisham, Mahua and Kend. Finally the sub-himalayan and Tarai Forest are found in northern part of Bihar and boarder of Nepal. The major area in which this type of forest are found are western Champaran (Showmeshwar), Purnia and Araria. The major vegetation type is Sal, Tun, Oak, and Pinl.

22

70. Forest in Project Area: The project area is devoid of any type of forests. The forest cover map of undivided Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand) is provided in the succeeding Figure. b. Wild Life and Protected Areas

71. There are 11 wildlife-sanctuaries and 1 national park in the state. None of these eco-sensitive areas is crossed or located near the project alignment. c. Road Side Plantations

72. On the both right and left side of the SH-89are secondary vegetation, mainly by plantation and characterized by Kadam-Anthrocephalus cadamba, Shisham or Indian Rosewood- Dalbergia sissoo, Aam or Mango-Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus, Simul- Bombax ceiba, Jamun or Java Plum- Syzygium cumini, Siris-Albizia lebek, Tal, Mahua, Segun or Teak- Tectona grandis, Khair- Acacia catechu, Satiana-Alstnia scolaris, Krishnasura-Delonix regia, Kikar or Babul- Acacia nilotica, Khejri- Prosopis cineraria, Acacia pinnata, Arundo donex, Bauhinia vahlii, Caesalpinia sepiaria, Cenchrus setigerus, Chrysopogon sp., Clematis gouriana, Cymbopogon martini, Oendrocalamus strictus, Oioscorea belophylla, Erianthus munja, Heteropogon contortus, Eulolopsis binanta, Mimosa himalayan, Pueraria tuberosa, Saccharum spontaneum, and Smilex sp. 23

Figure 4-3: Forest Cover Map of Erstwhile Unbifurcated Bihar

2. Aquatic Ecology

73. The predominant fishes of these areas are Labeo rohita, Wallago atto, and Catla catla. The turtle Chitra indica was not observed during the site assessment contrary to local people claims its presence in the river water few years back near SH-89. Macro- nvertebrates such as crabs, molluscs, snails, lizards, are amphibians were seen near SH-89. Although the fish species are similar in river channels and canals along SH-89, their population distribution across these water bodies widely varies. Altogether 29 species of fish have been identified in the study area inclusing Acanthocobitis botia, Ailia punctata, Arius gagoridesn, Badis badis, Bagarius yarrelli, Barilius barna, Botia Dario, Botia lohachata, Chagunius chagunio, Coius quadrifasciatus, Colisa lalia, Crossocheilus latius, Danio rerio, Gudusia chapra, Ilisha megaloptera, Johnius gangeticus, Labeo ariza, Labeo boga, Labeo pangusia, Mystus gulio, Puntius conchonius, Puntius guganio, Raiamas bola, Salmostoma bacaila, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Xenentodon cancila, Wallago atto, and Pila Globosa No migratory fishes like Tor and Mahaseer were found in the rivers or the water bodies neae SH-89.

3. Economic Development

74. The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it also has a significant agricultural base. There is also a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounts for 35%, industry 9% and service 55% of the economy of the state. Bihar has the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than the average per capita income. Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%. More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 2006-2007, and stood at 942510 Crores Rupees ($21 billion nominal GDP).

24

This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP is ranked 14th out of 28 states in India. Various facets of socio-economic environment of the state and the project district are described in following paragraphs. a. Industries

75. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant. This is mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, cement etc. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries involved in food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products accounting for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables.

76. The project district is mainly characterized by agro-based small-scale cottage industries; light engineering, food, and food processing are the major industrial activities. Major industries located in the area are mainly sugar factories, thermal power station, wagon factory, and pharmaceutical. Small-scale industries include saw mill, rice mill, suji factory, beverages, cold storage, plywood etc. Project area is largely devoid of any major industries.

77. Contribution of industrial sector to the state‟s economy is insignificant, mainly due to poor investment climate. Key industries in the state include food processing/beverages fibres/textile, jute, leather, mines and minerals, tobacco, dairy, tea, petroleum products, and cement. Unregistered units dominate the overall industrial sector, accounting for more than half of its total income. There are 259 large and medium industries in Bihar. Food, beverages, tobacco, and petroleum products account for more than 85% of the total industrial income. Total value of output of agro-based industries is less than 1% of the national output, despite the fact that Bihar produces about 10% of India‟s total output of common fruits and vegetables. Project area is largely devoid of industries.

4. Infrastructure Facilities

a. Water Supply

78. Bihar ranks among top states in accessibility and availability of safe drinking water supply. Nearly 90% of the total population gets safe drinking water. Projects districts are also richly endowed by groundwater and surface water resources. Groundwater is principally used for drinking and domestic purposes in the project influence area.

b. Transportation

79. Roads: The State is serviced by 2318 kms. of national highways, 4192 kms. of state highways, 12,579 kms. of district roads and over 69000 kms. of other roads. Only 25

50% of the other roads are surfaced. The total road length per 100 sq km is 77 km and the road density in is only 901 km per million populations. About half of villages lack all- weather road connectivity. 80. Railways: Bihar‟s railway network is fairly well developed, with the railway route density (route kilometers per 1000 sq km) in the state being 30.15, compared to 19.09 for All-India. Total rail length in the state is 5,400 km. 81. Waterways: Bihar is traversed by several rivers. Some of the major rivers are the Ganges, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Damodar, Sone and Swarnarekha. Total length of rivers in Bihar is 4,414 kmsnavigable length of rivers is 1,325 kms. Farakka to Buxar in the river Ganges has been declared as National Water Ways No.1. It is presently operative from Haldia to Patna. This provides access to Calcutta Seaport (417Kms) and Haldia (517 Kms). 82. Civil Aviation: Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Raxoul and Jogbani have domestic airports Patna International Airport is directly connected with Kathmandu (Nepal), and important destinations of the country. 39 district Head Quarters have air strips/aerodromes. The state government has plans to set up Air Cargo Complex in Patna that will be promoted by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority and Airport Authority of India.

c. Power Sources and Availability

83. After bifurcation of Bihar with a newly carved state Jharkhand, 70% of the generation capacity of erstwhile Bihar has gone to the jurisdiction of the state of Jharkhand, but 70% of the load is left with present Bihar. Bihar‟s power generating capacities stand at 540 MW of capacity in thermal plants in Barauni (320 MW) and Muzaffarpur (220MW) with a limited amount of power (25 MW) available from the hydel power sources. With 41% of its villages electrified, power is being viewed as a focus area with new projects in the pipeline involving a total estimated cost of US$ 4.4 billion with a targeted capacity of 4820 MW.

d. Agriculture

84. About 85% of state's population are dependent on agriculture and allied. The major crops of Bihar are paddy, wheat, lentils. Bihar is also the leading producer of cash crops like tobacco, chillies, turmeric, oilseeds, sugar, and jute. It produces some of the finest varieties of mangoes, litchis, guavas, sapotas, citrus, pineapples, and bananas. Bihar is the largest honey producer of India. The state is distinguished as the "Rice Bowl" of East India. It has 6%, 6%, 11% and 9% share of rice, wheat, maize, and jute respectively, produced in India. Bihar is one of the largest vegetables producers.

85. The sub-roject districts produces several of major crops like rice, wheat, maize, and barley; pulses like gram, masoor, arhar, and khesari peas; and cash crops like sugarcane, potato, tobacco, jute, and chillis.

26

e. Mineral Resources

86. Unbifurcated Bihar had vast mineral reserves. About 90% of the important minerals are now left with Jharkhand after separation. Still some more important minerals are located in the state contributing in states revenue though insignificant. Minerals found in the states are Limestone, Pyrite, Magnetite, Steatite, Mica, China clay, Soapstone, Slate, Felspar, Galena, Sandstone, Saltpetre, etc. None of the mineral deposits is located in the project districts.

5. Social and Cultural Resources

a. Population and Communities

87. The total population of Bihar is 82.8 million, third most populous state in the country. The project district contributes nearly 4 % of the state population. The decennial growth rate of population of Bihar during 1991-01 was 28.43%. The sex ratio in the State i.e. number of females per 1,000 males marginally increased from 971 in 1991 to 972 in 2001 as compared to the all India average, which increased from 927 to 933 during the same period. The density of population, which was 685 persons per sq km in 1991, increased to 880 per sq km in 2001. The urban population of 13.38% in 1991 increased to 14.47 % in 2001. According to the census 2001, the state of Bihar and the project district have following facts on Population

Table 4-10: Demographic Profile of the State and the Project Districts State and Project Districts Bihar Siwan Indicators

Total Population (in millions) 82.8 2.714 Urban Population (% of total population) 14.77 5.49 Rural Population (% of total population) 89.53 94.50 ST Population (% of total population) 0.9 0.5 SC Population (% of total population) 15.7 11.4 Density (Sq. km) 880 1221 Sex Ratio (Per 1000 males) 919 1031 Decadal Growth (%) 28.3 25.03

Literacy Rate (%) 47.0 51.6 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

6. Health Facilities

88. Health facility in the state overall as well as in the project district is very poor. The project district has only 51 hospitals and dispensaries. Table below provides the number of health care centers in the state and the project district as of 2007.

27

Table 4-11: Government Healthcare Facilities in the State and Project District

State and Project No. of No. of No of District Hospitals/Dispensaries Beds Practitioners Bihar 1776 24176 2257 Siwan 51 396 150 Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, directorate of Economics and Statistics

7. Literacy

89. The overall literacy rate of Bihar is 47.53%, which is significantly low compared to country‟s literacy rate at 65.38%. There is also a disparity among male and female literacy with 60.32% and 33.57%, respectively. In Bihar only 23% students below 10 years of age attend elementary schools. In the sub-project districts, Siwan has a literacy rate of 50.60% ranking 12th in the state. Sex-wise break-up of literacy rate for the state and the project districts has been tabulated below. Table 4-12: Literacy Rate in the State and the Sub-Project Districts State and No. of Literates Literacy Rate (%) Project District Males Females Total Males Females Total Siwan 708,000 410,000 1,118,000 67.3 36.8 51.6 Bihar 20,978,955 10,696,652 31,675,607 60.32 33.57 47.53

Source: Bihar through Figures, 2007, Directorate of Economics and Statistics 8. Occupational Status and Migration

90. Of the total population of 82.88 million people, roughly 28 million people (34% of the population) comprise the workforce in the state. Though Bihar is the third largest populated state in India, it accounts for about 7% of the total organized sector employment in the public sector. In the private sector, the share of Bihar is still lower at about 3%. There has been a large increase of subsidiary status workers in the state, pointing to the presence of a high degree of disguised unemployment as well as temporary/casual labour. Maximum percentage of the workers is in the agriculture sector as a cultivator or agricultural labourers. More than 80% of the rural population is engaged in the agriculture sector. The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data shows that wage employment in the agricultural labour accounted for nearly 40% of the rural work force in Bihar in 1999-00. Agriculture labour and cultivation together account for around 80% of occupations in 1999-00. In urban areas, more than 40% households are self-employed. Around 30% have regular employment in 1999-00. Percentage of main workers to total population and distribution of working populations under various categories of subproject distritcs and types of workers are provided in the Table below. Table 4-13: Main Workers and its Distribution under Various Category Main Other Cultivator Agricultural Household District Workers Workers 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 1991 2001 Siwan 23.00 18.86 58.86 47.61 25.25 23.86 1.42 3.40 14.82 25.11 Source:-Primary Census Abstract -1991, and 2001(Bihar)

28

91. Migration is crucial survival strategy for the rural poor in Bihar. The National Survey Sample reported that Bihar has the highest rate of gross interstate migration in the India. Most of the migrants are male (95%) and that of poor section. 9. Current use of lands and resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous Peoples

92. Tribal population in the project area is insignificant. Those living, are in the mainstream of the society and do not depend on forest and its resources for any purpose. Moreover, there is no forest resource in the project area. a. Structures or sites of historical, archaeological, paleontological, or architectural significance

93. There is no such site of significance either impacted or in the close vicinity of the project area. b. Areas of Eco-Sensitivity/Protected Area/Restricted Area legislative and others

94. No such eco-sensitivity areas, protected area, restricted area and legislative and others were found in the sub project area. 29

5. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND ITS MITIGATION MEASURES

95. Environmental impacts have been assessed considering present environmental setting of the project area, nature, and extent of the proposed activities. Suitable approach and methodology was adopted to ascertain likely impacts both during design and construction and operation stage. Valued Environmental Components were identified during initial site visit followed by its detailed investigation during later stage of the study. A. Impacts and Mitigation Measures on Physical Environment

1. Climate

a. Design and Construction Phase

96. Cutting of approximately 972 trees will have minor to negligible impact on microclimate of the region. The compensatory plantation, involving 2,916 trees, will improve the micro climate of the region. Mitigation Measures 97. All efforts shall be made by the contractor to minimize cutting of the trees up to final stage of project implementation. The project envisaged plantation of approximately 2,916 trees as a compensatory plantation as in compliance to prevailing guidelines of State‟s Forest Department on 1:3 basis. The contractor will be responsible to coordinate with the authorities about compensatory plantation that will include meetings, actions and discussions with concerned authorities. Besides, additional plantation is recommended near sensitive locations, riverbanks and wherever additional land is available with PWD. Operation Stage 98. The sub-project road is mostly located in open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion of gaseous emission from vehicle. Further, extensive plantation will ameliorate/enhance the micro climate. No adverse climatic changes/impacts are anticipated during operation stage other than CO2 emission from vehicles. 2. Natural Hazard

99. Some parts of the project alignment have evidences of overtopping during monsoon period, requiring raised formation level of the proposed road. This may aggravate the flood situation if adequate engineering solutions are not included in the design considering the local/regional hydrology of the area. 100. The project area is located in seismic zone IV which is high damage risk zone. This may cause failure of civil structures in the event of earthquake if design consideration related to seismicity is not taken into consideration. Mitigation Measures 101. Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside drainage shall be made to avoid flooding/water logging. The height of embankment shall be adequately raised at least 1 meter above highest flood level. The design discharge shall be evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations.

30

102. Earthquakes may cause failure of civil structures if inadequately considered in the design stage. Related to seismicity is not adequately taken into consideration. Relevant IS codes shall be adopted while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of highest magnitude in Seismic zone IV. 103. Following IRC guidelines have been followed in the design for construction and protection of embankment in the flood affected stretches. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged areas IRC: 75-1979: Guidelines for Design of High Embankments IRC: 56-1974: Recommended Practice for Treatment of Embankment Slopes for Erosion control 104. Key provisions are Provisions of adequate cross drainage structures, like culverts/balancing culverts/causeways and roadside. The height of embankment adequately raised above highest flood level with 1 m free board. The design discharge has been evaluated for flood of 50-year return period for calculation of waterway and design of foundations. Retaining walls, Toe walls near water bodies for protection of embankment. Turfing with sods along slope of embankment to prevent erosion of embankment material. Floor aprons on upstream and downstream of culverts and minor bridges

3. Air Quality

Design and Construction Phase 105. The potential sources of air emission during the construction phase of the project are: (i) dust from earth works during site preparation; (ii) emissions from the operation of construction equipment and machines; (iii) fugitive emissions from vehicles plying unpaved roads; (iv) fugitive emissions during the transport of construction materials; (v) air emissions other than dust arise from combustion of hydrocarbons particularly from the hot mix plants, and (vi) localised increased traffic congestion in construction areas. Most of the emissions will be in the form of coarse particulate matter which will settle down in close vicinity of construction site. Installation of crusher unit will also lead to air pollution. Hot mix plant will generate carbon monoxide (CO), un-burnt hydrocarbon, sulphur dioxide, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. This may affect the air quality of nearby areas especially due to emission discharge from low height stack. However, this will be a temporary phase and hence, no significant adverse impact is envisaged.

Mitigation Measures 106. The following mitigation measures to minimize impacts on air quality: Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and aggregates shall be covered. 31

Loading and unloading of construction materials in covered area or provisions of water fogging around these locations. Storage areas should be located downwind of the habitation area. Water shall be sprayed on earthworks periodically Regular maintenance of machinery and equipment. Vehicular pollution check shall be made mandatory. Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the human settlements. The asphalt plants, crushers and the batching plants shall be sited at least 500m in the downwind direction from the nearest settlement and after securing a No- Objection Certificate (NOC) from the SPCB. Hot mix plant shall be fitted with stack of adequate height as may be prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough dispersion of exit gases. Bitumen emulsion and bitumen heaters should be used to extent feasible. Only crushers licensed by PCB shall be used.LPG should be used as fuel source in construction camps instead of wood. Tree cutting shall be restricted. Regular Water sprinkling of unpaved haulage roads. Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the construction workers Diesel Generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with adequate height as per regulations (Height of stack = height of the building + 0.2 KVA. Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as well as machineries. Air quality monitoring should be carried out during construction phase. If monitored parameters are above the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Operation Phase 107. Vehicular emission will be the principal source of pollution during operation stage. The sub-project road is mostly located in open agricultural land which will provide adequate dispersion dynamics of gaseous pollutants. Moreover, majority of the traffic on the sub-project will be diverted traffic from the existing highways. Mitigation Measures 108. Plantation is one of the preferred solutions to check air pollution. Plants serve as a sink for pollutants, and reduce the dispersion of dust. Tree plantation along roadsides and other places shall include pollution absorbent species. 109. Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. 110. Driver education will be promoted on the benefits of driving practices that can reduce fuel consumption and promote safety when driving within the speed limits and avoiding sudden acceleration. 4. Noise

Design and Construction Phase 111. Ambient noise level may increase temporarily in the close vicinity of various construction activities, maintenance workshops, vehicles and earthmoving equipment. These construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 –

32

95 dB(A) at a distance of about 5 m from the source. Although this level of noise is higher than the permissible limit for ambient noise level for residential/commercial levels, these are expected to be short term episodes rather than sustained exceedance. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are either bypassed or located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment sa shown below. Table 5-1 List of Some Noise- Sensitive Locations along the Alignment S. No Structures Chainage Remarks 1 School (RHS) (14.3) Partially impacted 2 School (LHS) (19.4) Partially Impacted 3 School (LHS) (21.9) Partially impacted 4 School (LHS) (26.6) Partially impacted 5 School(LHS) (28) Impacted 6 School (RHS) (30.8) Partially Impacted 7 School(RHS) (33.2 ) Impacted Likely to be relocated

Mitigation Measures 112. The following mitigation measures will be implemented to minimize or avoid impacts due to elevated noise level: All equipment shall be timely serviced and properly maintained to minimize its operational noise. Noise level will be one of the considerations in equipment selection which will favour lower sound power levels Stationary noise making equipments shall be placed along un-inhabited stretches. On areas near schools, several approaches to reduce noise will be employed by the Contractor to ensure compliance with noise standards. These approaches include the timing of noisy construction activities during night time and weekends when there are minimal activities near by the sensitive receptor, concurrent noisy operations may be separated to reduce the total noise generated, and if possible re-route traffic during construction to avoid the accumulation of noise beyond standards. If the above mentioned schemes prove to be inadequate, the provision of temporary noise barrier shall be made near identified sensitive locations re near the noise source during construction. If temporary noise barriers are not feasible then timing for construction activities shall be regulated. Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) shall be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines. Construction equipment and machinery shall be fitted with silencers and maintained properly. Noise measurements should be carried out to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Develop a mechanism to record and respond to complaints on noise 33

Operaton Phase 113. During the operational phase, movement of traffic will be the prime source of noise. Traffic congestion and pedestrian interferences increase the use of horns. This may result in increase noise levels at at nearby schools and religious place. Mitigation Measures Effective traffic management and good riding conditions shall be maintained to reduce the noise level throughout the stretch and speed limitation and honking restrictions may be enforced near sensitive locations. The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road.

5. Impact on Land and Soil

a. Loss of Productive Soil and Change in Land use

Design and Construction Phase 114. The sub-project road improvement will require conversion of some agricultural lands. The exact requirement of land is being assessed during the preparation of this report. No sensitive area like forest or any other sensitive land, including their buffer zones will be involved.. Minor impact on agricultural yield is anticipated due to the sub- project but the benefits to the individual farmers accrued against reduced yield may get compensated through enhanced accessibility to the commercial market. 115. In addition to above, land may be required for access road and construction camp for the duration of construction period. This will also result in loss of soil productivity. Mitigation Measures 116. The top soil from the productive land shall be preserved and reused for plantation purposes. It shall also be used as top cover of embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. 117. It shall be ensured that the land taken on lease for access road and construction camp is restored back to its original land use before handing it over back to land owner. Operation Phase 118. Improved access can lead to conversion of agriculture land for residential and commercial purposes close to road resulting to further loss of productive land and agricultural produce. Mitigation Measures

34

119. The EA may explore the feasibility of restricting about 50 m-100 m area either side of the road as no development zone on the line restriction are imposed for National Highways in India.

i. Soil Erosion

120. Soil erosion is mainly anticipated near bridge locations, along steep &and uncompacted embankment slope, earth stock piles, and wherever vegetation is cleared. Soil erosion may have cumulative effect like siltation, embankment damage, and drainage problem. The intensity of soil erosion at different locations will be influenced by the lithology, topography, soil type and climatic condition (mainly rainfall) and drainage pattern. Mitigation Measures Bank protection measures shall be taken at erosion prone areas. The protection measures may include use of geo-textiles matting. Provision of side drain to guide the water to natural outfalls. Stone pitching wherever necessary. When soil is spread on slopes for permanent disposal, it shall be buttressed at the toe by retaining walls. Side slopes of the embankment shall not be steeper than 2H:1V. Turfing of embankment slopes shall be done along the stretch. Though terrain is flat all through the stretch. However, all steep cuts shall be flattened and benched. Retaining wall on both sides shall be provided. Shrubs shall be planted in loose soil area. In rural stretches, longitudinal side drains shall be intercepted by „mitre‟ drains serving as outlet channels to reduce the erosion. IRC: 56 -1974 recommended practice for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control shall be taken into consideration. Soil erosion shall be visually checked on slopes and high embankment areas. In case soil erosion is found, suitable measures shall be taken to control the soil erosion further including bio-turfing. Operation Phase 121. Soil of steep slopes of embankment and near bridge approaches may erode the embankment formation due to unexpected rainfall. Soil erosion condition may arise if borrow area are not stabilized/restored properly. Regular monitoring for effectiveness of soil erosion measures like turfing and stone pitching shall form part of the environmental monitoring during project operation. Suitable strengthening measures shall be taken to prevent reoccurrence of soil erosion at existing erosion prone locations and prevent erosion at newer locations. b. Borrow Areas and Quarries

122. The sub-project area is located in a flat terrain with some depressed sections. All borrow identified by the DPR team is located nearby the subproject road. Local farmers were ready to provide earth from their field up to certain depth on adequate compensation. However, it is recommended that borrowing from agricultural land shall be minimized and borrowing from already low lying areas. Local people suggested that 35

river bed material can be utilized in embankment if found suitable to help in improving river carrying capacity and reduce need of sourcing borrow earth from agriculture fields. The dredging and use of dredged material if involved may have its impact in terms of localised sedimentation level increase and dispersion of pollutants present in the dredged material in the river water. 123. Borrow areas if left un-rehabilitated may pose risk to people, particularly children and animals of accidentally falling into it as well as become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and vector born disease 124. Illegal quarrying may lead to unstable soil condition; destroy the landscape of the terrain, air and noise pollution. Opening of new quarries is not envisaged due to the proposed project. Quarry material will be sourced from existing nearby quarries. Mitigation Measures Borrow pits shall be selected from barren land/wasteland to the extent possible. Borrow areas should not be located on cultivable lands except in the situations where land owners desires to level the land. The top soil shall be preserved and depth shall be restricted to the desired level. Borrow areas should be excavated as per the intended end use by the owner. The Indian Road Congress (IRC):10-1961 guideline should be used for selection of borrow pits and amount that can be borrowed. The dredged material from the river bank shall be tested for presence of heavy metals and other pollutants before its reuse. The depths in borrow pits to be regulated so that the sides shall not be steeper than 25%, To the extent possible, borrow areas shall be sited away from habitated areas. Borrow areas shall be levelled with salvaged material or other filling materials which do not pose contamination of soil. Else, it shall be converted into fishpond in consultation with fishery department and land owner/community. Monitoring of rehabilitation plan of borrow areas in tune with proposed rehabilitation plan has been appended as Appendix 5.1.

c. Compaction and Contamination of Soil

125. Soil in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, haulage roads, and construction camp area may be compacted due to movement of construction vehicles, machineries and equipment, and due to sitting of construction camps and workshops. Approach road either paved or unpaved is available for most the bridge approaches. However, for some bridges approach road has to be constructed. 126. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of liquid waste, (lubricating oil and fuel spills, waste oil and lubricant and vehicle/equipment washing effluent) and solid waste (fuel filters, oily rags) likely to be generated from repair and maintenance of transport vehicles, construction equipment and machinery. Soil may get contaminated due to inappropriate disposal of domestic solid waste and sewage from construction camps. Mitigation Measures Fuel and lubricants shall be stored in a paved area with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils.

36

All efforts shall be made to minimise the waste generation. Unavoidable waste shall be stored at the designated place prior to disposal. To avoid soil contamination at the wash-down and re-fuelling areas, “oil interceptors” shall be provided. Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized re-refiners. To prevent soil compaction in the adjoining productive lands beyond the ROW, the movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route. Approach roads shall be designed along the barren and hard soil area to reduce the compaction induced impact on soil. The productive land shall be reclaimed after construction activity. Septic tank or mobile toilets fitted with anaerobic treatment facility shall be provided at construction camp. Domestic solid waste at construction camp shall be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste. The non-biodegradable and recyclable waste shall be sold off. Efforts shall be made that bio- degradable waste shall be composted in the mechanised and movable composter3 by the contractor. Non biodegradable and non saleable waste shall be disposed off to authorised land fill site. If land fill site not available then burial of the waste in a secured manner shall be ensured. Operation Stage 127. No impact on soil is anticipated during operation phase of the project except (i) near low lying areas and near bridge approaches where unexpected rainfall may erode the embankment formation and deterioration of borrow areas if not rehabilitated properly. Mitigation measures 128. Monitoring of borrow areas rehabilitation is provided in Appendix 5.1. 129. Regular monitoring of side drains and cross drainage structures to check blockade situation. 6. Groundwater

Design and Construction Stage 130. Water will mainly required for compaction of formation and for domestic purpose in the workers camp. Water for construction purpose and domestic water requirement for workers camp will be mainly sourced from groundwater. Groundwater resources are not scarce in the project area. But, the depth to water table in some part is depleting annually. Hence, uncontrolled abstraction can further deteriorate the situation. Contamination of groundwater is not envisaged since all construction camps will have septic tanks or mobile toilets depending on the number of workers in each camp. Mitigation Measures 131. Permission shall be obtained for abstraction of groundwater.

3 The low costs and small capacity and size composter are available in India which can be used to disposed of bio- degradable waste effectively. 37

132. The contractor shall make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Operation Stage 133. No impact is anticipated on groundwater due to the project during operation phase of the project hence no specific mitigation is proposed. 7. Impact on Surface Water Bodies

Design and Construction Stage 134. Only the River Daha and a canal is being crossed by the project road. Ponds with water for significant part of the year are located safely from proposed right- of way. Surface water bodies are used only for cattle bathing and washing. Less water was observed in the ponds/water bodies likely to be affected during study period. Mitigation Measure 135. River Daha crossing the project road is likely to be effected during the construction period. Efforts shall be made to increase the water holding capacity of the River and all the ponds by using the bed material as borrow earth4. Additionally, the borrow areas can be converted into ponds with the concurrence of the land owners. 8. Siltation and Surface Water Quality of Rivers and Other Water Bodies

Design and Construction Stage 136. The Daha River is perennial in nature. During the construction period construction debris/other waste along the river must be cleared immediately after construction. The temporary pollution of water bodies from spillage of chemicals and oil at construction sites and waste from construction camps may occur. Soil erosion has direct bearing on siltation. The siltation likely to be caused due to bank erosion has already been addressed above in soil erosion section.

Mitigation Measure Required mitigation as suggested in soil erosion section shall be taken into consideration. Bridge construction activity including piling is recommended during non monsoon (mid September to mid June) period. Silt fencing and/or brush barrier shall be installed for collecting sediments before letting them into the water body. Silt/sediment should be collected and stockpiled for possible reuse as surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated. All wastes arising from the construction should be disposed in an environmentally accepted manner so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes should be collected, stored and transported to the approved disposal sites.

4 Over the period, the depth of pond due to recurring deposition after flood becomes shallow. Hence it suggested that the deposited material may be utilised as borrow material. As a result, the depth will increase resulting in increased water holding capacity of the pond.

38

No vehicles or equipment should be parked or refuelled near water- bodies, to avoid contamination from fuel and lubricants The slopes of embankments leading to water bodies should be modified and rechannelised to prevent entry of contaminants. Chute drains shall be provided to drain surface runoff and prevent erosion from slopes. Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the river bank for land disposal. Large construction camps shall be avoided along the alignment and located away from habitation and water bodies. Construction labourers shall be preferable from local population. Sewage from labour camps will be treated through septic tanks. No untreated sanitary wastewater shall be discharged into surface water bodies. Operation Stage 137. No major or long-term impact is anticipated during the operation phase on the surface water bodies due to the project implementation activities. Oil-contaminated runoff from the road during monsoon will have minimal impacts considering their low concentration However, regular checks shall be done along the alignment to ensure that flow of water is maintained through cross drains and other channels to avoid their blockade/ choking. 9. Hydrology and Drainage

Design and Construction Stage 138. Some parts of the project road passes through areas liable to submergence. Overtopping was reported in sections close to Daha River. Submergence is mainly due to reduced river capacity in the area coupled with drainage congestion. Flooding may get aggravated due to construction of high embankment road acting as impediment to flood flow particularly in the absence of adequate cross drainage/side drain structures and other engineering measures. Water logging along the road will also have ill effect on the stability of embankment especially in the area of shallow water table. 139. Diversion of water channels during construction of cross drainage structures or otherwise is not envisaged. Mitigation Measures Adequate cross drainage structures shall be provided to facilitate natural flow of water. Additional balancing culverts shall be provided in flood prone areas. The embankment height shall be designed consistent with the existing topography of the region. The design of drainage system such as surface and sub-surface drainage shall be carried out as per IRC: SP: 42 and IRC: SP: 50. Surface runoff from the main highway, embankment slopes and the service roads shall be discharged through longitudinal drains, designed for adequate cross section, bed slopes, invert levels and the outfalls. If necessary, the walls of the drains shall be designed to retain the adjoining earth. 39

Bridge site shall not be selected on sharp bends and unprotected banks. Otherwise adequate bank protection/river training structures shall be provided to avoid meandering. IRC: 34-1970: Recommendations for road construction in waterlogged area and IRC: 75 and MOSRTH guidelines for Design of High Embankments shall be referred. The height of the embankment based on the final road levels. The following principles shall be followed for fixing the road level: (i) top of sub-grade is at least 1.0m above the high flood level/high water table/pond level and in exceptional circumstances a minimum difference of 0.6 m between the top of sub-grade and HFL/high water table/pond level. (ii) road level of the new two-lane carriageway not lower than the existing carriageway unless it improves vertical profile and also satisfies all other requirements set out in the Manual. (iii) fulfill the minimum free board requirement and provide smooth vertical profile for portions forming approaches to structures. (iv) raise the level of stretches of the existing road from drainage considerations. The structural features and design of embankment considerations are: (i) embankment designed to ensure the stability of the roadway incorporating only those materials, which are suitable for embankment construction as per Section 5 of the Manual. ii) Side slopes not be steeper than 2H:1V unless duly designed slope protection measures are provided. iii) where the embankment is supported on a weak stratum necessary special design of the embankment done and also adopts appropriate remedial / ground improvement measures. iv) high embankments (height 6 m or above) in all soils designed from stability considerations as per IRC: 75 and MOSRTH – Guidelines for Design of High Embankments. v) The side slopes protected against erosion by providing turfing/vegetative cover, stone/Cement Concrete block pitching, geo-synthetics, gabion walls or any other measures depending on the height of the embankment, type of soil involved and susceptibility of soil to erosion as pr IRC: 56. Pitching works on slopes shall be as per MOST Specifications.

Operation Stage 140. Regular removal/cleaning of deposited silt shall be done from drainage channels and outlet points before the monsoon season. Rejuvenation of the drainage system by removing encroachments/ congestions will be regularly conducted. B. Impact on Biological Environment

1. Terrestrial Ecology

141. There are no national parks, wildlife sanctuaries or any other similar eco- sensitive areas in the project area. However, some trees are likely to be affected. The impact and mitigation due to tree cutting has been discussed in following paragraphs. Design and Construction Stage 142. One month before the construction starts, clearing and grubbing will be performed by the contractor. All trees within the ROW with 300mm diameter at 1m

40

above the ground will be cut, including the removal of stumps. All stumps and roots of trees of girth more than 33 mm at above 1 m from the ground level will be culled. 143. There are 821 trees likely to be affected due to the project. Most of the roadside trees are non-fruit bearing in nature. The cutting of trees will have minor to negligible impact on local environment. Moreover, this will be temporary since large number of trees have been planned to be planted on both sides of the road. This will improve the local climatic conditions in long term. Mitigation Measures 144. Requisite permission from forest department shall be obtained for cutting of roadside trees. 145. The project envisages plantation of approximately 2,463 trees along both sides of road as per IRC SP: 21 specifications. This will include the compensatory plantation as per prevailing guidelines of State‟s forest department on 1:3 basis replacement rate. Besides, additional plantation shall be done on river banks near bridge sites to enhance the aesthetics and check soil erosion. All tree plantations will be carried out in close consultation with forest department. 146. A range of 10-15 m center-to-center is recommended for spacing of trees. Setback distance of trees in different situations shall be based on IRC: SP: 21 and IRC: 66. The distance between the kerb, if any, and the nearest edge of tree trunk shall be at least 2 m. The plantation in median shall comprise shrubs whose height would normally not exceed 1-1.5 m and shall be as per IRC SP: 21. 147. For safe traffic operation, vertical clearance between the crown of the carriageway and lowest part of overhang of the tree available across the roadway shall conform to the standards laid down in IRC: SP: 21. The pit size, fencing, watering and manuring requirements shall also conform to the above standard. Excess use of pesticides shall be restricted. Planting shall be such that it does not obstruct the visibility of traffic from any side and shall be pleasing in appearance. Operation Stage 148. No direct impact is anticipated during operation stage except accidental damages or absence of proper tree management. Mitigation Measures 149. Arrangement shall be made to ensure survivability of the tree plantation. The Social Forest Department or Divisional Forest Offices shall be consulted or involved in this programme. The tree survivability audit shall also be conducted at least once in a year to assess the effectiveness of the programme. 2. Aquatic Ecology

Design and Construction Stage 150. Large scale/organised fishing was not observed in the rivers/water bodies of the project area. However, small scale fishing is being carried out in Daha River and some ponds in the subproject area. There is no breeding or spawning ground in the river of the project road area. 151. Temporary sedimentation and water quality deterioration is expected from the project during the construction stage. Improvement of existing embankments particularly 41

along the waterways will increase silt while accidental spill of materials, chemicals, and fuels will deteriorate receiving water quality. Mitigation Measures Construction of bridge is recommended during summer season. Best construction practices shall be adopted to prevent increase in siltation level of the water. Siltation shall be avoided by measures suggested above.

Operation Stage 152. No impact is envisaged during operation phase of the project and hence no mitigation proposed. C. Management of Construction Debris/Waste

153. Construction debris will be generated from pavement dismantling, quarry dust, unused iron bars, damaged support structures. Mitigation for solid waste from construction camp has been given in construction camp section. Mitigation measures The existing bitumen surface can be utilized for paving of cross roads, access roads, and paving works in construction sites and camps, temporary traffic diversions, haulage routes etc. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage and the like will be the property of the BRCDL and will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off-site. 154. The locations of dumping sites should be selected with following considerations. Unproductive/wastelands shall be selected for dumping sites. Away from residential areas and located at least 1,000 m downwind side of these locations, Dumping sites do not contaminate any water sources, rivers etc, and Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats about the location of debris disposal site has to be obtained before finalizing the location. 155. Form works will be re-used to the extent possible, more than 20 times as dictated by good practice. All stripped formworks will be examined for any damage and rectified in the workshop for re-use. Rectification includes plugging holes, and straightening bent steel props.

42

D. Socio-Economic Impact

156. Assessment of project impact on socio-economic conditions point to the conclusions that positive benefits are many fold compared to its adverse impact with the only irreversible impact is loss of some agricultural land. Other negative impacts are loss of common property resources, problem in accessibility and community linkage, health and safety during and after construction, and temporary change in demographic configuration which are readily mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. 1. Impacts due to Construction Camp and Immigration of Workers

157. Poor sitting and improper management of construction camp may lead to several adverse impacts on environment to include: (i) loss of vegetation due to use of wood as fuel source for cooking (ii) deterioration in nearby surface water bodies‟ quality (iii) compaction and contamination of soil due to uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (iv) poor sanitation may result to transmission of communicable diseases among the workers and the host communities. This include the possible spread of sexually transmitted disease, diseases from improper handling and supply of foodstuffs, poor water supply, insect-borne diseases, and alcoholic and drug. Mitigation measures 158. Limited productive land should be utilised for construction camp. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions to avoid water stagnation. Accommodation and ancillary facilities including recreational facility for workers shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. All camps should maintain minimum distance of 500 m from habitation and water bodies. 159. All construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals with provision of septic tanks attached with soak pits. Storm water drains shall be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches shall be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and disposed in a hygienic manner. LPG cylinders shall be provided as fuel source for cooking to avoid any tree cutting. 160. At every workplace, the Contactor will ensure, in collaboration with local health authorities that a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals shall have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport shall be provided to approach the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff shall be provided. 161. The Contractor will ensure the good health and hygiene of all workers to prevent sickness and epidemics. These include the HIV/AIDS prevention program to reduce the risk and transfer of HIV virus between and among the workers and community, promote early diagnosis and assist affected individuals. Activities under the program include monthly information, education, and consultation communication campaigns to workers, drivers, delivery crew, and communities on the risk, dangers, and impacts of STD and HIV/AIDS. 162. The Contractor will ensure that sufficient supply of suitable and hygienically prepared food at reasonsable price is available to the workers. 43

163. The Contractor will provide adequate and safe water supply for the use of the workers. 164. The Contractor will ensure that all precautions to protect the workers from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This include the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. 165. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, and barter to the workers of host community. 166. Migrant workers may be the potential carriers of various diseases. Local community may get exposed to the diseases carried by migrant workers. Regular health check-up and immunization camps shall also be organized for the workers and nearby population. 2. Safety of Construction Workers and Accident Risk to Local Community

Design and Construction Stage 167. Road campsites where heavy equipment and plant operations are undertaken and active road construction fronts provide hazardous environments to workers, road users, and host villages. Mitigation measures contractors shall be required to adopt and maintain safe working practices. Internationally accepted and widely used safety procedures should be followed during: (i) road works (ii) handling of large construction equipment and machineries, (iii) handling of chemicals and hazardous materials and inflammable substances (iii) welding, and (iv) electrical works. A set of mitigation measures for construction workers have been provided in EMP matrix table. Contractor shall arrange all PPEs for workers, first aid and firefighting equipment at construction sites. An emergency plan shall be prepared duly approved by engineer in charge to respond to any instance of safety hazard. The contractor will be required to appoint an Accident Prevention Officer (APO) who will conduct regular safety inspections at construction sites. The APO will have the authority to issue instructions and take protectective measures to prevent accidents. Grade separated intersections/junctions shall be provided at all major intersections in consistent to IRC: 92 Pedestrian/cyclist and cattle passageways shall be provided near identified locations. These facilities shall be planned in accordance with the relevant provisions contained in IRC-11, IRC-17 and IRC- 103. The crossing facilities can be designed either in conjunction with grade intersections or through underpasses. The road embankment will be high in most of its reaches hence, the cross drainage structures can be designed such that it can be utilised as underpass by pedestrians/ cattles/animal driven vehicles/tractors To avoid disruption of the existing traffic due to construction activities, comprehensive traffic management plan shall be drawn up by the concessionaire. Traffic in construction zones shall be managed as per the provisions of IRC SP 55.

44

After construction is completed in a particular zone, it shall be opened for normal operation. All diversions/access roads should l be closed before start of normal operation. Use of retro-reflectorized traffic signs, and cantilever/gantry types overhead signs, thermoplastic road marking paints, delineators, traffic cones, empty bitumen drums, barricades, and flagmen will be used to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures adopted during construction. The audit will cover manpower and their safty, machinery, temporary works, equipment and vehicles, materials storage and handling, construction procedures, environment, site safety guidelines, and miscellaneous services. Operation phase 168. Important issues related with safety during operational phase are monitoring of emergencies and establishing procedures to carry out rescues during sudden disasters such as floods and accidents. Mitigation Measures 169. The Project Highway shall be provided with highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling to provide assistance to the users in case of any need, monitor the travel conditions to provide information to the control section and to undertake immediate measures for managing the traffic flow in case of any incident. 170. The Project Highway shall be provided with ambulance services so that the response time is not more than 10 minutes of the call. 171. The Project Highway shall be provided with crane(s) with capacity to tow-away the breakdown vehicles. 172. In case of budgetary constraints, the executing agency can coordinate with operating agency of intersecting Highways to have common facilities and can bear the cost on shared basis. 3. Obstruction and Disruption of Traffic

Construction Phase 173. Disruption of access to infrastructure or social resource due to construction activity will cause nuisance and to a certain extent additional cost to the public in terms of longer travel period due to diversion or heavier traffic. It will also pose risk of accident to motorist at night if these blockages and disruption are not clearly demarcated. Mitigation Measures The contractor will submit a Traffic Plan to the Project Engineer at least two weeks before the construction starts that will result to obstruction. The plan will include a drawing of temporary diversions and details of arrangement. A section of the Traffic Plan will be a Control Plan that details how the safety of the pedestrians and workers and delineation of the roadway at night. This Plan will recommend for approval the safe and convenient temporary diversion of traffic during construction, design of barricades, delineators, signs, markings, lights, and flagmen, among others. 45

For widening of existing carriageway and part of it will be used for passage of traffic, paved shoulder will be provided on one side of the existing road by the contractor with the following minimum requirements: At least one 3.5 m lane to remain to traffic at all times. The surface used by the through traffic will be firm bituminous compacted surface free of defect The maximum continuous length over which construction under traffic may take place is limited to 750 meters. Construction activity will be restricted to only one side of the existing road. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. These paved diversions will comply with standards on junctions and temporary cross drainage. Transportation of quarry material to the construction sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible. This will restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Small vehicles/unmotorised vehicle can also be used for its further transportation to the construction sites from temporary storage areas. 4. Transports and Storage of Materials

174. The construction material primarily will consist off aggregate, sand, cement, bitumen, lubricating oil and fuel for vehicle and construction equipment. These will be primarily stored temporarily at construction camps. Oils, fuels and chemicals will be stored on concreted platform with spills collection pits. Cement will be stored under cover. All these temporary storage areas will be located at least 150 M away from the habitat. The likely impacts due to transportation and storage including fugitive emission have already been covered under different section above. 5. Impact on Land and Private Properties

175. The assessment made by the resettlement expert shall be referred for exact loss of private properties and measures to compensate such losses. Environmental screening of resettlement sites, if required for the project, shall be carried out. Besides monetary compensation for any loss of private trees, compensatory afforestation and extensive plantation has been incorporated in the EMP to have long-term environmental benefits. 176. Income restoration measures/livelihood options for vulnerable group/resource poor sections and other affected persons as recommended by social development/resettlement expert shall be implemented. 6. Impact on Common Property Resources

177. There are various types of community structures/ facilities/utilities along the proposed alignment. Geometric adjustments have been made to minimize the loss to any such facilities. Any such structures even falling within ROW but out of required formation width shall be saved. Alternate access has to be provided to these structures during construction stage. All community structures likely to be dismantled shall be suitably relocated. The list of school and ponds has already been mentioned earlier in

46

this chapter. Besides, there are few hand pumps also likely to be affected. The impact on other community properties has been provided in the Table below. For exact extent of impact on these structures and mode of compensation, resettlement/land acquisition plan shall be referred. Table 5-2 List of Common Property Resources Very close/within Corridor S. No Structures Chainage Extent of impact 1 Mosque (RHS) (1.4) Impacted needs relocation 2 Temple (RHS) (4.6) Impacted 3 Temple(RHS) (6.3) Impacted, needs relocation 4 Mosque (LHS) (8.9) Impacted 5 Temple (RHS) (20) Impacted needs relocation 47

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

A. Consultation Method and Information Disclosed

178. Consultations were held with all stakeholders‟ viz. beneficiaries, local and affected people, government bodies, and non-governmental organizations with intent to understand their concerns, apprehensions, and overall opinion. Informal meetings and interviews were organized covering the entire project stretch. The informal consultation generally started with explaining the subprojects, followed by an explanation to potential impacts. Participants‟ views were gathered with regard to loss of agricultural land, borrow areas, air and noise quality of the area due to traffic, water availability, and accident risk. The discussions were primarily focussed on to receiving maximum inputs from the participants regarding their acceptability and environmental concerns arising out of the project. They were given the brief outline of the project to which their opinion was sought. Suggestions were also sought for mitigating any potential adverse impact.

B. Compliance with Relevant Regulatory Requirements

179. In India, public consultation is mandatory in case of Category A and B1 category projects5 in select conditions. Public hearing is required for the proposed project which shall be conducted by Bihar State Pollution Control Board once BSRDCL applies to SEIAA/MoEF for granting of environmental clearance. However, being a Category B project based on ADB Environmental Guidelines 2009, meaningful consultation was carried out during the early stage of IEE report preparation. The requirement of public consultation during the implementation of the project has been proposed as part of the mitigation plan. 180. Public consultation was undertaken consistent with the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co- ordination and engagement into dialogue were incorporated in the consultation process. A framework of different environmental impacts likely from the project was strengthened and modified based on opinions of all those consulted, especially in the micro level by setting up dialogues with the village people from whom information on site facts and prevailing conditions were collected.

C. Consultation with Executing Agency

181. Following the successful awards of 4 civil works packages under BSHP-II, Loan No. 2663-IND, substantial amount was saved and upon ADB Mission‟s suggestion SH- 89:Siwan-Siswan was included as the fifth package based on preparedness. Officials of executing agency provided technical information‟s about the project. All issues related to effective implementation of EMP, grievance redressal mechanism, various clearances/consent and permission required prior to and during implementation were discussed.

5 As per schedule I of EIA notification number S.O. 1533, dated 14th September 2006. This notification also defines when a public consultation is mandatory.

48

D. Consultation with other Government Departments

182. All relevant government departments/agencies, which include forest, pollution control board, water resources and flood control were consulted for collection of available information their views/ comments and suggestions about the project. 183. Forest officials informed that the road side linear plantation is under protected status in its intermittent stretches. Hence, permission/forest clearance for felling of roadside trees and diversion of forest must be obtained prior to civil works. Compensatory afforestation shall be done on 1:3 basis However, the project area does not comprise any endangered floral and fauna species. Official expressed their willingness to extend all cooperation in compensatory afforestation work. 184. Pollution control board officials informed that the project area is largely devoid of industries. Hence, baseline information of the area is not available. They mentioned about need for obtaining necessary clearances from concerned authorities and NOC from pollution control board and emphasized that all conditions of such clearances shall be implemented strictly both during construction and operation phase of the project. 185. Directorate of Economics and statistics was consulted for obtaining latest facts and figures especially on socioeconomic aspects of the state and project districts. 186. The list of government officials contacted, along with purpose/objective has been summarized below. Table 6-1 Summary of Consultation Held with Government Departments. S. No Location and Stakeholders Objective and outcome of the Dates consultation 1 District Forest Mr. Nand lal, DFO Information obtained about compensatory Office, Siwan afforestation norms, Estimated cost per km for plantation along roadside. Status of forest along the project road. Presence of any endangered or rare floral and faunal species along the project corridor etc. 2 District Fishery Babu Lal, Fisheriesv Officer Status of Fisheries activity, fish species and office, Siwan presence of any breeding and spawning ground in the river and water bodies of the project area was collected. Impact on fishes due to bridge construction and suggested mitigation options was also discussed.

E. NGO Consultation

187. NGOs of the area namely Hassanpura Vikash Manch, Socio Economic Development Society Siswan, Chainpur Vikash Parisad were consulted to know their views/comments and suggestions about the project. Most of them supported the project and showed their interest in active participation of NGOs in various activities of project including compensatory afforestation, fisheries development, resettlement and rehabilitation work and environmental awareness. They also highlighted the depleting water resources of the area and about the supply of drinking water. 49

F. Beneficiaries’ Comments

188. The project has immense acceptability among the local people. They perceive that in addition to providing improved connectivity, the sub-project road will bring positive socio-economic changes in the area. Local people mainly discussed on issues related to floods, drinking water availability in the area. They also suggested implementing road safety due to presence of schools near the proposed road. The list of participants, their views, and outcome of the consultations have been summarised below. Table 6-2: Consultations with Local Community S. Place and Name of Participants Views/suggestions/Demand of Local No time People 1 Local People at Jagadish Yadav Local people welcomed the project road Chaata (Businessman) because od better connectivity and Nagender Prasad (Pharmacist) development of business opportunity. They (Near Start of the Motilal Yadav (Businessman) also mentioned the presence of large numbers Siwan-Siswan Suman Kumar (Pharmacist) of schools along the project road from Siswan Section) Nanda Kishor Yadav (Teacher) to Chata. So measures should be taken for Rakesh Yadav (Serviceman) road safety. Local people complained about Manoj Kumar (Businessman) the depleting ground water. Though in general Kunjalal Bihari (Shopkeeper) water is available at 40 feet depth but drinkable Mukesh Paswan (Labour) water is available only at 110-120 feet. Not any probable impact in environment due to renovation and widening of the road.

2. Local people at Narender Singh (Political Daha River continues from Nayagaon to leader), Srikant Singh (Police), Madhavpur. Rajanpura to Siswan area is highly Chainpur Basudev Pandey (Government effected by the flood due to River Daha (Chainpur is employee, Postal department) People highlighted need of gate to control the Nasiruddin Miya (Farmer), vulnerability of flood in low lying area. They largest market in Kedar Nath Dubey (Teacher), also demanded for gate with pool in– Siwan District) Siaram Bharti (Self employed) Madhavpur, Nayagaon and Shitoli.

Jeetender Singh The Madhavpur, Nayagaon and Shitoli area are (Businessman) highly effected by flood from Daha River. Pappu Saheb (Businessman) They also talked about drinking water problem Uday Yadav (Government as it is available at 120 feet and private boring Employee ) machines are used to get drinking water Bikash Pandey (Shopkeeper)

3. Ghurghut Arjun Sharma (Farmer ), Daha meet Ghagra via Tajpur and Origin of Ritesh Kumar Sharma Daha River from Sasha Mucha. People are (Government Employee), mostly depended on agriculture and Daha Dhananjay Tiwari (Farmer), River in the northern part of the village is Narchand Ram (Farmer), source of fishes. Avdhesh Kumar Tiwari (Farmer ) Local people showed their acceptability of the Ram Shankar Patel (Farmer) project. Also informed that the effect due to Govind Pandey (Farmer) flood is less in Ghurghut and as such there Neeraj Tiwari (Farmer)_ were no specific issues.

G. Integration of Comments into the IEE

189. During discussions, notes were taken on all issues raised and suggestions made. References have been taken from public opinion where no official data were available for understanding of the study area characteristics. Each of the issues were then analysed for practical and scientific basis. The opinions were used for identifying impacts

50

and developing management and monitoring plan, depending on their importance and practicality. For any significant concern, preventive or mitigative measures have been suggested drawing points from all the suggested measures.

H. Public Disclosure

190. Disclosure of IEE/SIEE document will be done in line with ADB‟s Public Communications Policy and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009.

Plate 1: Consulation near Chaata Plate 2: Consultation near Chainpur Market

Plate 3: Consultation Near Gurghut 51

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND GRIEVANCE ADDRESSAL MECHANISM

A. Environmental Management Plan

191. The project specific Environment Management plan has been formulated with an aim to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts/risks and propose enhancement measures. This includes: (i) mitigation of potentially adverse impacts; (ii) monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures during project implementation and operation; (iii) institutional capacity building and training; (iv) compliance to statutory requirements; and (v) integration of EMP with Project planning, design, construction and operation. 192. The environmental management plan highlighting potential impacts, mitigation measures, legislative requirements, time frame and institutional responsibility are given in Appendix 7.1.

B. Other Mitigation Plans

1. Resettlement Plan

193. Similarly, resettlement plan is being prepared to address issues related to involuntary resettlement. The interlinked concern, which has direct bearing on environment, has also been captured in environmental assessment and mitigation plan. 2. Emergency Response Plan

194. Assessment of nature, type, and extent of project activities establishes that accidents on paved roads and consequent spillage can be the more frequent emergency. Other emergent situation includes breach in the embankment due to heavy flood, vehicular accidents, and spills. It is suggested to develop a communication and response system to minimize the response time. The project authorities shall be prepared to counteract against such emergency either by developing in-house capabilities or by associating with any competent agency.

3. Environmental Monitoring Program (EMoP)

195. The environmental monitoring programme is devised with the objectives to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment as per prescribed standards, (ii) suggest improvements in the management plans, if required, (iii) verify the statutory compliance and community obligations, and (iv) use as tool to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period and assess the changes in environmental quality in the project area. This will be used as performance indicators for the project. This shall not only help in assessing the change due to the project activities, but also the potential impacts due to project activities.

52

a. Performance Indicators and monitoring schedule

196. Physical, biological and environmental management components identified as of particular significance have been suggested as indicators. A comprehensive monitoring plan for all performance indicators has been prepared for all stages of subproject and provided as Appendix 7.2. This includes parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits, cost and responsibility for implementation and supervision.

b. Reporting Mechanism for Environmental Monitoring Program

197. Reporting system provides the necessary feedback for subproject management to ensure quality and timely implementation of the works. It is essential to prepare the reporting system such that flow of information from field to the BSRDCL headquarters and to the funding agency is at regular intervals. The rationale for a reporting system is based on accountability to ensure that the measures proposed as part of the Environmental Management Plan are implemented in the project. 198. Before the civil works starts, the environmental engineer of supervision consultant shall devise format for reporting the status and progress of environmental monitoring. Format shall be designed keeping in mind the compliance conditions of environmental clearance and consent to establish also. The duly filled up reporting form shall be submitted by the contractor on monthly basis to supervision consultant except for setting up of temporary facilities which shall be submitted once before start of the road construction works. The report on pollution monitoring for air, noise, soil, and water shall be submitted quarterly as envisaged in the monitoring plan. The accident report is desirable only in case of its occurrence. The supervision consultant after verifying its compliance will send his report to CGM at HQ with a copy to PIU. The Manager (Technical) for Social and Environment will monitor the effectiveness of EMP implementation. 199. The quarterly reports of the management measures will form an integral part of Quarterly Progress Reports that may be submitted to the funding agency. As per the requirements of ADB for category B projects an annual monitoring report will be prepared for disclosure on the ADB website. Additional compliance reports to MoEF regional office and SPCB required as a part of environmental clearance process and consent to establish shall also be prepared and submitted based on these monitoring and reporting formats.

c. Institutional Setting and Proposed Implementation Arrangement

200. GOB has recently setup the Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited (BSRDCL) to streamline decision-making and provide more autonomy for project execution and delivery. This will act as Project Management Unit fully dedicated for the Bihar State Highways Project. The technical wing of BSRDCL is headed by Chief General Manager (CGM) supported by a technical advisor at Head Office. General Managers (Projects) will have overall responsibility for implementation of projects. For implementation of EMP/RP, an environment, social development and resettlement cell (ESDRC) has been set up in BSRDCL. The cell is headed by a Deputy General 53

Manager (DGM) and will consist of two managers supported by secretarial staffs. DGM (Environment and Social) is responsible for coordinating the environmental related work of the corporation and coordinate with ADB to monitor all environmental requirement of this project. 201. For subproject planning and implementation, Project Implementation Unit/s (PIUs) has been established. This is headed by Project Director (PD)/Deputy General Manager (Tech) at the subproject level. He is supported by Manager (Technical) (social and environment). PIU will supervise contractors engaged for execution of civil works under their jurisdiction. The manager Technical at PIU is responsible for managing environmental concerns of the project and implementing the EMP. The monitoring of EMP implementation in field will be carried out by the field officers of BSRDCL and supervision consultants (SC). Pollution Monitoring shall be conducted by contractor through approved monitoring agency after consent from DGM (Environment and Social) from HQ. Operation stage monitoring will be conducted by PMU through Pollution Control Board or any approved monitoring agency. 202. The EMP (mitigation plan) will be included in the construction contract and the contractor will be responsible for its implementation. BSRDCL will monitor the implementation of these mitigation measures by the contractors through environmental officer of its SC and Engineer in charge at site. These site engineers are responsible for the field level monitoring of projects. 203. The roles and duties of various agencies responsible for Monitoring have been outlined in the succeeding Table. The flow diagram depicting the institutional arrangement for implementation EMP and EMoP has been given in the following Table. Table 7-1:Roles and Duties of Implementing Agency/Organisations HQ BSRDCL Contractor PIU Supervision Consultant

Assist and advise the PIU in Obtain statutory clearances Obtain permits required during Joint verification to be carried out matters relating to required during pre-construction construction stage by HQ PIU, SC Contractor environment and social stage Environment Manager. matters. Joint Verification Exercise overall project coordination and including, PMU CMU, SC for Overall Supervision of Part of Joint Verification management through PIU review of EMP implementation of EMP Exercise to be carried out by supported by SC HQ, PIU and Contractor for Interaction with ESDRC, PIU and Environmental monitoring through review of EMP for Interaction and Reporting to ADB SC approved laboratory. modification in enhancement measures (if required) Effective implementation of EMP Consent for opening of borrow Contractor‟s Environment Officer Supervise implementation of and Monitoring of EMP will be primarily responsible for areas, quarry areas, and labour EMP by contractor implementation EMP camps and supervising its monitoring. Compilation of data relating to Develop good practices implementation of EMP. Filling of Reporting Format and construction guidelines to Keeping records of all consents submitting to SC assist contractor in Advising and suggesting corrective obtained by contractor. implementation of EMP measures to adhere to time Monitoring through approved schedule for implementation of Compilation of data relating to Conduct Consultations agency. EMP. implementation of EMP. programs with the stakeholders on regular Carry out verification/supervision Preparation of various plans for Filling of Summary Sheets and basis to get first hand exercises for implementation of effective implementation of EMP reporting to HQ. information on the EMP with respect to modification (if as detailed out in EMP and inconvenience caused to required) for enhancement submitting it for approval to SC Approval of plans prepared by contractor‟s activities such measures. contractor as noise, debris disposal etc. Identification of sites for labour camps, hot mix plant, batch mix Addressing grievances of local maintain environmental plant, debris disposal etc community and information reporting system dissemination through

54

NGOs/CBOs.

HQ BSRDCL Asian CGM (Technical Wing) Development Supported by technical Advisor Bank General Manager (Projects)

Social and Environment Division (DGM. Env and Social) Supported by Manager Env and Social Each

PIU Supervision Consultant Contractor DGM (Tech) supported Project Manager for each contract Package

Field Level Officer - Manager (Tech) (Social

and Environment)

Need Based Support from Approved Monitoring Agency and Independent Subject Experts and Institutions

Figure 7-1: Proposed Structure for EMP/EMOP Implementation

55

Institutional Capacity Building 204. Training and Awareness : To enhance the capacity of officials for effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and monitoring the resultant effect, as well as create awareness amongst workers and public the trainings and awareness programmes is planned and is given as Error! Reference source not found.. The institutions/agencies like regional office of MoEF, SPCB/CPCB, Indian Institute of Technologies can be consulted for such trainings. Independent subject‟s experts/consultants (e.g., for the environmental awareness program, impact assessment specialist will be the resource person) can also be the resource persons to impart trainings. These experts/agencies shall be appointed based on specific need for the training. Table 7-2: Training and Awareness Programmes S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame 1 All staffs of Environmental Overview: Lectures Before BSRDCL Environmental Regulations, subproject cum beginning of the including PIU related provisions of various Acts/ interaction implementation project staff Guidelines, EIA notification, process and of the involved in methodology for IEE, EMPs and their use subproject implementation of the project and Select NGOs. 2 Managers Implementation of EMPs: Workshops Before the (Env) at PIU, Basic features of an EMP, Planning, and construction Supervision designing and execution of environmental Seminars begins Consultant‟s mitigation and enhancement measures, Environmental monitoring and evaluation of Specialists and environmental conditions – during Select NGOs construction and operation 3 Environmental Environmentally Sound Construction Workshops Before the officer, design Practices: and Site construction team, Clean construction technology, visits Supervision alternatives materials and techniques for Consultant construction, Waste Management and Construction minimization in construction, pollution Contractors‟ control devices and methods for staff construction sites and equipment, Environmental clauses in contract documents and their implications, protection of flora and fauna Environmental monitoring during construction 4 PIU and Monitoring Environmental Performance Lectures, During initial Supervision during Construction: Workshop phases of Consultant, Air, Water, Soil and Noise, tree survival and site construction NGOs and Monitoring requirement and techniques, visits community Evaluation and Review of results, representatives Performance indicators and their applicability, possible corrective actions, reporting requirements and mechanisms

56

S. No. Target group Subject(s) Method Time Frame 5 -do- Long-term Environmental Issues in Workshops During Project Management: and implementation Designing and implementing seminars of the environmental surveys for ambient air, Subproject noise, biological and water quality surveys, data storage, retrieval and analysis, contract documents and environmental clauses, risk assessment and management, contingency planning and management and value addition 6 Public Awareness programmes on Workshops During /contractors environmental protection and measures construction workers being implemented by BSRDCL and their and initial phase role in sustaining the measures taken say 3 years of including for noise pollution, air operation pollution, safety, soil conservation, and agricultural productivity enhancement 7 BSRDCL Staff, Restoration of sites viz borrow areas, Lecture/Pre before Supervision construction Camps, Crushing units, HMP sentations Contractor Consultant, etc. Demobilization Engineering And Staff of Reporting Formats/procedure Contractor. 205. Procurement of Monitoring Equipment: A necessary budgetary provision for monitoring equipments has already been made under BSHIIP which can be utilized by the EA for effective implementation of EMoP for BSHP and further projects. 206. Management System: It is proposed to develop standard environmental guidelines for impact assessment, management plan, and monitoring. It is recommended to develop an Environmental Management and Reporting Systems following international standards like ISO 14001.

C. Grievance Redressal Mechanism

207. The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action, and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the concerned PIU. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15- 30 days by the concerned PIU in consultation with field officer. In case the PIU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to the Social and Environmental Cell BSRDCL Headquarters. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to ADB. 57

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Conclusions

208. Environmental Assessment of the subproject ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts and hence categorized as category B. Most of the impacts are localized and temporary in nature and can be mitigated with minor to negligible residual impacts. The project received immense support from local people with some concern and apprehension related to compensation for land and structures. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all- weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood-affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 209. The alignment does not pass through or located nearby any national park, wildlife sanctuary, reserved forest or any other ecologically sensitive or protected areas. No archaeological/protected monument is located in the project vicinity. The land use pattern around the alignment is predominantly agricultural. 210. Sections of the SH-89 are prone to flooding particularly near Daha River. Submergence is mainly due to reduced river capacity in the area coupled with drainage congestion. 211. An estimated 972 trees will be cleared needing forest clearance from the Forestry Department. This will be mitigated, among others, through a 1:3 compensatory plantation scheme. 212. The significant impact during construction is mainly associated with minor increase in dust borne air pollution, increased noise level, nuisance due to movement and operation of vehicles, establishment of temporary facilities, hindrance in accessibility to common property resources etc. During operation stage the main impact may be on the surface water hydrology since the construction of a road across several river/rivulets in the flood affected sections can act as impediment to natural flow of water. Other issues relates to road safety including pedestrian and cattles. 213. Other than the permanent change in land use, all identified impacts are short- duration and co-terminus with the construction phase, and are easy to mitigate. All private lands that will be converted, including structures that will be relocated will be justly compensated in compliance to existing laws. 214. In general, the sub-project received immense support from local people. The local people appreciated that besides providing an all weather efficient connectivity to large populations (majority of them are rural and in flood affected areas) and improving the traffic scenario in the region, it will bear out several other positive benefits. 215. The initial environmental examination of the sub-project ascertains that the project is unlikely to cause any significant environmental impacts. No additional studies or need of undertaking detailed EIA is envisaged at this stage. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMoP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of bid document and civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

58

Appendix 1. Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: INDIA/Bihar State Highway Project: SH-89: Siwan-Siswan

Sector Division: SARD/SATC

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site X No cultural heritage site or stricture located within or near road ROW Protected Area X No protected area like sanctuaries and parks located within or near the ROW Wetland X Section near Daha River, particularly the section between Hassanpura to Ghurghut and Chainpur main market area are susceptible to flooding. Mangrove X None

Estuarine X Not applicable

Buffer zone of protected area X None

Special area for protecting biodiversity X None

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

59

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . encroachment on historical/cultural areas; disfiguration X The topography of the SH-89 is of landscape by road embankments, cuts, fills, and predominantly flat throughout the quarries? stretch. Important settlements along the project road are Siwan, Surapur, Chhapiya, Gopalpur, Sahuli, Nawada, Hasanpura, Jalalpur, Simri, Rajjanpura, Madhawapur, Rampur, Bhagwanpur Ghurghar, Chandpur and Siswan. Minor impacts on landscape due to road embankment repair and upgrading. No encroachment of historical place will occur. However, some temples and shrines exist along the road which may get impacted.

No new quarries will be opened. Earth material will be sourced from the side of the road within the ROW with provision of adequate drainage. All borrow areas will be rehabilitated in accordance with applicable IRC guidelines. . encroachment on precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or X There are no national parks, wildlife protected areas)? sanctuaries, or any similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. A total of 821 trees will be cleared along the ROW. These avenues (both sides), are classified as forestland. . alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways X The proposed road section will cross the crossed by roads, resulting in increased sediment in Daha River, the only perennial river in streams affected by increased soil erosion at the area at the northern end of construction site? Chainpur. No impacts on the river are expected as the existing bridge is adequate and will not be the subject of upgrading under this project. Ponds located between 26o9‟43.10”N, 84o21‟48.72”E and 29o9‟39.84”N, 84o21‟48.05E, and 26o8‟54.72N, 84o21‟41.51E and 26o8‟36.82‟N and 84o21‟38.88E are at risk of getting silted due to earth filling to increase final road surface elevation.

All drainage courses will be maintained to avoid alteration in surface hydrology. All temporary top soil stockpiles will be designed so that runoff will not induce sedimentation of waterways and ponds. . deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff Adequate sanitary facilities and and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and drainage in the workers camps will help chemicals used in construction? avoid this risk. As the construction will contain limited amount of hazardous substances and are located away from water bodies, the risk of water quality deterioration is minimized.

60

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . increased local air pollution due to rock crushing, X Local air quality is expected to cutting and filling works, and chemicals from asphalt deterioration during construction stage processing? particularly in dry season, and along active construction fronts and construction camps. Appropriate distance from settlement areas and dominant wind directions will be considered in locating camp site, storage areas, and construction plants (hot mix, concrete batching, and rock crusher) that generate dust and fumes. . risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health X Road construction offers a variety of and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and occupational hazards due to workers radiological hazards during project construction and activities near rotating and moving parts, operation during project construction and operation? vibration and noise, electrical, welding and hot work, and site driving. The most hazardous of which are along the active road construction fronts and plants operation. The construction camps where workers eat, sleep, and rest also provides health hazards from communicable diseases.

Mitigation measures include the maintenance workplace integrity, fire precautions (HMP and vehicle repair shop), provision of potable water supply, clean eating area, adequate lavatories and showers, clear delineation of safe access inside the camp, and provision of first aid.

The contractor‟s safety and environment officer(s) will ensure that each worker receives adequate OHS training, equipment and hazardous materials are properly labeled, hazard codes are communicated, and area signages are maintained inside the camp.

61

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil X Blasting is not involved. works? Ambient noise level is expected to increase in the range of 80-90 dB(A) due to various construction activities, maintenance workshops, and earthmoving equipment. Although this level of noise exceeds National Standards, their occurrence will be intermittent and coterminous with the project construction. Impact due to noise during construction activities will be minimal to inhabitants since most of the built-up areas are located at safer distance from the road. However, there are few noise sensitive locations especially schools close to the alignment that will be affected.

Impact due to noise to the workers and local community will be avoided/minimized by adequate mitigation measures which include maintenance of buffer distance, scheduling of noisy activities, and installation of sound barriers. . dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people? X No off-site (beyond ROW) dislocation will take place . dislocation and compulsory resettlement of people living X Minor, since expansion is mostly within in right-of-way? existing ROW.

. disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and X None. The proposed road will assure children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable equal pay to women. Women, poor, and groups? dislocated people will be given priority in hiring laborers. No children/minors will be employed by the Project.

During project operation, the proposed road will provide better accessibility and increase opportunity for women to establish transport related livelihood, transport their products to Siwan, and have better access to health services. Children will also benefit from easier access to tertiary-level schools.

. other social concerns relating to inconveniences in X Deterioration in ambient air quality will be living conditions in the project areas that may trigger localized and temporary during cases of upper respiratory problems and stress? construction activity. The project area is largely located in vast open areas and air dispersion characteristics are enough to avoid the generation of air quality “hot spots.” . hazardous driving conditions where construction X To minimized the impact suitable traffic interferes with pre-existing roads? management plan will be designed and implement by the contractor . poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction X Proper provisions for sanitation, health camps and work sites, and possible transmission of care and solid waste disposal facilities will communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) be available in the contract documents to from workers to local populations? avoid such possibility. Workers will be made aware about the prevention of communicable diseases.

62

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases X No such condition is anticipated, All such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents? borrow pit areas will comply with national standards. Borrow areas, will be promoted for fish culture and will naturally control mosquitoes. Incidence of malaria will be monitored. . accident risks associated with increased vehicular X Adequate safety measures will be adopted traffic, leading to accidental spills of toxic materials? to avoid such conditions

. increased noise and air pollution resulting from traffic X Increase in noise and air pollution is volume? expected during construction phase. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize them.

During operation phase, the main source of noise and air will be the motorized road users. Improved road conditions, extensive plantation including multilayered plantation near sensitive locations will help reduce the noise and air impact. . increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and X Controlled construction activities and fuel spills, and other materials from vehicles using the proper drainage system will reduce this road? possibility.

. social conflicts if workers from other regions or X Laborers will be sourced primarily from countries are hired? local communities to reduce conflict.

. large population influx during project construction and X The size of the constructions camp, similar operation that causes increased burden on social to the previous BSHPs, will not be infrastructure and services (such as water supply and expansive as labor and materials will be sanitation systems)? primarily sources locally. All water extraction will be covered by necessary permits to avoid negative impacts to the host communities. . risks to community health and safety due to the X 3rd party supplier and transporters of transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials bitumen and fuel will be required to such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during demonstrate capability to contain construction and operation? accidental spills especially during transport.

Within the construction camp, all loading and unloading of these materials will be supervised by the safety officer and only in designated areas . community safety risks due to both accidental and X Natural causes of structural failures will natural causes, especially where the structural involve extreme flooding and earthquake. elements or components of the project are accessible to The flood prone section in the entire SH- members of the affected community or where their 89 is from Hassanpura area up to failure could result in injury to the community throughout Ghurghut including the Chainpur main project construction, operation and decommissioning. market area.

The entire SH is under Zone IV seismicity category having high damage risk to earthquakes. Adequate sizing of cross drains will be made in Hassanpur to Ghurghut and Chainpur market, while road design has incorporated corresponding ground acceleration to protect against strong earthquake.

63

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No REMARKS The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Is the Project area subject to hazards such as X Project area is located in high damage earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, risk zone w.r.t seismicity (Zone IV) All storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and civil structures have been designed as climate changes (see Appendix I) per relevant IS Codes corresponding to seismic zones.

. Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or X Increase in marginalization is not extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect expected. Project will cause upliftment technical or financial sustainability (eg., increased of socio-economic conditions including erosion or landslides could increase maintenance reduction of migration. costs, permafrost melting or increased soil moisture content could affect sub0-grade).

. Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects X Although now considered as one of the of the Project area that are already vulnerable (eg., fastest growing state, Bihar has the lowest high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban per capita income, 14th lowest gross migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women domestic product, low literary rate, highest or children)? gross interstate migration, and weak health service. . Could the Project potentially increase the climate or X The project will improve existing road. This disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by will enhance resiliency of the villagers to encouraging settlement in areas that will be more climate change risk, particularly to flooding affected by floods in the future, or encouraging as higher and reinforced embankments settlement in earthquake zones)? and properly sized side/cross drains will be constructed on sections that has experience flooding. Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

64

Appendix 2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The finding as Notified on 16th November 2009 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in exercise of its powers conferred under Section 6 and Section 25 of the Environment Protect Act, 1986.

Pollutant Concentration in Ambient Air Time-Weighted Average Industrial, Ecologically Residential Sensitive Area and other (Notified by rural area Central Government) Annual* 50 20 3 SO2 ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 40 30 3 NOx ug/m 24 hours** 80 80 Annual* 60 60 3 PM10 ug/m 24 hours** 100 100 Annual* 40 40 3 PM2.5 ug/m 24 hours** 60 60

Annual* 0.50 0.50

Lead ug/m3

24 hours** 1.0 1.0

8 Hours** 2000 2000 3 CO ug/m 1 Hour** 4000 4000 8 Hours** 100 100 3 O3 ug/m 1 Hour** 180 180 Annual* 100 100 3 NH3 ug/m 24 hours** 400 400 Source: Gazette of India, Part II-Section-3-Subsection (i)

* Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval. ** 24-horly / 8-hourly values or 0.1 hourly monitored values shall be complied with 98% of the time in the year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

65

APPENDIX 3: Noise Level Limits Of Goi (In Leq Db(A))

Day Time Night Time Area/Class (6:00 AM to 9:00 PM) (9:00 PM to 6:00 am)

Standard Standard

Industrial 75 70

Commercial 65 55

Residential 55 45

Silence 50 40 Source: Environment Protection Rules, 1986, Schedule III

66

Appendix 4: Drinking Water Standards And Probable Effects on Human Health (BIS: IS: 10500, 1991)

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible 1 COLOUR (HAZEN UNIT) 5 25 Aesthetically undesirable. 2 ODOUR Essentially free Aesthetically undesirable. 3 TASTE Agreeable Aesthetically undesirable. 4 TURBIDITY (NTU) 5 10 Indicates pollution/ contamination. Affects taste, corrodes supply 5 pH 6.5 8.5 system. Causes scaling, excessive soap HARDNESS, as CaCO3, 6 300 600 consumption, calcification of mg/l arteries. Causes staining of laundry and 7 IRON, as Fe , mg/l 0.30 1.00 porcelain. In traces it is essential for nutrition. May be injurious to heart or kidney patients. Taste, indigestion, 8 CHLORIDE, as Cl , mg/l 250 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected. RESIDUAL CHLORINE, only Excessive chlorination causes 9 when 0.20 - asthma, colitis and eczema Water is chlorinated May cause gastro-intestinal TOTAL DISSOLVED 10 500 2000 irritation, corrosion and laxative SOLIDS, mg/l effect to new users. Excessive Cause incrustation, deficiency causes rickets, 11 CALCIUM, as Ca, mg/l 75 200 essential for nervous, muscular, cardiac functions and in coagulation of blood. Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. Excessive may cause laxative effect; deficiency causes 12 MAGNESIUM, as Mg, mg/l 30 100 structural and functional changes. It is activator of many enzyme systems. Beneficial in human metabolism, deficiency results in nutritional anaemia in infants. Large amounts may result in liver damage, 13 COPPER, as Cu, mg/l 0.05 1.50 causes central nervous system irritation and depression. Enhances corrosion of Al in water supply systems. Causes gastro-intestinal irritation. Along with Mg or Na can have a 14 SULPHATE, as SO4, mg/l 200 400 cathartic effect. Concentration more than 750 mg/l may have laxative effect. Causes infant methaemoglobinaemia, at very 15 NITRATE, as N, mg/l 45 100 high concentration causes gastric cancer and effects central nervous 67

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible and cardiovascular system.

Reduces dental carries, very high 16 FLUORIDE, as F, mg/l 1.00 1.50 concentration may cause crippling skeletal fluorosis. Acute toxicity may be associated with renal, arterial hypertension, 17 CADMIUM, as Cd, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation itai-itai (bone disease). Cd salts cause cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Burning in mouth, severe inflammation of gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and diarrhoea. 18 LEAD, as Pb, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation Chronic toxicity produces nausea, severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental confusion, visual disturbances, and anaemia etc. Essential and beneficial in human 19 ZINC, as Zn , mg/l 5 15 metabolism. Imparts astringent taste to water. Cr6+ produces lung tumours, 20 CHROMIUM, as Cr, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation coetaneous and nasal mucous membrane ulcers and dermatitis. Causes skin damage, circulatory 21 ARSENIC, as As, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problems, and increased risk of skin cancer. Raises blood cholesterol, lowers 22 ANTIMONY, as Sb, mg/l 0.006 No relaxation blood sugar. 23 ALUMINIUM, as Al, mg/l 0.030 0.200 Leads to neurological disorders. 24 BARIUM, as Ba, mg/l 2 No relaxation Increases blood pressure. 25 BERYLLIUM, as Be, mg/l nil 0.0002 Is carcinogenic Causes nerve damage, thyroid 26 CYANIDE, as CN, mg/l 0.05 No relaxation problem. Neurological and renal disturbances. Excess causes 27 MERCURY, as Hg, mg/l 0.001 No relaxation gonadotoxic and mutagenic effects and disturbs the cholesterol metabolism. Essential as a cofactor in enzyme systems and metabolism processes. Excessive causes change in appetite and reduction 28 MANGANESE, as Mn, mg/l 0.10 0.30 in metabolism of iron to form haemoglobin. Imparts undesirable taste and stains plumbing fixtures and laundry. Leads to hair, finger loss, and 29 SELENIUM, as Se, mg/l 0.01 No relaxation numbness in fingers or toes, circulatory problems. Affects central nervous system, 30 BORON, as B, mg/l 1.00 5.00 salts may cause nausea, cramps, convulsions, coma, etc. 31 ALKALINITY, as CaCO3, 200 600 Imparts unpleasant taste,

68

S. Prescribed limits Parameters Probable effects No. Desirable Permissible mg/l deleterious to humans in presence of high pH, hardness and TDS. Imparts toxicity, accumulates in different organs of body, and 32 PESTICIDES, ug/l nil 0.001 affects immune and nervous systems. Carcinogenic. High concentration causes vomiting and diarrhoea stimulates 33 PHOSPHATE, as PO4, mg/l No guideline secondary hyperthyroidism and bone loss. Harmful to persons suffering from 34 SODIUM, as Na, mg/l No guideline cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases. Essential nutrition element but 35 POTASSIUM, as K, mg/l No guideline excessive amounts are cathartic. Non-toxic element but may be carcinogenic in animals, can react 36 NICKEL, as Ni , mg/l No guideline with DNA resulting in DNA damage in animals. PATHOGENS Causes water borne diseases like a)TOTAL COLIFORM coliform jaundice; Typhoid, 37 No/dl 1 10 Cholera etc. produces infections

b)FAECAL COLIFORM involving skin mucous membrane No/dl of eyes, ears and throat. RADIOACTIVITY: -BETA PARTICLES 0-4 milligram/year 38 Increases risk of cancer. -ALPHA PARTICLES 0-15 picocuries/year -RADIUM 0-05 picocuries/year

69

Appendix 5: Water Quality Criteria And Standards for Freshwater Classification (CPCB, 1979)

Characteristics A B C D E

Dissolved Oxygen 6 5 4 4 - (DO), mg/L, Min Biological Oxygen 2 3 3 - - Demand, BOD, mg/L, max Total Coliform 50 500 5000 - - organism **, MPN/100ml, Max pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6 – 9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Free Ammonia (as - - - 1.2 - N), mg/L, Max Electrical - - - - 2250 Conductivity, µmhos/cm, max Sodium absorption - - - - 26 Ratio Boron, mg/L, Max - - - - 2

Drinking water sources without conventional treatment but after disinfecting Outdoor Bathing (organized) Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfecting Propagation of wildlife, fisheries Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal

70

Appendix 6: Guidelines for Borrow Areas Management

1. SELECTION OF BORROW AREAS Location of borrow areas shall be finalized as per IRC: 10-1961guidlines. The finalization of locations in case of borrows areas identified in private land shall depend upon the formal agreement between landowners and contractor. If, agreement is not reached between the contractor and landowners for the identified borrow areas sites, arrangement for locating the source of supply of material for embankment and sub-grade as well as compliance to environment requirements in respect of excavation and borrow areas as stipulated from time to time by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, and local bodies, as applicable shall be the sole responsibility of the contractor. The contractor in addition to the established practices, rules and regulation will also consider following criteria before finalizing the locations. The borrow area should not be located in agriculture field unless unavoidable i.e. barren land is not available. The borrow pits preferably should not be located along the roads. The loss of productive and agriculture soil should be minimum. The loss of vegetation is almost nil or minimum. The Contractor will ensure that suitable earth is available. 2. CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILTY The Contractor shall obtain representative samples from each of the identified borrow areas and have these tested at the site laboratory following a testing programme approved by the Engineer. It shall be ensured that the sub-grade material when compacted to the density requirements shall yield the design CBR value of the sub- grade. Contractor shall begin operations keeping in mind following; (1) Haulage of material to embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient spreading and compaction plants is operating at the place of deposition. (2) No excavated acceptable material other than surplus to requirements of the Contract shall be removed from the site. Contractor should be permitted to remove acceptable material from the site to suit his operational procedure, then shall make consequent deficit of material arising there from. (3) Where the excavation reveals a combination of acceptable and un- acceptable materials, the Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in such a manner that the acceptable materials are excavated separately for use in the permanent works without contamination by the un-acceptable materials. The acceptable material shall be stockpiled separately. (4) The Contractor shall ensure that he does not adversely affect the stability of excavation or fills by the methods of stockpiling materials, use of plants are siting of temporary buildings or structures.

71

3. BORROWING FROM DIFFERENT LAND-FORMS

A. Borrow Areas located in Agricultural Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrowing of earth will be carried out up to a depth of 1.5m from the existing ground level. (iv) Borrowing of earth will not be done continuously through out the stretch. (v) Ridges of not less than 8m widths will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (vi) Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage. (vii) The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal). (viii) The depth of borrow pits will not be more than 30 cm after stripping the 15 cm topsoil aside.

B. Borrow Areas located in Elevated Lands

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) At location where private owners desire their fields to be levelled, the borrowing shall be done to a depth of not more than 1.5m or up to the level of surrounding fields

C. Borrow Areas near River side

The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). Borrow area near to any surface water body will be at least at a distance of 15m from the toe of the bank or high flood level, whichever is maximum.

D. Borrow Areas near Settlements

(i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile.

72

(ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Borrow pit location will be located at least 0.75 km from villages and settlements. If un-avoidable, the pit will not be dug for more than 30 cm and drains will be cut to facilitate drainage. (iv) Borrow pits located in such location will be re-developed immediately after borrowing is completed. If spoils are dumped, that will be covered with a layers of stockpiled topsoil in accordance with compliance requirements with respect MOEF/PPCB guidelines.

E. Borrow Pits along the Road

Borrow pits along the road shall be discouraged and if deemed necessary and permitted by the Engineer; following precautions are recommended (i) The preservation of topsoil will be carried out in stockpile. (ii) A 15 cm topsoil will be stripped off from the borrow pit and this will be stored in stockpiles in a designated area for height not exceeding 2m and side slopes not steeper than 1:2 (Vertical: Horizontal). (iii) Ridges of not less than 8m widths should be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. (iv) Small drains shall be cut through the ridges of facilitate drainage. (v) The depth of the pits shall be so regulated that there bottom does not cut an imaginary line having a slope of 1 vertical to 4 horizontal projected from the edge of the final section of bank, the maximum depth of any case being limited to 1.5m. (vi) Also, no pit shall be dug within the offset width from the toe of the embankment required as per the consideration of stability with a minimum width of 10m. 4. REHABILITATION OF BORROW AREAS The objective of the rehabilitation programme is to return the borrow pit sites to a safe and secure area, which the general public should be able to safely enter and enjoy. Securing borrow pits in a stable condition is fundamental requirement of the rehabilitation process. This could be achieved by filling the borrow pit floor to approximately the access road level.

Re-development plan shall be prepared by the Contractor before the start of work inline with the owners will require and to the satisfaction of owner. The Borrow Areas shall be rehabilitated as per following; Borrow pits shall be backfilled with rejected construction wastes and will be given a vegetative cover. If this is not possible, then excavation sloped will be smoothed and depression will be filled in such a way that it looks more or less like the original round surface. Borrow areas might be used for aquaculture in case landowner wants such development. In that case, such borrow area will be photographed after their 73

post use restoration and Environment Expert of Supervision Consultant will certify the post use redevelopment. The Contractor will keep record of photographs of various stages i.e., before using materials from the location (pre-project), for the period borrowing activities (construction Phase) and after rehabilitation (post development), to ascertain the pre and post borrowing status of the area.

74

APPENDIX 7.1: Environmental Management Plan (SH-89: Siwan- Siswan)

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion A. Design and Construction Stage Alignment Constricte Avoidance to settlement areas, Design Bypasses and During the Project Design PIU,BSRDCL d sensitive locations requirement Realignment at design preparation Consultant /SC Sections along Compliance with highway Km 0.0-2.250 stage cost the proposed alignments standards for curvature Km 5.750-6.000 alignment and grading Km 21+400 Avoidance of additional need of Km 21+600 ROBs/RUBs. Km 22+080 Inadequate land width/ROW. Km 25+850

Natural Hazards Flooding/ Provision of adequate cross IRC:34 Throughout the Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL Water drainage structures. Recommendati stretch especially Stage and preparation Consultant /SC logging Balancing culverts in flood prone ons for road near water crossings Constructio Cost areas construction in and identified low n Stage 1. Embankment height: 1m free board waterlogged lying / flood prone 2. from HFL area and IRC: areas. Included in Improve drainage to restrict the 75 and Engineering flooding due to poor drainage. MOSRTH cost guidelines for Protection of Embankment height to be raised Over Topping Design Project Design PIU,BSRDCL Design of High road sufficiently to avoid impact due to Sections close to Stage and preparation Consultant /SC Embankments embankment in capillary action and other Daha River near Km Constructio Cost Flood prone engineering solutions to protect 25.850 n Stage Included in Areas embankment. Engineering cost Adequate balancing culverts. Earthquak All civil structures to be to be BIS codes and Throughout the Design and Included in Design PIU/BSRDCL e designed to sustain the Earthquake design project corridor Constructio Engineering Consultant /SC 75

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion magnitude of MSK IV as per BIS requirement n Stage Cost and codes Contractor Climate and Air Quality Local Climatic Geometric adjustment to reduce Kyoto Protocol, Design and Road Side Design PIU/BSRDCL conditions tree cutting. Environmental Constructio Plantations Consultant /SC Compensatory Plantation (1:3) Protection Act, n stage +Additional and Additional Plantation on river 1986; The Air During the Plantation Contractor 6 banks, borrow areas and sensitive (Prevention Constructio cost =1.9 locations will also enhance the local and Control of n stage Million climatic conditions Pollution) Act, (Appendix 1981 Throughout project 7.1) Poor air quality Road design and Pavement + corridor, level Project Design PIU/BSRDCL due to roughness as per IRC IRC and crossings, haulage preparation Consultant /SC compromise in specifications. MORTandH roads, earthwork, cost and design. congestion free movement of traffic Specifications Construction sites, Contractor with provision of junctions at major for Road and Loading areas, intersections and ROB Bridge works storage areas, Plantation of pollutant absorbing Air Transport route, trees. (P and CP) 3. Dust Transport, loading and unloading of Act 1974 and Included in Design PIU,BSRDCL Generation due loose and fine materials through Central Motor project cost consultant /SC to construction covered vehicles. and Vehicle activities and Paved approach roads. Act 1988 transport, Storage areas to be located storage and downwind of the habitation area. handling of Water spraying on earthworks, construction unpaved haulage roads and other

6 The total no. trees likely to be cut are estimated to be 1785. Compensatory afforestation norm is 1: 3. Hence, 5355 trees have to be planted in lieu of compensatory plantation. Project has the provision of planting trees on both sides of the road. As per IRC SP: 21 specifications, 85 trees per km have been proposed (with spacing of 12m). The total no. of trees likely to be planted along roadside is 17000. Besides, additional plantation of 3000 trees has been proposed on river banks and Multilayered plantation near sensitive locations. The estimated amount for roadside plantation is 1.95 Million and 0.25 Million is estimated for additional plantation.

76

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion materials dust prone areas. Provision of PPEs to workers. Emission from Regular maintenance of machinery Asphalt mixing During the Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL vehicle, and equipment. plants, crushers, DG Constructio project cost /SC equipment and Batching, asphalt mixing plants and sets locations n stage 4. machinery. crushers at downwind (1km) 5. direction from the nearest 6. settlement. 7. Only crushers licensed by the PCB 8. shall be used Included in DG sets with stacks of adequate monitoring height and use of low sulphur diesel cost as fuel. ambient air quality monitoring Noise Noise from All equipment to be timely serviced Legal Throughout project During the Cost for Contractor PIU,BSRDCL construction and properly maintained. requirement section especially at Constructio Plantation 26. /SC vehicle, Bottlenecks to be removed. Noise Pollution construction sites, n stage already equipment and Construction equipment and (Regulation residential areas 15. indicated machinery. machinery to be fitted with silencers and Control) and identified above. and maintained properly. Rules, 2000 sensitive locations 16. 19. Timing of noisy construction and 10. 20. activities shall be done during night amendments 11. 17. 21. time and weekends when there are thereof 12. 22. no activities by the sensitive + 13. 18. 23. receptor, concurrent noisy Clause No 14. 24. operations may be separated to 501.8.6. 25. reduce the total noise generated, MORTandH Monitoring and if possible re-route traffic during Specifications Cost as construction to avoid the for Road and indicated In accumulation of noise beyond Bridge works EMoP. standards. Else provision of 9. temporary noise barrier at sensitive 77

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion locations. Time regulation near residential areas and other noise sensitive areas. Initiation of multi layered plantation, to serve as mitigation option for operation phase Honking restrictions near sensitive areas PPEs to workers Noise monitoring as per EMoP. Land and Soil Land use To the extent non-agricultural areas Project Through out the During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL Change and to be used as borrow areas. requirement project section and design and engineering /SC Loss of Top soil to be preserved and laid borrow areas constructio cost productive/top over either on the embankment n Stage soil slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion. Slope protection Construction schedule for bridges IRC: 56 -1974 Throughout the Design and Project Design PIU,BSRDCL and Soil erosion during non-monsoon season. recommended stretch especially at constructio preparation consultant /SC due to Bio-turfing of embankments to practice for all bridges n stage cost and and construction protect slopes. treatment of construction Contractor, activities, Slope protection by providing embankment cost earthwork, and frames, dry stone pitching, masonry slopes for 27. cut and fill etc. retaining walls, planting of grass erosion control 28. and trees. Clause No. 306 29. The side slopes of all cut and fill and 305.2.2 30. areas will be graded and covered MORTandH with stone pitching, grass and shrub Specifications as per design specifications. for Road and Soil erosion at The earth stockpiles to be provided Bridge works At earth stockpiles Design and Project Contractor PIU,BSRDCL earth stockpiles with gentle slopes to prevent soil Guidelines IX constructio preparation /SC erosion. for Soil erosion n stage cost and

78

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion construction cost Borrow areas Non-productive, barren lands, IRC Guidelines Borrow sites and During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL upland shall be used for borrowing on borrow quarries (if required) Design and cost /SC earth with the necessary areas and for location. constructio permissions/consents. quarries 31. n Stage Depths of borrow pits to be (Environmental regulated. Protection Act Topsoil to be stockpiled and and Rules, protected for use at the 1986; Water rehabilitation stage. Act, Air Act) Transportation of earth materials + through covered vehicles. Clause No. IRC recommended practice for 305.2.2 borrow pits (IRC 10: 1961). MORTandH Borrow areas not to be dug Specifications continuously. for Road and Rehabilitation of the borrow areas Bridge works as per Guidelines for Guidelines V redevelopment of Borrow Areas. for Borrow Areas If dredging is required, prior Management permission shall be taken and dredged material shall be checked. Quarry Aggregates will be sourced from Clause No. Operations existing licensed quarries. 111.3 Copies of consent/ approval / MORTandH rehabilitation plan for a new quarry Specifications or use of existing source will be for Road and submitted to EO, BSRDCL. Bridge works The contractor will develop a Quarry Guidelines VI Redevelopment plan, as per the for Quarry Mining Rules of the state and Areas submit a copy of the approval to EA. Management 79

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion The quarry operations will be undertaken within the rules and regulations in force in the state. Compaction of Construction vehicles, machinery, Design Parking areas, Just before Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL soil and impact and equipment to be stationed in requirement Haulage roads and commence Engineering /SC on quarry haul the designated ROW to avoid construction yards. ment of cost roads due to compaction. constructio movement of Approach roads/haulage roads shall n vehicles and be designed along the barren and equipments hard soil area to reduce the compaction. Transportation of quarry material to the dumping sites through heavy vehicles shall be done through existing major roads to the extent possible to restrict wear and tear to the village/minor roads. Land taken for construction camp and other temporary facility shall be restored to its original conditions. Contamination Construction vehicles and Design Fuelling station, Just before Monitoring Contractor; PIU,BSRDCL of soil due to equipment will be maintained and requirement construction sites, commence Cost Included /SC leakage/spillage refueled in such a fashion that and construction ment of in EMoP of oil, oil/diesel spillage does not camps and disposal constructio bituminous and contaminate the soil. location. n non bituminous Fuel storage and refueling sites to debris be kept away from drainage generated from channels. demolition and Unusable debris shall be dumped in road ditches and low lying areas. construction Waste oil and oil soaked cotton/ cloth shall be stored in containers labeled „Waste Oil‟ and „Hazardous‟

80

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion sold off to MoEF/SPCB authorized vendors Non-bituminous wastes to be dumped in borrow pits with the concurrence of landowner and covered with a layer of topsoil conserved from opening the pit. Bituminous wastes will be disposed off in an identified dumping site approved by the State Pollution Control Board Soil quality monitoring Water Resources Construction Contractor will arrange adequate Clause No. Throughout the During Included in Contractor, PIU,BSRDCL water supply and storage of water for the 1010 EP Project section Constructio engineering Groundwater /SC 32. whole construction period at his Act 1986 36. n stage cost authority and 39. own costs and submit a list of MORT& H irrigation 33. source/s to EA. Specifications 37. department 40. The contractor will source the for Road and requirement of water preferentially Bridge works 38. 41. from ground water but with prior 34. permission from the concerned 42. authority. 35. The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process/ operation. Water intensive activities not to be undertaken during summer period (April, May June) 81

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Alteration in Existing drainage system to be Design Near all drainage During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL surface water maintained and further enhanced. requirement, channels, river Constructio engineering /SC hydrology due Provision of adequate size and Clause No crossings etc. n stage cost to embankment number of cross drainage 501.8.6. structures. MORTandH Sections of the corridor to be raised Specifications suitably along flood prone areas for Road and with the cross drainage structures Bridge and adequate side drains to be built. Siltation in Bridge construction on non-perennial Design Near river water During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL water bodies streams to be limited to the dry requirement , bodies, Constructio Engineering /SC due to season. Clause No embankment slopes. n stage Cost construction 501.8.6. 43. Embankment slopes to be modified activities/ MORT&H 44. suitably to restrict the soil debris earthwork Specifications entering water bodies. for Road and Provision of Silt fencing shall be Bridge works made at water bodies. (CP and CP) Silt/sediment should be collected and worldwide and stockpiled for possible reuse as best practices surfacing of slopes where they have to be re-vegetated. Earthworks and stone works to be prevented from impeding natural flow of rivers, streams and water canals or existing drainage system. Deterioration in No vehicles or equipment should be The Water Water bodies, During Engineering Contractor PIU,BSRDCL Surface water parked or refuelled near water- (Prevention refueling stations, Constructio cost /SC quality due to bodies, so as to avoid contamination and Control of construction camps. n Stage 45. leakage from from fuel and lubricants. Pollution) Act, Monitoring vehicles and Oil and grease traps and fuelling 1974 and cost as equipments. platforms to be provided at re- amendments indicated in

82

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion fuelling locations. thereof. EMoP All chemicals and oil shall be stored away from water and concreted platform with catchment pit for spills collection. All equipment operators, drivers, and warehouse personnel will be trained in immediate response for spill containment and eventual cleanup. Readily available, simple to understand and preferably written in the local language emergency response procedure, including reporting, will be provided by the contractors Construction camp to be sited away from water bodies. Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal site only. Water quality shall be monitored periodically. Flora and Fauna Vegetation loss Suitable modifications in design to Forest Throughout project During the Indicated BSRDCL PIU,BSRDCL due to site minimize tree cutting. Conservation corridor design and above through DFO /SC preparation and Roadside trees to be removed with Act 1980 47. Constructio 49. construction prior approval of DFO. + n stage 50. activities and Compensatory plantation at 1:3 IRC SP: 21 and 48. 51. Plantation Strategy basis IRC SP:66 46. Provision of LPG in construction camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting. 83

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Plantation of trees on both sides of the road. Additional plantation near river banks to check erosion. In the event of design changes during the construction stages additional assessments including the possibility to save trees shall be made by the EA. Road side Plantation Strategy as per IRC specifications including manuring. Control use of pesticides/manure Impact on Adequate waterways to be State Near water Bodies During Part of Contractor PIU,BSRDCL fishing activity maintained Government and Ponds. Constructio Engineering /SC (production, Siltation and water contamination Fisheries n Stage Work 52. spawning and shall be preventing to reduce Department breeding turbidity. guidelines and 53. grounds) Restricting construction activity Best practices during the breeding period 54. (Monsoon Period) Plantation in the riparian area of the 55. rivers, to reduce erosion. 8. Construction Camps Impact All camps should maintain minimum Design All construction During Included in Contractor PIU,BSRDCL associated with distance from following: Requirement camps Constructio Engineering andEO /SC location . 500 m from habitation 56. n stage Cost . 1000m from forest areas . 500 m from water bodies . 500 m from through traffic route

84

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion worker‟s Health The location, layout and basic The Building All construction During Included in Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL in construction facility provision of each labor camp and Other camps constructio Engineering /SC camp will be submitted PIU prior to their Construction n stage Cost construction. The construction shall workers commence only after approval of (Regulation of PIU. Employment The contractor will maintain and Conditions necessary living accommodation of Service) Act and ancillary facilities in functional 1996 and Cess and hygienic manner as approved Act of 1996 and by the EA. The Water Preventive medical care to be (Prevention provided to workers. and Control of Disposal of solid waste on regular Pollution) Act, basis at identified locations. 1974 and The Contractor will take all amendments precautions to protect the workers thereof from insect and pest to reduce the risk to health. This includes the use of insecticides which should comply with local regulations. No alcoholic liquor or prohibited drugs will be imported to, sell, give, barter to the workers of host community. Provision of day crèche for children Recreation and sporting facilities for the staff and workers. Immunization to immigrant workers/local community against communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. Management of Construction Waste/Dismantled Debris 85

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Selection of Unproductive/wastelands shall be Design At all Dumping Constructio Part of the Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL Dumping Sites selected for dumping sites. Requirement Sites n contract /SC Away from residential areas and and MoSRTH water bodies guidelines Dumping sites have adequate capacity equal to the amount of debris generated. Public perception and consent from the village Panchayats has to be obtained before finalizing the location.

86

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Reuse and The existing bitumen surface shall disposal of be utilized for paving of cross roads, construction access roads, and paving works in and dismantled construction sites and camps, waste temporary traffic diversions, and haulage routes. All excavated materials from roadway, shoulders, verges, drains, cross drainage will be used for backfilling embankments, filling pits, and landscaping. Unusable debris material should be suitably disposed off at pre- designated disposal locations, with approval of the concerned authority. The bituminous wastes shall be disposed in secure landfill sites only in environmentally accepted manner. For removal of debris, wastes and its disposal MOSRT and H guidelines should be followed. Unusable and surplus materials, as determined by the Project Engineer, will be removed and disposed off- site.

Accessibility, Traffic Management, Accident and Safety Risks Design 57. Throughout the During Project Contractor. PIU,BSRDCL Provision of junctions at all major requirement project corridor constructio preparation /SC intersections. and Traffic Design especially at n stage and Temporary traffic diversion shall be Planning During requirement intersections. construction planned by the contractor and Construction and cost approved by the „Engineer‟. Stage 87

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion The traffic control plans shall IRC SP:55 contain details of diversions; traffic safety arrangements during construction; safety measures for nighttime traffic and precautions for transportation of hazardous materials. Traffic control plans shall be prepared in line with requirements of IRC‟s SP 55 document‟. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour is always maintained in running condition, particularly during the monsoon to avoid disruption to traffic flow. On stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on the part width of existing carriageway, temporary paved diversions will be constructed. The contractor shall inform local community of changes to traffic routes, and pedestrian access arrangements with assistance from “Engineer”. Use of adequate signages to ensure traffic management and safety. Conduct of regular safety audit on safety measures. Pedestrians, All measures for the safety of traffic Design Near habitation on 58. Included in Contractor in PIU,BSRDCL animal and during construction viz. signs, requirement both sides level Engineering/ consultation /SC Vehicular markings, flags, lights and flagmen and crossings, schools Construction with Forest movement, as proposed in the Traffic Control IRC: and hospitals, cost. department SP: 27 -1984 graveyards, and BSRDCL

88

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Plan/Drawings shall be taken. Report construction sites, Temporary access and diversion, Containing haulage roads, with proper drainage facilities. Recommendati diversion sites. Access facility to the schools ons of IRC located adjacent to the highway. Regional Provision of service roads, Workshops on underpasses near built-up areas. Highway Safety Else the cross drainage structures IRC:SP at select locations in high : 32 -1988 embankment areas can be made Road Safety for suitable for crossing over facilities. Children (5-12 Fencing wherever cattle movement Years Old) is expected. To avoid the need for IRC:SP cattle underpasses, some of the : 44 -1994 proposed culverts `near habitations Highway Safety may be widened to facilitate cattle Code movement. IRC: Accident risk Contractors to adopt and maintain SP: 55 -2001 Construction sites Constructio Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL from safe working practices. Guidelines for n period project cost Contractor /SC construction Usage of fluorescent signage, in Safety in activities local language at the construction Construction sites Zones Training to workers on safety The procedures and precautions. Building and other Mandatory appoint of safety officer. Constructio All regulations regarding safe n workers scaffolding, ladders, working Act 1996 platforms, gangway, stairwells, and Cess excavations, trenches and safe Act of 1996 means of entry and egress shall be Factories complied with. Act 1948 Provision of PPEs to workers. Provision of a readily available first 89

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, ambulance, nursing staff, and doctor to be provided. The contractor will not employ any person below the age of 14 years for any work and no woman will be employed on the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. Electrical No material will be so stacked or The Building Construction Site Constructio Included in Obligation of PIU,BSRDCL Hazard and Storage Areas n period project cost Contractor /SC placed as to cause danger or and Other inconvenience to any person or the public. Construction All necessary fencing and lights will workers be provided to protect the public in (Regulation of construction zones. Employment All machines to be used in the and Conditions construction will conform to the of Service) Act relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent 1996 and Cess defect, will be kept in good working Act of 1996 order, will be regularly inspected Factories Act and properly maintained as per IS 1948 provision and to the satisfaction of the „ Engineer‟. Common Property Resources and other Utilities Avoidance of Realignment near all CPRs Project Near all sensitive Design Project Design BSRDCL CPRs wherever it is technically feasible. requirement Locations. Phase Preparation Consultant cost

90

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Shifting of Geometric adjustment while Project Throughout the Before Cost of Loss BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL community finalizing the alignment to minimize requirement corridor Constructio of structures NGO and /SC properties the loss to any such facilities. n as per R&R R&R Unit Relocation of. wells, hand pumps at Cost. suitable locations. 59. Utilities All telephone and electrical Project Throughout the Before Included in BSRDCL, PIU,BSRDCL 60. poles/wires and underground cables requirement corridor Constructio engineering / NGO and /SC should be shifted to avoid any such n R&R cost. R&R Unit hazard Enhancement Measures Environmental Enhancement of Ponds, tree Environmental 61. Design and Borrow areas Contractor PIU,BSRDCL enhancement plantations near likely to be Enhancement Constructio enhancement /SC along the relocated community structures/ as part of n Stage is part of corridor landscaping etc. project engineering Enhancement/rehabilitation of requirement Cost for borrow areas etc. others Lump sump (1.0 million) Contractor Demobilization 91

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion Clean-up Contractor will prepare site Project Throughout the Immediatel ---- Contractor PIU/BSRDCL Operations, restoration plans, which will be requirement Corridor y after Restoration and approved by the „Engineer‟. The Constructio Rehabilitation clean-up and restoration operations n are to be implemented by the contractor prior to demobilization. All construction zones including river-beds, culverts, road-side areas, camps, hot mix plant sites, crushers, batching plant sites and any other area used/affected by the project will be left clean and tidy, at the contractor's expense, to the entire satisfaction to the Environment officer. All the opened borrow areas will be rehabilitated and „Engineer‟ will certify in this regard. B. Operation Stage 1. Climate and Air quality Air pollution due Roadside tree plantations shall be Environmental Throughout the Through Indicated In BSRDCL to due to maintained. Protection Act, Corridor out EMoP vehicular Bottlenecks should be avoided for 1986; The Air operation movement smooth flow of traffic. Provision of (Prevention period ROB at level crossings and Control of Regular maintenance of the road Pollution) Act, will be done to ensure good surface 1981 condition 62. Vehicular air pollution will be managed and monitored at the toll plazas. Ambient air quality monitoring. If monitored parameters are above

92

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion the prescribed limit, suitable control measures must be taken. Technological and behavioral changes Road signs shall be provided reminding the motorist to properly maintain their vehicles to economize on fuel consumption and protect the environment. Noise Environment Noise due to Effective traffic management and Noise Pollution Noise sensitive Through Included in BSRDCL movement of good riding conditions shall be (Regulation areas out additional traffic maintained to reduce the noise level and Control) operation plantation throughout the stretch and speed Rules, 2000 period cost. limitation and honking restrictions and 63. may be enforced near sensitive amendments 64. locations. thereof The effectiveness of the multilayered plantation should be monitored and if need be, solid noise barrier shall be placed. Create awareness amongst the residents about likely noise levels from road operation at different distances, the safe ambient noise limits and easy to implement noise reduction measures while constructing a building close to the road. Land and Soil Enroachment of Roadside Market places shall be 65. Throughout the Operation ---- BSRDCL in coordination with 93

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion prime developed at non-agricultural land in stretch especially Phase local planning/development agricultural land planned manner to restrict near settlement authority encroachment of ROW. areas/market areas Explore the possibility of restricting new construction within 50 -100 m of the ROW. Soil erosion at Periodic checking to be carried to Project At bridge locations Through Included in BSRDCL embankment assess the effectiveness of the requirement and embankment out Operation/ during heavy stabilization measures viz. turfing, slopes and other operation Maintenance rain fall. stone pitching, river training probable soil erosion period cost structures etc. areas. Soil erosion at Visual monitoring and inspection of Project At bridge locations Through Included in BSRDCL borrow areas soil erosion at borrow areas, requirement and embankment out Operation/ quarries (if closed and rehabilitated), slopes and other operation Maintenance embankments and other places probable soil erosion period cost expected to be affected, will be areas. carried out once in every three months as suggested in monitoring plan. Water Resources Contamination Collection tray to be installed under 66. Near 67. 68. 69. of surface water the canal bridge to prevent surf Indicated in quality due to canal/water bodies water ace EMoP leakage of oil contamination. Wat Monitoring of surface water bodies er Siltation Regular visual checks shall be made bodi to observe any incidence of es blockade of drains. Water logging Regular checks shall be done along Throughout the due to blockade the alignment to ensure that flow of corridor of streams water is maintained through cross drains and other channels/streams. Monitoring of water borne diseases

94

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion due to stagnant water bodies Protection of Immediate removal of deposited silt Project Identified Flood During Operation BSRDCL Embankment in from drainage channels and out-let requirement prone areas whole and Flood prone points. Rejuvenation of the drainage operation Maintenance Areas system by removing encroachments/ stage Cost congestions. This shall be done in close coordination with concerned department. Long term strategy to be worked out with water resources, fisheries, agriculture, soil and other department. Flora and Fauna Vegetation Planted trees, shrubs, and grasses Forest Throughout project During Indicated in BSRDCL to be properly maintained. Conservation section whole Monitoring The tree survivalist audit to be Act 1980 operation cost in conducted at least once in a year to period EMoP assess the effectiveness Flooding/ inundation Road BSRDCL will ensure that all drains Project Throughout the During Overall BSRDCL inundation due (side drains, and all cross drainages) operation stretch whole Operation to choking of are periodically cleared especially Requirement operation cost drainage before monsoon season to facilitate period channels the quick passage of rainwater and avoid flooding. Right-of-Way Maintenance Accident Risk The construction site shall be kept Project Throughout the During Included in BSRDCL due to completely clear of vegetation. requirement Project route whole operation/ uncontrolled Regular maintenance of plantation operation Maintenance growth of Invasive plant not to be planted near period. cost vegetation the road. Controlled use of herbicide/pesticide 95

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion The designated ROW shall be maintained free of any encroachment. Accidents and Safety Accident risks Traffic control measures, including IRC:SP:55 Throughout the During Included in BSRDCL associated with speed limits, will be enforced Project route whole operation/ traffic strictly. operation Maintenance movement. Further encroachment and period. cost squatting within the ROW will be prevented. No school or hospital will be allowed to be established within 100m of the highway without permission from the planning authorities. Monitor/ensure that all safety provisions included in design and construction phase are properly maintained Highway patrol unit(s) for round the clock patrolling. Phone booths for accidental reporting and ambulance services with minimum response time for rescue of any accident victims. Tow-away facility for the break down vehicles. Coordination with operating agency of intersecting National Highways to have common facilities and share the costs as appropriate. Transport of Preparation of spill prevention and 70. Throughout the 71. Included in BSRDCL Dangerous control and emergency project stretch operation/ Goods preparedness and responsive plans Maintenance

96

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approximate Time Mitigation Institutional Responsibility Issue/ laws Location Frame Cost Implementat Supervision Component /guidelines ion based on an analysis of hazards, cost. implementation of presentation and control measures. Monitoring Operation Performance Monitoring The BSRDCL will monitor the 72. Throughout the 73. Included in BSRDCL Operation operational performance of the corridor EMoP Performance various mitigation/ enhancement measures carried out as a part of the project The indicators selected for monitoring include the survival rate of trees; utility of enhancement provision, status of rehabilitation of borrow areas, Air quality, water quality, noise levels, soil quality, drainage pattern, etc. Note: It is assumed that Items like Dust Suppression, Management of construction Camp as per EMP, provision of silt-fencing, oil traps and fuelling platforms etc. are part of engineering cost. Cost towards median plantation has not been considered at this stage since 2-lane undivided carriageway is proposed at this stage. Noise mitigation at this stage has been proposed in the form of Multilayered plantation. Effectiveness of which will be examined during operation phase and accordingly solid noise barriers may be installed 74. Environmental Mitigation and enhancement Cost (Excluding Items Coming Under Project Preparation / Engineering Cost/Operation/Maintenance) = Rs 1.4 Million Total EMoP Cost: INR 0.47 million Estimated cost for Institutional Capacity Building/Training: 0.5 Million (The cost can be reviewed by EA in view of trainings proposed and held for BSHP I) Grand Total for Environmental Safeguard: 1.4+0.47+0.5 = INR 2.37 Million or U$ 0.0523 Mn. ( 1 USD= INR 45) EA: Executing Agency, BSRDCL: Road Construction Department, SC: Supervision Consultant, PIU: Project Implementation Unit, EO: Environmental Officer, IRC: Indian Road Congress 97

Supplement to Appendix 7.1: Roadside Plantation Budget Mandays Total Cost @ Material Amount Activities Unit Mandays Rs. 104 Cost ( In INR)

Clearance of Vegetation Per Km 15 1560 45240 Construction of Mound Per mound 1.19 123.76 285885.6 Plantation Work including insecticide) and Transportation of Samplings per from Temporary Nursery to thousand Plantation site samplings 24 2496 720 6710.4 Protection and watering of per samplings up to March (5 thousand times) samplings 16 1664 3993.6 per April to Jun protection and thousand watering (24 times) samplings 64 6656 504 16478.4 per Ist Year maintenance and thousand Protection samplings 56 5824 13977.6 per 2nd year maintenance and thousand Protection samplings 72 7488 17971.2 per 3rd Year Maintenance and thousand Protection samplings 72 7488 17971.2 Spading, trimming and loosening of soil etc. (with per replacement of dead plants)- thousand one time for 1st time samplings 18 1872 120 4612.8 Spading, trimming and loosening of soil etc. (with per replacement of dead plants)- thousand 2 time for 2nd time samplings 25 2600 240 6480 Misc. works viz. sign board etc.-Ist year @ 5000/site (15 sites have been Considered) 75000 Misc. works viz. sign board etc.-2nd year @ 1000/site (15 sites have been Considered) 15000 Misc. works viz. sign board etc.-3rd year @ 1000/site (15 sites have been Considered) 15000 Total 524320.8 Contingency @ 5% 26216.04 Grand Total 550536.8

Note: 1. The forest department has formulated the plantation charges for different seasons. In this case the budgetary provisions have been worked for Monsoon Season. 2. Construction of Mounds have been considered for 50% of the alignment and pits for remaining portions since many areas get flood affected.

98

APPENDIX 7.2: Monitoring Plan for the Performance Indicators Env. Project Parameters Method/Guidelines Location Frequency Standards Approximate Implementation Supervision Indicators Stage and Duration cost (Rs) Air Quality Construction SPM, RSPM, High volume Hot mix plants, stone crushers 24 hr Air quality 4x5000x3x3 Contractor PIU /SC stage SO2, NOX, sampler to be and construction/ earthwork continuous, standard =Rs 180,000 through approved CO, HC located 50 m from sites and as suggested by SC 3/year for 3 by CPCB monitoring the plant in the (Total 4 Locations) years agency downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Operation High volume Major Road Intersections 24 hr Air quality 4X5000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage sampler to be and Residential area continuous, standard =Rs 60,000 approved BSRDCL located 50 m from (4 Locations) 3/year for 1 by CPCB monitoring the selected year agency locations in the downwind direction. Use method specified by CPCB for analysis Water Construction Ground Grab sample Groundwater at Construction 3/year for 3 Water 3x 4000x3X3 Contractor PIU /SC Quality stage water: (IS: collected from Camps/site and Surface water years quality =Rs 108, 000 through approved standard monitoring 10500:1991) source and analyse at of river and by CPCB agency as per Standard Surface (3 Samples) Methods for Operation water for Groundwater at 2 locations 3/year for 1 Water 3X3x4000 PIU through PIU, Examination of stage Class D and and Surface water sample at year quality =Rs 36, 000 approved BSRDCL Class E Water and standard monitoring 1 location (Propagation Wastewater by CPCB agency of Fishes) as Prescribed by CPCB and for vetor borne diseases

99

Siltation in Construction Visual Checks for presence of All water bodies along the Once during Guidelines Routine work Contractor PIU /SC Water construction debris/waste and stretch rainy seasons from water of Engineering Bodies of the resources Team blockade of drainage channels construction department period. Operation Once during Guidelines Routine work PIU, with support PIU, operation of from water of Engineering of Water BSRDCL 1st year resources Team Resource department Department Noise Construction Equivalent Free field at 1 m Construction sites, major road 24 hr As per 4x2000x3x3 Contractor PIU/SC levels stage Noise levels from the equipment intersections and 1each at continuous, National =Rs.72,000 through approved on dB (A) whose noise levels residential, commercial and 3*/year for 3 Ambient monitoring scale for day are being sensitive locations along the years Noise agency and night determined. alignment. Standard (4 Locations) specified in Operation Equivalent Noise Near Sensitive locations and 3 / year for 1 Environme 4x2000x3X1 PIU through PIU, stage levels using an residential area. year ntal =Rs 24, 000 approved BSRDCL integrated noise (4 Locations) Protection monitoring level meter kept at a Act, 1986 agency distance of 15 m amended from edge of 2002 Pavement Soil Construction NPK (ICAR As specified by the One agricultural land and at Once during CPCB 12,000 Contractor PIU/SC Quality Stage standard) site engineer each dredging locations if whole standard through approved and heavy BSRDCL / dredging is involved and HMP construction and NPK monitoring metals for supervision sites stage as per agency dredging consultant ICAR sites standard Operation Oil and At oil spillage locations and Once for the CPCB 12000 PIU through PIU, stage grease other probable soil first year of standard approved agency BSRDCL contamination location operation Soil Construction Visual check Through the Project Corridor After first rain Visual Part of routine Contractor BSRDCL Erosion Stage for Soil especially at River banks, Checks action of erosion and bridge locations and river engineering siltation training structures team Operation Once during Visual Part of routine Engineering Team of BSRDCL Stage operation of Checks action of 1st year engineering team

100

Drainage Construction Visual Checks Through the Project Corridor Once in a Part of routine Contractor‟s PIU/SC Congestio stage especially Probable drainage year before None action of Engineering Team n congestion areas as rainy season Specific engineering described in IEE team Operation Once in a Part of routine BSRDCL Engineering Team Stage year before None action of rainy season Specific engineering for 3 yrs team Borrow Construction Visual Identification of Borrow areas to be operated Once in a IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC Areas Stage Checks borrow areas as per month guidelines Contract approval from PIU, IEE and Best BSRDCL Practices for Borrow area operation Operation Visual Rehabilitation as Closed Borrow Areas Quarterly for 1 Borrow BSRDCL Stage Checks recommended in year Area IEE rehabilitatio n Plan Constructi Construction Storage Rapid audit as per Construction Sites and Camp Quarterly IRC Part of the Contractor with PIU/SC on stage Area, reporting format during guidelines regular approval from PIU, Sites and Construction construction and to the monitoring BSRDCL Labour Sites for period satisfaction Camp Hygiene, of EO, drainage BSRDCL Medical Facilities Etc. Construction Surveillance monitoring of trees Throughout the Project During site Included in PIU/Local Forest Departments Tree Stage felling Section clearance in overall Plantation construction plantation Cost As phase suggested Operation Audit for survival rate of trees Throughout the Project Once in a The Engineer will be responsible by Forest stage plantation Section year for years for monitoring up to the Defect Dept. Liability Period in any particular stretch. After this period the PIU will be responsible for monitoring Monitoring Costs: INR 0.47 Million BSRDCL – Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, EO: Environmental Officer, SC-Supervision Consultant; IS - India Standard; NOx - Nitrogen Oxide; Pb - Plumbum, (lead); PIU - Project Implementation Unit; RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter; SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide; SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter, RPM - Respirable Particulate Matter