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2016 Yale University Jackson Institute for Global Affairs Carleton University Norman Paterson School of International Affairs Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva London School of Economics and Political Science Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs University of California, San Diego Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies Denver University Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Michigan Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Texas, Austin Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 2016 Yale University Jackson Institute for Global Affairs University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism Journal of Public & Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs jpi International aAf fairs 2016 JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 2016 Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs and The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Princeton University ROBERTSON HALL PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRINCETON, NJ 08544-1013 HTTP://WWW.PRINCETON.EDU/~JPIA The Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA) is a joint publication of the Association of Professional Schools of In- ternational Affairs (APSIA) and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. It seeks to publish scholarly articles on a diverse range of subjects, covering the areas of international affairs, development studies, and domestic policy. JPIA is an annual publication that accepts submissions from any advanced student at an APSIA institution. Submissions are reviewed in a blind screening process by an editorial board comprised of students at Princeton University and contributing editors from other APSIA schools. Subscrip- tion or copy requests may be sent to [email protected] or JPIA, Robertson Hall, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1013. Copyright © 2016, the Trustees of Princeton University 1. World Politics—Periodicals. 2. International Relations—Periodicals. 3. Policy sciences— Periodicals. I. Association of Professional Schools in International Affairs. II. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. III. Title: JPIA. ISSN: 1070-521x CONTENTS Letter from the Editors 5 Articles 1 Is India’s National Sanitation Program Bad For Women? What household survey data reveals about the social drivers of rural latrine use 6 Kathryn Alexander, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University 2 Navigating Uncertainty: A Hard Look at “Soft Counterterrorism” in West Africa and the Sahel. 24 Aneliese Bernard, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University 3 Revisiting the Central America Regional Security Initiative 43 Nastasha Everheart, Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California 4 Exploiting the Heavens, Lawfully. Policy Recommendations for the Lawful Implementation of H.R. 2262 61 Andrej Litvinjenko, Law and International Economic Policy, University of Ottawa Faculty of Law and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 5 An Imagined Threat? A Panel Data Analysis of China’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) In Sub Saharan Africa 79 Kabira Namit, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University 6 Gender Gaps in Iran: Educated Women’s Limited Participation in the Workforce 97 Saman Rejali, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva 7 Protests, Policing, and Crime: An Analysis of Evidence regarding the Ferguson Effect 115 Alisa Tiwari, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University 8 Poor Governance, Weak Systems and the Impact on Human Security: A Gender Analysis of Militarized Governance in South Sudan 132 Michael Wagner, Law and Diplomacy (MALD) program at the Fletcher School, Tufts University EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Megan Campbell Geoff Cooper CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Carlton University of California, San Diego Andrej Litvinjenko Ariel Neidermeier Carlton University of California, San Diego Jacqui Ruesga Eric Anderson Columbia University of Denver Sophia Barney-Farrar Naomi Mcmillen Fletcher School University of Denver Andrew Graber Sarah Hamilton Fletcher School University of Michigan Robert Pulwer Maha Arshad Georgetown University of Michigan Margaret Shaack Maya Efrati Graduate Institute of International and University of Texas Development Studies Jon Brandt Umut Yuksel University of Southern California London School of Economics and Valeria Salceda Political Science Ashley Lau University of Southern California Nastasha Everheart London School of Economics and Political Science Yale University Samira Noronha (Jackson Institute for Global Affairs) Allison Cordell Syracuse Tulia Gattone Yale University (Jackson Institute for Global Affairs) Syracuse Stephanie Leutert Luke Marzaloes PRINCETON UNIVERSITY STAFF Contributing Editors Bethany Atkins Trevor Pierce Associate Editors Vivian Chang, Yusuf Dahl, Stuart Evans, Sasha Frankel, Meredith Houck, Zehra Ijaz, Becky Kreutter, Mae Lindsey, Chad Maddox, Dustin Palmer, Ann Thompson, Kent Troutman, Mark Walker Letter from the Editors It is rare to find a journal that examines women’s participation in South Sudan in one chapter and the exploitation of outer space resources in the next; that dissects the effects of Chinese investment in Sub-Saharan Africa and demystifies the Fer- guson effect. But the Journal of Public and International Affairs is not your average journal. It represents the very best of what graduate-level public policy students have to contribute to the pressing policy debates of today. It is wide-ranging in subject matter and trenchant in its recommendations. Founded in 1990, but with an ancestor publication dating back to 1963, the JPIA is based on the notion that students of public policy have important things to say about public affairs and that careful analysis and targeted critique can pave the way for meaningful change and progress. The graduate students published in this year’s JPIA combine practical experience from around the world with in- tensive academic study. They have spent the last year diving deep into the issues they are passionate about and have all been challenged by the need to move past descriptive analysis and towards concrete solutions. These papers represent the best of their scholarship. This 27th edition of the JPIA is made possible through the contributions of countless authors, and editors, designers and administrators from 24 policy schools across North America and Europe. The seven papers in this journal were selected from 114 submissions. We would particularly like to thank Leona Rosso- Dzugan for the graphic design and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Program Office, which continues to support the important mission of the journal. To the reader, we hope you enjoy. Megan Campbell & Geoff Cooper Editors-in-Chief 6 7 1 IS INDIA’S NATIONAL SANITATION PROGRAM BAD FOR WOMEN? WHAT HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA REVEALS ABOUT THE SOCIAL DRIVERS OF RURAL LATRINE USE Kathryn Alexander This paper examines the low rates of latrine uptake in India, where an estimated 50 percent of all Indians still practice open defecation. Beyond the public health problems this poses, it is also especially notable in the midst of rapidly falling open defecation rates worldwide and given India’s relative wealth. The Government of India has responded in recent years with an expensive and highly publicized sanitation campaign aimed at constructing a latrine per household. However, evidence suggests that approximately one in five rural household latrines go unused. Using recent survey data from 3,235 households across 13 districts in five north Indian states, this paper helps explain the social drivers behind high open defecation rates in rural India. Building on previous analysis of this dataset that shows that low rates of latrine use by Hindus can be attributed Kathryn Alexander is a 2016 graduate from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. She would like to thank Dean Spears and Diane Coffey of r.i.c.e, Professor Jeffrey Hammer, the 2015 Policy Workshop team and the JPIA editors. She can be reached at [email protected]. 6 7 in part to their strong beliefs on ritual impurity, this analysis focuses on understanding how individual preferences for us- ing a latrine vary further by gender, age, marital status, and social group. While gender and age are also found to be strong predictors of latrine use – in households with a latrine, women are less likely than men to open defecate across all ages except the very young – individual revealed preferences for latrines are inconsistent with popular discourse describing the particular convenience, privacy, and security benefits latrines provide for women. Instead there seem to be complex (and sometimes competing) social and religious factors influencing household sanitation decisions, including the status of women in their homes and their ability to move freely about their communities. The paper warns that latrine building programs that do not consider this heterogeneity in rural preferences will continue to fail to achieve universal latrine use, and instead calls for further quantitative and qualitative studies focused
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