FAMILY Myers 1925 - killifishes, rivulids, South American killifishes, New World killifishes, neotropical killifishes [=Rivulini, Cynolebiatidi, Rachovini, Neofundulini, Terranatini, Plesiolebiatini, Pterolebiatina, Cynopoecilina, Leptolebiatini, Spectrolebiatini, Millerichthyini, Simpsonichthyina, Aphyolebiatina, Moemina, Cryptolebiatinae, Kryptolebiatinae, Prorivulini] Notes: Rivulini Myers 1925:371 [ref. 5744] (tribe) [preoccupied by Rivulini Grote 1895:419 [based on Rivula Guenée in Duponchel 1845] in Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), invalid; the case must be referred to the Commission for a ruling to remove homonymy, Article 55.3.1] Cynolebiatidi Hoedeman 1961:87 [ref. 32210] (tribe) Cynolebias [stem emended to Cynolebi- by Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]; stem changed to Cynolebias- by Costa 2008:50 [ref. 30126]] Rachovini Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650] (tribe) Rachovia [corrected to Rachoviini by Costa 1998:79 [ref. 23792], changed back to Rachovini by Costa 2014:177; correct stem is Rachovi-; Costa 2014:177 gave precedence to Rachovini over Neofundulini and Terranatini, although Costa 1998:37 [ref. 23792] had used Neofundulida (‘infrafamily’) over Rachoviidi (supertribe)] Neofundulini Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650] (tribe) Neofundulus [also as subtribe Neofundulina] Terranatini Costa 1990:86 [ref. 16650] (tribe) Terranatos Plesiolebiatini Costa 1990:86 [ref. 16650] (tribe) Plesiolebias [emended to Plesiolebiini by Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]; stem changed to Plesiolebias- by Costa 2008:74 [ref. 30126]] Pterolebiatina Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650] (subtribe) [stem emended to Pterolebi- by Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]] Cynopoecilina Costa 1990:88 [ref. 16650] (subtribe) Leptolebiatini Costa 1998:73 [ref. 23792] (tribe) [emended to Leptolebiini by Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]] Spectrolebiatini Costa 1998:74 [ref. 23792] (tribe) Spectrolebias [emended to Spectrolebiini by Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]] Millerichthyini Costa 1998:79 [ref. 23792] (tribe) Millerichthys Simpsonichthyina Costa 1998:75 [ref. 23792] (subtribe) Simpsonichthys Aphyolebiatina Costa 1998:78 [ref. 23792] (subtribe) [emended to Aphyolebiina by Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]] Moemina Costa 1998:78 [ref. 23792] (subtribe) Moema Cryptolebiatinae Costa 2004a:115 [ref. 27763] (subfamily) Cryptolebias Costa [invalid, Article 39] Kryptolebiatinae Costa 2004b:107 [ref. 28584] (subfamily) Kryptolebias [stem emended to Kryptolebi- by Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]; emendation not justified, Article 29.4; Costa 2008:49 [ref. 30126] used Kryptolebiasinae] Prorivulini Costa 2008:77 [ref. 30126] (tribe) Prorivulus

GENUS Huber, 1992 - killifishes [=Anablepsoides (subgenus of Rivulus) Huber [J. H.] 1992:43, Benirivulus (subgenus of Rivulus) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:150, Oditichthys (subgenus of Rivulus) Huber [J. H.] 1999:49] Notes: [ref. 20639]. Masc. Rivulus atratus Garman 1895. by monotypy. Huber 2012 [ref. 32949] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivilus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Costa 1998:77 [ref. 23792], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Anablepsoides -- (Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711], Costa 2006:147 [ref. 28875], Costa 2006:147 [ref. 28875], Schindler & Valdesalici 2011:113 [ref. 31382]). •Valid as Anablepsoides Huber 1992 -- (Costa 2011:242 [ref. 31655], Costa 2013:345 [ref. 32528], Costa et al. 2013:283 [ref. 33108], Valdesalici & Schindler 2013:295 [ref. 33109], Valdesalici 2015:241 [ref. 34049]). Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides Huber 1992. Rivulidae. (Benirivulus) [ref. 28875]. Masc. Rivulus beniensis Myers 1927. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Anablepsoides Huber 1992 -- (Costa 2011:242 [ref. 31193]). Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides Huber 1992. Rivulidae. (Oditichthys) [ref. 23834]. Rivulus igneus Huber 1991. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Oditichthys as described -- (Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, subgenus Meek 1904 -- (Costa 2006:139 [ref. 28875]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Costa & De Luca 2011:356 [ref. 31193]). •Synonym of Anablepsoides Huber 1992 -- (Costa 2011:242 [ref. 31655]). Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides Huber 1992. Rivulidae.

Species Anablepsoides amanan (Costa & Lazzarotto, 2008) [=Rivulus amanan Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Lazzarotto [H.] 2008:130, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 29870] Pools at the floodplains of Igarapé do Baré, near Cano do Lago da Beleza, Lago Amanã system, Reserva de Desenvolvimento, Japurá-Soimoes drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 2°17.280'S, 64°41.635'W, Município de Maraã, Estado do Amazonas, . Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides amanan (Costa & Lazzarotto 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Japurá-Soimoes drainage, basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides amphoreus (Huber, 1979) [=Rivulus amphoreus Huber [J. H.] 1979:68, Figs. 4-6] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 8826] Vicinity of Tafelberg, zone of high hills up to 1000 meters in elevation, 120 kilometers south-southwest of Paramaribo, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides amphoreus (Huber 1979). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic River basins, Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides atratus (Garman, 1895) [=Rivulus atratus Garman [S.] 1895:140] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 19 (pt 1); ref. 1538] Rio Jutahy, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides atratus (Garman 1895). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Amazon River basin: Brazil and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides bahianus (Huber, 1990) [=Rivulus bahianus Huber [J. H.] 1990:14, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 18931] Near Itapoa, vicinity of Salvador do Bahia International Airport, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides bahianus (Huber 1990). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides beniensis (Myers, 1927) [=Rivulus beniensis beniensis Myers [G. S.] 1927:133, Rivulus bolivianus Seegers [L.] 1988:172, Figs. 1, 3, Rivulus beniensis lacustris Myers [G. S.] 1927:133] Notes: [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Ivon, Río Beni, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides beniensis (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Distribution: Madeira River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (bolivianus) [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 39 (nos 2-3); ref. 16282] Suarez lake, about 4 kilometers southeast of Trinidad, at Río Mamore mouth, 14°55'S, 64°55'W, Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides beniensis (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (lacustris) [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Lagoons along shores of Lake Rogovagua, Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides beniensis (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides bondi Schultz, 1949 [=Rivulus bondi Schultz [L. P.] 1949:92, fig. 12] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 99 (no. 3235); ref. 3967] Tributary to Río Guaire, La Florida, Caracas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides bondi (Schultz 1949). Rivulidae. Distribution: Northern South America. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Anablepsoides cajariensis (Costa & De Luca, 2011) [=Rivulus cajariensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & De Luca [A. C.] 2011:354, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 4) [Dec. 2010]; ref. 31193] Stream near Vila Cajari, upper Cajari River drainage, lower Amazon River basin, 0°34'23"S, 52°16'23"W, Estado do Amapá, northern Brazil, elevation 120 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides cajariensis (Costa & De Luca 2011). Rivulidae. Distribution: Cajari River drainage, lower Amazon River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides caurae (Radda, 2004) [=Rivulus caurae Radda [A. C.] 2004:24, Fig. 2] Notes: [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 105 B; ref. 27638] Rio Caura, 1 kilometer from the village of El Playon towards the waterfall (Raudal Pará), 6°18'N, 64°25'W, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides caurae (Radda 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Caura River, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides cearensis (Costa & Vono, 2009) [=Rivulus cearensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Vono [V.] 2009:8, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 30258] Município de São Gonçalo do Amarante, Pelém, 22°10'50"S, 41°23.41'W, Estado do Cerará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides cearensis (Costa & Vono 2009). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Gonçalo do Amarente, Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides chapare Valdesalici & Gil, 2017 [=Anablepsoides chapare Valdesalici [S.] & Gil [J. R. G.] 2017:12, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 35110] Small pool near Isinuta, Isiboro River drainage, tributary of Río Mamoré, Departamento Cochabamba, Chapare Province, Bolivia, 16°44'09.8"S, 65°37'58.4"W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides chapare Valdesalici & Gil 2017. Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Río Mamoré drainage, Bolivia, Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides christinae (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus christinae Huber [J. H.] 1992:147, Fig. 36, Pl. 39c] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Lago Tupac Amaru tributary, near Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios River, Depto. Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides christinae (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides corpulentus (Thomerson & Taphorn, 1993) [=Rivulus corpulentus Thomerson [J. E.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1993:58, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 20829] Small stream on Cordilleria de La Macarena flowing west, Departamento de Meta, Colombia, 2°25'N, 73°52'W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides corpulentus (Thomerson & Taphorn 1993). Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides cryptocallus (Seegers, 1980) [=Rivulus cryptocallus Seegers [L.] 1980:141, fig on p. 140] Notes: [Killifische. Eierlegende Zahnkarpfen im Aquarium; ref. 23122] Ravine Vilaine, Martinique Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides cryptocallus (Seegers 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: River basins of Martinique Island, West Indies. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides deltaphilus (Seegers, 1983) [=Rivulus deltaphilus Seegers [L.] 1983:39, Figs. 1-6] Notes: [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 63 (nos 1/2) (for 1982); ref. 8281] Between Tucupita (9°05'N, 62°03'W) and Barancas (8°42'N, 62°11'W), Orinoco Delta, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides deltaphilus (Seegers 1983). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides derhami (Fels & Huber, 1985) [=Rivulus derhami Fels [J. F.] & Huber [J. H.] 1985:33, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 8162] In the area of Université d'Agronomie (Universidad Agraria) in Tingo Maria, central Peru, about 9°S, 75°55'W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides derhami (Fels & Huber 1985). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater. Species Anablepsoides elongatus (Fels & de Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus elongatus Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] "Bosque Nacional Alexander von Humbolt", 8°42'S, 75°12'W, 86 kilometers from Pucallpa on Pucallpa-Tingo Maria Road, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides elongatus (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides erberi (Berkenkamp, 1989) [=Rivulus erberi Berkenkamp [H. O.] 1989:211, Fig.] Notes: [Das Aquarium: Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 23 (no 238); ref. 16217] 7 kilometers east of Coca (=Puerto Francisco de Orellana), near Río Napo, Napo Province, east Ecuador, 4°30'S, 76°54'W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides erberi (Berkenkamp 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides fransvermeuleni Valdesalici, 2015 [=Anablepsoides fransvermeuleni Valdesalici [S.] 2015:242, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 3); ref. 34049] Upper Nickerie River drainage, western Suriname, 4°50'42"N, 56°50'54"W, elevation 130 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides fransvermeuleni Valdesalici 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Nickerie drainage, western Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides gamae Costa et al., 2013 [=Anablepsoides gamae Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:290, Figs. 4c, 6] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33108] Estado do Amapá: Município de Laranjal do Jari: stream tributary to Jari river, between Laranjal do Jari and Santo Antônio waterfall, Amazonas river basin, 0°45’55"S, 52°31’17"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides gamae Costa, Bragança & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Stream tributary to Jari River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides gaucheri (Keith & Le Bail, 2006) [=Rivulus gaucheri Keith [P.], Nandrin [L.] & Le Bail [P.-Y.] 2006:134, Fig. 2] Notes: [Cybium v. 30 (no. 2); ref. 28851] Mitaraka, marshes in Alama River (Litany basin), French Guiana, 2°17.295'N, 54°32.665"W, elevation 339 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides gaucheri (Keith, Nandrin & Le Bail 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Maroni basin, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides hartii (Boulenger, 1890) [=Haplochilus hartii Boulenger [G. A.] 1890:170] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) v. 6 (no. 32) (art. 19); ref. 17026] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides hartii (Boulenger 1890). Rivulidae. Distribution: Caribbean coastal river drainages: Netherland Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Introduced in Mexico. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Anablepsoides hanschelae Costa et al., 2013 [=Anablepsoides henschelae Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:287, Figs. 3, 4a] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33108] Estado de Roraima: Município de Rorainópolis: stream about 35 km W of Jundiá, road BR-431, Jauaperi river drainage, itself a part of the lower section of the Negro river drainage, Amazonas river basin, 0°13’45"S 60°59’30"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides henschelae Costa, Bragança & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Jauaperi river drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Anablepsoides hoetmeri Nielsen et al., 2016 [=Anablepsoides hoetmeri Nielsen [D. T. B.], Baptista [A. C., Jr.] & van de Berg [L.] 2016:71, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 34406] Estado do Acre, Porto Acre, rio Acre, tributary of the rio Purus, Amazon drainage, Brazil, 9°36'58'S, 67°32'43"W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides hoetmeri Nielsen, Baptista & van der Berg 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Purus drainage, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides holmiae (Eigenmann, 1909) [=Rivulus holmiae Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:50] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Creek near Holmia, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides holmiae (Eigenmann 1909). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides igneus (Huber, 1991) [=Rivulus igneus Huber [J. H.] 1991:68, Figs. 3a, 3c] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 19721] Montagne des Singes, 5°10'N, 52°70'W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides igneus (Huber 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin and adjacent coastal basins: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides immaculatus (Thomerson et al., 1991) [=Rivulus immaculatus Thomerson [J. E.], Nico [L. G.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1991:323] Notes: [Copeia 1991 (no. 2); ref. 19013] La Mejicana, between Ed Dorado and Sta. Elena de Uairen, Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides immaculatus (Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Anablepsoides intermittens (Fels & de Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus intermittens Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] "Vivero Forestal El Varillal", 4°04'N, 73°27'W, 34 kilometers from Iquitos on Iquitos-Nauta Road, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides intermittens (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides iridescens (Fels & de Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus iridescens Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] "Arboretum", 3 kilometers from Jenaro Herrera, on the way to Colonia Angamos, 4°53'S, 73°47'W, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides iridescens (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides jari Costa et al., 2013 [=Anablepsoides jari Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:284, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33108] Estado do Amapá, Município de Laranjal do Jari, stream tributary of Jari river, lower Amazonas river basin, 0°45′55″S, 52°31′17″W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides jari Costa, Bragança & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Steam tributary to Jari river, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides jucundus (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus jucundus Huber [J. H.] 1992:273, Pl. 37 (figs. b-c)] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Río Pastaza, near Puyo, Pastaza dept., Ecuador, elevation 900-1000 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides jucundus (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides lanceolatus (Eigenmann, 1909) [=Rivulus lanceolatus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:51] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Rockstone, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides lanceolatus (Eigenmann 1909). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides limoncochae (Hoedeman, 1962) [=Rivulus limoncochae Hoedeman [J. J.] 1962:146, Fig. 2] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 9 (no. 103); ref. 5929] Limoncocha, Río Napo tributary, rivulet emptying into lagoon, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides limoncochae (Hoedeman 1962). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides lineasoppilatae Valdesalici & Schindler, 2013 [=Anablepsoides lineasoppilatae Valdesalici [S.] & Schindler [I.] 2013:296, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33109] Departamento Puno, Rio San Gaban drainage (13°27′21.4″S, 70°24′36.5″W), Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides lineasoppilatae Valdesalici & Schindler 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio San Gaban drainage and Rio Araza dainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides luitalimae Nielsen, 2016 [=Anablepsoides luitalimae Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2016:167, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 34861] Stream tributary to rio Madeira, near Porto Velho airport, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, 8°43'31.40"S, 63°54'33.44"W, elevation 84 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides luitalimae Nielsen 2016. Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Rio Madeira basin, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides lungi (Berkenkamp, 1984) [=Rivulus lungi Berkenkamp [H. O.] 1984:14, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Sondermitteilung Aquarienfreunde, Wilhelmshaven; ref. 19939] Southwest of Matoury, French Guiana, 4°54'N, 52°19'W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides lungi (Berkenkamp 1984). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Anablepsoides mazaruni (Myers, 1924) [=Rivulus mazaruni Myers [G. S.] 1924:1] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 129; ref. 15457] Mutusi Hole, Mazaruni River, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides mazaruni (Myers 1924). Rivulidae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner, 1863) [=Fundulus micropus Steindachner [F.] 1863:184 [23], Rivulus compressus Henn [A. W.] 1916:111, Pl. 18 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften v. 48 (1. Abth.); ref. 4208] Rio Negro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner 1863). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (compressus) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2) (9); ref. 2093] Manaus, Amazon River, Brazil [= 2 miles out of Manaos [Manaus], near mouth of rio Negro]. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides micropus (Steindachner 1863). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides monticola (Staeck & Schindler, 1997) [=Rivulus monticola Staeck [W.] & Schindler [I.] 1997:372, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 22749] Small brook on eastern slopes of the Cordilleria de Allcuquiro, 2°39'N, 78°13'W, Moreno-Santiago Province, Ecuador. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides monticola (Staeck & Schindler 1997). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides ophiomimus (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus ophiomimus Huber [J. H.] 1992:344, Pl. 3 (d); Fig. 66] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Río Putumayo basin, El Estrecho, Fundo Alvarez, Quebradita, northern Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides ophiomimus (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides ornatus (Garman, 1895) [=Rivulus ornatus Garman [S.] 1895:139, Rivulus obscurus Garman [S.] 1895:140] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 19 (pt 1); ref. 1538] Lago Aleixo, Codajás, Silves, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides ornatus (Garman 1895). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater (obscurus) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 19 (pt 1); ref. 1538] Lago Hyanuary, Amazonas, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides ornatus (Garman 1895). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle River Amazon: Brazil [when treated as valid]. Habitat: freshwater. Species Anablepsoides ottonii Costa et al., 2013 [=Anablepsoides ottonii Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:289, Figs. 4b,5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33108] Estado do Amazonas, Município de Barcelos, Igarapé do Cajarazinho, a stream near the village of Balaio, a tributary of the Caurés river, Negro river drainage, Amazonas river basin, 1°06′ 17″S ,62°58’42″ W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides ottonii Costa, Bragança & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tributary of the Caurés river, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides parlettei (Valdesalici & Schindler, 2011) [=Rivulus parlettei Valdesalici [S.] & Schindler [I.] 2011:314, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 31673] Río Inambari system, río Araza drainage, 13.313°S, 70.803°W, Departamento Cusco, Peru, elevation ca. 820 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides parlettei (Valdesalici & Schindler 2011). Rivulidae. Distribution: Río Araza drainage, southeastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides peruanus (Regan, 1903) [=Haplochilus peruanus Regan [C. T.] 1903:626] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 12 (no. 72) (art. 64); ref. 13401] Perim, Peru, elevation 800 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides peruanus (Regan 1903). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides roraima Costa et al., 2013 [=Anablepsoides roraima Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:286, Fig. 2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33108] Estado de Roraima, Município de Bonfim, stream 87 km NE of Boa Vista, road BR-401, Tacutu river drainage, part of Branco river drainage, middle Amazonas river basin, Brazil, 3°15′39″N, 60°04′ 57"W. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides roraima Costa, Bragança & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tacutu River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides rubrolineatus (Fels & de Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus rubrolineatus Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] 14 kilometers from Jenaro Herrera, on the way to Colonia Angamos, 4°53'S, 73°41'W, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides rubrolineatus (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides speciosus (Fels & de Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus speciosus Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Fig.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] Quisto Cocha, 3°56'S, 72°24'W, 18 kilometers from Iquitos on Iquitos-Nauta Road, Peru. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides speciosus (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides stagnatus (Eigenmann, 1909) [=Rivulus stagnatus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:50] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Christianburg, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides stagnatus (Eigenmann 1909). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins: Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides taeniatus (Fowler, 1945) [=Rivulus taeniatus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:129, Figs. 44-45] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Río Caquetá drainage, Morelia, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides taeniatus (Fowler 1945). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides tessellatus (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus tessellatus Huber [J. H.] 1992:433, Figs. 82 a-b] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Hacienda Mozambique, western tip of Lake Mozambique, east side Hacienda Humacita, Meta, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides tessellatus (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides tocantinensis (Costa, 2010) [=Rivulus tocantinensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:81, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 30788] Stream 4 kilometers from city of Sampaio, floodplains of left bank of , 5°23'00"S, 47°51'41"W, Município de Sampaio, Estado de Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides tocantinensis (Costa 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodbank of Tocantins River, near Sampaio, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides urophthalmus (Gunther, 1866) [=Rivulus urophthalmus Günther [A.] 1866:327, Rivulus urophthalmus var. aurata Schreitmüller [W.] 1919:161, Fig., Rivulus poeyi var. flava Brind [W. L.] 1915:40, Fig., Rivulus poeyi Steindachner [F.] 1876:165 [117]] Notes: [Catalogue of the in the British Museum v. 6; ref. 1983] Belém, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides urophthalmus (Günther 1866). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (aurata) [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 16 (no. 11); ref. 31537] Maharankao [= Maranhão], Brazil/Peru; Cayenne, French Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides urophthalmus (Günther 1866). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (flava) [Domesticated ; ref. 21099] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides urophthalmus (Günther 1866). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (poeyi) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] [Original] Canal at Belém, Pará, Brazil; Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Synonym of Anablepsoides urophthalmus (Günther 1866). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides urubuiensis Costa, 2013 [=Anablepsoides urubuiensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2013:346, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 4) (for 2012); ref. 32528] Creek adjacent to Urubui River, 2°02'44"S, 60°01'43"W, Amasonas, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides urubuiensis Costa 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Urubu river drainage, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides vieirai Nielsen, 2016 [=Anablepsoides vieirai Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2016:170, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 34861] Spring Riacho Joana, rio Parnaíba basin, Duque Bacelar, Maranhão, Brazil, 4°07'35.46"S, 42°58'48.76"W, elevation 61 meters. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides vieirai Nielsen 2016. Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Rio Parnaíba basin, Maranhão, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides waimacui (Eigenmann, 1909) [=Rivulus waimacui Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:50] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Shrimp Creek, Potaro River basin, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides waimacui (Eigenmann 1909). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides xanthonotus (Ahl, 1926) [=Rivulus xanthonotus Ahl [E.] 1926:315 [3]] Notes: [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 37 (no. 13); ref. 19991] Amazonas. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides xanthonotus (Ahl 1926). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Anablepsoides xinguensis (Costa, 2010) [=Rivulus xinguensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:83, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 30788] Swamp close to left back of Xingú River, near Altamira, 3°11'59"S, 52°11'50"W, Município de Altamira, Estado do Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Anablepsoides xinguensis (Costa 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Left bank of Xingú River, near Altamira, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Costa, 2008 - killifishes [=Atlantirivulus (subgenus of Rivulus) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:46] Notes: [ref. 29622]. Masc. Rivulus santensis Köhler 1906. Type by original designation. Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivilus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Atlantirivulus – (Costa 2008:46 [ref. 29622]). •Valid as Atlantirivulus Costa 2008 -- (Costa 2011:243 [ref. 31655], Costa 2014:9 [ref. 33307]). Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus Costa 2008. Rivulidae.

Species Atlantirivulus depressus (Costa, 1991) [=Rivulus depressus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:585, Fig. 2 (not 3)] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 20033] Stream near Porto Seguro, River João de Tiba basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus depressus (Costa 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus guanabarensis Costa, 2014 [=Atlantirivulus guanabarensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:13, Figs. 3-5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33307] Estado do : Município de Magé: stream within dense forest, Roncador river basin, Citrolândia, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Campo Escoteiro Geraldo Hugo Nunes, 22° 35′ 31″S, 43°01′ 28″ W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus guanabarensis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio de Janeira, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus haraldsiolii (Berkenkamp, 1984) [=Rivulus haraldsiolii Berkenkamp [H. O.] 1984:430, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Amazoniana v. 8 (no. 4); ref. 8249] Lower rio Itapocú, Estado de Santa Catarina, southeastern Brazil, 27°16'30"S, 48°43'00"W. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus haraldsiolii (Berkenkamp 1984). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plain rivers, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus janeiroensis (Costa, 1991) [=Rivulus janeiroensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:583, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 20033] Forest stream, near Silva Jardim, Rio São Joao basin, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus janeiroensis (Costa 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Atlantirivulus jurubatibensis (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus jurubatibensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:136, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 29871] Município de Quissamã, swamp close to Lagoa do Pires, Parque Nacional de Jurubatiba, 22°10'50"S, 41°23'41"W, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus jurubatibensis (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lagoa do Pires, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus lazzarotoi (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus lazzarotoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:124, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 29225] Município de Angra dos Reis, stream close to road RJ-155, rio Jurumirim basin, 22°55'24.7"S, 44°18'51.4"W, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, elevation 9 meters. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus lazzarotoi (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Jurumirim River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus luelingi (Seegers, 1984) [=Rivulus luelingi Seegers [L.] 1984:273, Fig. 1] Notes: [Zoologische Beiträge v. 28 (no. 2); ref. 17455] Rio Piraí near Joinville, Estado de Santa Catarina, about 26°30'S, 48°45'W, southeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus luelingi (Seegers 1984). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plain rivers, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus maricensis Costa, 2014 [=Atlantirivulus maricensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:10, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33307] Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Município de Maricá: stream crossing the road to Ponta Negra, near the village of Bananal, Carangueijo river drainage, Maricá lagoon system, 22° 54′ 51″ S, 42° 43′ 17″ W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus maricensis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Maricá lagoon system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus nudiventris (Costa & Brasil, 1991) [=Rivulus nudiventris Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1991:380, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 13612] Swamp on right bank of Rio Itapemirim, about 2 kilometers from the sea, County of Itapemirim, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus nudiventris (Costa & Brasil 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Itapemerim River floodplains, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus paranaguensis Costa, 2014 [=Atlantirivulus paranaguensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:15, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33307] Estado do Paraná, Município de Paranaguá, stream crossing the road PR --407, about 2 km from Vila dos Comerciários, town of Paranaguá, 25°36′ 03″ S, 48°33′ 28″ W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus paranaguensis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Small river basins flowing into Paranaguá Bay, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus ribeirensis Costa, 2014 [=Atlantirivulus ribeirensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:17, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33307] Estado de São Paulo, Município de Juquiá, swamp in the road about 5 km W from Juquiá, 24°20′00″S ,47°38′ 51″ W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus ribeirensis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguape river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Atlantirivulus riograndensis (Costa & Lanes, 2009) [=Rivulus riograndensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2009:92, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 30256] Pai João swamp, Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe, 31°03'24"S, 50°49'40"W, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus riograndensis (Costa & Lanés 2009). Rivulidae. Distribution: Patos lagoon basin and adjacent coastal plains, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus santensis (Kohler, 1906) [=Rivulus elegans var. santensis Köhler [W.] 1906:408, Fig., Rivulus rachovii Ahl [E.] 1925:109] Notes: [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 17 (no. 41); ref. 19678] West of Santos, near Pedro Taques, Estado de Sulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus santensis (Köhler 1906). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (rachovii) [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin; ref. 15525] Pará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Atlantirivulus santensis (Köhler 1906). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus simplicis (Costa, 2004) [=Rivulus simplicis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:104, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 27824] Swamp near Jabaquara beach, 23°12'26.7"S, 44°43'12.9"W, Parati, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, elevation 23 meters. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus simplicis (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal plains of southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Atlantirivulus unaensis (Costa & De Luca, 2009) [=Rivulus unaensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & De Luca [A. C.] 2009:72, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 30257] Stream within forest northwest of Una, 15°10"48"S, 39°10'48"W, Município de Una, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation about 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Atlantirivulus unaensis (Costa & De Luca 2009). Rivulidae. Distribution: Northeast of Una, Bahia State, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Austrofundulus Myers, 1932 - killifishes [=Austrofundulus Myers [G. S.] 1932:159] Notes: [ref. 3103]. Masc. Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Rachovia Myers 1927 -- (Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650]). •Valid as Austrofundulus Myers 1932 -- (Taphorn & Thomerson 1978:407 [ref. 4337], Parenti 1981:487 [ref. 7066], Costa 1998:80 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:57 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:527 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Hrbek et al. 2005:12 [ref. 28063], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus Myers 1932. Rivulidae.

Species Austrofundulus guajira Hrbek et al., 2005 [=Austrofundulus guajira Hrbek [T.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 2005:28, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 825; ref. 28063] Temporary pond 34 kilometers west of Maicao, on road to Río Hacha, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus guajira Hrbek, Taphorn & Thomerson 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Northwestern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrofundulus leohoignei Hrbek et al., 2005 [=Austrofundulus leohoignei Hrbek [T.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 2005:19, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 825; ref. 28063] Temporary pond 4 kilometers north of Sanare on road to San Juan de Los Cayos, Río Aroa drainage, Falcón state, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus leohoignei Hrbek, Taphorn & Thomerson 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Aroa River drainage, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrofundulus leoni Hrbek et al., 2005 [=Austrofundulus leoni Hrbek [T.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 2005:25, Figs. 12-13] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 825; ref. 28063] Temorary pond about 5 kilometers from the junction of the road to Machiques between Macoa and Río Yasa, Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus leoni Hrbek, Taphorn & Thomerson 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lowlands of Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrofundulus limnaeus Schultz, 1949 [=Austrofundulus transilis limnaeus Schultz [L. P.] 1949:85, Fig. 10, Austrofundulus stagnalis Schultz [L. P.] 1949:88, Fig. 11] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 99 (no. 3235); ref. 3967] Lower Río Cocuiza, 15 kilometers west of San Félix, at western border of Falcón state, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus limnaeus Schultz 1949. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (stagnalis) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 99 (no. 3235); ref. 3967] About 6 kilometers north of Río Misoa and 20 kilometers south of Lagunillas, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Current status: Synonym of Austrofundulus limnaeus Schultz 1949. Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrofundulus myersi Dahl, 1958 [=Austrofundulus myersi Dahl [G.] 1958:42] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 12064] Semi-permanent pond at Sincelejo, northern Colombia. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus myersi Dahl 1958. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Magdalena River, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrofundulus rupununi Hrbek et al., 2005 [=Austrofundulus rupununi Hrbek [T.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 2005:15, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 825; ref. 28063] Arapari area on Louis Orella's Manari Ranch, about 4 miles due west of ranch house, 9th District, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus rupununi Hrbek, Taphorn & Thomerson 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rupununi savannah, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrofundulus transilis Myers, 1932 [=Austrofundulus transilis Myers [G. S.] 1932:160] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 45; ref. 3103] Pond in Guarico State, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Austrofundulus transilis Myers 1932. Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Costa, 1998 - killifishes, [=Austrolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:75, Acantholebias (subgenus of Austrolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:50, Acrolebias (subgenus of Austrolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:51, Argolebias (subgenus of Austrolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:51, Cypholebias (subgenus of Austrolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:56, Gymnolebias (subgenus of Austrolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2009:55, Megalebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:76] Notes: [ref. 23792]. Masc. Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner 1881. Type by original designation. •Valid as Austrolebias Costa 1998 – (Lazara 2001:59 [ref. 25711], Costa & Cheffe 2001:180 [ref. 25851], Costa 2002:916 [ref. 26505], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:527 [ref. 27061], Costa et al. 2004:13 [ref. 27657], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Loureiro et al. 2004:21 [ref. 27658], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Calviño 2005:183 [ref. 28679], Costa 2006:10 [ref. 28708], Calviño 2007:22 [ref. 29117], Loureiro & García 2008:1 [ref. 30099], Ferrer dos Santos et al. 2008:175 [ref. 29705], Costa 2009:179 [ref. 30417], Costa 2009:149 [ref. 30511], Costa 2009:180 [ref. 30417], Costa 2010:1996 [ref. 30858], Costa 2011:98 [ref. 31504], Loureiro et al. 2011:335 [ref. 31392], Montãna et al. 2012:589 [ref. 32122], Lanés et al 2014:117 [ref. 33234], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Costa 2014:97 [ref. 33514], Volcan et al. 2014:161 [ref. 33543], Nielsen & Pillet 2015:172 [ref. 34011]). Current status: Valid as Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Acantholebias) [ref. 30126]. Cynolebias luteoflammulatus Vaz-Ferreia, Sierra de Soriano & Scaglia de Paulette 1964. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998, but a valid subgenus Acantholebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Acrolebias) [ref. 30126]. Cynolebias carvalhoi Myers 1947. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998, but a valid subgenus Acrolebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Argolebias) [ref. 30126]. Cynolebias nigripinnis Regan 1912. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998, but a valid subgenus Argolebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Cypholebias) [ref. 30126]. Cynolebias robustus Günther 1883. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998, but a valid subgenus Cypholebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Gymnolebias) [ref. 30126]. Masc. Cynolebias gymnoventris Amato 1986. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998 but a valid subgenus Gymnolebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. (Megalebias) [ref. 23792]. Masc. Cynolebias wolterstorffi Ahl 1924. Type by original designation. •Valid as Megalebias Costa 1998 -- (Lazara 2001:203 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:916 [ref. 26505], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:531 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). •Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998 -- (Costa 2006:10 [ref. 28708]). Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae.

Species Austrolebias accorsii Nielsen & Pillet, 2015 [=Austrolebias accorsii Nielsen [D. T. B] & Pillet [D.] 2015:174, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 4); ref. 34011] Departamento de Santa Cruz de La Sierra, temporary pool, Río Grande basin (trib. to Río Mamore basin), 18°39'26.2"S, 62°58'0.2"W, Bolivia, altitude 366 meters. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias accorsii Nielsen & Pillet 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrolebias adloffi (Ahl, 1922) [=Cynolebias adloffi Ahl [E.] 1922:224 [4], Figs.] Notes: [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 33 (no. 14); ref. 15334] Porto Alegre, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias adloffi (Ahl 1922). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias affinis (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias affinis Amato [L. H.] 1986:6, Pl. 3 (figs. 5-6), Cynolebias duraznensis García [G.], Scvortzoff [E.] & Hernández [A.] 1995:103 et seq., Cynolebias mabelis Hoetmer [J. W.] 1987:23] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Floodlands of Tres Cruces Creek, route 5, kilometers 399.5, Tacuarembó, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias affinis (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: Negro River basin: Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (duraznensis) [Cytologia v. 60 (no. 2); ref. 25790] Durazno, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias affinis (Amato 1986). Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Uruguay [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater. (mabelis) [v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 32544] Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias affinis (Amato 1986). Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Austrolebias alexandri (Castello & Lobez, 1974) [=Cynolebias alexandri Castello [H. P.] & López [R. B.] 1974:35, Fig.] Notes: [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 17] Parque Unzue, Gualeguaycú, Province de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias alexandri (Castello & López 1974). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrolebias arachan Loureiro et al., 2004 [=Austrolebias arachan Loureiro [M.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] & García [G.] 2004:23, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 1); ref. 27658] Pond close to Route 7 and Arroyo Chuy, Laguna Merín basin, Depart. Cerro Largo, Uruguay, about 32°15'S, 54°00'W. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias arachan Loureiro, Azpelicueta & García 2004. Rivulidae. Distribution: Northeastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias araucarianus Costa, 2014 [=Austrolebias araucarianus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:98, Figs 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 2); ref. 33514] Temporary swamp near road BR-476, Claro river floodplains, Iguaçu river drainage, Paraná river basin, 26°01'12"S, 50°39'08"E, southern Brazil, elevation 785 meters. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias araucarianus Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Claro Rive floodplains, Iguaçu river drainage, Paraná river basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias bagual Volcan et al., 2014 [=Austrolebias bagual Volcan [M. V.], Lanés [L. E. F.] & Gonçalves [Â. C.] 2014:163, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 4); ref. 33543] Rio Grande do Sul State, Laguna dos Patos system, Rio Camaquã basin, temporary pond in the floodplains of Arroio Abranjo, close to BR-471 highway (30°51’12"S, 52°34’16"W), southern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias bagual Volcan, Lanés & Gonçalves 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Camaquã basin, temporary pond in the floodplains of Arroio Abranjo, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner, 1881) [=Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner [F.] 1881:98, Austrolebias apaii Costa [W. J. E. M.], Laurino [P.], Recuero [R.] & Salvia [H.] in Costa 2006:108, Fig. 42, Cynolebias gibberosus Berg [C.] 1897:294, Cynolebias irregularis Ahl [E.] 1938:57, Cynolebias maculatus Steindachner [F.] 1881:98] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademy der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 18 (no. 11); ref. 20484] La Plata, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower de La Plata River basin and adjacent coastal plains to south: Argentina. Habitat: freshwater. (apaii) [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] Carmelo, 34°00.31'S, 58°17.00'W, Colonia, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River floodplains: Argentina and Uruguay (if valid). Habitat: freshwater. (gibberosus) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires v. 5; ref. 14623] Cacharí, Partido de Azul, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (irregularis) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 124 (no. 3-4); ref. 17128] Probably Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (maculatus) [Anzeiger der Akademy der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 18 (no. 11); ref. 20484] La Plata, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias camaquensis Volcan et al., 2017 [=Austrolebias camaquensis Volcan [M. V.], Gonçalves [Â. C.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2017:142, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Zootaxa 4338 (no. 1); ref. 35644] Temporary pool in the floodplains of Arroio Santo Antônio (tributary of Rio Camaquã), close to BR-471 highway, Canguçu municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 30°58'25"S, 52°39'47"W. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias camaquensis Volcan, Gonçalves & Lanés 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Rio Camaquã basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias carvalhoi (Myers, 1947) [=Cynolebias carvalhoi Myers [G. S.] 1947:19] Notes: [The Aquarium Journal v. 18 (no. 7); ref. 12307] Rio Iguassú [Iguaçú], near Porto Uniao [União], Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias carvalhoi (Myers 1947). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Iguaçú River drainage, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias charrua Costa & Cheffe, 2001 [=Austrolebias charrua Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2001:182, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 25851] Temporary pool close to arroio Chuí, road to Barra do Chuí, rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias charrua Costa & Cheffe 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias cheradophilus (Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1964) [=Cynolebias cheradophilus Vaz-Ferreira [R.], Sierra de Soriano [B.] & Scaglia de Paulete [S.] 1965:14, Pls. 3-4] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 8 (no. 102) (for 25 June 1964); ref. 9087] Pool near Arroyo Valizas, 34°26'S, 53°46'W, Dept. of Rocha, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias cheradophilus (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano & Scaglia de Paulete 1965). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias cinereus (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias cinereus Amato [L. H.] 1986:9, Pl. 6 (fig. 10)] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Floodlands on route 21, 2 kilometers northwest of Viboras Creek, Colonia, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias cinereus (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: La Plata River basin, southwestern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias cyaneus (Amato, 1987) [=Cynolebias cyaneus Amato [L. H.] 1987:2, Pls. 1-2] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 163); ref. 16152] Floodlands of Dom Marcos Creek, Municipio de Río Pardo, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias cyaneus (Amato 1987). Rivulidae. Distribution: Jacuí River basin, laguna dos Patos system, Río Grade do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias elongatus (Steindachner, 1881) [=Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner [F.] 1881:98, Cynolebias holmbergi Berg [C.] 1897:296, Cynolebias spinifer Ahl [E.] 1934:310] Notes: [Anzeiger der Akademy der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 18 (no. 11); ref. 20484] La Plata, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias elongatus (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Paraná-La Plata River basin and adjacent plains to south and Uruguay River floodplains: Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (holmbergi) [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires v. 5; ref. 14623] Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias elongatus (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (spinifer) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 108 (nos 11/12); ref. 16410] La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias elongatus (Steindachner 1881). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias gymnoventris (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias gymnoventris Amato [L. H.] 1986:2, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-2), Cynolebias velazquez Skillcorn [J.] 1988:37] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Floodlands of India Muerta Creek, 150 meters from the bridge on route 13, near Velázquez, Rocha, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias gymnoventris (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (velazquez) [The Aquarist and Pondkeeper v. 52 (no. 10); ref. 21419] Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias gymnoventris (Amato 1986). Rivulidae.

Species Austrolebias ibicuiensis (Costa, 1999) [=Cynolebias ibicuiensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1999:93, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 25 (nos 3-4) (for 1998); ref. 24131] Rio Ibicui-Mirim, rio Ibicui drainage, road BR-287 between São Pedro do Sul and Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias ibicuiensis (Costa 1999). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias jaegari Costa & Cheffe, 2002 [=Austrolebias jaegari Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2002:84, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 26518] Swamp at Banhado do Timba, Corredor das Tropas, about 31°30'S, 52°20'W, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias jaegari Costa & Cheffe 2002. Rivulidae. Distribution: Do Timba Swamp, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias juanlangi Costa et al., in Costa, 2006 [=Austrolebias juanlangi Costa [W. J. E. M.], Cheffe [M. M.], Salvia [H.] & Litz [T.] in Costa 2006:86, Fig. 34] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] Temporary swamp near banhado do Minuano, road BR-153, Rio Jaguão basin, a tributary of lagoa Mirim, laguna dos Patos System, 31°40'48"S, 54°08'45"W, Jaguarão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias juanlangi Costa, Cheffe, Salvia & Litz 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lake Mirim basin and upper Negro River basin: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrolebias litzi Costa, 2006 [=Austrolebias litzi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:80, Fig. 32] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] 2.5 kilometers from arroio Arenal, about 12 kilometers from Santa Maria, road BR-392, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias litzi Costa 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Jacuí River drainage, laguna dos Patos system, Río Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias luteoflammulatus (Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1965) [=Cynolebias luteoflammulatus Vaz-Ferreira [R.], Sierra de Soriano [B.] & Scaglia de Paulete [S.] 1965:25, Pls. 5-6] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 8 (no. 102) (for 25 June 1964); ref. 9087] Temporary pool near Arroyo Valizas, 34°26'S, 53°46'W, Dept. of Rocha, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias luteoflammulatus (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano & Scaglia de Paulete 1965). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin and adjacent southern coastal plains: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias melanoorus (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias melanoorus Amato [L. H.] 1986:4, Pl. 2 (figs. 3-4)] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Floodlands of Tres Cruces Creek, route 5, kilometers 399.5, Tacuarembó, Uruguay, 31°39.11'S, 55°54.01'W. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias melanoorus (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: Tacuarembó River drainage, Uruguay River basin: Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias minuano Costa & Cheffe, 2001 [=Austrolebias minuano Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2001:185, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 25851] Temporary lagoon about 4.5 kilometers north of Quinta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias minuano Costa & Cheffe 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias monstrosus (Huber, 1995) [=Cynolebias monstrosus Huber [J. H.] 1995:9, Fig. 4, col. pl. (middle fig.)] Notes: [Killi-Contact - Périodique bimestriel Spec. publ.; ref. 22880] Near La Serena, Boqueron Dept., 21.94°S, 56.97°W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias monstrosus (Huber 1995). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina and Paraguay, also apparently Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias nachtigalli Costa & Cheffe, in Costa, 2006 [=Austrolebias nachtigalli Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] in Costa 2006:133, Fig. 50] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] Arroio Grande, road BR-116, about 32°15'S, 53°05'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias nachtigalli Costa & Cheffe 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias nigripinnis (Regan, 1912) [=Cynolebias nigripinnis Regan [C. T.] 1912:508] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 10 (no. 59); ref. 3648] Río de la Plata, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias nigripinnis (Regan 1912). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Paraná and Uruguay River basins: Argentina and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias nigrofasciatus Costa & Cheffe, 2001 [=Austrolebias nigrofasciatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2001:187, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 25851] Temporary pool in Pontal da Barra, praia de Laranjal, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias nigrofasciatus Costa & Cheffe 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias nioni (Berkenkamp et al., 1997) [=Cynolebias nioni Berkenkamp [H. O.], Reichert [J. J.] & Prieto [F.] 1997:30, Fig.] Notes: [Aquaristik aktuell (Germany) v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 23147] Highway 26 at kilometer 331, 32°10'S, 55°15'E, Tacuarembó, northeastern Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias nioni (Berkenkamp, Reichert & Prieto 1997). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin and Tacuarí River basin, laguna dos Patos system, northeastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias nonoiuliensis (Taberner et al., 1974) [=Cynolebias nonoiuliensis Taberner [R.], Fernández-Santos [J. O.] & Castelli [J. O.] 1974:187, Fig.] Notes: [Physis, Sección B (Las Aguas Continentales y sus Organismos) v. 33 (no. 87); ref. 7542] Temporary swamps, Nueve de Julio, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias nonoiuliensis (Taberner, Fernández-Santos & Castelli 1974). Rivulidae. Distribution: La Plata River basin: northeastern Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias paranaensis Costa, 2006 [=Austrolebias paranaensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:69, Fig. 28] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] Temporary pools adjacent to río Paraná, about 2 kilometers east of Ayolas, 27°24'00"'S, 56°46'12"W, Misiones, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias paranaensis Costa 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraná River floodplains, southern Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrolebias patriciae (Huber, 1995) [=Cynolebias patriciae Huber [J. H.] 1995:6, Fig. 2] Notes: [Killi-Contact - Périodique bimestriel Spec. publ.; ref. 22880] Ditch along the road to Clorinda, Presidente Hayes Province, about 500 meters south of Río Negro, 25.25°S, 57.67°W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias patriciae (Huber 1995). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin Paraguay; Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias paucisquama Santos et al., 2008 [=Austrolebias paucisquama Santos [F dos J.], Malabarba [L. R.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:176, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 29705] São Sepé, temporary pool close to BR-290 highway (30°22'27"S, 53°33'42"W), rio Vacacaí drainage, rio Jacuí tributary, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias paucisquama Ferrer dos Santos, Malabarba & Costa 2008. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Vacacaí drainage, Laguna dos Patos drainage, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias pelotapes Costa & Cheffe, in Costa & Amorim, 2017 [=Austrolebias pelotapes Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] in Costa, Cheffe & Amorim 2017:141, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 67 (no. 2); ref. 35626] Temporary pool in the Sanga Funda drainage, tributary of Arroio Pelotas, Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 31°43'46"S, 52°19'07"W. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias pelotapes Costa & Cheffe 2017. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Distribution: Stream drainages to the northern margin of the Canal de São Gonçalo, Patos-Mirim lagoon system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias periodicus (Costa, 1999) [=Cynolebias periodicus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1999:299, Figs. 1-2, Austrolebias luzardoi Perujo [E.], Calviño [P. A.], Salvia [H.] & Prieto [F.] 2005:3, Figs. 1-6, 8] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 10 (no. 4); ref. 24229] Temporary flood-plains of the rio Santa Maria, rio Ibicuí drainage, rio Uruguai basin, road BR-293, 4 kilometers west from Dom Pedrito, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias periodicus (Costa 1999). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin: Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (luzardoi) [Revista del Museo de La Plata Zool. v. 17 (no. 171); ref. 28452] Temporary swamp, 30°25'00"S, 56°27'03"W, near río Cuareim, tributary of río Uruguay, near Artigas, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias periodicus (Costa 1999). Rivulidae. Distribution: Cuareim River basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias pongondo Costa & Cheffe, in Costa et al., 2017 [=Austrolebias pongondo Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] in Costa, Cheffe & Amorim 2017:144, Fig. 5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 67 (no. 2); ref. 35626] Swamp at the road to Torotama island, Arraial, Povo Novo district, Município de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 31°55'54"S, 52°14'42"W. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias pongondo Costa & Cheffe 2017. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Distribution: Temporary pools and swamps in the floodplains south of the São Gonçalo channel, Povo Novo, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias prognathus (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias prognathus Amato [L. H.] 1986:7, Pl. 4 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Floodlands of Maravillas, 13 kilometers from route 9, La Coronilla, Rocha, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias prognathus (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lagoa Mirim basin and adjacent coastal basins, southern Brazil and eastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias quirogai Loureiro et al., 2011 [=Austrolebias quirogai Loureiro [M.], Duarte [A.] & Zarucki [M.] 2011:336, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 31392] Rio Negro basin, pound near arroyo Cordobés, 32°36'59"S, 55°19'24"W, Departmento de Cerro Largo, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias quirogai Loureiro, Duarte & Zarucki 2011. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary ponds, middle to upper and eastern rio Negro tributaries, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias riecherti (Loureiro & Garcia, 2004) [=Cynolebias reicherti Loureiro [M.] & García [G.] 2004:16, Figs. 2A-B, Austrolebias salviai Costa [W. J. E. M.], Litz [T.] & Laurino [P.] in Costa 2006:137, Fig. 51] Notes: [Acta Zoológica Lilloana v. 48 (no. 1-2); ref. 28591] Temporary pool 300 meters east of Rte 18, 1 kilometer north of Vergara City, about 32°55'S, 53°54'W, Dept. de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias reicherti (Loureiro & García 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Southern Laguna Merín basin and adjacent coastal plains: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (salviai) [Zootaxa No. 1213; ref. 28708] Paso del Dragón, temporary swamp near río Tacuari, laguna Merín basin, 32°45.95'S, 53°43.19'W, Treinta y Tres Province, Uruguay. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias reicherti (Loureiro & García 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna Merin basin, Uruguay [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias robustus (Gunther, 1883) [=Cynolebias robustus Günther [A.] 1883:140] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 11 (no. 62) (art. 18); ref. 21260] Within 10 miles of San Antonio, La Plata, Province Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias robustus (Günther 1883). Rivulidae. Distribution: La Plata River basin, northeastern Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias toba Calvino, 2006 [=Austrolebias toba Calviño [P. A.] 2006:183, Figs. 1-4] Notes: [Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", n.s. v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 28679] Temporary ponds, lower río Bermejo basin, Chaco Province, Argentina. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias toba Calviño 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Bermejo River basin, Chaco Province, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe, 2005 [=Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Cheffe [M. M.] 2005:44, Figs. 1A-B] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1052; ref. 28356] Temporary swamp about 200 meters from rio Jaguarão river bank, laguna dos Patos system, Jaguarão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa & Cheffe 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Jaguarão River drainage, Lake Mirim system: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias vandenbergi (Huber, 1995) [=Cynolebias vandenbergi Huber [J. H.] 1995:7, Fig. 3, col. pl. (upper fig.)] Notes: [Killi-Contact - Périodique bimestriel Spec. publ.; ref. 22880] Near Fortin Toledo, Boqueron Dept., 22.27°S, 60.54°W, Province of Presidente Hayes, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias vandenbergi (Huber 1995). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay-Paraná River basin: Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias varzeae Costa et al., 2004 [=Austrolebias varzeae Costa [W. J. E. M.], Reis [R. E.] & Behr [E. R.] 2004:14, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 27657] Temporary lagoon close to the rio da Várzea, Fazenda dos Branda, Carazinho, rio Uruguay basin, about 28°18'S, 52°48'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias varzeae Costa, Reis & Behr 2004. Rivulidae. Distribution: Da Várzea River drainage, upper Uruguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias vazferreirai (Berkenkamp et al., 1994) [=Cynolebias vazferreirai Berkenkamp [H. O.], Etzel [V.], Reichert [J. J.] & Salvia [H.] 1994:11, Figs.,] Notes: [Das Aquarium: Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik, Bornheim v. 28 (no. 12) (no. 306); ref. 21582] "An der Strasse (Ruta) 44 bei kilometer 44, Verbindungsstrasse von Melo (= kilometer 0) nach Riveira", eastern Uruguay, 32°15'S, 54°30'E [actual 32°10.38'S, 54°32.07'W]. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias vazferreirai (Berkenkamp, Etzel, Reichert & Salvia 1994). Rivulidae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias viarius (Vaz-Ferreira et al., 1965) [=Cynolebias viarius Vaz-Ferreira [R.], Sierra de Soriano [B.] & Scaglia de Paulete [S.] 1965:1, Pls. 1-2] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 8 (no. 102) (for 25 June 1964); ref. 9087] Pool along Route 15, between Arroyo Valizas and Balneario Aguas Dulces, 34°22'S, 53°43'W, Dept. of Rocha, Uruguay. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias viarius (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano & Scaglia de Paulete 1965). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins of southeastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Austrolebias wichi (Alonso et al., 2018) [=Austrolebias wichi Alonso [F.], Terán [G. E.], Calviño [P.], García [I.], Cardoso [Y.] & García [G.] 2018:3, Figs. 1A-B, 2A, 3-4] Notes: [PLoS ONE v. 13 (no. 5) e0196261; ref. 35938] Temporary pond at the side of RP 53, near Padre Lozano town, Bermejo river basin, Paraná river basin, Departamento de San Martín, Salta Province, Argentina, 23°13'2.81"S, 63°49'12.66"W, elevation 274 meters. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias wichi Alonso, Terán, Calviño, García, Cardoso & García 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Bermejo river drainage, Paraná river basin, Salta, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater. Species Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Ahl, 1924) [=Cynolebias wolterstorffi Ahl [E.] 1924:359, Cynolebias haerteli Schreitmüller [W.] 1937, Cynolebias schreitmuelleri Ahl [E.] 1934:308] Notes: [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 58 (nos 11/12); ref. 15434] Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Ahl 1924). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos basin: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater. (haerteli) Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Ahl 1924). Rivulidae. (schreitmuelleri) [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 108 (nos 11/12); ref. 16410] Laguna dos Pator system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Ahl 1924). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil and eastern Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano, 1974 - killifishes, sabrefins [=Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira [R.] & Sierra de Soriano [B.] 1974:14] Notes: [ref. 4517]. Masc. Campellolebias brucei Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra 1974. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066]). •Valid as Campellolbias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra 1974 -- (Costa et al. 1989 [ref. 9292], Costa 1990:88 [ref. 16650], Costa 1995:96 [ref. 22097], Costa 1995:349 [ref. 22103], Costa 1998:74 [ref. 23792], Murphy et al. 1999:292 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:69 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:11 [ref. 26061], Costa 2002:280 [ref. 26544], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:528 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2006:34 [ref. 28724], Costa 2008:147 [ref. 29596], Costa 2012:313 [ref. 31750], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309]). Current status: Valid as Campellolebias Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra 1974. Rivulidae.

Species Campellolebias brucei Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano, 1974 [=Campellolebias brucei Vaz-Ferreira [R.] & Sierra de Soriano [B.] 1974:1, Pls. 1-2] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 10 (no. 138); ref. 4517] Temporary pool between Criciuma and Tubarão, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Campellolebias brucei Vaz-Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano 1974. Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal plains of southern Santa Catarina, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Campellolebias chrysolineatus Costa et al., 1989 [=Campellolebias chrysolineatus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1989:69, Figs. 5-8] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 3) (1988); ref. 9292] Pool at forest edge, 26°25'S, 48°38'W, Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Campellolebias chrysolineatus Costa, Lacerda & Brasil 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal plains of northern Estado de Santa Catrina, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Campellolebias dorsimaculatus Costa et al., 1989 [=Campellolebias dorsimaculatus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1989:66, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 3) (1988); ref. 9292] Pool at forest edge, 24°37'S, 47°30'W [corrected to 24°40'0.4"S, 47°26'4.4"W, alt. 10 m], Iguapé, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Campellolebias dorsimaculatus Costa, Lacerda & Brasil 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Campellolebias intermedius Costa & De Luca, in Costa, 2006 [=Campellolebias intermedius Costa [W. J. E. M.] & De Luca [A. C.] in Costa 2006:41, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1227; ref. 28724] Temporary pool in road about 6 kilometers west of Jaquiá, rio Juquiá drainage, rio Ribeira de Iguapé basin, about 24°20'S, 47°35'W, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Campellolebias intermedius Costa & De Luca 2006. Rivulidae. Distribution: Juquiá River drainage, Ribeira de Iguapé River basin, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Cynodonichthys Meek, 1904 - killifishes, rivuluses [=Cynodonichthys Meek [S. E.] 1904:101, Vomerivulus (subgenus of Rivulus) Fowler [H. W.] 1944:244] Notes: [ref. 2958]. Masc. Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivulus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Cynodonichthys -- (Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711], Costa 2006:139 [ref. 28875]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Parenti 1981:481 [ref. 7066], Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650], Costa 1991:328 [ref. 20644], Costa 1998:77 [ref. 23792], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Cynodonichthys Meek 1904 -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655]). Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys Meek 1904. Rivulidae. (Vomerivulus) [ref. 1452]. Masc. Rivulus leucurus Fowler 1944. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Vomerivulus as described -- (Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Parenti 1981:481 [ref. 7066], Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650], Costa 1991:328 [ref. 20644], Costa 1998:77 [ref. 23792], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, subgenus Cynodonichthys Meek 1904 -- (Costa 2006:139 [ref. 28875]). •Synonym of Cynodonichthys Meek 1904 -- (Costa 2011:241 [ref. 31655]). Current status: Synonym of Cynodonichthys Meek 1904. Rivulidae.

Species Cynodonichthys birkhahni (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1992) [=Rivulus birkhahni Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1992:102, Figs.] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 24 (no. 7); ref. 20601] Near Chiriqui Grande, Province Bocas del Toro, Panama, Caribbean side, 8°90'N, 82°10'W. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys birkhahni (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Caribbean river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys boehlkei (Huber & Fels, 1985) [=Rivulus boehlkei Huber [J. H.] & Fels [J. F.] 1985:316, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium v. 9 (no. 3); ref. 8153] Temporary creek, affluent of Río La Miel, Río Magdalena basin, Caldas Province, central Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys boehlkei (Huber & Fels 1985). Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys brunneus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913) [=Rivulus brunneus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1913:86] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 8); ref. 12295] Creek at Toro Point, Canal Zone, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys brunneus (Meek & Hildebrand 1913). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys chucunaque (Breder, 1925) [=Rivulus chucunaque Breder [C. M., Jr.] 1925:7, Fig. 6] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 180; ref. 15531] Río Chucunaque, in a small side stream near Yavisa, Darien Province, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys chucunaque (Breder 1925). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys degreefi (Collier, 2016) [=Rivulus degreefi Collier [G. E.] 2016:45, Figs. 5, 6a] Notes: [Journal of the American Killifish Association v. 49 (no. 2) (for Mar./Apr.); ref. 35018] Small puddles next to Rio Oscura, 3-4 km upstream from where the river empties into Lago de Izabal, Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys degreefi (Collier 2016). Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Rio Polochic valley, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys elegans (Steindachner, 1880) [=Rivulus elegans Steindachner [F.] 1880:85 [33], Pl. 6 (fig. 6)] Notes: [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Río Cauca, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys elegans (Steindachner 1880). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific coastal river basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys frommi (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1993) [=Rivulus frommi Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1993:81, Figs.] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 25 (no. 6); ref. 21583] Coclé Province, north of El Valle, central Panama, 8°58'N, 80°22'W. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys frommi (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1993). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys fuscolineatus (Bussing, 1980) [=Rivulus fuscolineatus Bussing [W. A.] 1980:336, Figs. 1A, 5A, 6A] Notes: [Brenesia No. 17; ref. 8732] Quebrada Santa Fe, 6.1 kilometers north of Tilaran on road to Aguacate, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, elevation 640 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys fuscolineatus (Bussing 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic river basins, Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys glaucus (Bussing, 1980) [=Rivulus glaucus Bussing [W. A.] 1980:342, Figs. 2D, 5D, 6D] Notes: [Brenesia No. 17; ref. 8732] Tributary of Río Pedregoso at southern edge of San Isidro de El General, San José Province, Costa Rica, elevation 680 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys glaucus (Bussing 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific coastal basins, Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater. Species Cynodonichthys godmani (Regan, 1907) [=Rivulus godmani Regan [C. T.] 1907:65] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 19 (no. 109) (art. 6); ref. 15174] Guatemala. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys godmani (Regan 1907). Rivulidae. Distribution: Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys hendrichsi (Alvarez & Carranza, 1952) [=Rivulus hendrichsi Álvarez [J.] & Carranza [J.] 1952:281, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ciencia (Mexico City) v. 11 (nos 10-12) 1951; ref. 12633] Salto de Agua, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys hendrichsi (Álvarez & Carranza 1952). Rivulidae. Distribution: Southern Mexcio. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys hildebrandi (Myers, 1927) [=Rivulus hildebrandi Myers [G. S.] 1927:123, Rivulus volcanus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1938:316, Fig. 8] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 19 (no. 109); ref. 3098] Boquete, Río Chiriquí basin, Panama, elevation 3800 feet. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys hildebrandi (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins: Costa Rica and Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (volcanus) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 12363] Laguna Grande (Davis) near Volcán, Río Chiriquí Viejo basin, Panama. Current status: Synonym of Cynodonichthys hildebrandi (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys isthmensis (Garman, 1895) [=Rivulus isthmensis Garman [S.] 1895:140, Rivulus flabellicauda Regan [C. T.] 1907:64] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 19 (pt 1); ref. 1538] Río San José, Costa Rica. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys isthmensis (Garman 1895). Rivulidae. Distribution: Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Habitat: freshwater. (flabellicauda) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 19 (no. 109) (art. 6); ref. 15174] Juan Veñas, Costa Rica, elevation 1100 meters. Current status: Synonym of Cynodonichthys isthmensis (Garman 1895). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys kuelpmanni (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1993) [=Rivulus kuelpmanni Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1993:17] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 25 (no. 2); ref. 20600] Provinz Bocas del Toro, at foot of Cordilera Central, 20 kilometers from Punta Peña, Panama, 8°70'N, 88°15'W, elevation 200 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys kuelpmanni (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1993). Rivulidae. Distribution: Caribbean river drainages, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys leucurus (Fowler, 1944) [=Rivulus leucurus Fowler [H. W.] 1944:244, Figs. 21-23] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1452] Río Juradó, Colombia, elevation 600 feet. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys leucurus (Fowler 1944). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific coastal basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys magdalenae (Eigenmann & Henn, in Henn, 1916) [=Rivulus magdalenae Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] in Henn 1916:109, Rivulus milesi Fowler [H. W.] 1941:9, Figs. 10-11] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2) (9); ref. 2093] Ibagué, Colombia, elevation 4250 feet. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys magdalenae (Eigenmann & Henn 1916). Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena and Cauca River basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater. (milesi) [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 73; ref. 13236] Honda, Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Cynodonichthys magdalenae (Eigenmann & Henn 1916). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys monikae (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1995) [=Rivulus monikae Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1995:1, Figs.] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 22656] Coclé Province, 15 kilometers north of La Pintada, central Panama, 8°40'N, 80°40'W. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys monikae (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1995). Rivulidae. Distribution: Caribbean river drainages, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys montium (Hildebrand, 1938) [=Rivulus montium Hildebrand [S. F.] 1938:319, Fig. 9] Notes: [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 12363] Hillside trickle between Río Boquerón and Río Pequeni, Chagres basin, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys montium (Hildebrand 1938). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys myersi (Hubbs, 1936) [=Rivulus myersi Hubbs [C. L.] 1936:210, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2)] Notes: [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] 3 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatán, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys myersi (Hubbs 1936). Rivulidae. Distribution: Yucatán, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys pacificus (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus pacificus Huber [J. H.] 1992:351, Fig. 67] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Condoto, in forest along Condoto to Soledad road, Río San Juan basin, Colombia. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys pacificus (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific coastal river basins, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys rubripunctatus (Bussing, 1980) [=Rivulus isthmensis rubripunctatus Bussing [W. A.] 1980:334, Figs. 1C, 3D, 4D] Notes: [Brenesia No. 17; ref. 8732] Pond 1/2 kilometer southwest of Puerto Vargas, Punta Cahuita, Limón Province, Costa Rica, elevation 2 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys rubripunctatus (Bussing 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic river basins, Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys siegfriedi (Bussing, 1980) [=Rivulus uroflammeus siegfriedi Bussing [W. A.] 1980:340, Figs. 2C, 5C, 6C] Notes: [Brenesia No. 17; ref. 8732] Stream tributary to Río Térraba, 3.6 kilometers south of Palmar Norte, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, elevation 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys siegfriedi (Bussing 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins, Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys sucubti (Breder, 1925) [=Rivulus chucunaque sucubti Breder [C. M., Jr.] 1925:8, Fig. 7, Rivulus dariensis Bleher [H.] 1988:67, Fig. 4] Notes: [American Museum Novitates No. 180; ref. 15531] Río Sucubti, in a small side stream, Darien Province, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys sucubti (Breder 1925). Rivulidae. Distribution: Panama. Habitat: freshwater. (dariensis) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 36 (no. 5) (no. 383); ref. 35198] Darien Province, Panama. Current status: Synonym of Cynodonichthys sucubti (Breder 1925). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek, 1904 [=Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek [S. E.] 1904:101, Fig. 27] Notes: [Field Columbian Museum, Zoological Series v. 5; ref. 2958] El Hule, Oaxaca, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek 1904. Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic Slope river basins: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys uroflammeus (Bussing, 1980) [=Rivulus uroflammeus Bussing [W. A.] 1980:338, Figs. 2B, 5B, 6B] Notes: [Brenesia No. 17; ref. 8732] Pond at San Vito landing field, tributary to Río Coto Brus, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, elevation 990 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys uroflammeus (Bussing 1980). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins, Costa Rica. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys villwocki (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1997) [=Rivulus villwocki Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1997:126, Figs.] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 29 (no. 6); ref. 23735] Chagres National Park, 79°60'W, 9°25'N, Colon Province, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys villwocki (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1997). Rivulidae. Distribution: Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys wassmanni (Berkenkamp & Etzel, 1999) [=Rivulus wassmanni Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Etzel [V.] 1999:62, Figs.] Notes: [Aquaristik aktuell (Germany) v. 7 (no. 5-6); ref. 23985] 4 kilometers west of Changuinola, 9°28"N, 82°34'W, Province Bocas del Toro, Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys wassmanni (Berkenkamp & Etzel 1999). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal drainages, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynodonichthys weberi (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus weberi Huber [J. H.] 1992:455, Pl. 16 (a-b); Figs. 80, 82e] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Culvert on El Llano-Carti Road, 12 kilometers from IAH crossing, Lago Bayano basin, (Pacific drainage) Panama. Current status: Valid as Cynodonichthys weberi (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pacific river basins, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cynolebias Steindachner, 1876 - killifishes [=Cynolebias Steindachner [F.] 1876:172, Bathylebias (subgenus of Cynolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:56] Notes: [ref. 4225]. Masc. Cynolebias porosus Steindachner 1876. Type by monotypy. Misspelled Cynelebias in Zoological Record for 1876. •Valid as Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066], Amato 1986 [ref. 9170], Costa et al. 1988 [ref. 6372], Malabarba 1989:158 [ref. 14217], Costa 1989 [ref. 14323], Costa 1990:86 [ref. 16650], Costa & Brasil 1990 [ref. 14543], Costa & Brasil 1991 [ref. 16651], Lazara 1991:139 [ref. 20508], Costa & Brasil 1993 [ref. 21101], Costa 1995:33 [ref. 22097], Costa 1998:76 [ref. 23792], Murphy et al. 1999:292 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:77 [ref. 25711], Costa 2001:347 [ref. 25719], Costa 2002:916 [ref. 26505], Costa 2002:379 [ref. 26544], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:529 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa et al. 2007:129 [ref. 29226], Costa 2009:145, 147, 149 [ref. 30511], Costa 2010:1996 [ref. 30858], Costa et al. 2010:283 [ref. 30866], Costa et al. 2013:1 [ref. 32952], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Costa 2014:79 [ref. 33510]). Current status: Valid as Cynolebias Steindachner 1876. Rivulidae. (Bathylebias) [ref. 30126]. Masc. Cynolebias griseus Costa, Lacerda & Brasil 1990. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876, but a valid subgenus Bathylebias as described. Current status: Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876. Rivulidae. Species Cynolebias altus Costa, 2001 [=Cynolebias altus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:370] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25719] 25 kilometers south of Ibotirama, rio São Francisco floodplains, about 12°30'S, 43°10'W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias altus Costa 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias attenuatus (Costa, 2001) [=Cynolebias attenuatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:375, Figs. 28-29] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25719] Temporary pool, 12 kilometers west of Bom Jesus da Lapa, about 13°15'S, 43°40'W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias attenuatus Costa 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias elegans Costa, 2017 [=Cynolebias elegans Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:334, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 93 (no. 2); ref. 35623] Temporary pool close to road BR-122, about 8 km S of the village of Pindaí, Mata Veado Creek floodplains,Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Pindaí municipality, Bahia State, Brazil, 14°33'39"S, 42°42'10"W, elevation about 630 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias elegans Costa 2017. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Distribution: Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias gibbus Costa, 2001 [=Cynolebias gibbus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:378, Figs. 31-32] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25719] Temporary pool, 9.5 kilometers north of Sítio do Mato, about 13°00'S, 43°25'W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias gibbus Costa 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias gilbertoi (Costa, 1998) [=Cynolebias gilbertoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:238, Fig. 1] Notes: [Cybium v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 23578] Temporary pond about 30 kilometers south of Bom Jesus da Lapa, near rio São Francisco, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias gilbertoi Costa 1998. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias gorutuba Costa, 2017 [=Cynolebias gorutuba Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:336, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 93 (no. 2); ref. 35623] Temporary pool near road MG-401, floodplains of Gorutuba River, Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Janaúba municipality, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 15°47'57"S, 43°19'18"W, elevation about 525 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias gorutuba Costa 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Gorutuba River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias griseus Costa et al., 1990 [=Cynolebias griseus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1990:11, Figs. 9-10] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 16652] Temporary lagoon, Goiás, Munic. de Nova Roma, Brazil, 14°03'S, 44°57"W. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias griseus Costa, Lacerda & Brasil 1990. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias itapicuruensis Costa, 2001 [=Cynolebias itapicuruensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:362, Fig. 20] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25719] Temporary pool in Capim Grosso, rio Itapicurú basin, about 11°20'S, 40°00'W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias itapicuruensis Costa 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Itapicurú River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias leptocephalus Costa & Brasil, 1993 [=Cynolebias leptocephalus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1993:196, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 21101] Swamp near Guanambí, 14°20'S, 42°51'W, rio São Francisco basin, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias leptocephalus Costa & Brasil 1993. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias microphthalmus Costa & Brasil, in Costa, 1995 [=Cynolebias microphthalmus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] in Costa 1995:81, Fig. 97, Cynolebias regani Myers [G. S.] 1952:139] Notes: [Pearl killifishes. The Cynolebiatinae. Systematics and biogeography of the neotropical annual fish subfamily (: Rivulidae). 1995; ref. 22097] Mossoró, about 5°15'S, 37°20'W, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias microphthalmus Costa & Brasil 1995. Rivulidae. Distribution: Jaguaribe and Mossoró River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (regani) [The Aquarium Journal v. 23 (no. 7); ref. 3125] Current status: Synonym of Cynolebias microphthalmus Costa & Brasil 1995. Rivulidae. Species Cynolebias obscurus Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias obscurus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:83, Fig. 2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Temporary pools next to road BA-156, about 6 km southeast of the town of Macaúbas, Paramirim river drainage, São Francisco River basin, 13°03'10"S, 42°36'58"W, Brazil., elevation 554 meters Current status: Valid as Cynolebias obscurus Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paramirim River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias ochraceus Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias ochraceus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:81, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Temporary pool about 12 km west from the town of Bom Jesus da Lapa, road BR-349, 13°15'42"S. 43°31'28"W, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, elevation 437 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias ochraceus Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Near road BR-349, São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias oticus Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias oticus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:91, Fig. 6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Temporary pool close to road BR-122, about 8 km south of village of Pindaí, Mata Veado creek floodplains, Verde River drainage, 14°33'39"S, 42°42'10"E, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil, elevation 628 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias oticus Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Mata Veado creek floodplains, Verde River drainage, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias paraguassuensis Costa et al., 2007 [=Cynolebias paraguassuensis Costa [W. J. E. M.], Suzart [R.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2007:130, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 29226] Município de Itaberaba, temporary pool close to road BA-488, near riacho Novo, a tributary of rio Paraguaçu, about 12°20'S, 40°00'W, Estado de Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias paraguassuensis Costa, Suzart & Nielsen 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguaçu River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias parnaibensis Costa et al., 2010 [=Cynolebias parnaibensis Costa [W. J. E. M.], Ramos [T. P. A.], Alexandre [L. C.] & Ramos [R. T. C.] 2010:284, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30866] Seasonal lagoon at the right side of the road between Conceição do Canindé and Jacobina do Piauí, 8°00'54"S, 41°25'26"W, Município de Jacobina do Piauí, Estado do Piauí, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias parnaibensis (Costa, Ramos, Alexandre & Ramos 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias parietalis Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias parietalis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:89, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Temporary pool about 1 km east of the village of Gado Bravo, Verde Gande river floodplains, São Francisco River Basin,14°55'16"S, 43°29'31"W, Brazil, elevation 450 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias parietalis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pool near Gordo Bravo, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias perforatus Costa & Brasil, 1991 [=Cynolebias perforatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1991:56, Figs. 1, 2b] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 16651] Near the City of Januária, County of Januária, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias perforatus Costa & Brasil 1991. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias porosus Steindachner, 1876 [=Cynolebias porosus Steindachner [F.] 1876:173 [125], Pl. 10 (fig. 3), Cynolebias albipunctatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1991:58, Fig. 3] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Pernambuco, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias porosus Steindachner 1876. Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plains, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (albipunctatus) [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 16651] Temporary pool, 70 kilometers nw from the City of Uauá, County of Juazeiro, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cynolebias porosus Steindachner 1876. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Brazil (if valid). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias rectiventer Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias rectiventer Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:87, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Seasonal lagoon in the floodplains of the Verde River, 10°43'20"S, 42°20'30"W elevation 404 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias rectiventer Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Verde River floodplains, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias roseus Costa, 2014 [=Cynolebias roseus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:85, Fig. 3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 25 (no. 1); ref. 33510] Temporary pools close to road BA-161, about 15 km north of the town of Barra, São Francisco River floodplains,10°58'28"S, 43°03'00"W, Brazil, elevation 410 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias roseus Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pools near Barra, São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynolebias vazabarrisensis Costa, 2001 [=Cynolebias vazabarrisensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:359, Fig. 19] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 4); ref. 25719] Temporary pool, 33 kilometers south of Bendegó, road BR-116, rio Vaza-Barris basin, about 10°15'S, 39°05'W, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynolebias vazabarrisensis Costa 2001. Rivulidae. Distribution: Vaza-Barris River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Cynopoecilus Regan, 1912 - killifishes [=Cynopoecilus Regan [C. T.] 1912:642, Poecilopanchax (subgenus of Cynopoecilus) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:129] Notes: [ref. 3649]. Masc. Cynolebias melanotaenia Regan 1912. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066]). •Valid as Cynopoecilus Regan 1912 -- (Costa 1990:88 [ref. 16650], Costa 1995:100 [ref. 22097], Costa 1998:73 [ref. 23792], Lazara 2001:79 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:12 [ref. 26061], Costa 2002:280 [ref. 26544], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:530 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2008:147 [ref. 29596], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Ferrer et al. 2014:846 [ref. 33589]). Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus Regan 1912. Rivulidae. (Poecilopanchax) [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 2); ref. 34776] Masc. Poecilopanchax notabilis Ferrer, Wingert & Malabarba 2014. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Cynopoecilus Regan 1912. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus Poecilopanchax Costa 2016. Rivulidae.

Species Cynopoecilus feltrini Costa et al., 2016 [=Cynopoecilus feltrini Costa [W. J. E. M.], Amorim [P. F.] & Mattos [J. L. O.] 2016:7, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Biodiversity Data Journal 4.e6888; ref. 34354] Temporary pool near the confluence of Tubarão river and the Santo Antônio lagoon, Laguna, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 28°30'26"S, 48°48'01"W, depth 5 meters. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus feltrini Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynopoecilus fulgens Costa, 2002 [=Cynopoecilus fulgens Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:16, Fig. 3, Cynopoecilus multipapillatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:22, Fig. 6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26061] Temporary pool, road BR-101, 5 kilometers north of São José do Norte, about 32°00'S, 52°00'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus fulgens Costa 2002. Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plains adjacent to eastern margin of Laguna dos Patos, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (multipapillatus) [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26061] Temporary pool between road RS-787 and lagoa da Fortaleza, about 30°10'S, 50°15'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Cynopoecilus fulgens Costa 2002. Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynopoecilus intimus Costa, 2002 [=Cynopoecilus intimus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:18, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26061] Temporary swamp close to a stream tributary to rio Vacacaí, rio Jacuí basin, road BR-392, 6 kilometers northwest of Vila Block, about 29°55'S, 53°50'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus intimus Costa 2002. Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plains adjacent to eastern margin of Laguna dos Patos, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Regan, 1912) [=Cynolebias melanotaenia Regan [C. T.] 1912:506] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 10 (no. 59); ref. 3648] Vila da Quinta, about 32°10'S, 52°20'Wm Munic. de Rio Grande, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus melanotaenia (Regan 1912). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coast drainages: Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus Costa, 2002 [=Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:20, Fig. 5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26061] Rio Caí flood-plains, about 29°45'S, 51°30'W, Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus nigrovittatus Costa 2002. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Jacui River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Cynopoecilus notabilis Ferrer et al., 2014 [=Cynopoecilus notabilis Ferrer [J.], Wingert [J. M.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2014:850, Figs. 2-7] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 172; ref. 33589] Rio Grande do Sul, Município of Viamão, Águas Claras, rio Gravataí basin, laguna dos Patos system, temporary pool on wildlife reserve ‘Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Banhado dos Pachecos’, Brazil, 30°05′52″S, 50°51′05″W. Current status: Valid as Cynopoecilus notabilis Ferrer, Wingert & Malabarba 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Gravataí basin, laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Gnatholebias Costa, 1998 [=Gnatholebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:77] Notes: [Journal of Comparative Biology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 23792] Masc. Pterolebias zonatus Myers 1935. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Pterolebias Garman 1895 -- (Schindler 2004:74 [ref. 28034]). •Valid as Gnatholebias Costa 1998 -- (Lazara 2001:167 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:530 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:156 [ref. 27616], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Costa 2005:21 [ref. 28393], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394], Costa 2014:177 [ref. 35439]). Current status: Valid as Gnatholebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae. Species Gnatholebias zonatus (Myers, 1935) [=Pterolebias zonatus Myers [G. S.] 1935:7] Notes: [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 48; ref. 3109] Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Gnatholebias zonatus (Myers 1935). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Hypsolebias Costa, 2006 - killifishes [=Hypsolebias (subgenus of Simpsonichthys) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:17] Notes: [ref. 28620]. Cynolebias flavicaudatus Costa & Basil 1990. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959, but a valid subgenus Hypsolebias as described -- (Costa 2007:54 [ref. 29445], Nielsen et al. 2010:57 [ref. 30828], Costa 2010:1997 [ref. 30858]). •Valid as Hypsolebias Costa 2006 -- (Costa & Amorim 2011:99 [ref. 31380], Costa 2011:221 [ref. 31654], Costa et al. 2012:72 [ref. 31845], Nielsen et al. 2012:63 [ref. 32283], Costa et al. 2013:1 [ref. 32952], Costa 2013:141 [ref. 33008], Nielsen et al. 2014:27 [ref. 33143], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Nielsen et al. 2014:131 [ref. 33451], Ponzetto et al. 2016:[7] [ref. 34144] but paraphyletic). Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias Costa 2006. Rivulidae.

Species Hypsolebias adornatus (Costa, 2000) [=Simpsonichthys adornatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2000:9, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 3 (no. 25); ref. 25933] Temporary pool, near Sítio do Mato, rio São Francisco basin, Bahia State, Brazil, 13°00'46.1"S, 43°28'50.0"W, elevation 463 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias adornatus (Costa 2000). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias alternatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) [=Cynolebias alternatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1994:7, Fig. 4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 1-2); ref. 21598] João Pinheiro, near Rio Paracatú, near city of Brasilândia, Rio São Francisco basin, about 17°02'52.0"S, 46°01'34.0"W, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, elevation 560 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias alternatus (Costa & Brasil 1994). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paracatu River floodplains, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias antenori (Tulipano, 1973) [=Cynolebias antenori Tulipano [J.] 1973:23, Cynolebias heloplites Huber [J. H.] 1981:1, Fig.] Notes: [Killie Notes, American Killifish Association v. 6 (no. 11); ref. 20289] Temporary pool, 2.5 kilometers north of Limoeiro do Norte, rio Jaguaribe floodplains, about 5°10'S, 38°05'W, Ceará, northeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias antenori (Tulipano 1973). Rivulidae. Distribution: Jaguaribe River and floodplains of adjacent river basins, Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (heloplites) [Killi Revue v. 8 (no. 5) (Suppl.); ref. 8591] Lagoa at kilometer 76 from route Fortalaza-Russas, Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hypsolebias antenori (Tulipano 1973). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias auratus (Costa & Nielsen, 2000) [=Simpsonichthys auratus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2000:8, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 24442] Temporary pool close to rio Taboca, a tributary of rio Paracatú, rio São Francisco basin, Lagoa Grande, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias auratus (Costa & Nielsen 2000). Rivulidae. Distribution: Taboca River floodplains, Paracatu River drainage, middle São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias brunoi (Costa, 2003) [=Simpsonichthys brunoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:55, Fig. 13] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26758] Temporary pool near the city of Vila Boa, ribeirão Canabrava floodplains, upper rio Urucuia drainage [actual is rio Paraná drainage], rio São Francisco basin, 15°03'0.4"S, 47°04'3.3"W, Goiás State, Brazil, elevation 449 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias brunoi (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Cababrava River floodplains, Paraná River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Goiás, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias caeruleus Costa, 2013 [=Hypsolebias caeruleus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2013:142, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 24 (no. 2); ref. 33008] Estado da Bahia, Município de Itaguacu de Bahia, seasonal pool in the floodplains of the lower Verde River, a right tributary of the middle São Francisco River, about 30 km N of the town of Itaguacu, 10°43'20"S, 42°20'30"W, Brazil, elevation 414 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias caeruleus Costa 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Verde River, Bahia state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias carlettoi (Costa & Nielsen, 2004) [=Simpsonichthys carlettoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2004:126, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 27825] Temporary pool near Guanambi, off the road to Malhada, 14°13.989'S, 42°57.667'W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation about 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias carlettoi (Costa & Nielsen 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio das Rãs drainage, São Francisco River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias coamazonicus Costa et al., 2014 [=Hypsolebias coamazonicus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Amorim [P. F.] & Bragança [P. H. N.] 2014:4, Figs. 2a, 4] Notes: [Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research = Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung v. 52 (no. 1); ref. 32952] Estado do Maranáo, Município de Araioses, seasonal pool close to the road between Pirangi and Araioses, Parnaíba River floodplains, 3°05'02"S, 41°53'56"W, Brazil, altitude about 20 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias coamazonicus Costa, Amorim & Bragança 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Parnaíba River floodplains, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias delucai (Costa, 2003) [=Simpsonichthys delucai Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:49, Fig. 9] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26758] Temporary pool near the city of Urucuia, rio Urucuia floodplains, rio São Francisco basin, about 16°08'S, 45°45'W, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, elevation 498 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias delucai (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Urucuia River floodplains, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias faouri Britzke et al., 2016 [=Hypsolebias faouri Britzke [R.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Oliveira [C.] 2016:125, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4114 (no. 2); ref. 34461] Bahia, Prazeres, Rio Preto, Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil, 11°23'24.8"S, 44°54'11.2W, altitude 522 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias faouri Britzke, Nielsen & Oliveira 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Preto, Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias fasciatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys fasciatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2006:46, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1244; ref. 28725] Temporary pool about 2 kilometers from right bank of rio Preto, rio Paracatu drainage, rio São Francisco basin, about 16°41'30"S, 46°30'00"W, Unaí, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation about 550 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias fasciatus (Costa & Brasil 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Preto River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Unaí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias flagellatus (Costa, 2003) [=Simpsonichthys flagellatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:46, Fig. 8] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 1); ref. 26758] Temporary pool 12 kilometers west of Bom Jesus da Lapa, 13°15'43.2"S, 43°31'37.2"W, Bahia State, Brazil, elevation 449 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias flagellatus (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Fancisco River basin, Bahia and Minas Gerais states, Brazil [but is a complex of several species [ref. 31845]]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias flammeus (Costa, 1989) [=Cynolebias flammeus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:185, Fig. 1] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 2 (no. 9); ref. 14323] Marsh at junction of Rio Bezerra and Rio Paraná, Arraias, Tocantins, Brazil [ca. 13°10'S, 47°00'W, elevation about 450 meters]. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias flammeus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins River basin, Tocantins, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias flavicaudatus (Costa & Brasil, 1990) [=Cynolebias flavicaudatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1990:18, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 14543] Vicinity of Lagoa Grande, County of Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Pernambuco, Brazil, about 9°00'S, 40°20'W, elevation 300 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias flavicaudatus (Costa & Brasil 1990). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias fulminantis (Costa & Brasil, 1993) [=Cynolebias fulminantis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1993:194, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 21101] Swamp near Guanambi [14°15'15.6"S, 42°46'55.6"W, elevation 555 meters], Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias fulminantis (Costa & Brasil 1993). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio das Rãs drainage, São Francisco River basin, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias ghisolfii (Costa et al., 1996) [=Simpsonichthys ghisolfii Costa [W. J. E. M.], Cyrino [A. L. F.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 1996:18, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 23 (nos 1-2); ref. 22219] Guanambí, 14°15'15.6"S, 42°46'55.6"W, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 555 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias ghisolfii (Costa, Cyrino & Nielsen 1996). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio das Rãs drainage, São Francisco River basin, Bahia Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias gibberatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys gibberatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2006:50, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1244; ref. 28725] Temporary pool about 2 kilometers from right bank of rio Preto, rio Paracatu drainage, rio São Francisco basin, about 16°41'30"S, 46°30'00"W, Unaí, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation about 550 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias gibberatus (Costa & Brasil 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Preto River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Unaí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias gilbertobrasili Costa, in Costa et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias gilbertobrasili Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2012:81, Figs. 6, 13] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 31845] Seasonal swamp about 35 km south of the town of Bom Jesus da Lapa, road BA-090, middle São Francisco River basin, 13°34'49"S, 43°22'39"W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation 442 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias gilbertobrasili Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias guanambi Costa & Amorim, 2011 [=Hypsolebias guanambi Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2011:101, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31380] Seasonal pool close to road BR-030, 14 km west of the city of Guanambi, upper Camaíba de Dentro River drainage, São Francisco River basin, 14°13'42"S, 42°55'12"W, Município de Guanambi, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias guanambi Costa & Amorim 2011. Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias harmonicus (Costa, 2010) [=Simpsonichthys harmonicus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:74, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 1); ref. 30777] Seasonal pool close to road BR-349, ca. 12 kilometers of the left bank of São Francisco River, 13°15'42"S, 43°31'28"W, Município de Bom Jesus da Lapa, Estado de Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias harmonicus (Costa 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodplains of São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias hellneri (Berkenkamp, 1993) [=Cynolebias hellneri Berkenkamp [H. O.] 1993:8, Figs.] Notes: [Aquatic Biology v. 27 (no. 290); ref. 21369] Pond by the road Manga to Itacarambi, about 10.5 kilometers before Itacarambi, Municipio (Bezirk) Manga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias hellneri (Berkenkamp 1993). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias igneus (Costa, 2000) [=Simpsonichthys igneus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2000:10, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 3 (no. 25); ref. 25933] Temporary pool close to Igarité, 22 kilometers north of Igarité, 11°28'8.4"S, 43°17'13.4'W, São Francisco basin, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 433 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias igneus (Costa 2000). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias janaubensis (Costa, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys janaubensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:27, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1306; ref. 28771] Rio Gorutuba floodplains, rio Verde Grande drainage, middle rio São Francisco basin, Janaúba, 15°48'05.9"S, 43°19'13.5", western Minas Gerais State Brazil, elevation 556 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias janaubensis (Costa 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Gorutuba River floodplains, Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias longignatus (Costa, 2008) [=Simpsonichthys longignatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:156, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 29874] Seasonal swamp in the Pacoti River floodplains, road CE-040, about 25 kilometers from Fortaleza, 3°53'51"S, 38°24'13"W, Municépio de Aquiraz, Estado do Ceará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias longignatus (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Swamp next to Pacoti River, an isolated coastal basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias lopesi (Nielsen et al., 2010) [=Simpsonichthys lopesi Nielsen [D. T. B.], Shibatta [O. A.], Suzart [R. dos R.] & Martín [A. F.] 2010:52, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 2452; ref. 30828] Locality of Javi, temporary pool near the riacho de Santana, rio São Francisco basin, 12°12'04.6"S, 43°39'27.8'W, City of Muquém de São Fraqncisco, northeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias lopesi (Nielsen, Shibatta, Suzart & Martín 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio São Francisco basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypsolebias macaubensis (Costa & Suzart, in Costa, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys macaubensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Suzart [R.] in Costa 2006:34, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1306; ref. 28771] Temporary pool near Macaúbas, rio Paramirim drainage, rio São Francisco basin, about 13°00'S, 42°30'W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation 680 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias macaubensis (Costa & Suzart 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paramirim River drainage, São Francico River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias magnificus (Costa & Brasil, 1991) [=Cynolebias magnificus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1991:59, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 16651] Right bank plain of the Rio São Francisco, about 1 kilometer from the river channel, County of Manga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias magnificus (Costa & Brasil 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Bahia and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias marginatus (Costa & Brasil, 1996) [=Simpsonichthys marginatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1996:94, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 23 (nos 3-4); ref. 22917] Temporary pool near Rio dos Patos, tributary of Rio Maranhao, Rio Tocantins basin, Barro Alto, Goiás State, Brazil [ca. 15°00'S, 49°00'W]. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias marginatus (Costa & Brasil 1996). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio dos Patos floodplain, Tocantins River basin, Goiás, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias martinsi Britzke et al., 2016 [=Hypsolebias martinsi Britzke [R.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Oliveira [C.] 2016:129, Fig. 4] Notes: [Zootaxa 4114 (no. 2); ref. 34461] Ceará, Amontada, temporary pool near Rio Icaraizinho, Brazil, 3°11'4.72"S, 39°44'58.3"W, altitude 42 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias martinsi Britzke, Nielsen & Oliveira 2016. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Distribution: Temporary pool near Rio Icaraizinho, Ceará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias mediopapillatus (Costa, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys mediopapillatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:30, Figs. 4-6] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1306; ref. 28771] Temporary pool, 8 kilometers south of Pindaí, rio São Domingos drainage, tributary to Rio Verde Pequeno, itself a trib to rio Verde Grande, rio São Francisco basin, 14°33'36.7"S. 42°42'09.8:W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation 628 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias mediopapillatus (Costa 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias multiradiatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) [=Cynolebias multiradiatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1994:1, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 1-2); ref. 21597] Temporary pool at Brejinho de Nazar, Tocantins, Brazil, about 10°59'S, 48°38'W, elevation 247 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias multiradiatus (Costa & Brasil 1994). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins River floodplians, Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias nielseni (Costa, 2005) [=Simpsonichthys nielseni Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:58, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1039; ref. 28575] Temporary pool in Pirapora, São Francisco Rver floodplains, 17°21'59.6"S, 44°56'32.3"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias nielseni (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River floodplains, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hypsolebias nitens Costa, in Costa et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias nitens Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2012:79, Figs. 4, 12] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 31845] Seasonal lagoon in floodplains of lower Verde River, a right tributary of middle São Francisco River, about 30 km north of the town of Itaguaçu, 10°43'20"S, 42°20'30"W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation 414 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias nitens Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Verde River basin, São Francisco River system, Estado da Bahia, Brazi. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias notatus (Costa et al., 1990) [=Cynolebias notatus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1990:10, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 16652] Temporary lagoon, Munic. de Alvorada do Norte, Estados de Goiás, Brazil, 14°30'S, 46°42'W. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias notatus (Costa, Lacerda & Brasil 1990). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Tocantins River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias nudiorbitatus Costa, 2011 [=Hypsolebias nudiorbitatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2011:222, Figs. 1-2, 3a, 4a] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 22 (no. 3) [for Sept.]; ref. 31654] Seasonal swamp adjacent to das Jacas Creek, upper Itapicuru River basin, near road BA-381, about 2.5 km from Filadélfia village, 11°22'51"S, 40°00'51"W, Município de Filadélfia, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 415 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias nudiorbitatus Costa 2011. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Itapicuru River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias ocellatus (Costa et al., 2001) [=Simpsonichthys ocellatus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & de Luca [A. C.] 2001:25, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 4 (no. 26); ref. 25934] Temporary pool in floodplain of Río Jequitinhonha, 1 kilometer west of Itaobim, road BR-367, Minas Geraís State, Brazil [ca. 16°40'S, 41°40'W, elevation about 270 m]. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias ocellatus (Costa, Nielsen & de Luca 2001). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Jequitinhonha River floodplains, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias picturatus (Costa, 2000) [=Simpsonichthys picturatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2000:12, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 3 (no. 25); ref. 25933] Poça temporária perto de Volta das Pedras, rio São Francisco basin, Bahia, Brazil [12°24'08.7"S, 43°12'17.7"W, elevation 445 meters]. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias picturatus (Costa 2000). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias pterophyllus Costa, in Costa et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias pterophyllus Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2012:88, Figs. 11, 16] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 31845] Seasonal pool near road BR-161, São Francisco River floodplains, 6 km north of Igarité, 11°34'27"S, 43°21'06"W, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, elevation 420 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias pterophyllus Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Banks of São Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias radiosus (Costa & Brasil, 2004) [=Simpsonichthys radiosus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2004:2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 737; ref. 28012] About 6 kilometers from confluence with Rio Paranã, about 15°20'S, 47°20'W, Rio Crixás floodplains, Est. Goías, Brazil, elevation about 800 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias radiosus (Costa & Brasil 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Crixás floodplains, Paraná River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias radiseriatus Costa, in Costa et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias radiseriatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2012:83, Figs. 7, 14] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 31845] Seasonal swamp adjacent to right bank of Verde Grande River, a tributary of São Francisco River, near the village of Gado Bravo, 14°55'20"S, 43°29'56"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation 457 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias radiseriatus Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Verde Grande River drainage, São Francisco River system, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias rufus (Costa et al., 2001) [=Simpsonichthys rufus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & de Luca [A. C.] 2001:29, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 4 (no. 26); ref. 25934] Temporary pool in vicinity of Riacho do Barro, Ibiaí, in floodplain of Río São Francisco, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias rufus (Costa, Nielsen & de Luca 2001). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias sertanejo Costa, in Costa et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias sertanejo Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa, Amorim & Mattos 2012:85, Figs. 9, 15] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 10 (no. 1); ref. 31845] Seasonal pool east of town of Januária, São Francisco River floodplains, 15°30'01"S, 44°23'18"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation 450 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias sertanejo Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper part of middle São River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias shibattai Nielsen et al., 2014 [=Hypsolebias shibattai Nielsen [D. T. B.], Martins [M.], de Araujo [L. M.] & dos Reis Suzart [R.] 2014:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 33143] Bahia, Bom Jesus da Lapa, rio São Fancisco basin, temporary pool at road BR-430, 13°21'16"S, 43°17'15"W, Brazil, elevation 433 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias shibattai Nielsen, Martins, de Araujo & dos Reis Suzart 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Bon Jesus de Lapa, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias similis (Costa & Hellner, 1999) [=Simpsonichthys similis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Hellner [S.] 1999:90, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 25 (nos 3-4) (for 1894); ref. 23864] Temporary pool close to Urucuia, road to São Romão, rio Urucuia basins, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil [ca. 16°05'S, 454°45'W, elevation about 500 m]. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias similis (Costa & Hellner 1999). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias stellatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) [=Cynolebias stellatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1994:5, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 1-2); ref. 21598] Temporary pool, 1 kilometer north of São Francisco, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias stellatus (Costa & Brasil 1994). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle São Francisco River floodplains, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias tocantinensis Nielsen et al., 2012 [=Hypsolebias tocantinensis Nielsen [D. T. B.], Cruz [J. C.] & Junior [A. C. B.] 2012:64, Fig. 1,2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 3527; ref. 32283] Campestre do Maranhao, temporary pool near rio Lajeado, rio Tocantins basin, 6°05'12.43"S, 47°22'54.01"W, Maranhao, Brazil, altitude 133 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias tocantinensis Nielsen, Cruz & Junior 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Tocantins basin, Maranhao, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias trifasciatus Neilsen et al., 2014 [=Hypsolebias trifasciatus Nielsen [D. T. B.], Martins [M.], de Araujo [L. M.], de Lira [F. O.] & Four [A.] 2014:133, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 33451] Bahia, Santa Rita de Cássia, rio Preto, rio São Francisco basin, temporary pool at road BA-225, 11°02’33.1’’S, 4°18’25.4’’W, Brazil, altitude 450 meters. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias trifasciatus Nielsen, Martins, de Araujo, de Lira & Four 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pool, rio Preto, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias trilineatus (Costa & Brasil, 1994) [=Cynolebias trilineatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1994:8, Fig. 5] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 1-2); ref. 21598] Joãs Pinheiro, near River Paracatú, close to city of Brasilândia, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias trilineatus (Costa & Brasil 1994). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Paracatu River floodplains, middle São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Hypsolebias virgulatus (Costa & Brasil, 2006) [=Simpsonichthys virgulatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2006:43, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1244; ref. 28725] Temporary lagoon about 7 kilometers from ribeirão Entre Rios, rio Paracatu drainage, rio São Francisco basin, about 16°49'30"S, 46°30'00"W, about 530 meters, Município de Unaí, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hypsolebias virgulatus (Costa & Brasil 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paracatu River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Unaí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Kryptolebias Costa, 2004 - killifishes, rivulids [=Kryptolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:107, Cryptolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:115] Notes: [ref. 28584]. Fundulus brasiliensis Valenciennes 1821. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement name for Cryptolebias Costa 2004, preoccupied by Cryptolebias Gaudant 1978 in fossil fishes. •Valid as Kryptolebias Costa 2004 -- (Vermeulen & Hrbek 2005:1 [ref. 28142], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2006:6 [ref. 28624], Costa 2007:7 [ref. 29397], Scharpf 2007:10 [ref. 30398], Costa 2011:185 [ref. 31358]). Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias Costa 2004. Rivulidae. (Cryptolebias) [ref. 27763]. Masc. Fundulus brasiliensis Valenciennes 1821. Type by original designation. Preoccupied by Cryptolebias Gaudant 1978 in fossil fishes. Replaced by Kryptolebias Costa 2004:107 [ref. 28584]. •Synonym of Kryptolebias Costa 2004 -- (Vermeulen & Hrbek 2005:17 [ref. 28142], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias Costa 2004. Rivulidae.

Species Kryptolebias brasiliensis (Valenciennes, in Humboldt & Valenciennes, 1821) [=Fundulus brasiliensis Valenciennes [A.] in Humboldt & Valenciennes 1821:163, Pl. 52 (figs. 3, 7), Rivulus dorni Myers [G. S.] 1924:588] Notes: [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias brasiliensis (Valenciennes 1821). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (dorni) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 13 (no. 78); ref. 15455] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias brasiliensis (Valenciennes 1821). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kryptolebias campelloi (Costa, 1990) [=Rivulus campelloi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1990:42, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 19597] Marsh near Primavera, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias campelloi (Costa 1990). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Amazonas floodplains, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers, 1984) [=Rivulus caudomarginatus Seegers [L.] 1984:307, Figs. 10-11] Notes: [Zoologische Beiträge v. 28 (no. 2); ref. 17455] Greta [Grota] Funda near a technical center of the army, southeast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias caudomarginatus (Seegers 1984). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kryptolebias gracilis Costa, 2007 [=Kryptolebias gracilis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:8, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 29397] Small black water creek adjacent to Rio Meto Grosso, Lagoa de Saquarema basin, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, approximately 22°53'S, 42036'W. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias gracilis Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey, 1880) [=Rivulus marmoratus Poey [F.] 1880:248, Rivulus marmoratus bonairensis Hoedeman [J. J.] 1958:117, Rivulus garciai de la Cruz [J.] & Dubitsky [A. M.] 1976:4, Rivulus heyei Nichols [J. T.] 1914:143] Notes: [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 9; ref. 6524] Cuba, if not from the USA. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey 1880). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic drainages of North, Central and South America; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (bonairensis) [Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands v. 8; ref. 12070] Pos di Pepe, Bonaire, Netherland Antilles. Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey 1880). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (garciai) [Poeyana, Series A, Instituto de Biologia No. 155; ref. 7324] Matanzas, Varadero, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey 1880). Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal drainages, Cuba. Habitat: freshwater, brackish. (heyei) [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 33 (art. 10); ref. 14159] Saona Island, Dominican Republic, West Indies. Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias marmoratus (Poey 1880). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Kryptolebias ocellatus (Hensel, 1868) [=Rivulus ocellatus Hensel [R.] 1868:365, Kryptolebias hermaphroditus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2011:187, Fig. 1] Notes: [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 34 (pt 1); ref. 14075] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias ocellatus (Hensel 1868). Rivulidae. Distribution: Estuarine areas of Atlantic coast of Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (hermaphroditus) [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 31358] Canal near EMBRAPA, Piracão River basin, a tributary of Sepetiba Bay, Guaratiba, 23°00'18"S, 43°33'35"W, Município do Rio de Janeiro, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Kryptolebias ocellatus (Hensel 1868). Cynolebiidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Kryptolebias sepia Vermeulen & Hrbek, 2005 [=Kryptolebias sepia Vermeulen [F. B. M.] & Hrbek [T.] 2005:4, Figs. 1-7] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 928; ref. 28142] 5 kilometers downriver from Palumeu on the right bank, 3°22'43"N, 55°24'42"W, Tapanahony River, Upper Marowijne system, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Kryptolebias sepia Vermeulen & Hrbek 2005. Rivulidae. Distribution: Creeks emptying into Tapanahony and Palumeu rivers, southeastern Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Huber, 1999 - killifishes, rivulids [=Laimosemion (subgenus of Rivulus) Huber [J. H.] 1999:49, Owiyeye (subgenus of Rivulus) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:156] Notes: [ref. 23834]. Rivulus geayi Vaillant 1899. Type by original designation. Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivulus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860, but a valid subgenus Laimosemion -- (Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711], Costa 2006:152 [ref. 28875], Vermeulen et al. 2013:187 [ref. 32954]). •Valid as Laimosemion Huber 1999 -- (Costa 2011:239 [ref. 31655], Vermeulen et al. 2012:182 [ref. 32253], Costa & Bragança 2013:93 [ref 32797], Costa & Lazzarotto 2014:371 [ref 33247], Valdesalici & García Gil 2015:166 [ref. 34010]). Current status: Valid as Laimosemion Huber 1999. Rivulidae. (Owiyeye) [ref. 28875]. Masc. Rivulus amanapira Costa 2006. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 but a valid subgenus Owiyeye as described -- (Costa & Souza 2009:64 [ref. 30289], Schindler & Valdesalici 2011:109 [ref. 31382]). •Synonym of Laimosemion Huber 1999 -- (Costa 2011:239 [ref. 31655]). •Synonym of Laimosemion Huber 1999, but a valid subgenus Owiyeye Costa 2006 -- (Costa & Bragança 2013:93 [ref 32697]). Current status: Synonym of Laimosemion Huber 1999. Rivulidae.

Species Laimosemion agilae (Hoedeman, in Gols, 1954) [=Rivulus agilae Hoedeman [J. J.] in Gols 1954:202, Fig.] Notes: [Het Aquarium No. 24 (no. 9); ref. 33273] Agila, rivulet between Agila at Suriname River and Berlijn at Para River, Suriname. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion agilae (Hoedeman 1954). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins: French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion altivelis (Huber, 1992) [=Rivulus altivelis Huber [J. H.] 1992:93, Fig. 29a] Notes: [Review of Rivulus: Ecobiogeography -- Relationships; ref. 20639] Raudal Alto, about 90 kilometers NE of mouth of Papunava River, Inriida River basin, Guainia Dept. Colombia. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion altivelis (Huber 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion amanapira (Costa, 2004) [=Rivulus amanapira Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:7, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 465; ref. 27570] Pools near igarapé Palestina, Airport road, upper rio Negro drainage, rio Amazonas basin, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil, 0°09'19.2"S, 66°59'58.9"W, elevation 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion amanapira (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Negro River drainage, Amazon basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion breviceps (Eigenmann, 1909) [=Rivulus breviceps Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:49] Notes: [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Shrimp Creek, near Kaituer, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion breviceps (Eigenmann 1909). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion cladophorus (Huber, 1991) [=Rivulus cladophorus Huber [J. H.] 1991:71, Fig. 6] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 19721] Inner Guyana, 4°85'N, 53°30'W. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion cladophorus (Huber 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion dibaphus (Myers, 1927) [=Rivulus dibaphus Myers [G. S.] 1927:121] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 19 (no. 109); ref. 3098] Igarapé do Ajamuri, Lower Amazon, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion dibaphus (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion frenatus (Eigenmann, 1912) [=Rivulus frenatus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:453, 455] Notes: [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Essequibo River at Gluck Island, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion frenatus (Eigenmann 1912). Rivulidae. Distribution: Essequibo River basin, Guyana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion geayi (Vaillant, 1899) [=Rivulus geayi Vaillant [L. L.] 1899:156 [3]] Notes: [Bulletin, Sea v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 14710] Carsevenne River, French Guiana, elevation 450 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion geayi (Vaillant 1899). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river drainages and Amazon River basin: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion gili Valdesalici & Nielsen, 2017 [=Laimosemion gili Valdesalici [S.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2017:98, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 35496] Creek Garukana, tributary of Rio Preto, Rio Negro basin, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°6'31"S, 64°7'18"W, elevation 38 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion gili Valdesalici & Nielsen 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Preto drainage, Rio Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion gransabanae (Lasso et al., 1992) [=Rivulus gransabanae Lasso [C. A.], Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 1992:298, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14222] Quebrada Pacheco, a small creek between Tuperere River II and San Ignacio Yuruaní, Gran Sabana, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion gransabanae (Lasso, Taphorn & Thomerson 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. Species Laimosemion jauaperi Costa & Braganca, 2013 [=Laimosemion (Owiyeye) jauaperi Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Bragança [P. H. N.] 2013:94] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 32797] Jauaperi River drainage, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion jauaperi Costa & Bragança 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Jauaperi River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa, 2004) [=Rivulus kirovskyi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:10, Fig. 1, Rivulus duckensis Hrbek [T.], de Deus [C. P.] & Farias [I. P.] 2004:571, Fig. 2] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 27656] Temporary pools near igarapé Acará, lower rio Negro drainage, rio Amazonas basin, about 3°00'S, 60°30'W, Reserva Ducke, Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil, elevation 90 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodplains of igarapé Acará, Amazon River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (duckensis) [Copeia 2004 (no. 3); ref. 27910] Rivulet emptying into Igarapé Barro Branco, Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, 2°53'S, 59°58'W, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Laimosemion kirovskyi (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Tarumã basin, Amazonas, Brazil [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion leticia Valdesalici, 2016 [=Laimosemion leticia Valdesalici [S.] 2016:280, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4085 (no. 2); ref. 34270] Swamp area near Leticia at km 13-14, Rio Tacana drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, Department of Amazonas, Colombia, 4°07'02"S, 69°57'6.4"W [correction received from the author], elevation 85 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion leticia Valdesalici 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion lyricauda (Thomerson et al., 1991) [=Rivulus lyricauda Thomerson [J. E.], Berkenkamp [H. O.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1991:290, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 19014] Small stream at Campamiento Canaima, tributary to Río Carrao, Río Caroni basin, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela, 6°15'N, 62°48'W. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion lyricauda (Thomerson, Berkenkamp & Taphorn 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion mabura Valdesalici & Garcia, 2015 [=Laimosemion mabura Valdesalici [S.] & García Gil [J. R.] 2015:167, Fig. 1] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 4); ref. 34010] Stream on the main track to Mahdia at the 10 miles point from Mabura Hill, Essequibo River drainage, central Guiana, 5°19.367'N, 58°48.951'W. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion mabura Valdesalici & García Gil 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Central Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion mahdiaensis (Suijker & Collier, 2006) [=Rivulus mahdiaensis Suijker [W. H.] & Collier [G. E.] 2006:3, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1246; ref. 28729] Blackwater creek, tributary of Potaro River, on 5 miles from Mahdia crossing the road from Mahdia to Garroway Stream, 5°21'11'N, 59°08'48"W, Mazaruni-Potaro District, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion mahdiaensis (Suijker & Collier 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Mazaruni-Potaro District, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion manaensis (Hoedeman, 1961) [=Rivulus manaensis Hoedeman [J. J.] 1961:61] Notes: [Bulletin of Aquatic Biology v. 2 (no. 17); ref. 19257] Creek to St. Patawa, Mana River, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion manaensis (Hoedeman 1961). Rivulidae. Distribution: French Guinea. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion nicoi (Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992) [=Rivulus nicoi Thomerson [J. E.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1992:380, Fig. 4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20003] Small forest pools about 500 meters from right bank of Río Ventuari, 4°16'N, 66°23'W, Orinoco drainage, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion nicoi (Thomerson & Taphorn 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion paryagi Vermeulen et al., 2012 [=Laimosemion paryagi Vermeulen [F. B. M.], Suijker [W. H.] & Collier [G. E.] 2012:183, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 18 (no. 4); ref. 32253] Upper Mazaruni River, about 7 miles downstream from Kamarang, 5°43'50"N, 60°30'55"W, Upper Mazaruni District, Guyana, elevation about 495 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion paryagi Vermeulen, Suijker & Collier 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Mazaruni River, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion rectocaudatus (Fels & De Rham, 1981) [=Rivulus rectocaudatus Fels [J. F.] & de Rham [P.] 1981:66, Figs 1, 16, 19, 20.] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 8 (no. 3), 1 Mar. 1982; ref. 8607] "Vivero Forestal El Varillal", 4°04'S, 73°27'W, 34 kilometers from Iquitos on the Iquitos-Nauta road, Peru. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion rectocaudatus (Fels & de Rham 1981). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion romeri (Costa, 2003) [=Rivulus romeri Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:176, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 61 (no. 3); ref. 27578] Brook tributary to Igarapé Iauiari, about 0°14.31'N, 68°03.48'W, tributary of Uaupés River which is a tributary of Negro River, Amazon basin, Amazonas, northern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion romeri (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Negro River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion sape (Lasso-Alcala, et al., 2006) [=Rivulus sape Lasso-Alcalá [O. M.], Taphorn [D. C.], Lasso [C. A.] & León-Mata [O.] 2006:23, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1275; ref. 28774] Small stream, a tributary entering right side of Ichún River, downstream from Ichún, on Espuma Falls, tributary of Paragua River, Caroni River system, Orinoco River basin, Bolivar State, Venezuela., about 4°46'04N, 63°27'57"W, elevation 340 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion sape (Lasso-Alcalá, Taphorn, Lasso & León-Mata 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paragua River system of upper Caroni River drainage, Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion staecki (Schindler & Valdesalici, 2011) [=Rivulus staecki Schindler [I.] & Valdesalici [S.] 2011:111, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31382] Rio Negro drainage, pond close to village Arigua [Darigua on p. 112], about 20 km south of San Carlos de Rio Negro, ca. 1°50'N, 67°02'W, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion staecki (Schindler & Valdesalici 2011). Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Negro Basin, Amazonas, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion strigatus (Regan, 1912) [=Rivulus strigatus Regan [C. T.] 1912:502] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 10 (no. 59); ref. 3648] Amazon River basin [Rio de Prata, tributary of rio Jari, Pará]. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion strigatus (Regan 1912). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion tecminae (Thomerson et al., 1992) [=Rivulus tecminae Thomerson [J. E.], Nico [L. G.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1992:290, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 14220] Open savanna pools about 500 meters from left bank, Río Guayapo, Río Orinoco basin,Venezuela, 4°16'N, 67°20'W. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion tecminae (Thomerson, Nico & Taphorn 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and upper Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion tomasi (Vermeulen et al., 2013) [=Rivulus tomasi Vermeulen [F. B. M.], Valdesalici [S.] & Garcia-Gil [J. R.] 2013:188, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 4); ref. 32954] Tobogán da la Selva, creek forming a waterslide near the village Coromata, about 31 km south starting at the roundabout near the airport of Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas Territories, Venezuela. 5°23’16'N, 67°37’00'W. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion tomasi (Vermeulen, Valdesalici & Garcia-Gil 2013). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazonas Territories, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion torrenticola (Vermeulen & Isbrucker, 2000) [=Rivulus torrenticola Vermeulen [F. B. M.] & Isbrücker [I. J. H.] 2000:186, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Beaufortia v. 50 (no. 10); ref. 25219] Little creek at right bank of the Kamarang River, upper Mazaruni Reserve, near Kamarang village, 05°50'20"N, 60°30'58"W, Guyana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion torrenticola (Vermeulen & Isbrücker 2000). Rivulidae. Distribution: Kamarand River basin, Guyana. Habitat: freshwater. Species Laimosemion uakti (Costa, 2004) [=Rivulus uakti Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 465; ref. 27570] Stream near igarapé Iá, kilometer 9.4 of road São Gabriel da Cachoeira to Cucuí, upper rio Negro drainage, rio Amazonal basin, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Estado Amazonas, northern Brazil, 0°03'51.1"S, 66°59'46.9"W, elevation 99 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion uakti (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Negro River basin, Amazon River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion uatuman (Costa, 2004) [=Rivulus uatuman Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 696; ref. 27923] Temporary pool near stream close to Rio Uatumã, rio Amazonas basin, 1°56'19.6"S, 59°59'27.30.6"W, Balbina, Estado do Amazonas, Brazil, elevation 43 meters. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion uatuman (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pools, Uatumã River drainage, Amazon River basin, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion ubim Costa & Lazzarotto, 2014 [=Laimosemion ubim Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Lazzarotto [H.] 2014:372, add] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 24 (no. 4) [for 2013]; ref. 33247] Estado do Amazonas, Maraã, a stream tributary to Igarapé do Ubim, Lago Amanã system, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã, Japura-Solimões river drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 2°29'53"S, 64°36'58"W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion ubim Costa & Lazzarotto 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Small tributary of Lago Amanã system, Central Amazon, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Laimosemion xiphidius (Huber, 1979) [=Rivulus xiphidius Huber [J. H.] 1979:66, Fig. 3] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 8826] Upstream of Saint-Georges, in the back of Maripa falls, a few hundred meters from Oyapock, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Laimosemion xiphidius (Huber 1979). Rivulidae. Distribution: Oyapock River basin and adjacent coastal drainages: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Leptolebias Myers, 1952 - killifishes, pearlfishes [=Leptolebias (subgenus of Cynolebias) Myers [G. S.] 1952:140] Notes: [ref. 3125]. Masc. Cynopoecilus marmoratus Ladiges 1934. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066]). •Valid as Leptolebias Myers 1952 -- (Costa 1990:88 [ref. 16650], Costa 1995:85 [ref. 22097], Costa 1998:73 [ref. 23792], Murphy et al. 1999:292 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:193 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:11 [ref. 26061], Costa 2002:917 [ref. 26505], Costa 2002:380 [ref. 26544], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:530 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2008:149 [ref. 29596], Costa 2013:357 [ref. 32567], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309]). Current status: Valid as Leptolebias Myers 1952. Rivulidae.

Species Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges, 1934) [=Cynopoecilus marmoratus Ladiges [W.] 1934:74, Cynolebias foerschi Baker-Carr [C. D. T.] 1975, Cynopoecilus sicheleri Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1939:363, Cynolebias zingiberinus Myers [G. S.] 1942:108] Notes: [Das Aquarium: die Fachzeitschrift des Naturfreundes, Berlin (v. 8); ref. 18445] Temporary pool in forest, rio Iguaçú basin, Vila de Cava, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 22°39'30.0"S, 43°25'45.7"W. Current status: Valid as Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges 1934). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (foerschi) [The Killifish master index. First edition; ref. 25877] Current status: Synonym of Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges 1934). Rivulidae. (sicheleri) [Boletím Biológico, São Paulo (Nova Série) v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 3023] Base of the Serra de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges 1934). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (zingiberinus) [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Base of the Serra do Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Leptolebias marmoratus (Ladiges 1934). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Leptopanchax Costa, 2016 [=Leptopanchax Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:128] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 2); ref. 34776] Masc. Cynolebias citrinipinnis Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki 1988. Type by original designation. In Cynopoecilini. •Valid as Leptopanchax Costa 2016. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax Costa 2016. Rivulidae

Species Leptopanchax aureoguttatus (Da Cruz, 1974) [=Cynolebias aureoguttatus Da Cruz [C. A. G.] 1974:20, Fig. 1, Cynolebias aureoguttatus Myers [G. S.] 1952:131, unnum. fig. on p. 134, Cynolebias paranaguensis Myers [G. S.] 1952:131] Notes: [Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 22101] Ditch parallel to road between Paranaguá and Matinhos, near kilometer 11, Paraná, Brazil, ca. 25°30'S, 48°25'W, elevation 5 meters. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax aureoguttatus (Da Cruz 1974). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal plain basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (aureoguttatus M) [The Aquarium Journal v. 23 (no. 7); ref. 3125] Current status: Synonym of Leptopanchax aureoguttatus (Da Cruz 1974). Rivulidae. (paranaguensis) [The Aquarium Journal v. 23 (no. 7); ref. 3125] Current status: Synonym of Leptopanchax aureoguttatus (Da Cruz 1974). Rivulidae.

Species Leptopanchax citrinipinnis (Costa et al., 1988) [=Cynolebias citrinipinnis Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Tanizaki [K.] 1988:22, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 9094] Pool in Município de Maricá, 22°S, 43°W, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax citrinipinnis (Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki 1988). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leptopanchax opalescens (Myers, 1942) [=Cynolebias opalescens Myers [G. S.] 1942:107, Cynopoecilus fluminensis Faria [A.] & Muller [H.] 1937:99, Cynolebias nanus Da Cruz [C. A. G.] & Peixoto [O. L.] 1983:90, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Base of Serra do Petrópolis, near Imbarié, Município de Duque de Caxias, about 22°36'S, 43°12'W, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax opalescens (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (fluminensis) [Revista Naval No. 3; ref. 19184] Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Leptopanchax opalescens (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (nanus) [Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 8235] Between villages of Cava and Tinguá, Nova Iguaçú, 22°38'S, 43°25'W, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Leptopanchax opalescens (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leptopanchax itanhaensis (Costa, 2008) [=Leptolebias itanhaensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:153, Figs. 8-10] Notes: [Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society v. 153 (no. 1); ref. 29596] Temporary channels within forest, 2.8 kilometers from the road BR-101, Itanhaém, 24°13'08.9"S, 46°55'24.7"W, São Paulo State, Brazil, elevation 14 meters. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax itanhaensis (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Leptopanchax splendens (Myers, 1942) [=Cynolebias splendens Myers [G. S.] 1942:110, Gynopoecilus sandrii Faria [A.] & Muller [H.] 1937:98, Fig. 1] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Water holes or ponds along base of Serra de Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Leptopanchax splendens (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (sandrii) [Revista Naval No. 3; ref. 19184] Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Leptopanchax splendens (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Llanolebias Hrbek & Taphorn, 2008 - killifishes [=Llanolebias Hrbek [T.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2008:36] Notes: [ref. 29747]. Masc. Rivulus stellifer Thomerson & Turner 1973. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Llanolebias Hrbek & Taphorn 2008. Current status: Valid as Llanolebias Hrbek & Taphorn 2008. Rivulidae.

Species Llanolebias stellifer (Thomerson & Turner, 1973) [=Rivulus stellifer Thomerson [J. E.] & Turner [B. J.] 1973:783, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1973 (no. 4); ref. 35] Temporary pond, about 1 kilometer north of Caño Benito, Estado Cojedes, on road between E. Pao and El Baul, Cojedes, Venezuela, 9°16'N, 68°09'W. Current status: Valid as Llanolebias stellifer (Thomerson & Turner 1973). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Maratecoara Costa, 1995 - killifishes [=Maratecoara Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1995:68] Notes: [ref. 21612]. Fem. Cynolebias lacortei Lazara 1991. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Also appeared later in Costa 1995:21 [ref. 22097]. •Valid as Maratecoara Costa 1995 -- (Costa 1998:81 [ref. 23792], Costa 1998:140 [ref. 23879], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:201 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:531 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2007:31 [ref. 28993], Huber 2012:14 [ref. 32947], Nielsen et al. 2014:87 [ref. 33275]). Current status: Valid as Maratecoara Costa 1995. Rivulidae.

Species Maratecoara formosa Costa & Brasil, in Costa, 1995 [=Maratecoara formosa Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] in Costa 1995:69, Figs. 5-7] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 3-4) (1994); ref. 21612] Temporary pool in Brejinho de Nazaré, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, about 10°59'S, 48°38'W. Current status: Valid as Maratecoara formosa Costa & Brasil 1995. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal lagoons in middle Tocantins River floodplains, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Maratecoara gesmonei Nielsen et al., 2014 [=Maratecoara gesmonei Nielsen [D. T. B.], Martins [M.] & Britzke [R.] 2014:87, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 2); ref. 33275] Pará state, São Félix do Xingú, temporary pool at island in the middle of the rio Xingú, 6°39’33.3’’S ,52°00’21.9’’ W, Brazil., Current status: Valid as Maratecoara gesmonei Nielsen, Martins & Britzke 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Xingú system, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Maratecoara lacortei (Lazara, 1991) [=Cynolebias lacortei Lazara [K. J.] 1991:141, Figs. 2, 5] Notes: [Journal of the American Killifish Association v. 23 (no. 5); ref. 20508] Temporary pool, Aruana, Goiás, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, 14°57'00"S, 51°01'23.7"W, elevation 243 meters. Current status: Valid as Maratecoara lacortei (Lazara 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia-das Mortes river basin, Estado do Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Maratecoara splendida Costa, 2007 [=Maratecoara splendida Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:36, Figs. 27-28] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Temporary lagoon pool in left rio Canabrava floodplains, rio Santa Tereza drainage, rio Tocantins basin, road TO-373, between Alvorada and Peixe, 12°29'46.3"S, 49°00'50.7"W, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, elevation 292 meters. Current status: Valid as Maratecoara splendida Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Melanorivulus Costa, 2006 - killifishes [=Melanorivulus (subgenus of Rivulus) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:161] Notes: [ref. 28875]. Masc. Rivulus punctatus Boulenger 1895. Type by original designation. Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivulus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Synonym of Rivulus Poey 1860 but a valid subgenus Melanorivulus as described -- (Costa 2007:194 [ref. 29337], Costa 2007:55 [ref. 29394], Costa 2008:313 [ref. 29388], Costa 2008:345 [ref. 29385], Costa 2008:351 [ref. 29384], Costa & Brasil 2008:82 [ref. 29541], Schindler & Etzel 2008:35 [ref. 29621], Costa 2010:369 [ref. 30690], Costa 2010:193 [ref. 30143], Costa & De Luca 2011:289 [ref. 31185], Valdesalici et al. 2011:105 [ref. 31381]). •Valid as Melanorivulus Costa 2006 -- (Costa 2011:240 [ref. 31655], Bragança et al. 2012:51 [ref. 32067], Costa 2012:57 [ref. 32069], Costa 2012:211 [ref. 32292], Costa 2013:277 [ref. 33107], Costa et al. 2014:193 [ref. 33400], Nielsen & Pinto 2015:136 [ref. 33903], Costa et al. 2015:31 [ref. 33784]). Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus Costa 2006. Rivulidae.

Species Melanorivulus amambaiensis Volcan et al., 2018 [=Melanorivulus amambaiensis Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:272, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream of Rio Amambaí, margin of BR 487 highway, near of municipality of Naviraí, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 22°57'11"S, 54°26'52"W, elevation 332 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus amambaiensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Amambaí drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus apiamici (Costa, 1989) [=Rivulus apiamici Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:527, Figs. 3-3a] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Bataquaçu, close to the state border, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus apiamici (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraná river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus atlanticus Costa et al., 2015 [=Melanorivulus atlanticus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Bragança [P. H. N.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2015:32, Fig. 1] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 1); ref. 33784] Estado de Sergipe, Município de Pirambu, swamp in the coastal Restinga, between Lagoa Grande and Pau Seco, about 3.5 km from the sea coast, Brazil, 10°37’10"S, 36°43’50"W. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus atlanticus Costa, Bragança & Ottoni 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus bororo (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus bororo Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:352, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29384] Swampy floodplans of córrego Buriti mouth, close to Santana River, upper Paraguay River basin, near the road MT-249 and the city of Arenápolis, 14°27'06"S, 56°49'00"W, Est. Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus bororo (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus britzkei Nielsen, 2017 [=Melanorivulus britzkei Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2017:60, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 35340] Rio São Bento, headwaters of rio Braço Norte, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil, 9°12'35"S, 54°52'7"W. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus britzkei Nielsen 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus canesi Nielsen, 2017 [=Melanorivulus canesi Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2017:57, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 35340] "Vereda" at Km 84, road BR-163, near to CPBV-FAB, Rio Curuá basin, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil, 8°53'18"S, 54°59'00"W. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus canesi Nielsen 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Curuá, middle rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus crixas (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus crixas Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:61, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Crixás Mirim, ca. 5 kilometers south of Nova Crixás, Rio Crixás Aça drainage, Rio Araguaia basin, at road GO-164 crossing, Goiás State, Brazil, 14°08'11.8"S, 50°21'15.5"W, elevation 284 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus crixas (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus cyanopterus (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus cyanopterus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:73, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Jaciara, swamp close to rio Tenente Amaral, tributary to upper rio São Lourenço, rio Paraguay basin, 15°58;48.9"S, 54°57'20.0"W, elevation 246 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus cyanopterus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Sao Lourenço River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus dapazi (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus dapazi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:71, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Sonora, córrego Condusão, tributary to rio Correntes, rio Paraguy basin, 17°33'556.4"S, 54°44'23.8"W, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 411 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus dapazi (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Correntes River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus decoratus (Costa, 1989) [=Rivulus decoratus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:530, Figs. 6-6a] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Near Rio Icatu falls, Ibiraba, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus decoratus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus egens (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus egens Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:80, Fig. 11] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Camapuã, road BR-060, rio São Domingos, upper rio Verde drainage, rio Paraná basin, 19°19'26.0"S, 53°21'6.8"W, Estsdo de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation 532 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus egens (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus faucireticulatus (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus faucireticulatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:314, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29388] Bonfim River floodplains, upper Claro River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, road GO-516, 10 kilometers west of the city of Perolândia, 17°31'31"S, 52°07'52"W, Munic. de Perolândia, Est. de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 787 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus faucireticulatus (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Bonfim River floodplains, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus flavipinnis Costa, 2017 [=Melanorivulus flavipinnis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:57, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Stream tributary of Rio Anhumas, Rio São Lourenço drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Rondonópolis municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°48'16"S, 54°40'52"W, elevation approximately 420 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus flavipinnis Costa 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio São Lourenço drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus formosensis (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus formosensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:86, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 29717] Formoso River floodplains near Santa Amélia farm, upper Corrente River drainage, a part of the Paranaíba River drainage, Município de Chapadão do Céu, Estado de Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus formosensis (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Formoso River floodplains, upper Corrente River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus giarettai (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus giarettai Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:92, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 1); ref. 29718] Stream ributary to Araguari River crossing road between Uberaba and Nova Ponte, Municápio de Nova Ponte, Paranaíba River drainage, upper Paraná River, 19°19'51"S, 47°44'07"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil, elevation 946 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus giarettai (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguari River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus ignescens Costa, 2017 [=Melanorivulus ignescens Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:53, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Stream tributary to Rio Bandeira, Rio das Garças drainage, Rio Araguaia drainage, Guiratinga municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°21'54"S, 53°47'58"W, elevation approximately 520 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ignescens Costa 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus illuminatus (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus illuminatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:194, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 29337] Near road GO-174, 23 kilometers north of Montividiu, 17°13'35.0"S, 51°09'19.9"W, rio dos Bois drainage, swampy floodplains of Córrego da Queixada, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 805 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus illuminatus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Dos Bois River drainage, Paraná River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen & Pinto, 2015 [=Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Pinto [C. S.] 2015:137, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 33903] Maranhão, Imperatriz, village of Bananal, rio Tocantins basin, Brazil, 5°39’00.2"S, 47°24’08.4"W, altitude 150 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus imperatrizensis Nielsen & Pinto 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle rio Tocantins basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanorivulus interruptus Volcan et al., 2018 [=Melanorivulus interruptus Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:264, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream, in the headwaters of Rio Pardo, municipality of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 20°28'11"S, 54°29'25"W, elevation 589 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus interruptus Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Pardo drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus ivinhemensis Volcan et al., 2018 [=Melanorivulus ivinhemensis Volcan [M. V.], Severo-Neto [F.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2018:268, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 2); ref. 35895] First order stream of Rio Ivinhema, municipality of Nova Andradina, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, 22°11'53"S, 53°20'12"W, elevation 300 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ivinhemensis Volcan, Severo-Neto & Lanés 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Ivinhema drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus jalapensis (Costa, 2010) [=Rivulus jalapensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:194, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 31043] Stream tributary to Novo River, itself a tributary of the Sono River, Tocantins River drainage, Amazon River basin, 10°18'26"S, 46°57'07"W, Parque Estadual do Jalapão, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, elevation 382 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus jalapensis (Costa 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Sono River drainage, Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus javahe (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus javahe Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:63, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Verde, Rio Araguaia Basin, at road GO-16 crossing, ca. 30 kilometers north of São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás States, Brazil, 13°04'05.3"S, 49°57'20,0"W, altitude 323 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus javahe (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus karaja (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus karaja Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:65, Figs. 10-11] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Strean tributary to Rio Dueré, Rio Formosa drainage, Rio Araguaia Basin, near road BR-153, 10 kilometers south of Rio Dueré Municipality, Tocantins State, Brazil, 11°12'36.9"S, 48°55'52.6"W, elevation 270 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus karaja (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus kayabi (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus kayabi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:346, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29385] Stream crossing road between Alta Floresta and Porto de Areia, 12 kilometers from the later, Teles Pires River drainage, Tabajós River basin, 9°44'09"S, 56°01'24"W, Munic. de Alta Floresta, Est. de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 261m. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kayabi (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Trpajós River basin, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus kayapo (Costa, 2006) [=Rivulus kayapo Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:50, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1368; ref. 28876] Stream near kilometer 52 of road GO-221, Rio Bonito drainage, upper Rio Caiapó basin (itself part of araguaia basin), 16°41'52.4"S, 51°25'13.6"W, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 685 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kayapo (Costa 2006). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus kunzei Costa, 2012 [=Melanorivulus kunzei Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:214, Fig. 3-4] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 32292] Road BR-158, about 64 km north of Jataí town, in a small stream tributary to upper Caiapó River, an upper tributary to Araguaia River, 17°01'55"S, 51°51'03"W, Município de Jataí, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, altitude 729 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus kunzei Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus leali Costa, 2013 [=Melanorivulus leali Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2013:278, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 3); ref. 33107] Estado de São Paulo: Município de Serra Azul: stream tributary of Tamanduazinho river, Pardo river drainage, itself part of Grande river drainage, upper Paraná river basin, 21°20‘00"S, 47°34‘20"E, Brazil, altitude about 700 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus leali Costa 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Paraná river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus linearis Costa, 2018 [=Melanorivulus linearis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:23, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Córrego Água Limpa, upper Rio Pardo drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Bandeirantes municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 19°40'01"S, 54°18'13"W, elevation about 620 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus linearis Costa 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus litteratus (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus litteratus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:75, Figs. 6-7] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Alto córrego do Sapo, upper rio Araguaia basin, road MT-100, 31 kilometers south of Alto Araguaia, 17°33'38.5"S, 53°18'33"W, Estado de Mato grosso, Brazil, elevation 750 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus litteratus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus megaroni (Costa, 2010) [=Rivulus megaroni Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2010:366, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 20 (no. 4) [Dec. 2009]; ref. 30690] Stream crossing road BR-080, 7 kilometers east of the right bank of the Xingú River,about 10°43'S, 53°00'W, Parque Indígena do Xingú, Municipío de São José, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus megaroni (Costa 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Xingú River drainage, southern Amazon River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus modestus (Costa, 1991) [=Rivulus modestus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:329, Figs. 1 A-B] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 51 (no. 2); ref. 20644] Rio Mutum, lower Rio Tapajós basin, Municipio Comodoro, MT, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus modestus (Costa 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Juruena River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus nelsoni Depra et al., 2017 [=Melanorivulus nelsoni Deprá [G. C.], Silva [H. P.] & Graça [W. J. da] 2017:113, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4300 (no. 1); ref. 35503] Unnamed creek tributary to the córrego Beleza, tributary to the rio São Lourenço (rio Paraguai basin), municipality of Juscimeira, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 16°10'57"S, 55°0'40"W. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nelsoni Deprá, Silva & Graça 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio São Lourenço drainage, upper Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus nigromarginatus Costa, 2018 [=Melanorivulus nigromarginatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:21, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Córrego Lajeado, Rio Corrente drainage, upper Rio Paraná basin, road GO-178, Itarumã municipality, Goiás State, Brazil, 18°49'45"S, 51°22'55"W, elevation about 470 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nigromarginatus Costa 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus nigropunctatus Volcan et al., 2017 [=Melanorivulus nigropunctatus Volcan [M. V.], Klotzel [B.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2017:83, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Zootaxa 4236 (no. 1); ref. 35156] Municipality of Aqua Clara, stream tributary of left margin of Rio Verde, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 20°02'29"S, 53°9'42"W, altitude 361 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus nigropunctatus Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Verde drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus ofaie Volcan et al., 2017 [=Melanorivulus ofaie Volcan [M. V.], Klotzel [B.] & Lanés [L. E. K.] 2017:87, Figs. 5-7] Notes: [Zootaxa 4236 (no. 1); ref. 35156] Municipality of Ribas do Rio Pardo, stream tributary of right margin of Rio Verde, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 20°25'27"S, 52°56'34"W, altitude 347 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ofaie Volcan, Klotzel & Lanés 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Verde drainage, Paraná River basin, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus paracatuensis (Costa, 2003) [=Rivulus paracatuensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:41, Fig. 2] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 26966] Stream in Rio Paracatú floodplains near Brasilândia de Minas, road MG 181, Rio São Francisco basin,, about 17°00'00"S, 46°00'00"W, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus paracatuensis (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus paresi (Costa, 2008) [=Rivulus paresi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:354, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 4) [for 2007]; ref. 29384] Swampy floodplains of stream tributary to Sepotuba River, upper Paraguay River basin, near road MT-338, 2 kilometers of Progresso, Tangará de Serra, 14°38'40"S, 57°20'41"W, Est. de Mato Grosso, Brazil, elevation 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus paresi (Costa 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa et al., 2010) [=Cynolebias parnaibensis Costa [W. J. E. M.], Ramos [T. P. A.], Alexandre [L. C.] & Ramos [R. T. C.] 2010:284, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30866] Seasonal lagoon at the right side of the road between Conceição do Canindé and Jacobina do Piauí, 8°00'54"S, 41°25'26"W, Município de Jacobina do Piauí, Estado do Piauí, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa, Ramos, Alexandre & Ramos 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Piauí state, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa, 2003) [=Rivulus parnaibensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Série. Zoologia No. 511; ref. 27635] Lagoon close to the road BR-135, 18 kilometers northeast of São Dimas, about 9°40'S, 45°00'W, Parnaiba River basin, Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus parnaibensis (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Parnaiba River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa, 2016 [=Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:129, Fig. 19] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Swamp close to stream tributary of the Rio Araguaia, in small road close to Parque Estadual Serra das Andorinhas, Município de Sao Geraldo do Araguaia, Rio Tocantins drainage, Pará, Brazil, 6°19'26"S, 48°28'15"W, elevation about 150 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus petrisecundi Costa 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia drainage, Pará, northern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus pictus (Costa, 1989) [=Rivulus pictus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:525, Figs. 2-2a] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Fumal Creek at road crossing, Formosa, District Federal, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pictus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus pindorama Costa, 2012 [=Melanorivulus pindorama Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:58, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 23 (no. 1); ref. 32069] About 2 km east of Pindorama town, a small tributary to Gameleira River, a tributary to das Balsas River, itself a tributary to Sono River, Tocantins River drainage, Muniicipio de Pindorama do Tocantins, 11°08'34"S, 47°33'21"W, elevation 454 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pindorama Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus pinima (Costa, 1989) [=Rivulus pinima Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:528, Figs. 4-4a] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] 37 kilometers east of Jataí, upper rio Paraná basin, 17°50'78"S, 51°24'13"W, Município de Rio Verde, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 782 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus pinima (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Claro and Bois river drainages, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus planaltinus (Costa & Brasil, 2008) [=Rivulus planaltinus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2008:82, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 2008 (no. 1); ref. 29541] Cocal River floodplains, road BR -010, about 4 kilometers south of São Gabriel de Goías, Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, 15╕16'11"S, 47°33'13"W, Município de Planaltine de Goías, Estado de Goías, Brazil, elevation 1100 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus planaltinus (Costa & Brasil 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Cocal River floodplains, Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus polychromus Nielsen et al., 2016 [=Melanorivulus polychromus Nielsen [D. T. B.], Aguiar Neves [P. A. B.], Ywamoto [E. V.] & de Aguiar Passos [M.] 2016:81, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 2); ref. 34407] São Paulo, Suzanápolis, Córrego Ranchiho, tributary of rio São José dos Dourados, rio Paraná basin, Brazil, 20°31'39.50"S, 51°03'06.64"W, altitude 337 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus polychromus Nielsen, Aguiar Neves, Ywamoto & de Aguiar Passos 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio São José dos Dourados drainage, Rio Paraná basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus proximus Costa, 2018 [=Melanorivulus proximus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2018:18, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 94 (no. 1); ref. 35717] Stream crossing the road MS-306, Rio Aporé drainage, Rio Paraná Basin, Cassilândia municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 19°03'54"S, 51°49'56"W, elevation about 515 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus proximus Costa 2018. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazilian Cerrado, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus punctatus (Boulenger, 1895) [=Rivulus punctatus Boulenger [G. A.] 1895:3] Notes: [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 10 (no. 196); ref. 536] Colonia Risso, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus punctatus (Boulenger 1895). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay, lower Paraná and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus regularis Costa, 2017 [=Melanorivulus regularis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2017:61, Fig. 6] Notes: [ZooKeys No. 645; ref. 35046] Ribeirão da Sobra, upper Rio Itiquira drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Alto Graças municipality, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°54'41"S, 53°37'55"W, elevation approximately 750 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus regularis Costa 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Itiquira drainage, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus rossoi (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus rossoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:74, Fig. 5] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Stream at road BR-060, 21.5 kilometers southwest from Campo Grande, Inhanduí drainage, rio Paraná basin, about 20°40'S, 54°40'W, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation about 500 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rossoi (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Inhanduí River drainage, Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus rubromarginatus (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus rubromarginatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:58, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Stream tributary to Rio Espingarda, Rio de Pexie drainage, Rio Araguaia basinm at road GO-164 crossing, Goiás State, Brazil, 14°28'27.5"S, 50°28'21.7"W, elevation 275 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rubromarginatus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus Costa et al., 2014 [=Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Amorim [P. F.] & Bragança [P. H. N.] 2014:194, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 33400] Estado do Pará: Município de Altamira: swamp close to the road to the Altamira airport, lower Xingú river drainage, southern Amazonas river basin, 3°14′02″S, 52°14′05″W, Brazil, altitude about 100 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rubroreticulatus Costa, Amorim & Bragança 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Xingú River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus rutilicaudus (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus rutilicaudus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:77, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Serranópolis, rio Verde floodplains, rio Paraná basin, road BR-060, 18°22'31.5"S, 52°00'59.5"W, Estafo de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 531 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus rutilicaudus (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Verde River floodplains, Paraná River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus salmonicaudus (Costa, 2007) [=Rivulus salmonicaudus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:56, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29394] Dom Bill creek, tributary to Rio Araguaia at road BR-070 crossing, ca. 44 kilometers west of Aparecida do Rio Claro, Montes Claros de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, 15°53'10.8"S, 51°43.23.8"W, elevation 320 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus salmonicaudus (Costa 2007). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus scalaris (Costa, 2005) [=Rivulus scalaris Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2005:78, Fig. 10] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28192] Município de Costa Rica, stream tributary to the upper rio Sucuruí drainage, rio Paraná basin, 18°53'54.7"S, 52°58'44.2"W, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, elevation 810 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus scalaris (Costa 2005). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca, 2011) [=Rivulus schuncki Costa [W. J. E. M.] & De Luca [A. C.] 2011:290, Fig. 1, Rivulus albae Valdesalici [S.], García Gil [J. R.] & Bressane Nielsen [D. T.] 2011:106, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 4) [Dec. 2010]; ref. 31185] Stream near Vila Nova, road AP 030, Anauerapucu River basin, Amazonas River basin, 0°08'23"N, 51°32'14"W, Estado do Amapá, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (albae) [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31381] Lago Comprido floodplains, Pozo Bacabae, 1°44.270'N, 50°50.904'W, Estado de Amapa, Brazil, elevation 8 meters. Current status: Synonym of Melanorivulus schuncki (Costa & De Luca 2011). Rivulidae. Distribution: Comprido Lake and Tartaruga Grande River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus spixi Costa, 2016 [=Melanorivulus spixi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:132, Fig. 20] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Swamp close to road MT-240, 7 km east of Água Boa, between Água Boa and road MT-100, Município de Água Boa, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 14°01'00"S, 52°05'48"W, elevation about 480 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus spixi Costa 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Araguaia drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa, 2012 [=Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:212, Fig. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 32292] Small stream crossing road BR-384, a tributary to the Babilônia river, itself a tributary to upper section of Araguaia river, 17°23'00"S, 52°57'08"W, Município de Mineiros, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, altitude 787 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus ubirajarai Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus violaceus (Costa, 1991) [=Rivulus violaceus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:331, Figs. 2 C-D] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 51 (no. 2); ref. 20644] Rio das Mortes, lower Rio Araguaia-Rio Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus violaceus (Costa 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper das Mortes River drainage, Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Melanorivulus vittatus (Costa, 1989) [=Rivulus vittatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:530, Figs. 5-5a] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 14319] Estrada São Simão-Jataí, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus vittatus (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Claro River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus wallacei Costa, 2016 [=Melanorivulus wallacei Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2016:140, Fig. 26] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 27 (no. 2) for Oct.; ref. 34900] Stream tributary of the Rio Joao Aires, road TO-010, Rio Tocantins drainage, Município de Palmeirante, Tocantins, Brazil, 7°46'15"S, 48°03'31"W, elevation about 210 meters. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus wallacei Costa 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins river drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Melanorivulus zygonectes (Myers, 1927) [=Rivulus zygonectes Myers [G. S.] 1927:127] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 19 (no. 109); ref. 3098] Vereda, Extrema into Cannabrava [Cana Braqva], Upper River Tocantins basin, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Melanorivulus zygonectes (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Micromoema Costa, 1998 - killifishes [=Micromoema Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:78] Notes: [ref. 23792]. Fem. Pterolebias xiphophorus Tomerson & Taphorn 1992. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Micromoema Costa 1998 -- (Lazara 2001:207 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:531 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Costa 2005:24 [ref. 28393], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Micromoema Costa 1998. Rivulidae.

Species Micromoema xiphophorus (Thomerson & Taphorn, 1992) [=Pterolebias xiphophorus Thomerson [J. E.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1992:378, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (no. 4); ref. 20003] Small forest pools about 500 meters from right bank of Río Ventuari, 4°16'N, 66°23'W, Orinoco drainage, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Micromoema xiphophora (Thomerson & Taphorn 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Millerichthys Costa, 1995 - Mexican rivulus [=Millerichthys Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1995:18] Notes: [ref. 22097]. Masc. Rivulus robustus Miller & Hubbs 1974. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Millerichthys Costa 1995 -- (Costa 1998:79 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Lazara 2001:209 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:531 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Scharpf 2007:11 [ref. 30398]). Current status: Valid as Millerichthys Costa 1995. Rivulidae.

Species Millerichthys robustus (Miller & Hubbs, 1974) [=Rivulus robustus Miller [R. R.] & Hubbs [C. L.] 1974:865, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Copeia 1974 (no. 4); ref. 7523] Pool north of Arroyo Zacatispán, about 5 kilometers south of Papaloapan (now El Hule), Oaxaca, Mexico. Current status: Valid as Millerichthys robustus (Miller & Hubbs 1974). Rivulidae. Distribution: Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos River basins, Mexico. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Moema Costa, 1989 - killifishes [=Moema Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:223, Aphyolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:78] Notes: [ref. 14270]. Fem. Moema piriana Costa 1989. Type by original designation. •Valid as Moema Costa 1989 -- (Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa 1998:79 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:211 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:532 [ref. 27061], Huber 2003:14 [ref. 27251], Costa 2003:289 [ref. 27396], Costa 2003:167 [ref. 27617], Costa 2003:2 [ref. 27634], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27924], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Valdesalici et al. 2015:129 [ref. 33902], Valdesalici 2016:66 [ref. 34174]). Current status: Valid as Moema Costa 1989. Rivulidae. (Aphyolebias) [ref. 23792]. Masc. Pterolebias peruensis Myers 1954. Type by original designation. •Valid as Aphyolebias Costa 1998 -- (Lazara 2001:5 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:526 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:156 [ref. 27616], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27924], Costa 2005:24 [ref. 28393], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Synonym of Moema Costa 1989. Rivulidae. (author lists this taxa as a valid genus but lists no species [this author])

Species Moema apurinan Costa, 2004 [=Moema apurinan Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:3, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 707; ref. 27924] Temporary forest pool, Rio Acre floodplains, Rio Purus drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 9°35'12.2"S, 67°31'50.6"W, Porto Acre, Estado do Acre, Brazil, elevation 132 meters. Current status: Valid as Moema apurinan Costa 2004. Rivulidae. Distribution: Acre River floodplains, Purus River drainage, Amazon River basin, northwestern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema beucheyi Valdesalici et al., 2015 [=Moema beucheyi Valdesalici [S.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Pillet [D.] 2015:129, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 33902] Seasonal pool, Río San Miguel drainage, Río Madeira basin, el Beni Department, Marban Province, Bolivian Amazon, 15°05'31.3"S, 63°57'24.9"W. Current status: Valid as Moema beucheyi Valdesalici, Nielsen & Pillet 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal pool, Río San Miguel drainage, Río Madeira basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema boticarioi (Costa, 2004) [=Aphyolebias boticarioi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:7, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 707; ref. 27924] Temporary forest pool, rio Acre floodplains, rio Purus drainage, Rio Amazonas basin, 9°35'14.8"S, 67°31'57.0"W, Porto Acre, Estado do Acre, Brazil, elevation 133 meters. Current status: Valid as Moema boticarioi (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Acre River floodplains, Purus River drainage, Amazon River basin, northwestern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema claudiae (Costa, 2003) [=Aphyolebias claudiae Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:158, Fig. 2A] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 27616] Temporary pool at río San Pablo floodplains, on road Santa Cruz-Trinidad, río Guaporé basin, about 15°37'S, 63°35'W, Depart. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Moema claudiae (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, San Pablo River floodplains, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema hellneri Costa, 2003 [=Moema hellneri Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:3, Figs. 2-3A] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Série. Zoologia No. 513; ref. 27634] Río Napo drainage, Amazonian basin, about 1°30'S, 75°30'W, Bellavista, Depto. Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema hellneri Costa 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazonian basin, northern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema heterostigma Costa, 2003 [=Moema heterostigma Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:291, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 14 (no. 4); ref. 27396] Seasonal swamp in Rio Cuiabá floodplains, Rio Paraguay basin, 16°30'44.5S, 56°22'40.5"W, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural SESC-PantanalPorto Cercado, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema heterostigma Costa 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Cuiabá River floodplains, Paraguay River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema kenwoodi Valdesalici, 2016 [=Moema kenwoodi Valdesalici [S.] 2016:68, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Journal of the American Killifish Association v. 48 (no. 3) (May/June 2015); ref. 34174] Departmento Madre de Dios: Tambopata, temporary pool within forest, Manuripe river system, Madre de Dios river drainage, Amazonian basin, Peru, 12°4'28"S, 69°5'30"W. Current status: Valid as Moema kenwoodi Valdesalici 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Manuripe river system, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema manuensis (Costa, 2003) [=Aphyolebias manuensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:161, Fig. 2C] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 27616] Cocha Cashu, Parque Nacional Manu, Río Madre de Dios basin, about 12°10'S, 71°45'W, Depart. Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema manuensis (Costa 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Río Madre de Dios basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema nudifrontata Costa, 2003 [=Moema nudifrontata Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:168, Fig. 1] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 27617] Rio Branco floodplains near ilha do Carneiro, about 1°30'N, 61°10'W, Estado de Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema nudifrontata Costa 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Estado de Roraima, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema obliquus (Costa et al., 1996) [=Pterolebias obliquus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Sarmiento [J.] & Barrera [S.] 1996:92, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 22215] Río Mamoré basin, temporary swamp associated with Arroyo Curiraba, Estación Biológica Beni, Depto. del Beni, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Moema obliquus (Costa, Sarmiento & Barrera 1996). Rivulidae. Distribution: Mamore River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema ortegai Costa, 2003 [=Moema ortegai Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:7, Figs. 3B, 4] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Nova Série. Zoologia No. 513; ref. 27634] Reserva Natural Tambopata, Cocha Redonda, 1.5 kilometers from Katicocha, rio Madre de Dios drainage, Amazonian basin, about 12°20'S, 69°20'W, Depto Madre de Dios, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema ortegai Costa 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Madre de Dios drainage, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema pepotei Costa, 1993 [=Moema pepotei Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1993:621, Fig. 6] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 52 (no. 4) (for Nov. 1992); ref. 21979] Forte Príncipe di Beira, Rio Guaporé River basin, Rondônia State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema pepotei Costa 1993. Rivulidae. Distribution: Guaporé-Mamoré drainage, western Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema peruensis (Myers, 1954) [=Pterolebias peruensis Myers [G. S.] 1954:176, fig'd] Notes: [The Aquarium Journal v. 25; ref. 12659] About 75 miles west of Leticia, Loreto Province, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema peruensis (Myers 1954). Rivulidae. Distribution: Marañón River floodplains, Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema piriana Costa, 1989 [=Moema piriana Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:223, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 49 (no. 1); ref. 14270] Primaver, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema piriana Costa 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema portugali Costa, 1989 [=Moema portugali Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:224, Fig. 2] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 49 (no. 1); ref. 14270] Furo do Firmino, Ilha de Maracá, Roraima, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema portugali Costa 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Branco River drainage, Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema quiii Huber, 2003 [=Moema quiii Huber [J. H.] 2003:11, Figs.] Notes: [Freshwater and Marine Aquarium v. 26 (no. 12); ref. 27251] Rio Tambopata, 15 kilometers upriver from Puerto Maldonado, 12.733°S, 69.217°W, Fundo Shape, southeastern Peru, elevation 140 meters. Current status: Valid as Moema quiii Huber 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Southeastern Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema rubrocaudatus (Seegers, 1984) [=Pterolebias rubrocaudatus Seegers [L.] 1984:243, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 35 (nos 1-3); ref. 17453] Río Tambopata, Río Madre de Dios drainage, 7 kilometers from Puerto Maldonado, southeastern Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema rubrocaudatus (Seegers 1984). Rivulidae. Distribution: Madre de Dios River basin, Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

Species Moema schleseri (Costa, 2003) [=Aphyolebias schleseri Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2003:160, Fig. 2B] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 16 (no. 2); ref. 27616] About 1 kilometer upriver from Tacshacuraray, about 3°50'S, 72°30'W, caño Lata, drainage of río Orosa, tributary of Amazon River, Depart Loreto, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema schleseri Costa 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema staecki (Seegers, 1987) [=Pterolebias staecki Seegers [L.] 1987:202, Figs. (p. 199, 201)] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 40 (no. 5); ref. 9161] Lagune des Lago Janauacá, 3°25'S, 60°16'W, southwest of Manaus, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Moema staecki (Seegers 1987). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower River Negro and Solimões floodplains, Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Moema wischmanni (Seegers, 1983) [=Pterolebias wischmanni Seegers [L.] 1983:68, Figs. [1-4]] Notes: [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 15 (no. 5); ref. 23148] Backwater of Chipiria River and Amaquiria River (Ucayali River drainage), about 120 kilometers south of Pucallpa, Peru. Current status: Valid as Moema wischmanni (Seegers 1983). Rivulidae. Distribution: Ucayali River drainage, Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Mucurilebias Costa, 2014 [=Mucurilebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2014:26] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 1); ref. 33309] Masc. Cynolebias leitaoi Da Cruz & Peixoto 1992. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Mucurilebias Costa 2014 -- (Costa 2016:127 [ref. 34776] in Cynopoecilini). Current status: Valid as Mucurilebias Costa 2014. Rivulidae.

Species Mucurilebias leitaoi (Da Cruz & Peixoto, 1992) [=Cynolebias leitaoi Da Cruz [C. A. G.] & Peixoto [O. L.] 1992:638, Figs. 2-4] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 7 (no. 4) (for 15 Dec. 1991); ref. 22098] Swamp near Mucuri, southern Bahia State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Mucurilebias leitaoi (Da Cruz & Peixoto 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Mucurí River basin, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Costa, 1998 - killifishes, pearlfishes [=Nematolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:75] Notes: [ref. 23792]. Masc. Cynolebias whitei Myers 1942. Type by original designation. •Valid as Nematolebias Costa 1998 -- (Lazara 2001:213 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:42 [ref. 26064], Costa 2002:917 [ref. 26505], Costa 2006:15 [ref. 28620], Costa 2009:149 [ref. 30511], Costa 2010:1996 [ref. 30858], Costa et al. 2014:225 [ref. 33239], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309]). Current status: Valid as Nematolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae.

Species Nematolebias catimbau Costa et al., 2014 [=Nematolebias catimbau Costa [W. J. E. M.], Amorim [P. F.] & Aranha [G. N.] 2014:230, Figs. 3-4] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 24 (no. 3); ref. 33239] Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Município de Saquarema: temporary pool in Catimbau river floodplain, about 1.5 km south of Road RJ-106, Saquarema lagoon, system, 22°51'53"S, 42°33'15 W, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Nematolebias catimbau Costa, Amorim & Aranha 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Estado do Rio de Janeira, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Nematolebias papilliferus Costa, 2002 [=Nematolebias papilliferus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:47, Figs. 5-6] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 26064] Temporary pool close to a small stream of laguna de Maricá system, road RJ-106, 22°55'14.5"S, 42°55'41.4"W, Inoã, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Nematolebias papilliferus Costa 2002. Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna de Maricá and Laguna de Saquarema basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Nematolebias whitei (Myers, 1942) [=Cynolebias whitei Myers [G. S.] 1942:106, Pterolebias elegans Ladiges [W.] 1958:76, Fig.] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Drying swamp, 10 or 12 miles north of Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, about 22°45'S, 42°00'W. Current status: Valid as Nematolebias whitei (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Distribution: Laguna de Arauama basin, Das Ostras River basin, and coastal plain adjacent to mouth of São João River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (elegans) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 12082] Cabo Frio near Rio de Janeiro, about 22°50'S, 42°05'W, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Nematolebias whitei (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Neofundulus Myers, 1924 - killifishes [=Neofundulus Myers [G. S.] 1924:9] Notes: [ref. 3091]. Masc. Fundulus paraguayensis Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Neofundulus Myers 1924 -- (Parenti 1981:489 [ref. 7066], Costa 1988 [ref. 14292], Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa 1992 [ref. 21314], Costa 1998:78 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Britski et al. 1999:140 [ref. 24147], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:215 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:532 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394], Nielsen & Brousseau 2013:109 [ref. 32795]). Current status: Valid as Neofundulus Myers 1924. Rivulidae.

Species Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa, 1992 [=Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1992:616, Fig. 1] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 52 (no. 4); ref. 21314] Lagoa Santa, Rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus acutirostratus Costa 1992. Rivulidae. Distribution: Das Velhas River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus aureomaculatus Costa, 2015 [=Neofundulus aureomaculatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2015:20, Fig. 4] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 1); ref. 33783] Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Município de Aquidauana: temporary pool about 15 km NW of the town of Aquidauana, road MS-170, Aquidauana river floodplains, Paraguay river basin, 20°19’14"S, 55°50’36"W, altitude about 135 meters. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus aureomaculatus Costa 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pool at 15 km NW of the town of Aquidauana, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus guaporensis Costa, 1988 [=Neofundulus guaporensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1988:110, Fig. 6] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 48 (no. 2); ref. 14292] Forte Príncipe da Beira, Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus guaporensis Costa 1988. Rivulidae. Distribution: Guaporé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903) [=Fundulus paraguayensis Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:530, Neofundulus ornatipinnis Myers [G. S.] 1935:8] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Laguna near Arroyo Trementina, a tributary of Rio Aquido Canigi; Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (ornatipinnis) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 48; ref. 3109] Swamp at Makthlawaiya, 60 miles west of Río Paraguay, Paraguay, 23°25'S, 58°19'W. Current status: Synonym of Neofundulus paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus parvipinnis Costa, 1988 [=Neofundulus parvipinnis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1988:109, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 48 (no. 2); ref. 14292] Lagoa na margem direita da Br 364, 36 kilometers leste de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus parvipinnis Costa 1988. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus rubrofasciatus Costa, 2015 [=Neofundulus rubrofasciatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2015:17, Fig. 3] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 1); ref. 33783] Estado de Mato Grosso de Sul, Municipio de Bodoquena, temporary pool about 18 km west of the village of Bodoquena, road MS-339, Salobra river floodplains, Miranda River drainage, Paraguay River basin, 20°29'42"N, 56°48'37"W, altitude about 170 meters. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus rubrofasciatus Costa 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Salobra River floodplains, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Neofundulus splendidus Nielsen & Brousseau, 2013 [=Neofundulus splendidus Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Brousseau [R.] 2013:110, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 32795] Departamento Santa Cruz, San Miguel city, río San Miguel, río Mamoré basin, Bolivia,16°46’22.0°S, 61°11’12.6°W, altitude 440 meters. Current status: Valid as Neofundulus splendidus Nielsen & Brousseau 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Río Mamoré basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Costa, 2008 - killifishes, pearlfishes [=Notholebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2008:156] Notes: [ref. 29596]. Masc. Cynolebias minimus Myers 1942. Type by original designation. •Valid as Notholebias Costa 2008 -- (Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309]). Current status: Valid as Notholebias Costa 2008. Rivulidae.

Species Notholebias cruzi (Costa, 1988) [=Cynolebias cruzi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1988:563, Figs. 3, 4g-4i] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 14540] Marsh near Barra de São João, Casimiro de Abreu, RJ, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Notholebias cruzi (Costa 1988). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Notholebias fractifasciatus (Costa, 1988) [=Cynolebias fractifasciatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1988:562, Figs. 2, 4d-4f] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Zoologia v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 14540] Marsh near Inoã, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Notholebias fractifasciatus (Costa 1988). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Notholebias minimus (Myers, 1942) [=Cynolebias minimus Myers [G. S.] 1942:109, Cynolebias ladigesi Foersch [W.] (ex Myers) 1958:257, Figs.] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Cane brake along the road to Rio, 1 mile east of Itaquahy [Itaguaí], Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Notholebias minimus (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (ladigesi) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 11 (no. 9); ref. 20290] Unknown locality, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Notholebias minimus (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Notholebias vermiculatus Costa & Amorim, 2013 [=Notholebias vermiculatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Amorim [P. F.] 2013:64] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 24 (no. 1); ref. 32799] Saquarema lagoon system, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Notholebias vermiculatus Costa & Amorim 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Ophthalmolebias Costa, 2006 - killifishes [=Ophthalmolebias (subgenus of Simpsonichthys) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:16] Notes: [ref. 28620]. Masc. Simpsonichthys constanciae Myers 1942. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959 but a valid subgenus Ophthalmolebias as described -- (Costa 2007:12 [ref. 29445], Costa 2010:1997 [ref. 30858], Costa & Lima 2010:205 [ref. 31041]). •Valid as Ophthalmolebias Costa 2006 -- (Costa 2010:301 [ref. 31187], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Ponzetto et al. 2016:[7] [ref. 34144] as Ophtalmolebias). Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias Costa 2006. Rivulidae.

Species Ophthalmolebias bokermanni (Carvalho & Da Cruz, 1987) [=Cynolebias bokermanni Carvalho [A. L. de] & Da Cruz [C. A. G.] 1987:12, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro v. 8 (no. 1-2) [1985]; ref. 9127] Swamp near Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, Brazil [about 14°50'S, 39°15W, elev about 40 m]. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias bokermanni (Carvalho & Da Cruz 1987). Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodplains of Cachoeira River basin in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Ophthalmolebias constanciae (Myers, 1942) [=Cynolebias constanciae Myers [G. S.] 1942:105] Notes: [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 2 (no. 4); ref. 3121] Cattle water hole, 10 miles north of Cabo Frio, [ca. 22°45'S, 42°00'W, elevation about 4 m], Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias constanciae (Myers 1942). Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal plains adjacent to lower rio São João, Atlantic coastal drainage, southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophthalmolebias ilheusensis (Costa & Lima, 2010) [=Simpsonichthys ilheusensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Lima [S. M. Q.] 2010:206, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 21 (no. 3); ref. 31041] Temporary pools inside forest, near the road BA-001, 14°35'36"S, 39°03'40"W, Município de Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias ilheusensis (Costa & Lima 2010). Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodplains of small coastal river about 700 meter from the shore, Município de Ilhéus, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophthalmolebias perpendicularis (Costa et al., 2001) [=Simpsonichthys perpendicularis Costa [W. J. E. M.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & de Luca [A. C.] 2001:26, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 4 (no. 26); ref. 25934] Poça temporária perto do ribeirão do Salto, Estrada entre Itarantim e Jordânia, about 6 kilometers de Jordânia, bacia deo rio Jequitinhonha, Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias perpendicularis (Costa, Nielsen & de Luca 2001). Rivulidae. Distribution: Jequitinhonha River basin, Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophthalmolebias rosaceus (Costa et al., 2001) [=Simpsonichthys rosaceus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Nielsen [D. T. B.] & de Luca [A. C.] 2001:28, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 4 (no. 26); ref. 25934] Poça temporária perto do rio Pardo, estrada entre Potiguará e Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil [ca. 15°30'S, 39°50'W, elevation about 170 m]. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias rosaceus (Costa, Nielsen & de Luca 2001). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Pardo River basin in Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Ophthalmolebias suzarti (Costa, 2004) [=Simpsonichthys suzarti Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 468; ref. 27569] Temporary pool near Canavieiras, rio Pardo floodplains, about 15°45'S, 39°00'W, northeastern Brazil, elevation about 4 meters. Current status: Valid as Ophthalmolebias suzarti (Costa 2004). Rivulidae. Distribution: Pardo River floodplains, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Papiliolebias Costa, 1998 - killifishes [=Papiliolebias (subgenus of Plesiolebias) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1998:319] Notes: [ref. 23324]. Masc. Plesiolebias bitteri Costa 1989. Type by monotypy (also monotypic). •Valid as Papiliolebias Costa 1998 -- (Costa 1998:81 [ref. 23792], Lazara 2001:249 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:532 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Azpelicueta et al. 2009:313 [ref. 30672], Huber 2012:14 [ref .32947], Nielsen & Brousseau 2014:53 [ref. 33146], Valdesalici & Brousseau 2014:117 [ref. 33449]). Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias Costa 1998. Rivulidae.

Species Papiliolebias ashleyae Neilsen & Brousseau, 2014 [=Papiliolebias ashleyae Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Brousseau [R.] 2014:54, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 33146] Departamento Santa Cruz, north of San José dos Chiquitos, Rio San Pablo, upper Rio Mamoré basin, 17°18’22.7"S, 60°38’36.0"W, Bolivia, elevation 313 meters. Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias ashleyae Nielsen & Brousseau 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Mamoré basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater. Species Papiliolebias bitteri (Costa, 1989) [=Plesiolebias bitteri Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:195, Fig. 1] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 2 (no. 10); ref. 14436] 64 kilometers north of Mariscal Estigarribia, 21°03'S, 60°30'W, Nueva Asunción, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias bitteri (Costa 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Bolivia and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Papiliolebias francescae Valdesalici & Brousseau, 2014 [=Papiliolebias francescae Valdesalici [S.] & Brousseau [R.] 2014:117, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 3); ref. 33449] Departamento Santa Cruz, Ñuflo de Chávez Province, south of San Ramon, seasonal pools in the Rio San Pablo drainage, Rio Madeira River basin, 16°39’47"S, 62°31’19"W, Bolivia, altitude 240 meters. Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias francescae Valdesalici & Brousseau 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal pools in the Rio San Pablo drainage, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Papiliolebias habluetzeli Valdesalici et al., 2016 [=Papiliolebias habluetzeli Valdesalici [S.], Nielsen [D. T. B.], Brousseau [R.] & Phunkner [J.] 2016:156, Figs. 1-5] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 34860] Seasonal pool, about 30 km north of Trinidad, Rio Mamoré basin, Departamento Beni, northern Bolivia, 14°33'16'S, 64°52'04'W. Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias habluetzeli Valdesalici, Nielsen, Brousseau & Phunkner 2016. Rivulidae. Distribution: Rio Mamoré basin, Beni, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Papiliolebias hatinne Azpelicueta et al., 2009 [=Papiliolebias hatinne Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Butí [C.] & García [G.] 2009:314, Figs, 1, 3, 5] Notes: [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 116 (no. 3-4); ref. 30672] Río Bermejo basin, temporary pond at side of Ruta Nacional 34, 5 killometers north of Embarcación, close to 23°15'S, 64°07'W, Salta Province, Agentina. Current status: Valid as Papiliolebias hatinne Azpelicueta, Butí & García 2009. Rivulidae. Distribution: Río Bermejo basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Costa, 1989 - killifishes [=Pituna Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:225] Notes: [ref. 14270]. Fem. Pituna poranga Costa 1989. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Pituna Costa 1989 -- (Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa 1998:80 [ref. 23792], Costa 1998:140 [ref. 23879], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:251 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:532 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2007:4 [ref. 28993], Huber 2012:14 [ref. 32947]). Current status: Valid as Pituna Costa 1989. Rivulidae.

Species Pituna brevirostrata Costa, 2007 [=Pituna brevirostrata Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:6, Figs. 2-3] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Goiânia, rio Meia Ponte flodplains, rio Paranaíba drainage, 16°38'29.8"S, 49°15'28.4"W, Estaqdo de Goiás, Brazil, elevation about 750 meters. Current status: Valid as Pituna brevirostrata Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary lagoon in Meia Ponte River floodplains, city of Goiânia, Goiás, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pituna compacta (Myers, 1927) [=Rivulus compactus Myers [G. S.] 1927:120] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 19 (no. 109); ref. 3098] Rio Tocantins basin, Porto Nacional, Goays [now Estado do Tocantins], Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pituna compacta (Myers 1927). Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia-Tocantins, Xingú and Paranaíba River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Pituna obliquoseriata Costa, 2007 [=Pituna obliquoseriata Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:16, Fig. 10] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Road MT-326, 15-16 kilometers from right ban of rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, about 14°00'S, 51°40'W, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pituna obliquoseriata Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary swamp near das Mortes River, Araguaía River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pituna poranga Costa, 1989 [=Pituna poranga Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:226, Fig. 3] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 49 (no. 1); ref. 14270] Aruanã, Goiás, Brazil, about 15°00'S, 51°00'W. Current status: Valid as Pituna poranga Costa 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia basin, Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pituna schindleri Costa, 2007 [=Pituna schindleri Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:13, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Road BR-343, 26 kilometers northwest from Camp Maior, rio Corrente drainage, rio Paraníba basin, about 4°30'S, 42°00'W, Estado do Piauí, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pituna schindleri Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal pools in lower Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pituna xinguensis Costa & Nielsen, in Costa, 2007 [=Pituna xinguensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] in Costa 2007:20, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Temporary pool in island, rio Xingú, in front of Altamira, 3°13'34.6"S, 52°12'26.1"W, Estado do Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pituna xinguensis Costa & Nielsen 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary swamp on a Xingú River island near Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Plesiolebias Costa, 1989 - killifishes [=Plesiolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:193] Notes: [ref. 14436]. Masc. Cynolebias xavantei Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki 1988. Type by original designation. Date of publication is 1989. Also appeared in Costa 1990 (28 Feb.):86 [ref. 16650]. •Valid as Plesiolebias Costa 1989 -- (Costa 1991 [ref. 13611], Costa 1995:24 [ref. 22097], Costa 1995:73 [ref. 21612], Costa 1998:318 [ref. 23324], Costa 1998:81 [ref. 23792], Costa 1998:140 [ref. 23879], Britski et al. 1999:139 [ref. 24147], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:257 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:533 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2007:20 [ref. 28993], Huber 2012:14 [ref. 32947]). Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias Costa 1989. Rivulidae.

Species Plesiolebias altamira Costa & Nielsen, in Costa, 2007 [=Plesiolebias altamira Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] in Costa 2007:25, Figs. 16-17] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Temporary pool in island, rio Xingú, in front of Altamira, 3°13'34.6"S, 52°12'26.1"W, Estado do Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias altamira Costa & Nielsen 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal pools near Altamira, Xingú River drainage, Amazon River basin, Estado do Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias aruana (Lazara, 1991) [=Cynolebias aruana Lazara [K. J.] 1991:147, Figs. 4-5] Notes: [Journal of the American Killifish Association v. 23 (no. 5); ref. 20508] Temporary pool, Aruana, Goiás State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias aruana (Lazara 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia-Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias canabravensis Costa & Nielsen, in Costa, 2007 [=Plesiolebias canabravensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] in Costa 2007:31, Figs. 20-21] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Temporary lagoon in left rio Canabrava floodplains, rio Santa Tereza drainage, rio Tocantins basin, road TO-373, between Alvorada and Peixe, 12°29'46.3"S, 49°00'50.7"W, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, elevation 292 meters. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias canabravensis Costa & Nielsen 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal lagoon near Canabrava River, Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias filamentosus Costa & Brasil, in Costa, 2007 [=Plesiolebias filamentosus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] in Costa 2007:27] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Sampaio, temporary pool in rio Tocantins floodplains, about 1.5 kilometers from left river bank, 5°16'58"S, 47°53'30"W, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil, elevation 102 meters. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias filamentosus Costa & Brasil 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Temporary pools, middle Tocantins River floodplains, between Itaguatins and Sampaio, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias fragilis Costa, 2007 [=Plesiolebias fragilis Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:21, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 1410; ref. 28993] Temporary pool in left rio Formoso floodplains, rio Javaés drainage, rio Araguaia basin, road BR-242, between Formoso do Araguaia and São João do Havaés, 11°47'31.6"S, 49°45'54.7"W, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias fragilis Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Seasonal swamps of the middle Araguaia basin, Estado do Tocantins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias glaucopterus (Costa & Lacerda, 1989) [=Cynolebias glaucopterus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Lacerda [M. T. C.] 1989:16, Cynolebias pantanalensis Seegers [L.] 1988:31, Figs. 1-2, 4] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 5; ref. 19792] Temporary pool, Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias glaucopterus (Costa & Lacerda 1989). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. (pantanalensis) [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 41 (no. 4); ref. 9098] Transpantaneira road, between Poconé and Corumbá, 16°43'S, 56°50'W, Sararé River, trib of Paraguay River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Plesiolebias glaucopterus (Costa & Lacerda 1989). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa, 1989 [=Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1989:196, Fig. 2] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 2 (no. 10); ref. 14436] Near Rio das Mortes, close to road to Cocalinhos, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias lacerdai Costa 1989. Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Plesiolebias xavantei (Costa et al., 1988) [=Cynolebias xavantei Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lacerda [M. T. C.] & Tanizaki [K.] 1988:123, Figs. 1-8] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 14 (no. 4) (1987); ref. 6372] Swamp near Porto Nacional, 10°43'S, 48°24'W, Goiás [now Tocantins] State, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Plesiolebias xavantei (Costa, Lacerda & Tanizaki 1988). Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Prorivulus Costa et al, in Costa, 2004 - killifishes [=Prorivulus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lima [S. M. Q.] & Suzart [R.] in Costa 2004:3] Notes: [ref. 27874]. Masc. Prorivulus auriferus Costa, Lima & Suzart 2004. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivulus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Valid as Prorivulus Costa, Lima & Suzart 2004 -- (Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Prorivulus Costa, Lima & Suzart 2004. Rivulidae.

Species Prorivulus auriferus Costa et al., in Costa, 2004 [=Prorivulus auriferus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Lima [S. M. Q.] & Suzart [R.] in Costa 2004:3, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa No. 642; ref. 27874] Valença, coastal stream, (24L 0503477 UTM 8505050), Estado da Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Prorivulus auriferus Costa, Lima & Suzart 2004. Rivulidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Pterolebias Garman, 1895 - killifishes [=Pterolebias Garman [S.] 1895:141, Notes: [ref. 1538]. Masc. Pterolebias longipinnis Garman 1895. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Pterolebias Garman 1895 -- (Parenti 1981:485 [ref. 7066], Costa 1988 [ref. 14438], Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa et al. 1996:91 [ref. 22215], Costa 1998:77 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Britski et al. 1999:139 [ref. 24147], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:263 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:533 [ref. 27061], Costa 2003:156 [ref. 27616], Schindler 2004:71 [ref. 28034], Costa 2005:8 [ref. 28393], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Pterolebias Garman 1895. Rivulidae.

Species Pterolebias hoignei Thomerson, 1974 [=Pterolebias hoignei Thomerson [J. E.] 1974:31, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1974 (no. 1); ref. 7544] Temporary pond, about 1 kilometer north of Caño Benito, Estado Cojedes, Venezuela, 9°16'N, 68°09'W. Current status: Valid as Pterolebias hoignei Thomerson 1974. Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterolebias longipinnis Garman, 1895 [=Pterolebias longipinnis Garman [S.] 1895:142, Pl. 3 (fig. 14), Pterolebias bokermanni Travassos [H.] 1955:35, Figs. 1-2, Rivulichthys luelingi Meinken [H.] 1969:423, Fig. 4] Notes: [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 19 (pt 1); ref. 1538] Santarém, Amazon River basin, Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterolebias longipinnis Garman 1895. Rivulidae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (bokermanni) [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 12534] Guajará-Mirim River floodplains, Madeira River drainage, Amazon basin, Guaporé [now Rondônia], Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Pterolebias longipinnis Garman 1895. Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater. (luelingi) [Bonner Zoologische Beiträge v. 20 (no. 4); ref. 7832] Río Chaparé, about 4 kilometers from village of Todos Santos, Rio Mamoré drainage, Depto. Cochabamba, eastern Bolivia. Current status: Synonym of Pterolebias longipinnis Garman 1895. Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Pterolebias phasianus Costa, 1988 [=Pterolebias phasianus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1988:658, Fig. 1] Notes: [Journal of Zoology (London) v. 215 (pt 4); ref. 14438] Lagoon at Cáceres, Rio Cuiabá [correctly Paraguay River] floodplains, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Pterolebias phasianus Costa 1988. Rivulidae. Distribution: Middle Paraguay River basin: Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rachovia Myers, 1927 - killifishes [=Rachovia Myers [G. S.] 1927:119] Notes: [ref. 3098]. Fem. Rivulus brevis Regan 1912. Type by original designation. •Valid as Rachovia Myers 1927 -- (Taphorn & Thomerson 1978:387 [ref. 4337], Parenti 1981:486 [ref. 7066], Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650], Costa 1998:80 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:265 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:533 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Rachovia Myers 1927. Rivulidae.

Species Rachovia brevis (Regan, 1912) [=Rivulus brevis Regan [C. T.] 1912:504, Rachovia splendens Dahl [G.] 1958:43] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 10 (no. 59); ref. 3648] Colombia. Current status: Valid as Rachovia brevis (Regan 1912). Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena River and Lake Maracaibo basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (splendens) [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 12064] Semi-permanent pond at Sincelejo, northern Colombia. Current status: Synonym of Rachovia brevis (Regan 1912). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rachovia hummelincki de Beaufort, 1940 [=Rachovia hummelincki de Beaufort [L. F.] 1940:110 [4], Pl. 10b] Notes: [Freshwater fishes from the Leeward Group, Venezuela and eastern Colombia v. 2; ref. 13161] Poza de San Antonio, east of Carirubana, Paraguaná, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Rachovia hummelincki de Beaufort 1940. Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena River and Lake Maracaibo basins: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rachovia maculipinnis (Radda, 1964) [=Pterolebias maculipinnis Radda [A. C.] (ex Weibezahn) 1964:41, Fig.] Notes: [Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift v. 17 (no. 2); ref. 19907] Roadside pool in Rio Pao drainage, 9°16'15"N, 68°09'00"W, on road from Tinaco to el Baul, Cojedes, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Rachovia maculipinnis (Radda 1964). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978 [=Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 1978:403, Fig. 9c] Notes: [Acta Biologica Venezuelica v. 9 (no. 4); ref. 4337] Pool west of Lake Maracaibo, Guamo road near Hacienda Berlin, between San Felipe and Jaguasito, Zulia, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Rachovia pyropunctata Taphorn & Thomerson 1978. Rivulidae. Distribution: Lake Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Renova Thomerson & Taphorn, 1995 [=Renova Thomerson [J. E.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1995:186] Notes: [ref. 21879]. Renova oscari Thomerson & Taphorn 1995. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Renova Thomerson & Taphorn 1995 -- (Costa 1998:79 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Murphy et al. 1999:296 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:267 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Renova Thomerson & Taphorn 1995. Rivulidae.

Species Renova oscari Thomerson & Taphorn, 1995 [=Renova oscari Thomerson [J. E.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 1995:187, Fig. 1] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 21879] Southwestern edge of Isla Raton near the village of Sabanita, upper Río Orinoco, 5°05'N, 67°48'W, Amazonas, Venezuela. Current status: Valid as Renova oscari Thomerson & Taphorn 1995. Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Rivulus Poey, 1860 - killifishes, rivuluses, rivulids [=Rivulus Poey [F.] 1860:307] Notes: [ref. 3499]. Masc. Rivulus cylindraceus Poey 1860. Type by monotypy. Huber 2012 [ref. 32947] (in basically a private journal) regards some taxa as synonyms of Rivulus based on a reappraisal of Rivilus with a morphological and molecular analysis; it is considered premature as are the works by Costa himself. •Valid Rivulus Poey 1860 -- (Bussing 1980 [ref. 8732], Parenti 1981:481 [ref. 7066], Fels & Huber 1985:33 [ref. 8162], Costa 1989 [ref. 14319], Costa 1990:85 [ref. 16650], Huber 1991 [ref. 19721], Costa 1991:328 [ref. 20644], Costa 1991 [ref. 20033], Huber 1992 [ref. 20639], Costa 1995:207 [ref. 21883], Costa 1998:77 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:29 [ref. 23834], Britski et al. 1999:138 [ref. 24147], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:216 [ref. 24550], Murphy et al. 1999:289 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711], Costa 2002:917 [ref. 26505], Ghedotti & Wiley 2003:1146 [ref. 27019], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:534 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27570], Costa 2004:9 [ref. 27656], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Hrbek et al. 2004:569 [ref. 27910], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394], Suijker & Collier 2006:2 [ref. 28729], Lasso-Alcalá et. al. 2006:21 [ref. 28744], Costa 2006:137 [ref. 28875] with 2 subgenera, Costa 2007:175 [ref. 29203], Costa 2007:123 [ref. 29225], Scharpf 2007:11 [ref. 30398], Costa 2008:313 [ref. 29388], Costa 2008:345 [ref. 29385], Costa 2008:351 [ref. 29384], Costa & Brasil 2008:82 [ref. 29541], Costa 2008:85 [ref. 29717], Costa 2008:91 [ref. 29718], Costa & Lazzarotto 2008:129 [ref. 29870], Costa 2008:135 [ref. 29871], Costa & Vono 2009:7 [ref. 30258], Costa & Lanés 2009:92 [ref. 30256], Minckley & Marsh 2009:228 [ref. 31114], Costa 2010:365 [ref. 30690], Costa 2010:79 [ref. 30788], Costa 2010:193 [ref. 30143], Costa & De Luca 2011:289 [ref. 31185], Costa & De Luca 2011:353 [ref. 31193], Bragança & Costa 2011:369 [ref. 31195], Valdesalici et al. 2011:105 [ref. 31381], Schindler & Valdesalici 2011:109 [ref. 31382], Costa 2011:185 [ref. 31358], Costa: 2011:238 [ref. 31655], Valdesalici & Schindler 2011:313 [ref. 31673], Huber 2012:14 [ref. 32947], Vermeulen et al. 2013:187 [ref. 32954], de León et al. 2014:404 [ref. 33593], Silva 2015:289 [ref. 33779]). Current status: Valid as Rivulus Poey 1860. Rivulidae.

Species Rivulus azurescens Vermeulen, 2013 [=Rivulus azurescens Vermeulen [F. B. M.] 2013:unnumbered 6th page] Notes: [Killi-Data Series 2013; ref. 33089] Antioquia, little mountain creek opposite to the entrance of Rancho San Silvestre, 4 km before Doradal, on the left side of the road 60, from Medellin to Puerto Triunfo, Magdalena River basin, Colombia, 05°54'93"N, 7°46'85"W, elevation 353 meters. Current status: Valid as Rivulus azurescens Vermeulen 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus berovidesi Silva, 2015 [=Rivulus berovidesi Silva [R. R.] 2015:290, Figs. 2-6] Notes: [Zootaxa 3949 (no. 2); ref. 33779] Sierra de Cajalbana, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba, 22.0°46'31.7"N, -83.0°26'31.7"W. Current status: Valid as Rivulus berovidesi Silva 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Cuba. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus cylindraceus Poey, 1860 [=Rivulus cylindraceus Poey [F.] 1860:308, 383, Rivulus insulaepinorum de la Cruz [J.] & Dubitsky [A. M.] 1976:2] Notes: [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Stream at Mordazo, near Havana, Cuba. Current status: Valid as Rivulus cylindraceus Poey 1860. Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal river basins, Cuba. Habitat: freshwater. (insulaepinorum) [Poeyana, Series A, Instituto de Biologia No. 155; ref. 7324] 3 kilometers north of Cayo Piedras, La Fe, Isle of Pines, Cuba. Current status: Synonym of Rivulus cylindraceus Poey 1860. Rivulidae. Distribution: Coastal drainages of Isle of Pines, Cuba (if valid). Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus pivijay Vermeulen, 2013 [=Rivulus pivijay Vermeulen [F. B. M.] 2013:unnumbered 9th page] Notes: [Killi-Data Series 2013; ref. 33089] Swamp on 28.3 km at the right side of road Fundación-Pivijay, south of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Magdalena River system, Colombia, 10°28'25"N, 74°26'45"W, elevation 7 meters. Current status: Valid as Rivulus pivijay Vermeulen 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Magdalena River system, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus ribesrubrum Vermeulen, 2013 [=Rivulus ribesrubrum Vermeulen [F. B. M.] 2013:unnumbered 12th page] Notes: [Killi-Data Series 2013; ref. 33089] Caldas, San Miguel, small clear water creek, tributary of right bank of upper río La Miel, Colombia, 05°36'28"N, 74°99'35"W, elevation 290 meters. Current status: Valid as Rivulus ribesrubrum Vermeulen 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus roloffi Roloff, 1938 [=Rivulus roloffi Roloff [E.] (ex Trewavas) 1938:597, Fig. 2] Notes: [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 35 (no. 38); ref. 20645] Small brook at Arbol Plantation, near Villa Altagracia [Villa Alta Gracia], on road between Ciudad Trujilio [Santo Domingo de Guzmán] and Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, 18°41'39"N, 70°11'15"W. Current status: Valid as Rivulus roloffi Roloff 1938. Rivulidae. Distribution: River basins of Dominican Republic. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Rivulus xi Vermeulen, 2013 [=Rivulus xi Vermeulen [F. B. M.] 2013:unnumbered 15th page, Figs. 8-9] Notes: [Killi-Data Series 2013; ref. 33089] Santander, quebrada Playoncito, tributary of río Betania, 40 km N from San Alberto to El Playón, Magdalena River basin, Colombia, 07°33'50"N, 73°13'90"W, elevation 588 meters. Current status: Valid as Rivulus xi Vermeulen 2013. Cynolebiidae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Simpsonichthys Carvalho, 1959 - killifishes, pearlfishes [=Simpsonichthys Carvalho [A. L. de] 1959:2] Notes: [ref. 736]. Masc. Simpsonichthys boitonei Carvalho 1959. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066], Costa 1989:183 [ref. 14323], Costa 1990:86 [ref. 16650], Costa 1995:33 [ref. 22097]). •Valid as Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959 -- (Costa et al. 1996:17 [ref. 22219], Costa & Brasil 1996:93 [ref. 22917], Costa 1996:129 [ref. 25271], Costa & Nielsen 2000:7 [ref. 24442], Costa 2000:8 [ref. 25933], Lazara 2001:269 [ref. 25711], Costa et al. 2001:24 [ref. 25934], Costa 2002:917 [ref. 26505], Costa 2003:31 [ref. 26768], Costa et al. 2003:139 [ref. 26946], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:540 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27569], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Costa & Brasil 2004:1 [ref. 28012], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2005:58 [ref. 28575], Costa & Brasil 2006:42 [ref. 28725], Costa 2006:25 [ref. 28771], Costa 2006:16, 17 [ref. 28620] with subgenera, Costa & Brasil 2006:221 [ref. 28843], Costa & Brasil 2007:57 [ref. 29215], Costa 2007:200 [ref. 29338], Costa 2007:7, 25 [ref. 29445], Costa 2008:155 [ref. 29874], Costa & Brasil 2008:245 [ref. 29968], Costa 2009:149 [ref. 30511], Costa 2010:73 [ref. 30777], Nielsen et al. 2010:51 [ref. 30828], Costa 2010:1996 [ref. 30858], Costa & Lima 2010:205 [ref. 31041], Costa 2012:313 [ref. 31750], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Ponzetto et al. 2016:[2] [ref. 34144] as paraphyletic). Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959. Rivulidae.

Species Simpsonichthys boitonei Carvalho, 1959 [=Simpsonichthys boitonei Carvalho [A. L. de] 1959:5, Figs.] Notes: [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 201; ref. 736] Temporary pool, central high flat land of Goiás State [now Distrito Federal], about 15°45'S, 48°00'W, Brazil, elevation 1100 meters. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys boitonei Carvalho 1959. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper São Bartolomeu River drainage, upper Paraná River, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys cholopteryx Costa et al., 2003 [=Simpsonichthys cholopteryx Costa [W. J. E. M.], Moreira [C. R.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2003:140, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 26946] Rio Araguaia basin, on road MT 100, 31 kilometers south of Alto Araguaia, 17°33'38.5"S, 53°18'33.1"W, Ribeirão do Sapo, Estado de Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys cholopteryx Costa, Moreira & Lima 2003. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Mato Grosso, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys espinhacensis Nielsen et al., 2017 [=Simpsonichthys espinhacensis Nielsen [D. T. B.], Pessali [T. C.] & Dutra [G. M.] 2017:166, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Zootaxa 4263 (no. 1); ref. 35304] Vereda Volta da Capoeira, tributary of Ribeirão da Areia, Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Olhos D ́água, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 17°15'29.54"S, 43°43'10.10"W, elevation 775-800 meters. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys espinhacensis Nielsen, Pessali & Dutra 2017. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Rio Jequitinhonha basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys margaritatus Costa, 2012 [=Simpsonichthys margaritatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2012:314, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 31750] Floodplains of Verde River, a tributary of Paranaíba River, upper Paraná River basin, Municipío de Serranópolis, Estado de Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys margaritatus Costa 2012. Rivulidae. Distribution: Floodplains of the Verde River, upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus Costa, 2007 [=Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2007:200, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 29338] Temporary swamp, near the road GO-050, Chapadão do Céu, 18°33'02.0"S, 52°37'43.1"W, Floodplains of rio da Prata, rio Aporé drainage, upper rio Paraná basin, Estado de Goiás, Brazil, elevation 778 meters. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys nigromaculatus Costa 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Prata River floodplains, Aporé River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys parallelus Costa, 2000 [=Simpsonichthys parallelus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2000:13, Figs. 7-8] Notes: [Aquarium (Brasil) v. 3 (no. 25); ref. 25933] Alagado sazonal na várzea do rio Formoso, um tributário do rio Correntes, Estado de Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys parallelus Costa 2000. Rivulidae. Distribution: Formoso River, Goiás, rio Paranaíba drainage, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys punctulatus Costa & Brasil, 2007 [=Simpsonichthys punctulatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2007:58, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Vertebrate Zoology v. 57 (no. 1); ref. 29215] Temporary swamp adjacent to a stream tributary fo rio Bezerra, rio Preto drainage, rio São Francisco basin, near road BR-020, 15°33'01.0"S, 47°10'33.2"W, Município de Formosa, Goiás, Brazil, elevation 901 meters. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys punctulatus Costa & Brasil 2007. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tributary of Bezerra River, upper Paracatu River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Goiás, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys santanae (Shibatta & Garavello, 1992) [=Cynolebias santanae Shibatta [O. A.] & Garavello [J. C.] 1992:182, Fig. 5] Notes: [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências de PUCRS. v. 5 (no. 11); ref. 21420] Right bank of ribeirão Sant'ana [Santana], Distrito Federal, 750 meters from border of Distrito Federal with Goiás, Brazil, [16°02'31"S, 47°45'38"W]. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys santanae (Shibatta & Garavello 1992). Rivulidae. Distribution: Ribeirão Santana floodplains, upper Paraná River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Simpsonichthys zonatus (Costa & Brasil, 1990) [=Cynolebias zonatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 1990:16, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 14543] Garapuava District, County of Unaí, Minas Gerai State, Brazil, [ca. 18°00'S, 46°45'W]. Current status: Valid as Simpsonichthys zonatus (Costa & Brasil 1990). Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Urucuia River drainage, São Francisco River basin, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Spectrolebias Costa & Nielsen, 1997 - killifishes [=Spectrolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 1997:258] Notes: [ref. 22744]. Spectrolebias semiocellatus Costa & Nielsen 1997. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959, but a valid subgenus Spectrolebias -- (Costa 2006:17 [ref. 28620], Costa 2007:42 [ref. 29445], Costa & Brasil 2008:245 [ref. 29968], Costa 2010:1997 [ref. 30858]), •Valid as Spectrolebias Costa & Nielsen 1997 – (Costa 1998:74 [ref. 23792], Lazara 2001:301 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:542 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Nielsen 2013:81 [ref. 32696], Nielsen & Brousseau 2013:115 [ref. 32794], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309], Nielsen & Pillet 2015:180 [ref. 34009], Ponzetto et al. 2016:[7] [ref. 34144] as paraphyletic). Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias Costa & Nielsen 1997. Rivulidae.

Species Spectrolebias bellidoi Nielsen & Pillet, 2015 [=Spectrolebias bellidoi Nielsen [D. T. B.] & Pillet [D.] 2015:181, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 4); ref. 34009] Departamento de Santa Cruz de La Sierra, temporary pool at Río Grande basin (trib. Río Mamoré basin), Bolivia, 18°39'26.2"S, 62°58'0.2"W, altitude 366 meters. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias bellidoi Nielsen & Pillet 2015. Rivulidae. Distribution: Upper Río Grande, Río Mamoré basin, Amazon basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias brousseaui Nielsen, 2013 [=Spectrolebias brousseaui Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2013:82, Fig. 1] Notes: [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 32696] 47.5 km north of San José dos Chiqiutos, pool near of rio San Pablo, tributary of rio Mamoré, 17°25'31"S, 60°40'44"W. Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias brousseaui Nielsen 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tributary of rio Mamoré, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias chacoensis (Amato, 1986) [=Cynolebias chacoensis Amato [L. H.] 1986:10, Pl. 5 (fig. 8), Pl. 6 (fig. 9)] Notes: [Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo v. 11 (no. 162); ref. 9170] Charca Topógrafo Acevedo, Nueva Asunción, Paraguay [ca. 21°00'S, 60°00'W]. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias chacoensis (Amato 1986). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, northern Paraguay and northern Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias costai (Lazara, 1991) [=Cynolebias costai Lazara [K. J.] 1991:144, Figs. 3, 5] Notes: [Journal of the American Killifish Association v. 23 (no. 5); ref. 20508] Temporary pool, Aruanã, Goiás State, Brazil [14°57'05"S, 51°01'23.7"W, elevation 243 meters]. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias costai (Lazara 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia and Tocantins River basins, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias filamentosus (Costa et al., 1997) [=Simpsonichthys filamentosus Costa [W. J. E. M.], Barrera [S.] & Sarmiento [J.] 1997:84, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 24 (no. 3-4); ref. 23467] Swamp near Rio San Pablo, Rio Mamoré basin, about 15°37'S, 63°35'W, about 60 kilometers north of Ascencion de Guarayos, route Santa Cruz-Trinidad, Depto. de Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias filamentosus (Costa, Barrera & Sarmiento 1997). Rivulidae. Distribution: Mamoré River and Beni River drainages, Madeira River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias inaequipinnatus (Costa & Brasil, 2008) [=Simpsonichthys inaequipinnatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Brasil [G. C.] 2008:246, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 29968] Seasonal pool in the right bank floodplains of the Tocantins River, 5°20'12"S, 47°51'36"W, Município de Cidelândia, Estado do Maranhão, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias inaequipinnatus (Costa & Brasil 2008). Rivulidae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Spectrolebias pilleti Nielsen & Brousseau, 2013 [=Spectrolebias pilleti Nielsen [C. T. B.] & Brousseau [R.] 2013:117, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 32794] Departamento Santa Cruz, Quimone city, 45.40 km west of San José dos Chiquitos, temporary pool near the río Quimone, the río San Pablo basin, (17°42’48.1"S, 61°08’56.1"W), Bolivia, altitude 263 meters. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias pilleti Nielsen & Brousseau 2013. Rivulidae. Distribution: Río San Pablo basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias reticulatus (Costa & Nielsen, 2003) [=Simpsonichthys reticulatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 2003:120, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 27246] Altamira, about 3°15'S, 52°20'W [3°13'34.5"S, 52°12'26.1"W], Estado do Pará, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias reticulatus (Costa & Nielsen 2003). Rivulidae. Distribution: Lower Xingú River floodplains, Brazilian Amazon, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Spectrolebias semiocellatus Costa & Nielsen, 1997 [=Spectrolebias semiocellatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Nielsen [D. T. B.] 1997:259, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 22744] Rio Araguaia Basin, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Spectrolebias semiocellatus (Costa & Nielsen 1997). Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, central Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Stenolebias Costa, 1995 - killifishes, rivulids [=Stenolebias Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1995:70] Notes: [ref. 21612]. Plesiolebias damascenoi Costa 1991. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Stenolebias Costa 1995 -- (Costa 1998:81 [ref. 23792], Costa 1998:140 [ref. 23879], Lazara 2001:303 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:542 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Stenolebias Costa 1995. Rivulidae.

Species Stenolebias bellus Costa, 1995 [=Stenolebias bellus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1995:71, Figs. 11-12] Notes: [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 21 (nos 3-4) (1994); ref. 21612] Temporary floodplains of Rio Miranda, about 5 kilometers south of Miranda, 20°17'S, 56°17'W, Estado de Mato Grosso de Sul, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Stenolebias bellus Costa 1995. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Stenolebias damascenoi (Costa, 1991) [=Plesiolebias damascenoi Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1991:375, Figs. 14-15] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 13611] Temporary pool, Poconé-Porto Cercado road, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Stenolebias damascenoi (Costa 1991). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Terranatos Taphorn & Thomerson, 1978 - sabrefin killifishes [=Terranatos Taphorn [D. C.] & Thomerson [J. E.] 1978:384] Notes: [ref. 4337]. Masc. Austrofundulus dolichopterus Weitzman & Wourms 1967. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Cynolebias Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 1981:490 [ref. 7066] as Terranotus). •Valid as Terranotos Taphorn & Thomerson 1978 -- (Costa 1990:86 [ref. 16650], Costa 1995:19 [ref. 22097], Costa 1998:80 [ref. 23792], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:305 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:543 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:15 [ref. 28394], Costa 2012:313 [ref. 31750]). Current status: Valid as Terranatos Taphorn & Thomerson 1978. Rivulidae.

Species Terranatos dolichopterus (Weitzman & Wourms, 1967) [=Austrofundulus dolichopterus Weitzman [S. H.] & Wourms [J. P.] 1967:95, Figs. 1-2] Notes: [Copeia 1967 (no. 1); ref. 12488] Temporary pond south of Caño Benito, El Pao, Cojedes, Venezuela, 9°19'N, 68°09'W. Current status: Valid as Terranatos dolichopterus (Weitzman & Wourms 1967). Rivulidae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Trigonectes Myers, 1925 - killifishes [=Trigonectes Myers [G. S.] 1925:371, Rivulichthys Myers [G. S.] 1927:118] Notes: [ref. 5744]. Masc. Trigonectes strigabundus Myers 1925. Type regarded as by monotypy; possible synonyms mentioned. Also appeared in more detail in Myers 1927:128-129 [ref. 3098]. •Valid as Trigonectes Myers 1925 -- (Parenti 1981:484 [ref. 7066], Costa 1990:137 [ref. 14542], Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa 1998:78 [ref. 23792], Huber 1999:40 [ref. 23834], Britski et al. 1999:140 [ref. 24147], Murphy et al. 1999:293 [ref. 25492], Lazara 2001:309 [ref. 25711], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:543 [ref. 27061], Costa 2004:2 [ref. 27874], Huber 2005:14 [ref. 28394]). Current status: Valid as Trigonectes Myers 1925. Rivulidae. (Rivulichthys) [ref. 3098]. Masc. Rivulus rondoni Miranda Ribeiro 1920. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Trigonectes Myers 1925 -- (Parenti 1981:484 [ref. 7066], Costa 1990:137 [ref. 14542], Costa 1990:87 [ref. 16650], Costa 1998:78 [ref. 23792], Costa in Reis et al. 2003:543 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Trigonectes Myers 1925, but a valid subgenus Rivulichthys -- (Lazara 2001:309 [ref. 25711]). Current status: Synonym of Trigonectes Myers 1925. Rivulidae.

Species Trigonectes aplocheiloides Huber, 1995 [=Trigonectes aplocheiloides Huber [J. H.] 1995:17, Fig. 8] Notes: [Killi-Contact - Périodique bimestriel Spec. publ.; ref. 22880] 74 kilometers from Mariscal Estigarribia in the direction of Americo Picco, 21.30°S, 60.51°W, Paraguay. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes aplocheiloides Huber 1995. Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trigonectes balzanii (Perugia, 1891) [=Haplochilus balzanii Perugia [A.] 1891:653 [53], Rivulus rondoni Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1920:7, Unnum. Pls. 1-2] Notes: [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Rio Paraguay at Villa Maria, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes balzanii (Perugia 1891). Rivulidae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin: Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater. (rondoni) [Peixes (excl. Characinidae) No. 58 (Annexo 5); ref. 3727] Cáceres, antiga Villa Maria, Matto Grosso, Lagoa da Imbaúva, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Trigonectes balzanii (Perugia 1891). Rivulidae. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trigonectes macrophthalmus Costa, 1990 [=Trigonectes macrophthalmus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1990:141, Fig. 11] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 14542] Forte Príncipe da Beira, Rondônia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes macrophthalmus Costa 1990. Rivulidae. Distribution: Guaporé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trigonectes rogoaguae (Pearson & Myers, Pearson, 1924) [=Rivulus rogoaguae Pearson [N. E.] & Myers [G. S.] in Pearson 1924:51] Notes: [Indiana University Studies v. 11 (no. 64); ref. 3396] Lago Rogoagua, Bolivia. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes rogoaguae (Pearson & Myers 1924). Rivulidae. Distribution: Mamoré River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Trigonectes rubromarginatus Costa, 1990 [=Trigonectes rubromarginatus Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1990:145, Figs. 13-14] Notes: [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 1 (no. 2); ref. 14542] Aruana, Goiás, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes rubromarginatus Costa 1990. Rivulidae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Trigonectes strigabundus Myers, 1925 [=Trigonectes strigabundus Myers [G. S.] 1925:371] Notes: [The Fish Culturist v. 4 (no. 8); ref. 5744] Porto Nacional, Rio Tocantins, Goiaz, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Trigonectes strigabundus Myers 1925. Rivulidae. Distribution: Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

GENUS Xenurolebias Costa, 2006 - killifishes [=Xenurolebias (subgenus of Simpsonichthys) Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2006:16] Notes: [ref. 28620]. Masc. Simpsonichthys myersi Carvalho 1959. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Simpsonichthys Carvalho 1959 but a valid subgenus Xenurolebias as described -- (Costa 2007:7 [ref. 29445], Costa 2010:1997 [ref. 30858], Costa 2014:25 [ref. 33309]). •Valid as Xenurolebias Costa 2006 -- (Costa & Amorim 2014:350 [ref. 33343], Ponzetto et al. 2016:[7] [ref. 34144]). Current status: Valid as Xenurolebias Costa 2006. Rivulidae.

Species Xenurolebias cricarensis Costa, in Costa & Amorim, 2014 [=Xenurolebias cricarensis Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa & Amorim 2014:351?] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 12 (issue 3); ref. 33343] Current status: Valid as Xenurolebias cricarensis Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: São Mateus river basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Xenurolebias izecksohni (Da Cruz, 1983) [=Cynolebias izecksohni Da Cruz [C. A. G.] 1983:74, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, São Paulo v. 35 (no. 6); ref. 8339] Reserva Florestal da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Município de Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Xenurolebias izecksohni (Da Cruz 1983). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. Species Xenurolebias myersi (Carvalho, 1971) [=Cynolebias myersi Carvalho [A. L. de] 1971:401, Figs. 1-3] Notes: [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 31 (no. 3); ref. 7669] Temporary pool, northeast coastal plain of Espirito Santo State, 18 kilometers from Conceiçao da Barra, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Xenurolebias myersi (Carvalho 1971). Rivulidae. Distribution: Atlantic coastal river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

Species Xenurolebias pataxo Costa, in Costa & Amorim, 2014 [=Xenurolebias pataxo Costa [W. J. E. M.] in Costa & Amorim 2014] Notes: [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 12 (issue 3); ref. 33343] Current status: Valid as Xenurolebias pataxo Costa 2014. Rivulidae. Distribution: Mucuri, Itanhem and Jucuruçu river basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. **********************************************

Unavailable names, uncertain taxa alba, Cynolebias luteoflammulatus var. Reichert [J. J.], García [G.], Wlasiuk [G.] & Prieto [F. I.] 1998:97, figs. 2-4 + 1 unnumbered fig. [DKG-Journal v. 30 (no. 5); ref. 31462] Ruta 14, Paso del Gringo, Rocha, Uruguay. Syntypes: (2) DZVU 556-7 (1, 1). Described as a variety after 1960; therefore considered as an infrasubspecific name and not available (ICZN Art. 10.2). •In genus Cynolebias. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae. Habitat: freshwater. duraznensis, Cynolebias Reichert [J. J.] 1992:58 [Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft Journal v. 24 (no. 4); ref. 22100] Not available, no diagnostic features presented (names published after 1930, Art. 13.1.1 of the Code) for a species from Uruguay (see Costa 1995:125 [ref. 22097]). Also appeared in other papers and abstracts but without sufficient distinguishing features. See also Huber 2006:23 [ref. 28935]. •Validly published as Cynolebias duraznensis García, Scvortzoff & Hernández 1995. Cynolebiidae: Cynolebiinae.