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Home , Battle of Ambur, Battle of Burdwan, Battle of Buxar, Bhonsle, Nana Fadnavis, Stringer Lawrence

Unit - 2 From Trade to Territory

Learning Objectives

▶ To know the rise of the Political Power of English East Company ▶ To know the events and impact of and ▶ To know the and wars ▶ To know the Anglo- wars ▶ To understand the growth of colonial army and civilian administration ▶ To understand the principles of and Doctrine of Lapse

Introduction The Black Hole tragedy (1756) In the 15th Century, Europe witnessed There was a smalldungeon room in the Fort an era of geographical discoveries through William in Calcutta, where troops of the land and sea routes. In 1498, Vasco Da Gama of Siraj-ud-daula, held 146 British Pris- of Portugal discovered a new sea route from oners of war for one night. Next day morning, Europe to India. The main motive behind those when the door was opened 123 of the prisoners discoveries was to maximize profit through found dead because of suffocation. trade and to establish political supremacy. The power. So, Siraj-ud-daulah decided to teach rule of in India became them (British) a lesson by attacking over their effective after the conquest of Bengal. The main political settlement of Calcutta. The Nawab interest of the company in India was territorial and commercial expansions. captured their factory at Kasimbazar. On 20th June 1756, Fort William surrendered but recovered Calcutta. Establishment of Political th Power by the English East On 9 February 1757, Treaty of Alinagar India Company was signed, where by Siraj-ud-daulah conceded

Battle of Plassey (1757) , the Nawab of Bengal died in 1756 and his grandson Siraj-ud-daula ascended the throne of Bengal. The British taking advantage of the New Nawab’s weakness and unpopularity seized Battle of Plassey (1757)

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 11 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM N BATTLES UNDER BRITISH RULE W E S

KASHMIR

Panipat Delhi (OUDH) RAJPUTANA Gwalior Mandasor Buxar BENGAL GAEKWAD SINDHIA Plassey Baroda Argaon Surat Deogaon Surjiarjangon Salbai Assaye Bassein PHESWA Salsee MARATHA Bombay Kirkee Poona Purandhar

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l r a I n s l d a s n d s Not to Scale INDIAN OCEAN practically all his claims. British then captured It was fought on 23 June 1757. The English Chandranagore, the French settlement, on East India Company’s forces under Robert March 1757. The battle of Plassey took place Clive defeated the forces of Siraj-ud-daulah. between the British East India Company and After the collapse of Bengal, the company the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. gained a huge amount of wealth from the

12 From Trade to Territory

Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 12 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM treasury of Bengal and used it to strengthen of his army and to administer Bengal through its military force. The beginning of the British a Deputy Subedar nominated by the company. political sway over India may be traced from Robert Clive concluded two separate treaties the Battle of Plassey. It was the most decisive with Shuja-ud-daula and Shah Alam II. Dual battle that marked the initiation of British System of government started in Bengal. rule in India for the next two centuries. Carnatic wars (1764) In the 18th century, three Carnatic wars After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the were fought between various Indian rulers, company was granted undisputed right to British and French East Indian Company on have free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. either side. Traditionally, Britain and France It received the place of 24 parganas in Bengal. were rival countries in Europe. Their rivalry (1757 to 1760) the Nawab of Bengal continued in India over trade and territories. however fell into arrears and was forced to It resulted in a series of military conflicts abdicate in favor of his son in law, . in the south known as the Carnatic wars Mir Qasim ceded Burdwan, Midnapore which spanned from 1746 to 1763. These and Chittagong. He shifted his capital from wars resulted in establishment of political Mursidabad to Monghyr. Mir Qasim soon supremacy of British East Indian Company. revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing the destakes (free duty passes). Carnatic wars However, having been defeated by the British, he fled to Awadh, where he formed a confederacy with Shuja-ud-daulah and Shah Alam. First Second Third Carnatic war Carnatic war Carnatic war

1746 - 1748 1749 - 1754 1756 - 1763

First Carnatic war (1746 - 48) On the outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe the English and the French were on opposite camps increased the Battle of Buxar (1764) hostility between these two forces. The echo The Battle was fought on October 22, of this war was felt in India. 1764 at Buxar, a “small fortified town” within Battle of Adayar (1746) the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of The is remembered the river about 130 kilometers west of for the battle of Santhome (Madras) fought . It was a decisive victory for the British between the French forces and the forces of East India Company. Shuja–ud-daulah, Shah Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab of Carnatic, who Alam and Mir Qasim were defeated by General appealed the British for help. A small French Hector Munro. Mir Jafar was again placed army under Captain Paradise defeated the on the throne. On Mir Jafar’s death, his son strong Indian army under Mahfuz Khan Nizam-ud-daulah was placed on the throne at Santhome on the banks of the River and signed Treaty on 20th February Adayar. This was the first occasion when 1765 by which the Nawab had to disband most the superiority of the well-trained and

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 13 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM well-equipped European army over the Indian Battle of Arcot (1751) army was proved beyond doubt. In the meantime, Dupleix sent forces to Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) besiege the fort of Trichy where Muhammad Ali had taken shelter. also The war was ended by the treaty of Aix- joined with the French in their efforts to la-Chapelle which brought the Austrian War besiege Trichy. Robert Clive’s proposal was of Succession to an end. Under the terms of accepted by the British governor, Saunders, this treaty, Madras was returned back to the and with only 200 English and 300 Indian English, and the French, in turn, got their soldiers, Clive was entrusted the task of territories in North America. capturing Arcot. His attack proved successful. Second Carnatic War (1749 - 54) Robert Clive defeated the French at Arni and Kaveripak. With the assistance The main cause of this war was the issue of Major General of succession in Carnatic and . Stringer Lawrence, Anwaruddin Khan and Chanda Sahib were Chanda Sahib was the two claimants to the throne of Carnatic, killed in Trichy. whereas Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang were Muhammad Ali was claimants to the throne of Hyderabad. The made the Nawab of French supported Chanda sahib and Muzaffar Arcot under British Jang, while the British supported the other protection. The claimants with the objective of keeping their French Government interest and influence in the entire Deccan recalled Dupleix to Robert Clive region. Paris.

Battle of Ambur (1749) Treaty of Pondicherry (1755) Finally Dupleix, Chanda Sahib and Dupleix was succeeded by Godeheu who Muzaffar Jang formed a grand alliance and agreed the treaty of Pondicherry. According defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din Khan, the to it, both the powers agreed not to interfere Nawab of Carnatic, on 3 August 1749 in the Battle in the internal affairs of the native states. of Ambur. Muhammad Ali, the son of Anwar- They were to retain their old positions. New ud-din, fled to Trichinopoly (Trichirappalli). forts should not be built by either power. The Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic treaty made the British stronger. and rewarded the French with the grant of 80 The second Carnatic war also proved villages around Pondicherry. inconclusive. The English proved their In the Deccan, too, the French defeated superiority on land by appointing Mohammad and killed Nasir Jang and made Muzaffar Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. The French were Jang as the Nizam. The new Nizam gave still very powerful in Hyderabad. However, ample rewards to the French. He appointed the predominant position of the French in the Dupleix as the governor of all the territories Deccan peninsula was definitely undermined in south of the river Krishna. Muzaffar Jang in this war. was assassinated by his own people in 1751. Third Carnatic War (1756 - 63) Salabat Jang, brother of Nasir Jang was raised to the throne by Bussy. Salabat Jang granted The outbreak of the Seven Years’ War the Northern Circars excluding the Guntur in Europe led to the third Carnatic war in District to the French. Dupleix’s power was India. By this time, Robert Clive established at its zenith by that time. the British power in Bengal by the Battle

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 14 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM of Plassey which provided them with the Mysore and its Resistance necessary finance for the third Carnatic war. to British Expansion Count de Lally was deputed from The state of Mysore rose to prominence in France to conduct the war from the French the politics of South India under the leadership side. He easily captured Fort St. David. He of Haider Ali (1760-82). He and his son Tipu ordered Bussy to come down to the Carnatic Sultan (1782-99) played a prominent role with his army, to make a united effort to against the expansion of British Empire in push the British out of the Carnatic. Taking India. Both of them faced the English with advantage of Bussy’s departure, Robert Clive undoubted courage. In 1761, he became the de sent Colonel Forde from Bengal to occupy the facto ruler of Mysore. He also proved to be the Northern Circars (parts of Andhra Pradesh most formidable enemy of the English in India. and Odhisha). The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767 - 69) Battle of Wandiwash (1760) Causes � Haider Ali’s growing power and his friendly The decisive battle of the third Carnatic relations with the French became a matter of war was fought on January 22, 1760. The concern for the English East India Company. English army under General Eyre Coote � The Marathas, the Nizam and the English totally routed the French army under Lally. entered into a triple alliance against Within a year the French had lost all their Haider Ali. possessions in India. Lally returned to France Course where he was imprisoned and executed. The Nizam, with the help of British Treaty of Paris (1763) troops under General Joseph Smith, invaded Mysore in 1767. Haider Ali defeated English The Seven Years’ War was concluded by and captured Mangalore. In March 1769, he the treaty of Paris. The French settlements attacked Madras and forced the English to sign including Pondicherry were given back to a treaty on 4 April 1769. the French. But they were forbidden from fortifying those places. They were not allowed Treaty of Madras (1769) to gather armies. The French dominance in At the end of the war, the Treaty of India practically came to an end. Madras was signed between Haider Ali and

Anglo-Mysore Wars

First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore Anglo-Mysore War War War War

1767 - 1769 1780 - 1784 1790 - 1792 1799

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 15 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM British East India Company. Both the parties purpose he had sent his ambassadors to returned the conquered territories and France and Turkey. promised to help each other in case of any � Tipu attacked on Travancore in 1789 whose foreign attack on them. ruler was an ally of the British. The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-84) � The English, the Nizam and the Marathas Causes entered into a “Triple Alliance” against Mysore. � The English did not fulfill the terms of the treaty of 1769, when Haider’s territories Course were attacked in 1771 by Marathas, Haider Tipu fought alone which continued did not get help from the British. for two years. It was fought in three phases. � British captured Mahe, a French settlement The attack of the English under General within Haider’s Jurisdiction. It led to the Medows failed. Therefore, in December formation of an alliance by Haider with the 1790, Cornwallis himself took the command Nizam and Marathas against the English in of the army. Cornwallis captured all the hill- 1779. forts which obstructed his advance towards Course Srirangapatam and reached near its outer wall. In 1781, the British General Sir Eyre Tipu felt desperate and opened negotiations Coote defeated Haider Ali at Porto Novo. with the English. Cornwallis agreed and the The Mysore forces suffered another defeat at treaty of Srirangapatnam was concluded in Solinger. Haider Ali died of cancer during the 1792. course of the war. After the death of Haider Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) Ali in 1782, his son , continued the war against the English. � Tipu surrendered half of his kingdom to the allies. Tipu captured Brigadier Mathews, the � supreme commander of the British forces Tipu agreed to pay 3.6 crore of rupees to the along with his soldiers in 1783. It was a English as war indemnity and surrendered serious loss to Tipu. two of his sons as hostages to the English. � Treaty of Mangalore (1784) The English acquired Malabar, Coorg, Dindigul and Baramahal(Coimbatore and On 7th March 1784 the treaty of Mangalore Salem). was signed between the two parties. Both agreed to return the conquered territories The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) and also the prisoners of war. Tipu Sultan did not forget the humiliating Thus, saved the newly- treaty of Srirangapatnam imposed upon him established British dominion from the wrath by Cornwallis in 1790. of powerful enemies like Marathas and Haider Ali. When the British lost their colonies in Causes America and elsewhere, Warren Hastings lost � Tipu sought alliance with foreign powers nothing in India. Instead, he consolidated against the English and sent ambassadors to the British power in India. Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and the French. � Tipu was in correspondence with Napoleon The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92) who invaded Egypt at that time. Causes � The French officers came to Srirangapatnam � Tipu was trying to seek alliance of foreign where they founded a Jacobin Club and powers against the English and for that planted the Tree of Liberty.

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 16 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM Course Marathas was best utilized by the British in Wellesley declared war against Tipu in their expansionist policy. 1799. The war was short and decisive. As The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82) planned, the Bombay army under General Causes Stuart invaded Mysore from the west. The In the case of the Marathas, the first British , which was led by the Governor- intervention was at the time of dispute over General’s brother, Arthur Wellesley, forced succession to the Peshwaship following the death Tipu to retreat to his capital Srirangapatnam. of . After the death of Narayan Rao, On 4th May 1799 Srirangapatnam was captured. Tipu fought bravely and was killed Raghunath Rao (Raghoba) became the , finally. Thus ended the fourth Mysore War but his authority was challenged by a strong and the whole of Mysore lay prostrate before party at Poona under Nana Phadnavis. The party the British. recognised the infant born posthumously to Narayan Rao’s wife, Ganga Bai, as the Peshwa and Mysore after the War set up a council of regency in his name. Having � The English occupied Kanara, failed in his bid to capture power, Raghunath Wynad, Coimbatore, Darapuram and Rao approached the British for help. The Treaty Srirangapattinam. of Surat between the English and Raghunath Rao � Krishna Raja Odayar of the former Hindu was concluded in 1775. However, the majority royal family was brought to the throne. of the Supreme British Council in Calcutta was � Tipu’s family was sent to the fort of Vellore. opposed to the Surat treaty, although Warren Hastings himself had no objection to ratifying the Anglo-Maratha Wars treaty. The council sent Colonel Upton to Poona to negotiate a peace with the Poona regency. The Marathas managed to overcome the Accordingly, Upton concluded the Treaty of crisis caused by their defeat at Panipat and Purandhar in 1776. The treaty, however, did not after a decade recovered their control over take effect due to opposition from the English Delhi. However the old Maratha Confederacy government in Bombay. controlled by the Peshwa had given way to five virtually independent states. Peshwa at Course , Gaikwads at Baroda, Bhonsle at Nagpur, In 1781, Warren Hastings dispatched at Indore, and at Gwalior. British troops under Captain Popham. He The Peshwa’s government was weakened by defeated the Maratha chief, Mahadaji , internal rivalries, and the other four leaders in a number of small battles and captured were often hostile to one another. Despite Gwalior. Later on 17th May 1782, the Treaty of this, the Marathas were still a formidable Salbai was signed between Warren Hastings power. The internal conflict among the and Mahadaji Scindia.

Anglo-Maratha Wars

First Anglo-Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War

1775 - 1782 1803 - 1805 1817 - 1818

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 17 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM Results The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05) � Raghunath Rao was pensioned off and Causes Madhav Rao II was accepted as the Peshwa. After accepted the subsidiary alliance � Salsette was given to the British. by the Peshwa, Daulat Rao Scindia and � The Treaty of Salbai established the British Raghoji Bhonsle attempted to save Maratha's influence in Indian politics. It provided independence. But the well prepared and the British twenty years of peace with the organised army of the English under Arthur Marathas. Wellesely defeated the combined armies of The internal affairs of the Marathas Scindia and Bhonsle at Assaye and Argaon. Course The internal affairs of the Marathas deteriorated further after the close of the The English forced them to conclude first Maratha War. grew fond separate subsidiary treaties namely the Treaty of power, jealous of Mahadaji Scindia and of Deogaon and the Treaty of Surji-Arjungaon became progressively inclined to seek the respectively in 1803. But, Yashwant Rao Holkar support of the English. The young Peshwa, (also called as Jaswant Rao Holkar) was yet Madhava Rao II, tried to improve the affairs undefeated. He had not participated in the war but could not check the rivalry of the Maratha so far. Holkar plundered the territory of Jaipur chiefs. Mahadaji Scindia died in 1794 and and, in 1804, the English declared war against was succeeded by his grand nephew Daulat him. Yashwant Rao Holkar made an attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers to fight against Rao Scindia. His death left Nana Fadnavis the British. But his attempt proved unsuccessful. supreme at Poona and the English to expand The Marathas were defeated, reduced to British their influence in north India. Peshwa vassalage and islolated from one another. Madhav Rao II committed suicide in 1795, and BajiRao II, worthless son of Raghunath Results Rao, became the Peshwa. The death of Nana � The Maratha power was gradually weakened. Phadnavis in 1800 gave the British an added � The English East India Company started advantage. becoming the paramount power in India. Jaswant Rao Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia were fighting against each other. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) The Peshwa supported Scindia against Causes Holkar. The Peshwa and the Scindia agreed The Third Anglo-Maratha War was the to help each other.Holkar marched against final and decisive conflict between the British the Peshwa. The combined forces of Scindia East India Company and the in and the Peshwa were utterly defeated in 1802 India. It began with an invasion of the Maratha and captured the city. BajiRao II approached territory by British East India Company troops. Lord Wellesley, the then Governor-General The troops were led by the Governor General of India, for help. Lord Wellesley welcomed Hastings and he was supported by a force the Peshwa and made him sign the Treaty under General Thomas Hislop. of Bassein, in other words, the Treaty of Subsidiary Alliance, accepting the status of a Course British subsidiary in 1802. As an immediate The Peshwa Baji Rao II's forces, followed by to the Treaty of Bassein, the British troops those of Mudhoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur andMalhar marched under the command of Arthur Rao Holkar III of Indore, rose against the British. Wellesely towards Poona and restored the Daulat Rao Scindia of Gwalior remained neutral. Peshwa to his position. The forces of Holkar The Peshwa was defeated in the battles of Khadki vanished from the Maratha capital. and Koregaon and several minor battles were

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 18 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM fought by the Peshwa's forces to prevent his in India. In 1800, he established the College capture. Bhonsle was defeated in the battle of in Fort William at Calcutta to provide training Sitabaldi and Holkar in the battle of Mahidpur. in literature, science and languages. However, Results the directors of the Company disapproved of � The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and his action and replaced it by their own East Peshwaship was abolished. India College, established at Haileybury in in 1806. � Most of the territory of Peshwa Baji Rao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay The idea of competition for recruitment Presidency. was introduced first by the Charter Act, 1833. But the system of competition was these not � The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also nominated by the Court of Directors were not resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha eligible to write the competitive examination. kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the Hence, the system was called as nomination- British. cum-competition system. The system of � The Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha recruitment on the basis of open competitive was given an annual pension of 8 lakh examination was introduced in 1853. This rupees. system was confirmed by the Government of India Act of 1858. The maximum age for The British Administrative competitors was fixed at 23. Subsequently, Organisation in India East India College at Haileybury was The British Indian administration was abolished in 1858, and recruitment to civil run by four principal institutions - Civil services became the responsibility of the civil Services, Army, Police and Judiciary. service commission. By the Regulation of 1860 the maximum age was lowered to 22, in Civil Services 1866 to 21 and in 1876 to 19. The term ‘civil service’ was used for The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 the first time by the East India Company to passed by the British Parliament exclusively distinguish its civilian employees from their reserved certain categories of high executive military counterparts. Translating law into and judicial posts for the covenanted civil action and collecting revenue were the main service which was later designated as the jobs of the civil service. The civil service Indian Civil Service. Due to the lowering was initially commercial in nature but later it of age limit and holding of examination was transformed into a public service. In the in it could be possible only for a very few wealthy Indians to appear at the beginning, the appointment to these services I.C.S. examination. In 1869, three Indians - was the sole prerogative of the Court of Surendra Nath Banerje, Ramesh Chandra Directors of the Company. But the nominated Dutt and Bihari Lal Gupta became successful civil servants indulged in corruption, bribery in the I.C.S. examination. and illegal private trade. So, Cornwallis who came to India as Governor-General in 1786, Satyendranath Tagore, the elder enforced the rules against private trade. brother of poet Rabindranath He also raised the salary of the Company’s Tagore, was the first Indian to pass servants who became the highest paid civil the I.C.S. Examination in 1863. servants in the world. Lord Wellesley, who came to India as Later on, the Indians demanded to Governor-General in 1798, introduced the increase the age limit and to establish centre idea of suitable training for the civil servants for examination in India instead of England.

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 19 2/21/2020 10:19:11 AM In 1892, the minimum age limit for appearing battlefield. During the early stage of British for the Civil Service Examination was raised rule, three separate armies had been organised to 21 and the maximum to 23. In 1912, a in three Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Royal Commission on Public Service was Madras. Army had a great contribution in the appointed. Chaired by Lord Islington, this establishment and expansion of British rule in commission had two Indian members - G.K. India. Indian soldiers were given less salaries Gokhale and Sir Abdur Rahim - besides four and allowances than English soldiers. In 1857, Englishmen. The Commission published the Indians constituted about 86 percent of the its report in 1917. Islington commission’s total strength of the Company’s army. However, recommendations partly fulfilled the demand the officers of the army were exclusively British. for the Indianisation of Civil Service. For example, in 1856, only three Indians in the In 1918, Montague and Lord Chelmsford army received a salary of 300 rupees per month. recommended that 33% Indian should The highest rank an Indian could ever reach be recruited in Indian Civil Services and was that of a subedar. gradually the number should be increased. In Strength of 1923, a Royal Commission on Public Services was appointed with Lord Lee of Fareham as • Plassey war (1757): 1950 European infantry, chairman. This commission recommended 100 European artillery, 50 English sailors, that recruitment to all-Indian services like the and 2,100 Indian sepoys, an English army Indian Civil Service, the Indian Police Service of 6000 troops was maintained in Bengal. and the Indian Forest Service should be made • In 1857, the strength of the army in and controlled by the Secretary of State for India was 3,11,400 of whom 2,65,900 were India. The Lee Commission recommended Indians. Its officers were British. the immediate establishment of a Public Service Commission. After the revolt of 1857, the important The Act of 1935 also made provisions for changes were made in the Indian army services the establishment of a Federal Public Service in 1858. They increased British troops and Commission at the Centre and the Provincial reduced Indian troops. Also, only English were Public Service Commissions in the various appointed in artillery. provinces. Provision was also made for a Joint Public Service Commission in two or Police more Provinces. Although, the main aim of When the East India Company took over this measure was to serve the British interests, the diwani in 1765, the Mughal police system it became the base of the civil service system was under the control of faujdars, who were in in independent India. charge of their ‘sarkars’ or rural districts. The Army kotwals were in charge of towns, while the The army was the second village watchmen were paid and controlled by important pillar of the British the Zamindars. administration in India. The The police system was created by Lord East India Company started Cornwallis. He relieved the Zamindars from recruiting its own army, which police functions and established a regular came to be known as the police force in 1791. Cornwallis established a (from sipahi or soldier) army. system of circles or ‘thanas’ each headed by a That sepoy army was trained and disciplined ‘’. The authority of the daroga extended according to European military standards and to village watchmen who performed the was commanded by European officers in the police duties in the villages. The hereditary

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 20 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM village police became ‘chowkidars’. In the big The Subsidiary Alliance cities, the old office of kotwal was, however, continued, and a daroga was appointed to Lord Wellesley introduced the system of each of the wards of a city. The daroga system Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states was extended to Madras in 1802. under the control of the British. It was the most effective instrument for the expansion Before the post of district superintendent of the British territory and political influence of police was created, all the thanas were under in India. The was called ‘the the general supervision of the district judge. In protected state’ and the British came to be 1808, a Superintendent of Police was appointed for each division. Later, the district collector referred as ‘the paramount power’. It was the was entrusted with the task of controlling the duty of the British to safeguard the state from police force in the districts. The main task of external aggression and to help its ruler in the police was to handle crime and to prevent maintaining internal peace. conspiracy against the British rule. Main Features of Subsidiary Alliance Judicial system � An Indian ruler entering into this alliance In 1772, the Dual Government was with the British had to dissolve his own abolished and the Company took over the armed forces and accept British Forces. direct responsibility for the collection of � A British Resident would stay in his capital. revenue as well as the administration of justice. Consequently a Diwani Adalat and � Towards the maintenance charges of the Faujdari Adalat were established. By the army, he should make annual payments Regulating Act of 1773, a Supreme Court or cede some territory permanently to the was set up in Calcutta. This court consisted Company. of a chief justice and three puisne judges � All the non-English European officials who were appointed by the Crown. This should be turned out of his state. court decided civil, criminal, ecclesiastical and admiralty cases. On the model of the � The native ruler should deal with foreign Supreme Court of Calcutta, a Supreme Court states only through the English Company. was established in Madras in 1801 and in � The British would undertake to defend the Bombay in 1823. In 1832, William Bentinck state from internal trouble as well as external started jury system in Bengal. A Indian Law attack. Commission was established to compile the laws. A rule of law was established for the Merits for the British whole empire. According to the Indian High � The British Company maintained a large Courts Act, 1861, three High Courts were set army at the expense of the Indian rulers. up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in place of the old Supreme Courts. � All Frenchmen in the service of native rulers were dismissed, and the danger of French revival was completely eliminated. Sir Elijah Impey was the first � The British Company began to control the Chief Justice of the Supreme foreign policy of the Princely States. Court at Fort William in Bengal. � Sir Thiruvarur Muthusamy Wellesley’s diplomacy made the British the was the first Indian Chief Justice paramount power in India. He transformed of the Madras High Court. the British Empire in India into the British empire of India.

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 21 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM Defects of the Princely states � economic prosperity and skilful diplomacy of the British. The Subsidiary Alliances made the Indian � rulers weak, oppressive and irresponsible. feelings of insecurity among the Indian Protected by British arms, they neglected merchants. their duty towards their subjects and even � the inequality and ignorance of the Indian exploited them. kings.

The first Indian state to accept the Conclusion Subsidiary Alliance was Hyderabad (1798). It was followed by Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), The Battle of Plassey was the foundation Peshwa (1802), Bhonsle (1803), Gwalior of British dominion in India. The company’s (1804), Indore (1817), Jaipur, Udaipur and administration was not for the interests of Jodhpur (1818). people. It was imperialistic, expansionist and exploitative. It brought more Indian territories under British domain through Doctrine of Lapse subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. This policy led to a South Indian rebellion Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief (1800-01), Vellore Rebellion (1806) and the architects of the British Empire in India. He Great Rebellion (1857). was an imperialist. He adopted a new policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to extend British Empire. He made use of this precedent and Recap declared in 1848 that if the native rulers � Siraj-ud-daula ascended the throne of adopted children without the prior permission Bengal. of the Company, only the personal properties � On 9th February 1757, Treaty of Alinagar of the rulers would go to the adopted sons was signed. and the kingdoms would go to the British � The Carnatic wars which spanned from paramount power. This principle was called 1746 to 1763. the Doctrine of Lapse. It was bitterly opposed � by the Indians and it was one of the root Tipu agreed to pay 3.6 crore of rupees to the causes for the great revolt of 1857. English as war indemnity. � Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799. By applying the Doctrine of Lapse policy, � Dalhousie annexed Satara in 1848, Cornwallis established a system of circles or Jaipur and Sambalpur in1849, Baghat in 1850, ‘thanas’ each was headed by a ‘daroga’. Udaipur in 1852, Jhansi in1853 and Nagpur � Sir Elija Impey was the first Chief Justice in 1854. of the Supreme Court at Fort William in Bengal. Factors for the success of the British � Lord Wellesley introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely � greater naval power. states under the control of the British � development of textile. � Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief � scientific division of labour. architects of the British Empire in India.

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 22 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM GLOSSARY

Confederacy a league or alliance 埂ட㞟மைꯍꯁ

Ecclesiastical relating to the Christian Church or its clergy தி쏁ச㞚பை த�ொடர்பன

Entrust assign the responsibility ஒப்படꯍꯁ

Hostility opposition எதிரꯍꯁ

Negotiation discussion aimed at reaching an agreement பேச毁வார㞤்த

Paramount supreme தலையாய

Predominant the most powerful மி埁ந் வலிமை

Evaluation

I Choose the correct 6. Treaty of Mangalore was signed between . answer a) The French and Tipu Sultan 1. The ruler of Bengal in 1757 was . b) and Zamorin of Calicut a) Shuja-ud-daulah c) The British and Tipu Sultan b) Siraj – ud – daulah d) Tipu Sultan and Marathas c) Mir Qasim 7. Who was the British Governor General d) Tipu Sultan during Third Anglo-Mysore War? 2. The Battle of Plassey was fought in a) Robert Clive b) Warren Hastings . c) Lord Cornwallis d) Lord Wellesley a) 1757 b) 1764 c) 1765 d) 1775 8. Who signed the Treaty of Bassein with the 3. Which among the following treaty was British? signed after Battle of Buxar? a) Bajirao II a) b) Daulat Rao Scindia b) Treaty of Carnatic c) Bhonsle c) Treaty of Alinagar d) Sayyaji Rao Gaekwad d) Treaty of Paris 9. Who was the last Peshwa of Maratha 4. The Treaty of Pondichery brought the empire? Carnatic war to an end . a) b) Baji Rao II a) First b) Second c) d) Baji Rao c) Third d) None 10. Who was the first Indian state to join the 5. When did Hyder Ali crown on the throne subsidiary Alliance? of Mysore? a) Awadh b) Hyderabad a) 1756 b) 1761 c) 1763 d) 1764 c) Udaipur d) Gwalior

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 23 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM II Fill in the blanks V Which one of the following is 1. The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in correctly matched? . a) Battle of Adayar – 1748 2. The commander in Chief of b) Battle of Ambur – 1754 Sirajuddaulah was . c) Battle of Wandiwash – 1760 3. The main cause for the Second Carnatic d) Battle of Arcot – 1749 war was . VI Answer the following in one 4.  adopted the policy of or two sentences Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British 1. Write a short note on Black Hole Tragedy. Empire in India. 2. What were the benefits derived by the 5. Tipu Sultan was finally defeated at the English after the Battle of Plassey? hands of . 3. Mention the causes for the Battle of 6. After the death of Tipu Sultan Mysore Buxar. was handed over to . 4. What were the causes for the First 7. In 1800, established a Mysore War? college at Fort William in Calcutta. 5. Bring out the results of the Third Maratha III Match the following War. 6. Name the states signed into Subsidiary Treaty of The First Anglo 1. Alliance. Aix-La-Chapelle Mysore War VII Answer the following in detail 2. Treaty of Salbai The First Carnatic War 1. Write an essay on second Carnatic war. 3. Treaty of Paris The Third Carnatic War 2. Give an account of the Fourth Anglo Mysore war. Treaty of The First Maratha 4. 3. Describe the policy adopted by Lord Srirangapatnam War Dalhousie to expand the British empire The Third Anglo in India. 5. Treaty of Madras Mysore War 4. How did Lord Wellesley expand the British power in India? IV State true or false VIII HOTs 1. After the death of Alivardi Khan, Siraj-ud-daulah ascended the throne of 1. Explain the causes for the success of the Bengal. English in India. 2. Hector Munro, led the British forces in IX Mark the following on the the battle of Plassey. River map of India 3. The outbreak of the Austrian war of 1. Plassey 2. Buxar succession in Europe was led to Second 3. Purandhar 4. Arcot Carnatic War in India. 5. Wandiwash 4. Sir Elijah Impey was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Fort William in X Life skill Bengal. 1. Collect pictures, stories, poems and 5. The Police system was created by Lord information about Hyder Ali and Tipu Cornwallis. Sultan.

24 From Trade to Territory

Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 24 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM XI Project and Activity 3. Vincent .A.Smith - The Oxford History of 1. Organize a discussion in your class on the India- From the Earliest Times to the end reasons for the defeat of the Indian rulers of 1911 – 1919 – Oxford At The Clarendon at the hands of the British. press.

REFERENCE BOOKS INTERNET RESOURCES

1. Bipan Chandra - History of Modern India, ■ https://www.britannica.com Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2018. ■ https://www.ducksters.com/ 2. R.C.Majumdar - An Advance ■ https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ Macmillan and Co., Limited London 1953. Civil_Service_(British_India)

ICT CORNER From Trade to Territory

Through this activity you will know about the maps of India (Colonial Period)

Steps • Open the Browser and type the URL given below (or) Scan the QR Code. • Scroll down, click any period (ex. COLONIAL MAPS) • Click the topicsone by one and explore the maps (ex. Historical maps, c.1750 to 1800)

Website URL: http://ektara.org/magazine/histmaps.html

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Unit-2 HISTORY.indd 25 2/21/2020 10:19:12 AM