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Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs On the Irish Clachan settlement Pattern and the Authority of Order and Form Thesis How to cite: Dorrian, Mark Woodburne (1995). On the Irish Clachan settlement Pattern and the Authority of Order and Form. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1995 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000d9c9 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Mark Woodburne Dorrian, BArch, DipArch On the Irish Clachan Settlement Pattern and the Authority of Order and Form Doctor of Philosophy Architecture October 1995 Architectural Association School of Architecture Collaborating Establishment: Institute of Irish Studies, Q.U.B. Mark W. Donian On the Irish Clachan Settlement Pattern and the Authority of Order and Form Abstract The Irish dachan is a settlement form, a grouping of houses and related out-buildings, that has been associated with the 'Rundale' agricultural system. Study of it has proceeded largely within the discipline of Geography, and has been cmrdinated primarily by questions such as those of the antiquity and distribution of the type. The morphology of the built form has been commented on, but in a limited and highly circumscribed way; to date it ha.. received little sustained attention. This is the focus of the present study - the spatial formation of the clusters, their 'architectural' quality, and specifically how that was and is interpreted and understolxl. Following an introductory critical review of rccent academic treatment of the subject, a brief history is sketched of ways in which the clusters have been described. Close attention is paid to the categories which rclate to their spatial qualities, categories which, it is recognized, passed over into the dlx:uments of the human sciences and which problcmatize the latters' project of understanding. It is thus argued, with reference to Heidegger's thinking, that scholarship on the clusters has conceptually mis-sited them. The hermeneutic position of the investigator has not been thematized. By situating the commentaries on native settlement within the development of the expansive, and far from uncommitted, discourse on Ireland the operation of the notion of disorder is examined. Here it is seen to be structurally related to a series of privileged and abject categories strategically organized around a master duality of civility and savagery. The suggestion that geometrically structured space, as the space of authority, was importantly linked with the privileged categories is investigated and the relationship between the clusters and the categories of the 'monstrous' and the 'grotesque' considered. Acknowledgements A number of individuals, whose work is primarily with Irish material, gave, at various points, much appreciated comments, criticism, encouragement, (and further reading material). Thanks must go, first of all, to Dr. R.H. Buchanan for his kind and judicious direction; also to Dr. Desmond McCourt, Dr. John Andrews, Kenneth Nicholls, Dr. William Nolan, Tim Robinson, Professor Breandan Mac Aodha and Dr. Kevin Whelan. The thesis benefitted greatly from discussion with others whose primary interests lie outwith Irish matters. In particular Marina Warner, Dr Kate Soper of the School of Historical, Philosophical and Contemporary Studies, University of North London, and Professor Charles Withers of the Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh, should be named here. All read chapters and provided thoughtful comments and enlightening discussion. The work wa<; funded by a Major State Studentship awarded by the Department of Education for Northern Ireland. Access was given to a number of archives and libraries, including the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Ireland, the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, the National Archive, Dublin, the Valuation Office, Dublin, and the Irish Folklore Commission Archives, U.C.D. And finally, much thanks, and appreciation, is extended genenuly to the faculty of the Housing and Urbanism division of the Architectural Association Graduate School for their broadly based interests, their flexibility of approach, and the manner of their direction. In particular my thanks go to Elizabeth Lebas, my Director of Studies, and to Hugo Hinsley. This thesis owes its existence primarily to two people: to J.W. Carswell of the Sch{x)l of Architecture, University of Kansa<;, who laid the clue from which it developed, and to Elizabeth, my wife. Contents Page Introduction 7 Chaptcr 1. The Case for the Archaic Lincage of the Clachan 11 a. Introduction 12 b. The case 13 c. Supporting evidence 18 d. The critique 29 e. The 'Anglo-Norman ciachans' 35 f. I1ze problem oj definition 42 Chapter 2. Democracy Overgrown and Nature Affrontcd: the Perception of the Irish House Cluster 47 a. Introduction - travel and Ireland 48 b. The Ireland visited 52 c. The descriptions 59 d Scenography and pfallimetry 67 Chapter 3. Interpreting Interpretation: Hermeneutics, Ideology and the Anaxi mandcr Fragment 70 a The status of knowledge in the human sciences: contingellcy, objectivism, and power 71 b. Heidegger, the Anaximander Fragment, and the hermeneutic motion 77 c. Henneneutics and the critique of ideology 81 d Discourse and the idea oforder 93 Chapter 4. Seeing the Irish World 98 a. Introduction 99 b. Gerald ofWales 104 c. Tudor Ireland amI beyond 115 d Into the nineteenth century 137 Chapter 5. Geometry and Domination 140 a. Introduction alld apology 141 b. 'Order' 145 c. Rome 153 d 11le grotesque and the mOllstrous 161 Chapter 6. Conclusion and Introduction 168 Bi bliography. 170 Primary Sources: a. Historical Texts 171 b. Methodology alld theory 175 Sccondary Sources: a. History 177 b. Methodology alld theory 184 Dictionaries 185 Illustrations Facing Page a. Dr D. McCourt's mapping of "c1achans", 1832-40 14 b. Arthur Young's sketch of an Irish cabin, 1776 34 c. The 'Antiquarian Sublime' - Frontspiece to Hoare's Tour in Ireland, lR07 50 d "Into the hand of Futurity" - Frontspiece to The Compleat Irish Traveller, 17X8 51 e. "Dugurth" and the Protestant Settlement, AchiIl, 1837 60 f. Keel, Achill, 1838 and lR43 61 g. "Menlow", Galway, 1839 62 h. Workhouse 66 i. Proposed lay-out of a Munster seignory, 1586 156 j. Model land division by Cressey Dymock (1), 1653 157 k. M(xlel land division by Cressey Dymock (2), 1653 157 I. Edward Kelley's vision, as related to John Dec, 1584 158 m. The description of the vision 158 n. Ideal man 163 o. Ideal city 163 p. Irish man 163 q. Irish 'city' 163 r. Two forces 165 Introduction 7 This is first of all an architectural study. It sets out to examine the semantics and interpretation of a particular 'architectural' (or perhaps better, 'anti-architectural') configuration, the Irish 'cJachan'. This is a settlement form of uncertain antiquity, a grouping of houses and out-buildings, that has been associated in modem geographical literature with the 'Rundale' system of agriculture (sometimes described as 'Irish open-field). The intention here is to problematize the way the type has been understood to date, thereby releasing it as a proper subject for architectural thought; the guiding point is the possibility of the 'vernacular' to provide a radical, as opposed to a conservative, architectural cue. In any such study questions of language will inevitably be pre-eminent and it is recognized at the outset that little will be achieved through a simple tabulation of the descriptive terms put to work in representing the space figured by the clusters. The challenge is rather to interpret interpretation and this will mean going beyond the writing dealing specifically with the phenomenon to illustrate the positions that the descriptive categories take up within a more general constellation of concepts (or 'chain of signifiers'), while in turn relating these to their discursive, institutional, and cultural setting. It will be a question, in other words, of the meaning of meanings. Virtually all work on this subject has been carried out within the discipline of Geography and so far the morphology of the built form and its interpretation has received little attention. This is the first study to approach this subject and in which a thematic of the position of the investigator is developed. The study begins with an attempt to review and engage with an aspect of the existing literature. It therefore stands somewhat apart from the argument developed thereafter. What is in question are the claims for the antiquity of the type, certainly, with the attendant theories of its ubiquity and the social position of its occupants, the most contentious point raised and very much the pivot around which debate has turned. I argue that while the original body of theory is in some respects seriously deficient, there have also been difficulties with the critical attacks on it. The rationale underpinning the most recent attempt to circumscribe the age cannot be upheld when brought into contact with comparative material. It would appear that, given available evidence, the definition of the type presents a problem to research which may mean that the question of the antiquity must remain indeterminate. The second chapter examines the descripti ve literature that exists on the clusters, and sets out the circumstances under which it emerged. Close attention is paid to the categories relating to their spatial qualities, and it is 8 recognized how these passed into, and were reproduced in, the documents of the human sciences. A tension, which, it is suggested, was rooted in the aesthetic theory of the 18th century, is detected between two modes of perception - the apolitical and 'flattened' apprehension of the distanced aesthete; and the politically urgent 'planimetric' apprehension arising from proximity.
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