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Has Successfully Sustained an Oral Examination on the Subject Matter This is to certify that Miss WINIFRED J. LEVY has successfully sustained an oral examination on the subject matter of her thesis by a committee of the Department of Chemistry. Members of Committee. 8 May, 1939. TITO S IN QUALITATIVE ORGANIC ANALYSIS. By Winifred Jane Levy, B. Sc. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of Edinburgh. IYZáy_t_1939. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION Identification on the Semi -micro scale . 5 Identification on the Micro -scale . 12 Colour tests 14 Sublimation 17 NXPNRIMENTAL 19 Identification on the Semi -micro scale. Alkyl Halides 20 C- Nitroso- compounds 26 Attempted preparation of 5- Carboxy- 2:4- dinitrophenyihydrazine . 35 2:4:5 -Trinitrotoluene as a reagent for aromatic amines 40 2 :3:5- Trinitro -p- xylene as a reagent for alkyl amines . 41 Substituted urea picrates 43 Attempted generation of phenyliso- cyanate from nitrophenylurea . 44 Micro Preparations Oxidation of side -chains 50 Acetylations 52 4:6- Dinitro -N- alkyl -m- toluidines . 54 PAge. Nitrations 55 Phenylt":i oureas 56 "Colour Tests. Chromatographic Adsorption 57 Sulphuric acid and Benzal chloride . 68 Methylene groups in conjugated cyclic systems 75 Diamines 79 Sublimations. 80 Photomicrographs 81 DISCUSSION 89 Semi -micro scale 89 Micro -scale 95 Colour tests 96 Sublimation 100 SUTti12A.P.Y 102 iïTDEX OF TABLES. Page. S-Alkylisothiourea picrates Nit ro so- cornDou.nd.s.. 4:6- Dinitro -N- aryl -m- toluidines 3:6- Dinitro- 2:5- dimethyl -N -alkyl aniline ... 41 Oxidations of Side -chains ... 50 Acetylations (1) ... 52 (2) ... 53 4:6- Dinitro -N- alkyl -m- toluidines ... ... 54 Nitrations ... ... ... ... ... ... 55 Phenylthioureas ... ... ... ... ... 56 Sulphuric acid and Benzal chloride ... ... 69 Methylene groups in conjugated cyclic systems ... 76 Diamines ... ... ... ... ... 79 INDEX OP PREPARATIONSIONS Paße. S-Alkylisothiouree. picrates ... ... ... 20 0C- Phenylethyl bromide ... ... ... ... 24 A -Phenylethyl bromide ... ... ... ... 24 Bromo- and Chloro-benzyl bromides ... ... 25 Indole derivatives ... ... ... ... 26 2- Phenylindo_le ... ... ... ... ... 30 2:4- Dinitrobenzyl cyanide ... ... ... 31 2:7-Dibromofluorene ... ... ... ... 31 Nitrosotoluenes ... ... ... ... ... 32 Chloronitrosobenzenes ... ... ... ... 32 Bromonitrosobenzenes ... ... ... ... 33 p-p'-Azoxytoluene ... ... ... ... 33 Nitrosonaphthalene ... ... ... ... 34 2:4- Dinitro- 5- bromotoluene ... ... ... 35 2:4- Dinitro- 5- bromobenzoic acid ... ... 36 2:4-Dinitro-5-carboxy-phenylhydrazine ... 38 4:6-Dinitro-N-aryl-m-toluidines ... ... 40 3:6- Dinitro -2:5- dimethyl -N -alkyl aniline .. 41 ... Substituted ureas . ... ... ... 43 Phenylurea ... ... ... ... ... 44 Phenylurea nitrate ... ... ... ... 44 Phenylnitrourea ... ... ... ... 45 PaF;e. 9- Phenylfluorene ... ... ... ... 78 Truxene ... ... ... ... ... ... 78 Diphenic acid ... ... ... 87 Hemimellitic acid . ... ... 87 Trimesinic acid ... ... ... ... 87 Trimellitic acid ... ... ... ... 88 I NTRODUC`1 ION. Qualitative organic analysis unlike inorganic analysis follows no rigid scheme, and each compound must be investigated as a separate problem. Generally functional groups must be dis- tinguished, and this is often done by colour tests, to whose number we have added one for methylene groups in conjugated cyclic systems, and one for aromatic diamines. In every case derivatives must be prepared and excellent reagents are known for most compounds; e.g. 2:4- dinitrophenyihydrazine for aldehydes and ketones, and 2:3:5- trinitrotoluene for aromatic amines. We have, however, been able to extend a new method for the identification of alkyl halides (compounds not always easy to identify), and to provide a new method for nitroso- compounds, while also attempting the provision of other reagents. In this connection we tried to obtain reagents which we re easily prepared, easy to handle (non -poisonous), stable, and forming good crystalline derivatives; these derivatives being easily purified, melting between 100 00. and 250 °C.w, the melting points in a series differing by at least five degrees. (Substances of lower melting point tend to form oils which are difficult to crystallise, while higher melting points are at best difficult to determine, and in many cases the compounds decompose). Very little systematic work has been done on micro -organic analysis, and we have developed a capillary tube technique for a number of common reagents, as well as introducing a method of micro identification by recognition of characteristic sublimates. From this brief outline it can be appreciated that the work is very varied, and for convenience it grill be divided into sections as follows : - 3. Identification on the Semi -micro Scale. 1. Identification of Alkyl Halides by formation of alkyl- isothiourea picrates. This involved modification and extenion of the method of Broom and Campbell (J. C. S. 1937, 1699) . 2. Identification of C- Nitroso- compounds by formation of derivatives with 2- phenylindole. 3. Attempts to prepare a dinitrophenylhydrazine containing a carboxyl group so that the deter- mination of the equivalent of the carboxy- hydrazones of carbonyl compounds would aid identification. 4. Attempts to identify aromatic amines by 2:4:5 -trinitrotoluene. 5. Attempts to replace 2:4:5 -trinitrotoluene by 2:3:5-trinitro-p-xylene which is more readily prepared. 6. Attempts to identify amines by generating phenylisocyanate, which rapidly deteriorates on standing, from nitrophenylurea. This compound could not be prepared by standard methods. Identification on the PSicro- Scale. Sealed tube oxidations of aromatic compounds to aromatic acids. 4. 2. Preparation of acetyl derivatives of amines. 3. Identification of amines by 2:4:5- trinitro- toluene. 4. Preparation of nitro -compounds. 5. Identification of amines by phenylisothiocyanate. Colour Tests. 1. Fluorescence of aromatic compounds. 2. Benzal chloride test for aromatic hydrocarbons.' 3. Fluorene derivatives. 4. Diamines. Sublimations. Identification of micro quantities of acids, etc. by characteristic appearance of sublimates. In those cases where negative results were obtained the discussion is incorporated in the experimental ;. section for the sake of clarity. 5. Semi -micro Scale. We have extended the work of Brown and Campbell on the identification of alkyl halides by formation of S- alkyl -isothiourea picrates (J.C.S., 1937, 1699) to include tertiary compounds and chlorides, and corrected certain inaccuracies in their work. Only two other methods rival this in simplicity - the formation of N- alkyl- p- bromobenzene- sulphon -p- anisides (Gillespie, J.A.C.S., 1934, 56, 2740) and of N- alkyl- saccharins (Merritt,Jr., Levey, and Cutter, J.A.C.S., 1939,61, 15), but both these methods are limited in application and the derivatives in some cases have rather low melting points. The other methods chiefly in use depend on the formation of Grignard Reagents, which are converted by o(-naphthylisocyanate to o(- naphthalides, (Gilman and Furry, J.A.C.S., 1928, 50, 1214), by phenylisocyanate to anilides (Schwartz and Johnston, J.A.C.S., 1931, 53, 1063), or by p- tolylisocyanate to p- toluidides (Underwood and Gale, J.A.C.S., 1934, 56, 2117). The reactions involved are analogous; that for the formation of anilides being:- R.MgX + C6H5N=0=0 > C6H5N=C=OIvIgX. R R C6 H5 N=C-OI.ZgX + Ha 0 > C6 H5 NH. C=0 + MgOH Anilide 6. These are good derivatives but the necessity of preparing Grignard reagents detracts from the value of the method since time is an important factor in qualitative work. Also in the case of iodides a side reaction may occur:- 2RI + Mg R-R + MgI2 Nitrogen substituted sulphonanilides have been prepared (Young, J.A.C.S., 1934, 56, 2167; ibid, 1935, 57, 773) and give crystalline derivatives with alkyl halides, but the method is not entirely satisfactory. Sah and Ma (Ber., 1932, 65, 1630) used potassium -3- nitro -phthalimide to identify halides, but its use is tedious since most compounds require about ten hours heating.. Brown. (Thesis, Edin. 1937) tried both phenylthiourea and thiourea and found the latter to be more suitable. Its reaction with alkyl halides depends primarily on its tautomerism. NH2 jC=S 2 C-SH NH2 NH Thiourea. Isothiourea. NH2 RX > C-S-R NH - HX. NH" The isothiourea hydrohalides formed are difficult to 7. isolate as they are very deliquescent, but in alcoholic solution they readily form stable picrates, which have definite crystalline structures, and sharp melting points. The superiority of this reagent lies in its general applicability and the fact that most halides react in a few minutes. The method can also be used indirectly for the identification of alcohols. Nitroso- compounds are generally identified by formation of azo- compounds; cf. Bamberger, (Ber. 1896, 29, 102), Bamberger and Vuk (Ber. 1902, 35, 713) and Jacobson and Loeb (Ber. 1903, 36, 4090). The reaction is effected in the cold, and is stated to take twelve to twenty -four hours for completion. Using p- brom -aniline as reagent we have:- AIN.? f 0-N.R N= N. R + 112 0 We attempted to find a method of identifica- tion by utilising the reactivity of nitroso -compounds towards active methylene groups. Condensations of this nature were observed in the case of substituted indoles by Angeli and Morrelli (Cent. 1908, 12 -2, 605), the indoles reacting in the indolenine form, e.g. c=rYR +HaO (7;(141Ní NS N N 8. Repetition of their work showed that both 2- methyl and 2- phenyl -indoles gave good products with nitrosobenzena 2:7- Dibromofluorene was also tried as an identification
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