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Product Internationalization Product Internationalization Digital Technical Journal Digital Equipment Corporation J9�,._, C U L T U R A L .. - : - -- - -- - I,... ------------------ ---- --- - - -- -.� WRITTEN LANGU AGE C) l:<l >-l 1 '-" CHARACTER PLACEMENT � �: :� DIACRITICS ttl 0 (") 1 y - I �eJ?OnG@AL� : i:<l z 0 PRESENTATION VARIANTS •tor:� C) l:<l I (") - i:<l TEXT INPUT C:: Z ttl I BI - DIRECTIONAL TEXT t"' � (") •t-r:l >-l >-l NATIONAL CONV ENTIONS I 'tr1 DATE FORMATS I I TIME OF DAY FORMATS I·� NUMBER FORMATS CURRENCY FORMATS USER INTERFACE "Not chaos·! ike, together crushed and brUJ.ted, GEOMETRY MANAGEMENT z 0 But as the world harmoniously confusc<i z :z >-l \X'hcrc order in variety we sec, 1 all And where, though things differ, all ag'fc" IMAGES SYMBOLS OLOR Number 3 Summer 1993 Editorial Jane C. Blake, Managing Editor Helen L. Patterson, Editor Kathleen M. Stetson, Editor Circulation Catherine M. Phillips, Administrator Dorothea B. Cassady, Secretary Production Terri Autieri, Production Editor Arme S. Katzeff, Typographer Peter R. Woodbury, Illustrator Advisory Board Samuel H. Fuller, Chairman Richard W Beane Donald Z. Harbert Richard]. Hollingsworth Alan G. Nemeth Jeffrey H. Rudy Stan Smits Michael C. Thurk Gayn B. Winters The Digital Teclmicaljournal is a refereed journal published quarterly by Digital Equipment Corporation, 30 Porter Road LJ02/DIO, Littleton, Massachusetts 01460. Subscriptions to thejoumal are $40.00 (non-U.S. $60) for four issues and $75.00 (non­ U.S. $115) for eight issues and must be prepaid in U.S. funds. University and college professors and Ph.D. students in the electrical engineering and computer science fields receive complimentary subscriptions upon request. Orders, inquiries, and address changes should be sent to the Digital Teclmicaljournal at the published-by address. Inquiries can also be sent electronically to [email protected] .COM. Single copies and back issues are available for $16.00 each by calling DECdirect at 1- 800-D IGITAL (1- 800-344- 4825). Recent back issues of thejournal are also available on the Internet at gatekeeper.clec.com in the directory /pub/DEC/DECinfo/DTJ. Digital employees may send subscription orders on the ENET to RDVAX::JOU RN AL. Orders should include badge number, site location code, and address. Comments on the content of any paper are welcomed and may be sent to the managing editor at the published-by or network address. Copyright© 1993 Digital Equipment Corporation. Copying without fee is permitted provided that such copies are made for use in educational institutions by faculty mem­ bers and are not distributed for commercial advantage. Abstracting with credit of Digital Equipment Corporation's authorship is permitted. All rights reserved. The information in thejoun1al is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in thejournal. ISSN 0898- 901X Documentation Number EY-P986E-DP The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: Alpha AXP, AXP, COD/Plus, COD/Repository, DEC, DEC OSF/1 AXP, DEC Rclb, DECwindows, DECwrite, Digital, the Digital logo, EDT, OpenVMS, OpenVMS AXP, OpenVMS VAX, TeamRoute, UURIX, VAX, VMS, and VT. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Cori1puter, Inc. AT&T is a registered trademark of American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Hewlett-Packard is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Corporation. fBM is a registered trademark of InternationalBusiness Mad1ines Corporation. lntel is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Cover Design Lotus 1-2-3 is a registered trademark of Lonos Development Corporation. Scripts, symbols, and writing directions Microsoft, MS-DOS, and MS Windows are registered trademarks and Win32 and are elements of written communication Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. that are addressed by product international­ Motif, OSF/Motif, and OSF/1 are registered trademarks and Open Software Foundation ization, the featured topic in this issue. Like is a trademark of Open Software Foundation, Inc. engineering designs and standards for inter­ Motorola is a registered trademark of Motorola, Inc. nationalization, the graphic design on the PIC is a trademark of Wang Laboratories, Inc. cover provides a framework that accommo­ PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. dates a rich diversity of the world's written Unicode is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. languages. UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories, lnc. X Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The cover was designed byjoe Poze1ycki,jr., of X/Open is a trademark of X/Open Company Limited. Digital's Corporate Design Group. Book production was clone by Quantic Communications, lnc. I Contents 6 Foreword Claude Henri Pesquet Product Internationalization 8 IntertUttional Cultural Differences in Software Timothy G. Greenwood 21 Unicode: A Universal Character Code )tirgcn Settels and f Avery Bishop 32 The X/Open Internationalization Model Wendy Rannenberg and ]Urgen Bettels 43 The Ordering of Universal Character Strirzgs Rene Haentjens 53 International Distributed Systems­ Architectural and Practical Issues Gayn B. Winters 63 Supporting the Chinese, japanese, and Korean Languages in the OpenVMS Operating System Michael M. T. Ya u 80 Character Internationalization in Databases: A Case Study Hirotaka Yo shioka and)im Melton 97 japanese Input Method Independent of ApplicatiollS Takahide Honma, Hiroyoshi Baba, and Kuniaki Takizawa I Editor's Introduction examine benefits and limitations of the standard, referencing Digital's DEC OSF/1 AXP implementation, and close with proposed changes to the model. Rene Haentjens' paper is not about a standard per se but about the ways in which various cultures order words and names and the methods used in computers to emulate this ordering. He examines the table-driven multilevel method for ordering uni­ versal character strings, its variations and its draw­ backs. The implications of Unicode relative to 1 I ordering are also considered. The development and adaptation of software for Jane C. Blake use in local markets is the common theme of three Ma naging Editor papers. Gayn Winters identifies several program­ ming practices for the development of distributed Engineering products for international markers is a systems and discusses the benefits of moclu larity in multifaceted undertaking, as it entails the adaptation systems and in run-time libraries to reduce reengi­ of computer technology to the unique ami varied neering effort and costs. However, as Michael Yau ways cultures communicate in written languages. notes in his paper, reengineering is necessary for Papers in this issue describe some of the cultural systems designed when English was the only lan­ and teclmological challenges to software engineers guage supported in computer systems. Michael pre­ and their responses. To pics include conventions of sents an overview of the engineering challenges culture and language, internationalization stan­ encountered and resolved in the creation of local dards, and design of products for local markets. variants of the OpenVMS operating system to sup­ Product internationalization begins with identi­ port the Japanese, Chinese, and Korean languages. fying the cultural elements and user expectations A third paper, written by Hiro Yoshioka and Jim that the software must accommodate. Tim Melton, provides a case study of a coengineering Greenwood has written a tutorial that provides project, i.e., a project in which engineers from the insight into the cultural differences and the com­ local environment (or market) join in the product plexities of written languages as they relate to prod­ development. The case references the internation­ uct development. Among the topics he discusses alization of the DEC Rdb database (specifically for are scripts and orthography, writing directions, key­ Asian markets) utilizing an SQL standard. board input methods, conventions for values such The concluding paper focuses on software as time, and user interfaces. designed to facilitate .Japanese keyboard input and to As a counterpoint to the complexity of languages reduce reengineering/localization effort. Takahide and cultures, industry engineers and organizations Honma, Hiroyoshi Baba, and Kuniaki Takizawa have developed standards that lend simplicity and review the methods of Japanese keyboard input uniformity. Unicode, described here by Ji.irgen and then describe a three-layer, application­ Bertels and Avery Bishop, is a significant interna­ independent software implementation that is tionalization standard that accommodates many embedded in the operating system and offers users more complex character sets than does 8-bit ASCI!; flexibility in the choice of an input operation. software produced using Unicode character encod­ The editors are grateful to Tim Greenwood, an ing can be localized for any language. The authors architect of Unicode currently working in the discuss the principles behind the 16-bit encoding Software Development Tools Group, for his help in scheme and considerations for application pro­ coordinating the development of papers and to cessing of Unicode text. They conclude with Gayn Winters, Corporate Consulting Engineer. approaches for the support of Unicode and refer­ Note to Internet Users: Recent back issues of ence the Microsoft Windows NT implementation. the D1J are now available in ASCII and PostScript for­ We ndy Rannenberg
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