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Les Principales Maladies Fongiques De L'olivier

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Les Principales Maladies Fongiques De L'olivier République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université d’Oran Faculté des Sciences Département de Biotechnologie Mémoire de Magister en Biotechnologie Option: Intérêt des Microorganismes en Agriculture et Agroalimentaire. Les principales maladies fongiques de l’olivier (Olea europea L.) en Algérie : répartition géographique et importance. Présenté par : BOUTKHIL Samir Soutenu le : / / 2012 devant le jury composé de : Président : ................................................ Pr. Aoues Abdelkader, Univ. Oran Examinateur : ........................................... Pr. Belabid Lakhdar, Univ. Mascara Examinateur : ........................................... Dr. Bensalah Farid M.C., Univ. Oran Rapporteur : ............................................ Pr. Fortas Zohra, Univ. Oran Co-rapporteur : ........................................ Pr. Bellahcene Miloud, Univ. Mostaganem Remerciements Ce travail a été réalisé au Laboratoire de Biologie des Micro-organismes et de Biotechnologie (LBMB) de l’université d’Oran Es-senia. Qu’il me soit permis tout d’abord de remercier très vivement Pr. Fortas Z., responsable du laboratoire et promoteur de ce travail, pour m’avoir accueillie dans son laboratoire de recherches, pour l’intéressant sujet qu’elle m’a proposé, pour m’avoir guidée, conseillée et orientée avec beaucoup de pertinence, chaque fois que cela était nécessaire et pour les heures passées à lire et relire ce manuscrit. Merci pour l’opportunité que vous m'avez donnée, pour l'exemple que vous êtes et pour l'espoir que vous portez. Je remercie vivement Pr. Bellahcene M., pour avoir accepté de co-diriger avec beaucoup d’attention et de soin ce travail. Je lui suis très reconnaissant d’avoir prêté un intérêt constant à ce travail en me fournissant maintes documentations sur la verticilliose de l’olivier. Je le remercie également de m’avoir fait bénéficier de ses connaissances et conseils en phytopathologie. Je tiens également à remercier les membres du jury, pour l'intérêt qu'ils ont porté à mon travail: Pr. Aoues A., pour avoir accepté de contribuer et présider le jury, j’éprouve un grand respect pour son travail, son parcours, ainsi que pour ses grandes qualités humaines. Je remercie les examinateurs Pr. Belabid L., et Dr. Bensalah F., pour la rapidité avec laquelle ils ont lu mon manuscrit, malgré un emploi du temps sans doute très chargé. Je leur suis très reconnaissant pour leur acceptation d’examiner ce travail, vos commentaires et vos critiques constructives lors de la soutenance me seront précieuses. Mes sincères remerciements vont également à Mr. Kadous, ingénieur et responsable à l’Institut Technique des Arbres fruitiers de Mascara, pour ses renseignements oléicoles, sa mobilité géographique aux oliveraies du Nord-Ouest d’Algérie. Hommage respectueux à notre équipe de laboratoire pour l’ambiance et l’enthousiasme inoubliables, à notre département de biotechnologie pour son pilotage administratif tout le long de ce travail, ainsi qu’aux différents acteurs de l'Université d’Oran qui m’ont gratifié d’un diplôme de Magister en Biotechnologie. Dédicace Aux deux êtres les plus chères de ma vie, qui ont su m’apporter amour, tendresse et qui m’ont inculqué la droiture, la persévérance, le sérieux, l’honnêteté, à vous courageux Père et à vous tendre Mère. BOUTKHIL Samir ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ .ﻟﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺧﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ (ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮ، ﺑﻠﻌﺒﺎﺱ ، ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻥ) ﻋﻦ ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ .ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺽ ﺩﺑﻮﻝ ﺍﻝ ﻓﺮﺗﺴﻴﻠﻲ ( Verticilliose) ﻭ ﺗﻌﻔﻦ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ( Pouriture racinaire). ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻢّ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ : 20 ﺳﻼﻟﺔ Verticillium dahlia ، 1 ﺳﻼﻟﺔ Rhizoctnia bataticola ، 1 ﺳﻼﻟﺔ Stemphylium botryosum .ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ (Vdm 9) ﺑﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ V8 agar ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻲ pH > 5 8 > ﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ C° 25، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ (Sbo) ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ PDA، ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ (Rbo ) ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ MEA ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ 25 ﻭ 30 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻀﻲ pH<8>5. ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ :12 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻇﻼﻡ / 12 ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺿﻮء ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ. ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﺰﻻﺕ V. dahlia ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ cv. Saint-Pierre ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ (I.A.F) ﻭ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺰﻡ (I.A.F). ﺍﻻﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ (ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺰﻡ ، ﺍﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺑﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ) ﺩﻟّﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻠﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮ. ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﺒﻲﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ (Pelt 44) ﻱﺛﺒﻂ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻻﺕ .V dahlia ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ (Ridomil-Gold) ﻭ(Ortiva). ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ : ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ، ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ، Verticillium dahliae، ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ، ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ Résumé L’étude porte sur quelques maladies fongiques de l’olivier dans la région Nord-Ouest d’Algérie. Des prospections durant la compagne agricole 2010-2011 dans plusieurs oliveraies (Mascara, Sidi Bel Abbes et Oran) ont montré la présence de maladies fongiques et bactériennes dont la verticilliose et la pourriture racinaire. Trois espèces de champignons phytopathogènes ont été isolés et identifiées : 20 isolats de Verticillium dahliae, 1 isolat de Rhizoctonia bataticola et 1 isolat de Stemphylium botryosum. L’isolat V. dahliae (Vdm9) a une croissance optimale sur milieu V8 agar, à 5 < pH < 8 et à 25°C ; l’isolat R. bataticola (Rbo) se développe mieux sur milieu MEA et S. botryosum (Sbo) sur PDA, à 25 et 30 °C et à 5 < pH <8. L’alternance de 12h Lumière /12h Obscurité influence la croissance et l’aspect cultural des trois champignons. Le pouvoir pathogène de six clones de V. dahliae testé par inoculation artificielle de plants de tomate cv. Saint Pierre ont permis d’estimer les I.A.F et les I.R. Les symptômes observés (rabougrissement, flétrissure du feuillage, jaunissement et chute des feuilles) ont mis en évidence l’importance du pouvoir pathogène des souches isolées d’oliveraie de Sidi Bel Abbès par rapport à celles de Mascara. Les résultats des tests in vitro de trois fongicides ont révélé que le Pelt 44 inhibe fortement la croissance mycélienne de V. dahliae que le Ridomil-Gold et l’Ortiva. Mots clés : olivier, champignons phytopathogènes, Verticillium dahliae, pouvoir pathogène, lutte chimique. Abstract The study focuses on some fungal diseases of olive trees in the Northwest region of Algeria. Prospecting during the agricultural crop on 2010-2011 in several orchard olive trees (Mascara, Oran and Sidi Bel Abbès) showed the presence of fungal and bacterial diseases with verticilium and root rot. Three species of phytopathogenic fungi were isolated and identified: 20 isolates of Verticillium dahliae, 1 isolate of Rhizoctonia bataticola and 1 isolate Stemphylium botryosum. The isolate V. dahliae (Vdm9) has optimum growth on agar medium V8 agar, 5 <pH < 8 at 25 ° C; the isolate R. bataticola (Rbo) grows better on medium MEA and S. botryosum (Sbo) on PDA at 25 and 30 ° C and 5 <pH <8. The alternating 12 hours light / 12 hours Darkness influence growth and cultural aspect of the three fungal. The pathogenicity of six clones of V. dahliae tested by artificial inoculation of tomato plants cv. Saint-Pierre were used to estimate the IAF and IR. The observed symptoms (shriveling, stain of the foliage, the yellowing and the fall of leaves) highlighted the importance of the pathogenic power of the isolated origins (stumps) of Sidi Bel Abbès olive grove compared to those of Mascara. The results of in vitro tests of three fungicides revealed that Pelt 44 inhibits more strongly the mycelial growth of V. dahliae then the Ridomil-Gold and Ortiva. Keywords: Olive tree, phytopathogenic fungi, Verticillium dahliae, pathogenic power, chemical fight. Liste des Figures Fig. 1 : Dissémination de l’olivier cultivé de l’Est à l’Ouest de la Méditerranée (d’après Besnard, 2009). 3 Fig. 2 : Distribution naturelle du complexe Olea europea dans le monde (Rubio de Casas et al., 2006) 5 Fig. 3 : Les principales parties d'un olivier (d’après Argenson, 1999). ...................................... 9 Fig. 4 : Localisation des principales variétés d’olivier cultivées en Algérie (Bellahcene, 2004, modifié par Saad, 2009) ............................................................................................................. 10 Fig. 5 : Les fluctuations de la production d’olive en Algérie (FAOSTAT, 2009). ................... 11 Fig. 6 : Les principaux pays producteurs d’olive dans le monde (Sasanelli, 2009 ; FAOSTAT, 2009). ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Fig. 7 : Cycle infectieux de V. dahliae kleb., (Hiemstra et Harris, 1998). ................................ 22 Fig. 8 : Cycle infectieux de Rhizoctonia sp (Dhingra et Sinclair, 1977) ................................... 28 Fig. 9 : Cycle infectieux de quelques espèces de Stemphylium chez d’Alflfa (In Mwakutuya, 2006). 28 Fig. 10 : Localisation géographique des trois Wilayas oléicoles prospectées. .......................... 29 Fig. 11 : Echantillon de rameaux malades (A), petits fragments coupés au niveau du xylème (B) ; dépôt des fragments sur PDA en boîte de Pétri (C). ...................................................... 31 Fig. 12 : Méthode d’obtention de clones monospores (d’après Booth, 1971 ; Belabid, 2003). 33 Fig. 13 : Prélèvement d’un disque mycélien à la marge de la culture fongique (A), dépôt du disque mycélien au centre du milieu de culture stérile (B) ....................................................... 34 Fig. 14 : Obtention des plantules de
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