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Ispahan, Iran) : Premiers Résultats De La Campagne 2008 Jacques Jaubert, Fereidoun Biglari, Rémy Crassard, Marjan Mashkour, William Rendu, Sonia Shidrang

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Ispahan, Iran) : Premiers Résultats De La Campagne 2008 Jacques Jaubert, Fereidoun Biglari, Rémy Crassard, Marjan Mashkour, William Rendu, Sonia Shidrang Paléolithique moyen récent de la grotte de Qaleh Bozi 2 (Ispahan, Iran) : premiers résultats de la campagne 2008 Jacques Jaubert, Fereidoun Biglari, Rémy Crassard, Marjan Mashkour, William Rendu, Sonia Shidrang To cite this version: Jacques Jaubert, Fereidoun Biglari, Rémy Crassard, Marjan Mashkour, William Rendu, et al.. Paléolithique moyen récent de la grotte de Qaleh Bozi 2 (Ispahan, Iran) : premiers résultats de la campagne 2008. Journal of iranian archaeology, Šahrām Zāri, 2010, pp.21-31. hal-01828499 HAL Id: hal-01828499 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01828499 Submitted on 2 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Iranian Archaeology, No. 1 Paléolithique moyen récent de la grotte de Qaleh Bozi 2 (Ispahan, Iran): premiers résultats de la campagne 2008 Jacques Jaubert1, Fereidoun Biglari1,2, Rémy Crassard3, Marjan Mashkour4, William Rendu1, et Sonia Shidrang1 Abstract Located in southwest of central Iran, not far from Zagros range, the Middle Paleolithic sites of Qaleh Bozi produced a wealth of data that expands our knowledge beyond the lithic industries of the Middle Paleolithic of Central Iran. Here we report on new excavations in Qaleh Bozi 2, the richest cave in this site complex undertaken in 2008 that yielded new assemblages of lithic artifacts, well-preserved faunal remains and charcoal fragments from a stratified context. During this season we made two stratigraphic cuts of which the western one was opened earlier during 2005 excavations. A number of dosimeters were placed in the stratigraphic cuts at Qaleh Bozi 2 and Qaleh Bozi 3 in order to date the Middle Paleolithic occupations of the sites by means of TL and OSL methods. Two micromorphological samples also were taken from the sections, to clarify the nature and formation of the deposits and postdepositional events. A total number of 356 lithic artifacts were found during excavations, of which near 26% are retouched tools. The highest percentage of the tools are various types of side-scarper dominated by single forms, followed in quantity by points and notch-denticulates. The mammalian remains can be divided into five categories: Large ungulates (Equids, Aurochs and Rhinoceros), Medium ungulates (Cervids and Suids), and Small ungulates (Goat, Sheep and Gazella). The anthropogenic activity can be detected on all the ungulate remains where important traces of impact, percussion and flaking together with burning and cutting mark the bones. The breakage patterns could be compatible with marrow extraction. The great majority of the identified remains belong to herbivores. The Equids are the dominant species within the large herbivores. Key words: Zagros Mousterian, central Iran, Ispahan, Equids, Gazelle. 1- UMR 5199-PACEA, University Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, F-33405 Talence, France [email protected]. 2- UMR 5199-PACEA, University Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, F-33405 Talence, France, Paleolithic Department, National Museum of Iran, 30 Tir St., Emam Khomeini Ave., Tehran, Iran [email protected], [email protected]. 3- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies (LCHES), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 4- UMR 7029 CNRS-Natural History Museum, Paris, France. 22 Paléolithique moyen récent de la grotte de Qaleh Bozi 2... Figure 1. Localisation des grottes de Qaleh Bozi près de Hassan Abad, au sud-sud ouest d’Ispahan, Iran (dessin: F. Biglari) Introduction Un ouvrage marque le terme de ces travaux L’image véhiculée jusqu’à présent pour le précurseurs essentiellement focalisés sur le Zagros Paléolithique moyen d’Iran se résume, à quelques (Olszewski and Dibble eds. 1993) incluant la publication exceptions près, au Moustérien du Zagros. L’appellation détaillée de Kunji (Baumler and Speth 1993), complété est due à Skinner (1965) et comme son nom l’indique, depuis par des travaux universitaires dont la contribution correspond avant tout à une entité géographique, les de J. Lindly (2005) est certainement l’exemple le plus Monts du Zagros qui s’étendent au N.- O. des confins de abouti. l’Anatolie et du Kurdistan irakien jusqu’au Golfe Depuis 2004, une mission franco-iranienne a persique au Sud-Est. Après les travaux précurseurs de D. réinvesti ces territoires avec un effort spécial sur les Garrod à Hazar Merd (1928-30), la première zones situées à l’Est du Zagros, notamment le Plateau contribution majeure coïncide avec la fouille de C. Coon central (Jaubert et al. 2005). Ce sont ces nouvelles à Bisotun (Coon 1951), puis la région connut son heure découvertes que nous présenterons, assorties des de gloire avec les travaux R. Solecki à Shanidar (e.g. premiers résultats. Plusieurs entités seront évoquées: Solecki 1955, 1971 ; Solecki et Solecki, 1993) et la - La découverte par les équipes iraniennes de découverte des fameuses sépultures néandertaliennes. nouveaux gisements, principalement dans la région de Dans un second temps, H. Dibble a établi un parallèle Kermanshah (Do-Ashkaft: Biglari and Heydari 2001; avec le Charentien aquitain à partir des industries Biglari 2007) et recelant presque tous des artefacts lithiques conservées à Philadelphie (e. g. Dibble 1984; moustériens, Mar Aftab, Mar Tarik, Mar Dodar (Biglari Dibble and Holdoway 1990). 2001). Ils s’ajoutent aux sites déjà connus tels Iranian Archaeology, No. 1 Jaubert and et al. 23 Paléolithique moyen récent de la grotte de Qaleh Bozi 2... Bisotun/Hunter’s Cave, Warwasi, Gar-e Khar et, plus au coude en baïonnette, que s’ouvrent les grottes de Qaleh sud, Kunji. Bozi, parfaitement visibles depuis la ville de Hassan - Nous avons testé l’un d’entre eux en 2005: la grotte Abad (Figure 2). Les deux principales cavités (QB1 et perchée dans le massif de Bisotoun dite Mar Tarik qui a QB2) s’ouvrent également au S.- S.-E. reprenant par un livré un faciès classique du Moustérien du Zagros mais élargissement karstique une faille. en contexte de site de consommation secondaire, avec Rappelons d’abord que l’ensemble des grottes de chaîne opératoire fractionnée et un fort pourcentage Qaleh Bozi est composé d’au moins trois cavités: Qaleh d’outils (Jaubert et al. 2009). Le site, malheureusement Bozi 1 (QB1) qui n’a pas réellement livré de matériel perturbé par les clandestins, a livré une plaque de calcaire attribuable au Paléolithique (en fait, juste une petite série gravée dont l’attribution au Moustérien est discutée. de Paléolithique moyen, quelques vestiges de faune ou - Le réexamen d’un matériel inédit provenant de de microfaune d’âge indéterminé), Qaleh Bozi 2 (QB2) prospections effectuées jadis par P. Mortensen et et un modeste abri dénommé Qaleh Bozi 3 (QB3) qui fit Ph. Smith dans la plaine entre Kermanshah et Harsin l’objet d’un sondage en 2005 par l’un d’entre nous (F. près de plusieurs sites classiques (Bisotun, Warwasi…). Biglari) et qui a livré une intéressante série de Demeurées inédites, nous y sommes revenus en 2006, Paléolithique moyen à pointes foliacées et faune associée les complétant par de nouvelles découvertes à Gakia et (Biglari et al. 2009). Laissant à F. Biglari la fouille de au Site 16, confirmant le potentiel de ces stations de plein QB3, nous avons convenu de porter nous efforts air qui n’ont fait l’objet que de simples prospections conjoints sur QB2. après les labours. Avec leurs productions Levallois de grandes dimensions et peu retouchées, elles donnent une autre image du Paléolithique moyen régional et ouvrent le débat d’une variabilité économique d’une région où il n’y a pas de réelles difficultés d’approvisionnement en matière première (Biglari 2007). - La découverte de nouveaux sites, cette fois à l’Est du Zagros, sur le Plateau central comme Niyasar près de Kashan avec débitage Levallois associé à un site en contexte de travertins (Biglari 2004; Heydari-Guran et al. 2009). - Enfin, près d’Isfahan, le complexe de grottes de Qaleh bozi dominant la plaine de Hassanabad qui ouvre quant à lui des perspectives sur la variabilité du Moustérien en dehors du faciès «Zagros». C’est l’une d’entre elles qui fait l’objet de cette note. Figure 2. Vue des grottes de Qaleh Bozi depuis la plaine de Hassan Abad (Photo: F. Biglari) Situation et description générale du site L’ensemble karstique de Qaleh Bozi est localisé à Historique des recherches 25 kilomètres au sud-sud-ouest d’Ispahan, dominant la L’inventeur des cavités, connues de tout temps plaine de Hassan Abad (Figure 1). Elles sont étagées puisque leurs entrées respectives sont bien visibles entre 1750 m et 1810 m au-dessus du niveau actuel de la depuis la petite ville de Hassan Abad est en fait Hosseïn mer (coordonnées moyennes: 32° 24’ N et 51° 33’ E). Soleïmani, qui y pratiqua les premières reconnaissances Qaleh Bozi signifie en farsi «la forteresse des chèvres»: dès 1999. Ce dernier découvrit rapidement des outils en effet, un château sassanide perché occupe le sommet lithiques, de la faune, de la céramique et signala ses d’un piton, prolongeant une haute crête déchiquetée avec découvertes au département de géologie de l’université laquelle il se confond. C’est dans ce chaînon calcaire qui d’Ispahan. M. Yazdi contrairement aux précédents barre selon une orientation WNW-ESE (celle du Zagros) la plaine d’Ispahan et la domine de plus de 500 m, interlocuteurs y programma des travaux en 2004 (Elhami obligeant le Zayandeh Rud à forcer le passage par un et al.
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