A Dictionary of Important Names, Objects, and Terms, Found in the Holy Scriptures

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THE EGYPTIAN WHEAT,

Gen. xli. 5. Bearing seven ears on one stalk, as described :

DICTIONARY

OF IMPORTANT

NAMES, OBJECTS, AND TERMS,

FOUND IN THE

HOLY SCRIPTURES.

INTENDED PRINCIPALLY FOR YOUTH.

BY HOWARD MALCOM, A. M.

iJoston

PUBLISHED BY LINCOLN & EDMANDS.

1830. : :

i*30

DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit:

District ClerWs Office, BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twentieth day of No- vember, A. D. 1829, in the fifty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, LINCOLN k EDMANDS, of the said district, have deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit " A Dictionary of important Names, Objects, and Terms, found in the Holy Scriptures. Intended principally for Youth. By Howard Malcom, A. M." In Conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, "An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies, of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of " such copies during the times therein mentioned ; and also to an Act, entitled, " An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books to the Authors and* Proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned: and extending the benefits thereof to the arts ot Designing, Engraving, and Etching Historical and other Prints." JNO. W. DAVIS, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts. 64

The following errors of the press are discovered

Under the word Cyprus, Cicilia for Cilicia. „ „ „ Darius, Cyaxerxes for Cyaxares. „ „ „ Dead Sea, Greece for Canaan. ! ;

PREFACE.

Productions that are the result of labour, more than of genius, lie under two great disadvantages : —the pleasure of composing is incomparably less, and the composi- tion itself is held in far less estimation. The author's only motive in undertaking the drudgery of preparing

this volume was, that such a work seemed to him not only eminently needed for youth, but almost indispensa-

ble ; while nothing of the kind existed within his knowledge. It was chiefly prepared at small intervals of leisure while travelling as General Agent of the American Sun- day School Union, and has now been retained nearly three years, in the hope that some more perfect work of the kind would appear. During this time it has been kept at hand for the purpose of inserting whatever seemed appropriate in the current religious periodicals, missionary reports, &c. The chief sources of aid, however, have been the works of Calmet, Whitby, Wells, Carpenter, Brown,* Wood, Paxton, and Harmer. Extracts have in some instances been taken, as well as facts, or thoughts but references seemed unnecessary. In most Dictionaries of the Bible, a large proportion of the matter consists of Scripture narrative, digested under

* Gurney's Dictionary, lately issued in London, under the most impos-

ing title, was also procured ; but it proves to be Brown's Dictionary of the Bible, reprinted verbatim, except in some very few articles PREFACE. [ v

that the read- heads, or verbal definitions. It is believed general among the ing of the Bible itself, is now so intended, as to classes of persons for whom this book is The object make that plan undesirable in this instance. names, to throw light here is, in reference to Scripture thence. on the sacred page, rather than to borrow it from and While therefore a great number of names of persons Scripture, places of which nothing is known except from adapted to youth, is omitted, more Scripture illustration, in any one of the larger will, it is hoped, be found, here than &c. works above named. In regard to doctrinal terms, As some of the usual course was necessarily pursued. to children, the articles may seem hardly comprehensible intentionally grad- it is proper to remark that the work was School teachers; uated to the common level of Sabbath convenient and useful man- who it is hoped will find it a standard, could it ual. Only by bringing the book to this great object. It be made itself a teacher, which was the parents, was hoped by this plan to make it useful to of intelligent also, in answering the numerous questions children who read the Bible. and if the " Father It is now issued to serve a necessity, dissemination of of lights" do but make it useful in the be fully heavenly truth, the desires of the Author will realized.

Hayward Place, Boston,

Jan. 1, 1830. ;

AB, the eleventh month of Samuel having trusted them j the Jewish civil year, and with the administration of the fifth of their sacred. It public justice, and admitted answereth to the moon that them to a share of the gov- begins in July, and consists ernment, they acquitted of thirty days. themselves so illy, that they ABADDON, signifies de- obliged the people to re- struction; andJlpoltyonthQ quire a king of him. When destroyer, is the name of the the priests were divided in- devil, who goes about seek- to twenty-four courses, (I ing whom he may devour. Chron. xxiv.) one was called Others consider it to mean from him, or one of his de- the Pope of Rome. scendants. Luke i. v. ABANA and Pharpar, ABIB,or«Msan,thename two rivers of Syria, which of the first sacred, and sev- Naaman the leper thought enth civil month of the Jew- more fit to cure him than all ish year. It contained thirty the rivers of Israel. Abana days ; and answered to our is probably the same with the moon of March. This word

Barraddy, which springing signifies ripe fruit ; and was from mount Lebanon, glides given to this month, because pleasantly towards the south. in the middle thereof, the Perhaps the Pharpar is the Jews began their harvest. same with Orontes, the most The year, among the Jews, noted river of Syria, which, commenced in September rising a little to the north- and therefore their jubilees, east of Damascus, passes and their other civil matters, Antioch, and running about were regulated in that way,

200 miles to the north-west, see Levit. xxv. 8, 9, 10 ; but loses itself in the Mediterra- their sacred year commenced nean Sea. 2 Kings v. 12. in Abib. This change took ABIA, second son to Sam- place at the redemption of uel, and brother to Joel. Israel from Egypt, Exod. xii. B ABY 6 ACR

2. "This shall be to you ACELDAMA, a field lay- the beginning of months." ing a little south of Jerusa- ABILENE, the Father's lem, which was used by pot- Mansion, a small canton in ters, to dig clay from thence. Syria, between Lebanon and The money which Judas Antilibanus. It took its name threw back to the Jewish ru- from Abila, which probably lers, being the price of blood, was the same with Abel- as they called it, they would maim. Lysanius was gov- not put into the Lord's treas- ernor here in the fifteenth ury, but with it purchased year of Tiberias. Luke this field, wherefore it was i ii. 1. called Aceldama, or the ABOMINATION, a thing field of blood. It was then hateful. Sin is called an appropriated as a place to abomination because detesta- bury strangers, from which ble to God and good beings. the burial ground for this False doctrines are so called. purpose is, in some cities, Rev. xvii. 4. Idols and their called Potter's-field. Matt, worship, and proud persons xxvii. 8.

are often called abominations. AC H A I A , a part of Greece, Deut. vii. 26. Prov. xvi. 5. the capital of which was The sacrifices of the wicked, Corinth. It is now called that is, hypocritical services, Livadia. are an abomination. Prov. ACHOR, this word signi- xv, 8. In Matt. xxiv. 15, fies trouble, and was the the allusion is to Roman ar- name of a valley near Jericho. mies, which as heathen were ACRE. The English acre

h ate fu 1 to th e Jews. is 4840 square yards, the ABRAHAM, a wander- Roman. 3200, and the Egyp- ing shepherd of vast wealth tian 3698; but the Hebrew and preeminent piety. Be- acre, appears to mean what ing the progenitor of all the one yoke of oxen ploughed Jews he was called the Fa- in a day. Ten acres of vine- ther of the faithful. His yard yielding one bath, and history is one of deep inter- the seed of an homer pro- est, and is given in Genesis ducing an ephah, Isa. v. 10. at great length. means that the land should ABYSS, a word used in be afflicted with dreadful Scripture sometimes to mean sterility, for such a crop is hell, and sometimes the scarcely a tenth part of the depths of ocean, and the wa- seed sown. ters which flow under the ADAMANT, a beautiful earth. stone of the Viardest kind* ADO AGR generally called diamond. taking one into the family Diamonds are chiefly ob- for a son. Pharaoh's daugh- tained in India, from the ter adopted the young child mines in Golconda, Visapoor, Moses. Mordecai also re- and Borneo. Some are now ceived Esther. True believ- obtained from Brazil. Its ers in Christ, who rely upon great hardness makes it re- the efficacious atonement of sist the most intense fire, cut his precious blood, and the glass, &c. Sinners' hearts sure merit of his perfect are therefore compared to righteousness, for the pardon adamant. Zech. vii. 12. of their sins and reconcilia- ADDER, a venomous rep- tion to God, being regener- tile, brought forth alive, ated by the Spirit, and freely without eggs. It is often justified by grace, through called a viper. the redemption of Jesus ADJURE. "It was a cus- Christ, are said to be put in- tom among the Jews to ad- to this state of adoption. jure, which was by a form ADRIA, a sea now called of execration laid on the per- the Gulf of Venice, on the son if he did not answer tru- coast of Italy. Acts xxvii. ly." (Hammond.) It was 27. Paul in going to Rome, the same as administering an suffered an extreme tempest oath is now, so that though in this sea. Christ held his peace when ADULTERY, violating

; the merely interrogated he ac- bed of a married person ; knowledged when adjured, in a spiritual sense it means or put on oath, that he was idolatry, or the act of paying the Son of God. that homage or worship to ADONAI is one of the the creature, which is due names of God, and being in only to the Creator. Jer. iii. the plural intimates a Trini- 9. Ezek. xxiii. 37. ty. The Jews, who, either AGATE, a precious stone out of respect or superstition of variegated colours, but do not pronounce the name not very valuable. of Jehovah, read Adonai in AGRIPPA, the son of the room of it, as often as Herod, governor for the Ro- they meet with Jehovah in mans of several provinces* the Hebrew text. The an- and among them part of Gal- cient Jews, however, were ilee, west of the sea of Ti-

not so scrupulous ; there berias. He came with his is no law which forbids them sister to visit Festus on his to pronounce this name inauguration, and hearing of ADOPTION, the act of! Paul, was anxious to see him AIR 8 ALE

Paul preached before the be destroyed, or even be- royal personages, and Agrip- come stagnant. pa was almost persuaded to ALABASTER, a name to be a Christian. When the now applied to a fine white Jews revolted, he took part species of marble. The with the Romans against word is derived from a priv- after them, and the destruc- ative, hccfiyi, a handle, and tion of Jerusalem, he went was used by the ancients to to Rome, where he died in mean an urn or vessel with- the year 90, aged 70. (See out handles, especially those Herod.) made full at the bottom, and AIR, a fluid which sur- narrow at the top, so as to rounds the earth to the ex- be easily stopped, and thus tent of about fifty miles. Air especially proper for oint- has a considerable weight. ments and perfumes, which About 2160 pound-weight of would lose their fragrance if it presses on every square exposed. Alabasters were foot ; and allowing the sur- of glass, or silver, or gold. face of an human body to be It was customary at feasts 15 square feet, the pressure among the great to anoint of air on it must amount to the hair of the guests with 32,400 pounds weight. But costly perfume. Ps. xxiii. 5. this pressure is not percepti- and xlv. 7. 1 Chron. xii. 40. bly felt, because our bodies ALEXANDRIA, a cele- contain such a portion as brated city in Lower Egypt. serves to buoy them up. It was situated between the Air is necessary not only to lake Mareotis and the west- the existence of man, but of ern branch of the Nile, at a all animals and plants. The small distance from the Med- winds keep it pure. Crea- iterranean sea. It was for tures inhabiting the water ages the mart of commerce need air as much as land an- to most of the known world, imals. Some of these come and one of the most flourish- often to the surface to ing cities, second to none but breathe, and those which Rome. It was famed for a have gills, manufacture air library of 700,000 volumes, for themselves out of water. which was madly burnt by If there were no air we the Arabs or Saracens, A. D. hear, could neither see, nor 642. It is now dwindled to neith- speak ; there could be a village, with nothing re- er clouds nor rain. Indeed, markable but the ruins of an- the whole world would be cient grandeur. Here Apol- destroyed if the air were to los was born, Acts xviii. 24. ALO 9 AME

Fifty thousand Jews were used in connexion with Ome- murdered here, under the ga which is the last letter to Emperor Nero. When the express the eternity of Jesus Arabs took it as above, they Christ. found 40,000 Jews who paid ALTAR, among the Jews, tribute. In a ship belonging the place where sacrifices to Alexandria, Paul sailed were laid and offered. The for Rome, Acts xxvii. 6. Roman Catholics still apply Christianity was early plant- the name to the table where ed in this place. Mark the the communion is adminis-

Evangelist is said to have tered ; but Christ is the only first preached it here. Christian altar to which we ALMS. Bounty to the bring all our sacrifices and poor. Matt. vi. 1. In the services. Hebrew it is called righte- AMBASSADOR, a legate ousness—in the Greek it sig- or apostle. A person sent on nifies mercy. behalf of another, and with ALMUG TREE. Some powers to act on his behalf suppose it to be coral which according to general instruc- grows in the shape of a tree. tions given. More probably the ebony. AMBER, a yellow, trans- It is thought to be the same parent substance, of a gum- with Shittah-tree. 1 Kings my consistence, a resinous x. 11. taste, and a smell like oil ALOES. Tournefort reck- of turpentine. It is dug ons up fourteen kinds of the up in many places in Ger- aloe-tree. The American many, Poland, &c. ; but aloe is famous for its fine that which is found in Prus- flowers, which are of the sia is reckoned the best. It lily kind ; the Asian for the is originally in a liquid state; useful drug prepared from for leaves, insects, &c. are it. The drug called aloe is sometimes found in the formed of the juice of the lumps. Ezek. i. 4. viii. 2. leaves, fresh plucked and AMEN, true, verily, be squeezed, set to harden in it so. Christ is called The the sun. This drug is fam- Amejv, because he is the ed for its purgative virtue. very God of truth. The Aloes were anciently used promises are said to be " Yea for the embalming of dead and Amen," in Christ, be- bodies, and as a perfume. cause that by him they will John xix. 39. Prov. vii. 17. infallibly be all accomplished. ALPHA, the first letter of AMETHYST, a precious the Greek alphabet. It is stone, generally of a purple ;!

ANG 10 ANT or violet colour. They are search the hearts of men, found in Germany, Spain, nor know future things, but and other countries, but the as particularly instructed of most valuable are obtained God. 1 Pet. i. 12. Eph. iii. in Asia. 10. Jer. xvii. 10. Matt. xxiv. ANATHEMA, a solemn 36. Their power is very curse. extensive ; but reaches to ANGEL, a messenger. It nothing strictly miraculous. is applied to those heavenly Their number is very great, agents, which are the high- amounting to many millions. est created intellectual be- Psl. lxviii. 17. Matt. xxvi. ings, whom God makes use 53. Rev. v. 11. Dan.vii.10; of as his ministers to execute and their names, of archan- the orders of providence. gels, thrones, dominions,

r Rev. xxii. 8 ; to Christ, w ho principalities, and powers, is the Mediator and Head of suggest an order among them, the church. Zech. i. 12. though of what kind we

Rev. x. 1 ; to ministers of know not. Col. i. 16. the Gospel, who are the am- ANISE, a plant very com- bassadors for Christ. Rev. ii. mon in Judea. The seed is 1. and iii. 1,7; to those very fragrant, and makes an whom God employs to exe- excellent cordial. cute his judgments. Rev. xv. ANTICHRIST, one that

8,andxvi. 1 ; to devils. Matt. opposes or puts himself in- xxv. 41. 1 Cor. 6. iii. The stead of Christ. Frequent- most common application of ly the word means some the term, is to the happy system of doctrines, which spirits who have never fallen. is contrary to the Christian When God founded the earth system. Mahommedanism with such skill and goodness, seems to be sometimes in-

they sang together and shout- tended by the word ; but its ed for joy. Job xxxviii. 6, 7. most frequent and evident They were created with em- signification is Popery. inent wisdom, holiness, and Rev. ix. 1, xi. 20, &c. purity, and placed in a most ANTIOCH, once one of happy and honourable estate the most flourishing cities on but capable of change. Their the earth. It was the capi- knowledge is great, but not tal of Syria, lying on both

infinite ; they desire to look banks of the Orontes, twelve into the mystery of our sal- miles from the Mediterrane- vation, and learn from the an sea. Here Paul and Bar- church the manifold wis- nabas preached, and here the dom of God. Nor can they disciples of Christ were first ANO 11 APP called Christ-ians. The 50 miles from Rome, where church here was famcms for Paul was met on his journey many hundred years. In by his Christian friends. the year A. D. 538, sixty APOCRYPHA, a number thousand of its inhabitants of books often placed be- perished in an earthquake. tween the Old and New Tes- In 1188 it was utterly demol- taments, or otherwise bound ished by the Saracens, and is up therewith. They were now little else than a heap of read in private by the an- ruins. cient Christians, as useful, but ANTIPATRIS, a city of not admitted into the canon of Canaan, situated in a pleasant Scripture. None of them valley, near the mountains, were ever received by the in the way from Jerusalem Jews, to whom the oracles of to Cesarea, about 17 or 18 God were then committed. miles distant from Joppa, None of them are found in and 42 from Jerusalem. Acts Mileto's catalogue of the ca- xxiii. 32. nonical books in the second ANOINT, to pour oil up- century ; nor does Origen in on a person, as was done the third,orEpiphaniusinthe among the Jews, when they fourth, acknowledge their set apart a person to a holy authenticity. Few of them office, as of prophet, priest, were allowed to be canonical, or king ; which being by di- till in the ninth and tenth cen- vine appointment, was to de- turies, when the ignorance note the person's being; en- of the people and the vil- dued with the gifts of the lany of the clergy, were ca- Spirit. But Jesus Christ pable to allow any thing to was the only one ever par- pass for divine. For an ac- ticularly designated by God, count of the several books to fill all the three distinct see Brown's Dictionary of offices of prophet, priest, and the Bible. king; who was, in a pecu- APOSTLE, a messenger; liar maimer, filled with the the title given to the twelve Holy Ghost, of which the oil disciples of our blessed Sav- was the emblem, and there- iour, who were sent forth to by consecrated and author- preach the gospel. It is ap- ized to be the Messiah. plied to Christ Jesus, who Christ is emphatically styled was sent from heaven to as- the anointed, in various parts sume our nature, and to ef- of Scripture. fect the great work of man's AP1I FORUM, a place in redemption, by his merits £ke south-west of Italy, about and death j Heb. iii. 1. ARA 12 ARA

APPLE-TREE. The kinds This division contained the are numerous, and its fruit land of Edom, the wilder- roundish, refreshing, cool ness of Paran, the land of

mg, and medicinal. It if Cushan, &c. ; and seems to therefore probable the tap- have been first called Ara- puahh properly means the bia, from its westerly situa- citron-tree. The citron is a tion, or the mixed tribes large spreading tree, ever which inhabited it. (2.) green, fragrant, and afford- Arabia- Deserta, which lay ing a delightful shade. Songs eastward of Canaan, and viii. 5. Prov. xxv, 11. comprehended the land of ARABIA, a large coun- Uz, of Ammon, Moab, Mid- try of Asia, lying partly on ian, with the country of the the east, but chiefly south- Itureans, Hagarenes, &c. ward of Canaan. It is situ- (3.) Arabia-Felix, or hap- ated between 13 and 35 and py, on the south of the two a half degrees of north lati- former. The two last seem tude, and between 34 and 60 to have been called Kedein, degrees of east longitude or the east, by the Hebrews. from London. Its greatest Scarce any part of Arabia is length from east to west, is well watered ; but Arabia- about 1620 miles; and its Felix is famed for vast num- greatestbreadth from north to bers of fine spices and fruits. south, about 1350. And in the The Arabians are the de- north parts, eastward of Ca- scendants of Ishmael. naan, it is far less than the ARARAT, a mountain in half of any of these numbers. the country of the same It has the Indian ocean on name, on which rested No- the south, the Red Sea and ah's ark. Part of the prov- Isthmus of Suez on the west, ince which was formerly so Canaan and Syria on the called, lies in Turcomania, north-west and north, the and the rest is in Persia. It mountains of Chaldea and has Georgia on the north, the Persian gulf on the east. Media on the east, Assyria It is ordinarily divided into on the south, and Lesser three parts. (1.) Arabia- Asia on the west. Here the Petr&a, or the rocky, on the rivers Euphrates, Tigris, Ar- north-west, and which is now axes, and Phasis, have their called Hejiaz. In the south- source. Here stand the west part of it now stand famed mountains, Taurus the famed cities of Mecca and Antitaurus, Niphates,, and Medina, so much visited Gordian, &c. The moun- t>y Mahommetan pilgrims. tain of Ararat, upon which

THE ARK OF THE COVENANT. P. 13.

THE ALTAR OF BURNT OFFERING. P. 9. ARI 13 ASH

Noah's ark rested, was prob been in the neighbourhood ably the Ar-dagh or finger- of Bethel. mountain, near the north ARK, the vessel in which east of Armenia. It stands Noah and his family were in a large plain, thirty-six preserved during the flood. miles east from Erivan, shap- The name is also applied, ed like a sugar-loaf, and is Ark of the covenant, the visible nearly two hundred chest in which the table of miles distant. Its top is inac- the law, Aaron's rod, and the cessible on account of the pot of manna were preserv- height of the snow which ed. Heb. ii. 4. perpetually covers it. The ARMAGEDDON. This middle part is haunted by a word, (Rev. xvi. 10,) is of multitude of tigers; some doubtful import. It is thought poor flocks, and two pitiful by Grotius to mean the monasteries are seen at the Mount of meeting, and sig- foot. • nifies the place where Con- ARCHANGEL; the chief stantine with a Christian ar- angel. The name seems my of 98,000 men conquered never to be applied to any Maxentius with an army of created being, and probably 188,000 heathen, which vic- means Jesus Christ. 1 Thess. tory was so signal and entire iv. 16. that the church was wholly

AREOPAGUS ; the high freed from Maxentius' tyr- court of Athens, called anny. Marshill, because it was ARMOUR. 1. A coat of held on that eminence. It mail proof against a sword or first consisted of nine judges, arrow ; disused since the in- afterward of thirty, and final- vention of gunpowder. Rom. ly of five hundred. There xiii. 12. 2. Weapons of war. are still to be seen vestiges Those formerly used were of their seats, cut in a rock sword, spear, bow and arrow, after a semicircular form. sling, javelin, &,c. Paul, when cited before ASHTAROTH, Ashto- them on a charge of setting reth, or Astarte, a famed forth strange gods, preach- goddess of the Zidonians. ed so ably that he was dis- The moon, or queen of heav- missed, and Dionysius, one en, was worshipped under of the judges, was converted. this name. Cicero calls her Perhaps others also. Acts the fourth Venus of Syria. xvii. Perhaps she is the iEstar or ARIMATHEA, a city of Eostre of the Saxons, from Judea which appears to have whom our term Easter is de- ASI 14 ATO rived. She is variously rep- the Greeks under Alexander resented; sometimes in a made themselves masters of

long;, sometimes in a short the whole of it. It next fell habit;; sometimes as holding under the Romans, and part- a long stick with a cross at ly continued so, till the Sara- the top; sometimes she is cens and Turks wrested it crowned with rays ; at other from the Emperors of the times with a bull's head, east. For 300 years past it whose horns, according to hath been wholly subject to Sanchoniatho, were emblems the Ottoman Turks, by of the new moon. whose ravage and tyranny ASHTAROTH- JTamaim, this once so glorious country a city belonging to the half- is reduced to a comparative tribe of Manasseh, eastward desert, noted for almost noth- of Jordan. It was about six ing but ancient ruins. This miles from Edrer. Here is the country called Isles of Chedorlaomer smote the gi- the Sea, in Old Testament gantic Rephaims: here was prophecies, Isa. xlii. 4. Zech.

the residence of Og, king of ii. 11. Flourishing church- Bashan. Gen. xiv. 5. Deut. es were planted here by the i.4. apostles, some of which re- ASIA, as the term is used main till this day, but are in in Scripture, means the coun- a deplorable condition. try now called Lpvant, lying ATHENS, a very cele- between the Hellespont and brated city of Greece, built Euxine sea, on the north, and more than 1000 years before the Mediterranean on the the birth of Christ. It was south. Lesser Asia, Lydia chiefly famous for learning. perhaps excepted, was orig- It produced Solon, Socrates, inally peopled by the off- Aristides, Demosthenes, be-

spring of Japheth ; and an- sides many renowned gener- ciently parcelled out into a great many small sovereign- ATONEMENT, that act ties. The kingdoms of Troas, of the blessed Redeemer, in Lydia, Pontus, Cappadocia, which he satisfied divine jus- and the Grecian states, were tice by the sacrifice of him- the most noted. The Per- self. It is by faith that man, sians extended their power convinced of sin, looks to the over the greater part of it, merits and death of Jesus which made it a scene of dis- Christ, and through the op- putes between them and the eration of the Holy Spirit, Greeks. About 330 years obtains pardon, peace, and before our Saviour's birth, holiness. ;

BAA 15 BAB

B. chamanim BAAL, signifies lord or his mate. In his j a per- husband, and perhaps in the or temples, was k< pt fire; altars were earliest ages was a name ap- petual to him in groves, plied to the true God. It erected places and on the tops was a very common name of high Jer. xxxii. 35. 2 the male idols among eas- of houses. 16. and xxiii. tern nations, as Ashtaroth Kings xvii. Hos. iv. 14. The ori- or Astarte, was a common 4_12. of this idolatry is very an- one for their female deities. gin begun The Moabites, Phenicians, cient. The Moabites Baal before Assyrians, Chaldeans, and their worship of Moses. The He- frequently the Hebrews, had the days of theirs in his their Baal, which, from his brews began xxii. 41. Psl. place of worship, or suppos- time. Numb. 28. They relapsed into ed office, had often distin- cvi. the death guishing epithets annexed that idolatry after and under the as Baal-berith, Baal-peor, of Joshua, Gideon, and Baal-zebub, &c. Often this judges Ehud, iii. 7. name Baal was a part of the Jepthah. Judg. ii. 13. Samuel seems to names of persons and cities, vi. 25. x. 6. abolished the wor- perhaps to signify that the have quite from Israel. most of them were dedicated ship of this idol 4. But Ahab and to his service. This the pi- 1 Sam. vii. 200 years af- ous Hebrews sometimes Jezebel above revived it in all its turned into Bosheth, which terwards abominations: 450 priests signifies shame ; thus Jerub- appointed to attend his baal is turned into Jerubosh- were nearly as many eth; Eshbaal into Ishbosh- service, and was often eth Meribaal into Mephi- for Astaroth. It ; succeeding gen- bosheth, Judo;, vi. 32. 2 Sam. revived in till after the estab- xi. 21. 1 Chron. viii. 32, 34. erations lishment of synagogues, since 2 Sam. ii. 12. and ix. 6. Baal the Jews have not is oft named Baalim, in the which idolatry. plural, perhaps because there been addicted to least, BABEL. In the year of were many Baals ; at is, 102 many images of him. Ev- the world 1758, that the flood, the race ery sort of abominations was years after festivals of of mankind being all of one committed on the I 1 and religion, they, this idol, and of Ashtaroth, language ;

BAL 16 BEH

perhaps at Nimrod's motion It is very light when fresh, agreed to erect a tower of and swims above the water prodigious extent and h sight. wherein it is dissolved. Its Their design was not to secure colour at first is whitish, and

themselves against a second afterwards green ; but when deluge, or they had built old, it becomes yellowish, their tower on a high moun- and of a honey- colour. Its

tain ; but to get themselves taste is very biiter. a famous character, and to BAPTIZE, to administer prevent their dispersion by the ordinance of baptism, the erection of a monument whereby a person is admit- which should be visible from ted into church fellowship, a great distance. No quarries and initiated into the Chris- being found in that rich soil, tian religion. The washing they made bricks for stone, with water represents the and used slime for mortar. cleansing of the soul from Their haughty and rebellious sin by the blood of Christ, attempt displeased the Lord and is the outward sign of an wherefore he by a miracle, inward cleansing. after they had worked, it is BASHAN, or Batanea, said, twenty- two years, con- one of the most fruitful founded their language, that countries in the world, lying but few of them could un- eastward of Jordan and the derstand one another. This sea of Tiberias, northward of effectually stopped the build- the river Jabbok, westward ing, procured it the name of of the mountains of Gilead, Babel, or Confusion, and and south of Hermon and obliged the offspring of Noah the kingdom of Geshuri. to disperse themselves, and Besides villages, it contained replenish the world. sixty fenced cities. It was BALM, a precious, sweet peculiarly famous for its smelling, and medicinal res- rich pasture, excellent flocks in or gum, extracted from the and herds, and stately oaks. balm-tree, which is cultivat- BATH, a Hebrew meas- ed in the manner of the vine, ure containing nearly ten and grows in various places gallons. It is one tenth part of Arabia the rocky. That of a homer. of Canaan near Engedi, and BDELLIUM, a fragrant in Gilead, was reckoned the gum produced in the east. best. The Arabs sold of it BEHEMOTH. Sacred crit- to the Egyptians, and the ics are not agreed whether Jews to the Tyrians. Gen. this is the elephant or hip- xxxvii. 25. Ezek. xxvii. 17. popotamus; the probability ;

BER 17 BIB seems to lean toward the chiefly in the East Indies, former. Elephants are so and South America. often shown through the BETHESDA, a pool on country that it is needless to the east of Jerusalem. The describe them here. name signifies either a BELIEVE, to have a firm draught-house, or a house of trust and confidence in the mercy ; so called because a truth of a report. To be- public bath was here erect- lieve the Gospel, is to have ed, or because God gracious- a full persuasion of the di- ly bestowed a healing virtue vine authority of its doctrines, on the waters of it. As it and a determined resolution, lay but a little to the north- by the grace of God, to obey east of the temple, the sacri- its precepts. To assent bare- fices might be washed in it ly to Gospel truths, Acts viii. but it did not thence derive 13. To receive, depend, and its healing virtue. John v. 1. rely upon Christ for life and BETHLEHEM, a city of salvation. John i. 12. Rom. Judah, about six miles south ix. 33. of Jerusalem, and situated in BELZEBUB, the prince a declivity of a hill. It is also of flies, or god of Ekron, called Ephratah andEphrath, worshipped as having power its inhabitants Ephrathites, over all hurtful insects. Matt. from its founder. It was con- xii. 24. siderable only for giving|birth BERNICE, the daughter to Ibzan, Elimelech, Boaz, of Agrippa the Great. She David, and chiefly to Jesus, was first betrothed to Mark, the promised Messiah. Gen. son of Alexander, governor xxxv. 16, 19. and xlviii. 7. of the Jews at Alexandria. Ruth i. 2. Psl. cxxxii. 6. She however married her Mic. v. 2. own uncle, Herod, king of BETH-PHAGE, a small Chalcis. After his death, village belonging to the she married Polemon, king priests. It was hard by of Pontus, but abandoned Bethany, and near two miles him, and returning to Agrip- east of Jerusalem. Here our pa, her brother, lived with Saviour obtained the ass for him in incest. They sat his lowly triumph. Matt. with pomp to hear Paul xxi. 1. preach. Acts xxv. BETHSAIDA, a city of BERYL, a precious stone Galilee. Its name imports the colour of the sea, vary- that it was a place of fishing ing in size from that of a pea or hunting. to that of a chestnut. Found BIBLE. This word not BIR 18 BIT occurring in Scripture docs The modern names are given not claim a place here. See on the authority of the Edit- an excellent article on it or of Calmet's Dictionary. in Buck's Theological Dic- Birds of the Air. tionary. Eagle, Eagle. BIRDS, are like all other Ossifrage, Vulture. creatures, wonderfully a- Ospray, Black Eagle. dapted to their mode of life. Vulture, Hawk. Such as chiefly fly have very Kite, Kite. large wings. Such as wade Raven, Raven. in the mud have long legs Birds of the Land. bare of feathers. Such as Owl, Ostrich. swim have webbed feet. Night Hawk, Night Owl. Such as bore for insects have Cuckoo, Saf-saf. strong round bills. Such as Hawk, Ancient Ibis. live on prey have crooked Birds of the Water. bills to tear flesh with. Such Little Owl, Sea Gull. as rise high in the air have Cormorant, Cormorant. eyes capable of seeing the Great Owl, Ibis Ardea. smallest worm from a great Swan, Wild Goose. height. Such as grope for Pelican, Pelican. their food in the mud, where Gier Eagle, Alcyone. it cannot be seen, have flat Stork, ' Stork. bills with the nerves running Heron, Longneck. down to the very end, so that Lapwing, Hoopoe. they have as delicate a sense Unique. of feeling there, as we have Bat, Bat. in our finders. Many oth- BISHOP, a shepherd, or er • proofs of the wisdom and overseer. In the New Tes- goodness of God are found in tament the word means the study of ornithology, as pastor of a church, and is this subject is called ; but the same as elders or pres- they cannot be mentioned byter. Acts xx. 17. Ti- here for want of room. Birds tus i. 5—7. 1 Pet. v. 1, were created on the fifth 2. None of the Protes- day. They are classed by tant churches but that of naturalists by referring to England, have retained the their bills, feet, &c. Under Romish plan of having bish- the Jewish dispensation they ops with power over their were divided into clean and fellow ministers. unclean. The following is a BITHYNIA, a province list of the unclean—the rest on the south of the Euxine were allowed to be eaten. sea, west of Pontus and Ga- —

BIT 19 BLE latia, north of Asia Proper, into a fen or pool of water, and east of the Propontis. Isa. xiv. 23. and xxi. 1. Zeph. It was famed in the time of ii. 14. the Argonautic expedition, BLASPHEME, to re- which might be during the proach and revile God, by reign of Rehoboam, if not denying or ridiculing his per- earlier. It is now called fections, word, or ordinances, Becksangil. The towns of and by ascribing to him any note in it were Prusa, Nice, thing base or sinful. Tit. ii. Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Lib- 5; Rev. xiii, 6. What the yssa, Therma. When Paul unpardonable blasphemy a- first travelled for Europe, gainst the Holy Ghost is, the Holy Ghost allowed him has been much controvert- not to preach here. Acts xvi. ed. The occasion of Christ's 7. But afterward a church mentioning it, Matt. xii. 21 was here planted, and a 31, hath tempted many to number of Jews and others think it lay in ascribing his believed. 1 Pet. LI. His- miracles to diabolical influ- torians trace a church here ence ; but when we con- for 1000 years after Christ. sider also. Heb. vi. 4, 5. and Indeed there are still a few x. 26—30, it appears that an Christians in the place. obstinate and malicious re- BITTERN, a fowl of the jection of Christ, and the heron kind. It is common whole plan of salvation in fen countries, skulks through him, notwithstand- among the reeds and sedges, ing; strong convictions of and ordinarily stands with the Holy Ghost, is indeed its neck and beak straight this dreadful crime, which, upward. It suffers people to deter men from presumpt-

to come very near it ; and if uous sins, God hath fixed as unable to escape, will strike unpardonable. at them, chiefly at their BLESS, to make happy, eyes. It flies mostly in the which, properly, is the act dusk of ihe evening, and of God alone, the author of makes a very odd noise among every blessing. God blesses, the reeds, and a different one especially, by the rich pro- when it mounts into the sky, vision which he has made in into which it ascends by a his glorious plan of redemp- straight spiral ascent till it be tion, in the supplies of his quite out of sight. Nineveh grace, and by the gifts of his and Babylon became a pos- Holy Spirit, whereby man is session for the bittern, when enabled to serve him ac- the spot was partly turned ceptably in this world, and ;

BOO 20 BOO

to receive a meetness for thin bricks, stone, and wood, that eternal inheritance in were used to write on. He- heaven, where he will be siod's works were written on

perfectly happy in the enjoy- lead ; God's law on stone ment of God forever. This and the laws of Solon on word is often used in an in- planks. When these last ferior sense, and man is said were used they were gen- to bless God, when, with a erally covered with a thin grateful heart, he praises him coat of wax, for ease both in for benefits received, and writing and in blotting out, lives to his glory. He may which explains the expres- be said to bless his fellow- sion of David when he prays creatures, when he wishes that his sins may be blotted

them every good, and uses out as a cloud, i. e. the rec- his best endeavors to promote ord of them. Palm leaves, their happiness. being more convenient as to BOANERGES, sons of bulk and portableness were earthquake or thunder. The afterward invented, and are sons of Zebedee are called still used in India. Then so because vehement in feel- the thin inner bark of trees,

ing, and powerful in their especially the elm ; hence preaching. Matt. hi. 17. the word liber, the inner BODY, the material part bark of a tree. Afterwards of man. It signifies the the papyrus was used. The church of God, which is the trunk of this plant is com- mystical body of Christ. In posed of thin layers like an the Lord's Supper, the bread onion. These were laid on is called the body of Christ, one another with size or very that is, the representation of fine paste, like shingles on a his body, and is received as roof, and thus made paper, a memorial of his sufferings, so called from papyrus. and the pledge of all the ben- Parchment was soon after efits purchased by his death. invented in Pergaraos. Books BOOK. The different parts of these two last substances of Scripture are called books, were rolled on sticks like because they are separate in cloth, and hence the word their nature, though harmo- volume, from the latin word nious among themselves. volo, to roll. Paper as now They were at first written made of rags pounded to a and circulated separately pulp, and dried in thin sheets, something as tracts are now. was invented about nine hun- Formerly plates of lead and dred years ago, and printing copper, the bark of trees, was invented about four hun-

A LEATHER BOTTLE,

As used in eastern countries.

P. 20. BOT 21 BUR dred years ago. See New BREASTPLATE, a part Testament. of the high-priest's holy ap- BOOK OF LIFE, signifies parel. It was about ten God's recognition of his peo- inches square, and consisted ple, and secure remembrance of a folded piece of the same of them, and is an allusion rich, and embroidered stuff to tire registers kept in cities whereof the robe of the eph- of the names of all its regu- od was formed. It was set lar citizens. Phil. iv. 3. Hon- with twelve different pre- ourable persons, not citizens, cious stones, fastened in were sometimes entered ouches of gold, one for every here, which was giving the Hebrew tribe. These were freedom of the city. Vaga- set in four rows ; in the up- bonds and disorderly persons permost were a sardius, to- had their names erased. Rev. paz, and carbuncle, for Reu- in. 5. ben, Simeon, and Levi ; in BORDER OF THE GAR- the second, an emerald, sap- MENT. See Phylacte- phire, and diamond, for Ju-

ries. dah, Dan, and Napthali ; in BOOTH, a shelter gener- the third, a ligure, an agate, ally made of forked poles and amethyst, for Gad, Ash- driven into the ground, cover, and Issachar ; in the low- ered with green boughs. est, a beryl, onyx, and jas- Lev. xxiii. 42. During the per, for Zebulun, Joseph feast of tabernacles, the Jews and Benjamin. This was used to resort to the country fastened on the high -priest's and set up booths. Neh. vii. breast. By the two upper 14. corners, it was fastened to BOTTLE. Anciently bot- his shoulders; by the two tles were made of leather, below it was fastened to the as glass was unknown. The girdle of the ephod ; by skin of a goat was pull- wearing it, he carried the ed off whole, and the places twelve tribes as on his heart where the legs and tail before God. were tied up. As they BURY. The Hebrews grew tender by using, new were careful to bury even wine which had not done their enemies. 1 Kings xi. fermenting could not be safe- 15. Ezek. xxxix. 14. the ly put in them. Matt. ix. troublesome pollution of dead David in distress compares bodies required it. To be Tiimself to a bottle in the deprived of burial, or cast smoke, dried up and wither- into an unclean place, they ed. Psl. cxix. 83. reckoned a terrible calamity. C C2E8 22 CAL

When one died, if his friends evidence, it appears they were able, he was embalm- were not buried in coffins, as ed, and after a proper time, is the manner with us. To carried out to his grave on a be buried with Christ in bap- bier, if poor ; or on a stately tism, imports our mortifica- bed, if rich, and laid as in a tion of sin, by virtue of fel- bed, in the grave. The dead lowship with him in his bodies were arrayed in death, represented in our clothes ; but from the resur- baptism. Rom. vi. 4. Col. ii. rection of Lazarus, and other 13.

CAB, a Hebrew measure employment. That gener- containing the 18th part of al invitation to repentance, an ephah, or about ninety- by the ministry, by provi- six solid inches. dence, or by the motions of C^ESAREA, was built by the Holy Spirit on the con- Herod the Great, on the sciences of men, whereby coast of the Mediterranean, they are warned of their sixty miles or more from Je- danger, and taught the need rusalem, Its harbour was of a Saviour. That more fine and its trade extensive. particular invitation by the Here Cornelius lived,Acts x. preaching of the word, and Here Agrippa was smitten of effectual operation of the worms. Here Agabus fore- Holy Spirit, whereby sinners told Paul's imprisonment. know, believe, and obey the OESAREA PHILIPPI Gospel. was a different city, built or CALVARY, or Golgo- at least greatly adorned and tha, the place of a skull. named by Philip the Te- A hill so called either from trarch ; and hence its double its being in the shape of a name—he choosing to honor man's head, or because it Tiberius Caesar and himself. was a place of execution, It was the residence of the which among the Romans as woman healed of the issue as well as Jews, was often of blood. Matt. x. 20. Its done by beheading. Judges location was in the north of ix. 5. 2 Kings xv. 7. Matt, Palestine, a day's journey xiv. 10. It is a small hill, from Sid on. on the north side of mount CALLING, any lawful Zion. The Empress Hele- ;:

CAM 23 CAP

na built a noble church on ites marched, they had a this spot, which still exists. triple warning by the silver CAMBYSSES, called in trumpets; one, to pack up

Scripture Ahasuerus, was their baggage ; a second, to the son of Cyrus, and came assemble to their standards ; to the throne of Persia be- and a third, to begin their fore Christ, 529. He sus- march. The camp of Judah pended the repairs of Jeru- marched first ; the taberna- salem. Ezra iv. 8. cle was then taken down ; CAMEL. Every reader and the Gershonites and Me- will know the outlines of the rarites, laying the boards on camel's form from the pic- waggons, followed. Upon a tures they see. They are second alarm, the camp of used by the Arabs, &c. as Reuben marched; the Ko- we use horses, and are much hathites followed, with the more valuable in those des- more sacred furniture of the erts and hot countries. Their tabernacle on their shoul- flesh and especially their ders. Next followed the milk is excellent food. Their camp of Ephraim. Psl. lxxx. ability of doing; without wa- 1,2; and that of Dan brought ter to drink, is astonishing. up the rear. Numb. i. ii. Job had after his affliction iv. x. 6000 camels. CAMPHIRE. The tree CAMP. In the camp of is a kind of bay or laurel the Hebrews in the desert, some of them are 300 feet the tabernacle was placed high, and can scarcely be in the midst. Moses, Aaron, grasped by 20 men. The and their families, had their carnphire drug is neither ros- tents on the east of it. On in, volatile salt, nor oily the south pitched the Ko- juice, nor bitumen, nor gum hathites : on the west, the but a mixed substance, dry,

Gershonites : on the north, white, transparent, and brit- the Merarites. Thus it was tle, of a strong, penetrating, encompassed by the Levites. fragrant smell, but bitterish

Before the tabernacle, on the taste ; which either distils east side, was the camp of from the tree, or may be ex- Judah, Issachar, and Zebu- tracted by a chemical pro- lun : on the south, of Reu- cess. ben, Simeon, and Gad : on CAPADOCIA, a country the west, of Ephraim, Man- having the Euxine sea on the asseh, and Benjamin: on the north, Armenia the greater, north, of Dan, Asher, and on the south, Galatia and Naphtali. When the Israel- Pamphylia on the west, and ;

CAP 24 CAR

Cilicia on the east. Proba- often punished the vices and bly this country was peopled infidelity of his people by by the descendants of To- different captivities, into garmah. It was famous for which they were permitted horses and flocks ; and trad- to fall. The most remarka- ed with the Tyrians in horses ble instances are the Assyr- and mules. Ezek. xxvii. 14. ian captivity, 2 Kings xviiL Capadocia was probably a 9—12, and the Babylonish province of the kingdom of captivity, Jer. xxv. 12. It is Lydia. According to He- generally believed that there rodotus, it next passed to the was no return from the for- Medes, and then to the Per- mer captivity, and that the sians, whose worship the in- ten tribes never came back habitants embraced, and af- again after their dispersion. terwards added to it part of He led captivity captive, the idolatry of the Greeks. Eph. iv. 8. that is, our Lord Christianity flourished con- Jesus Christ, by his victory siderably here, and it pro- over death, Satan, and sin, duced a number of famous conquered and triumphed bishops who laboured in the over these leaders into cap- work of the Lord. We can tivity, and over all our spirit- trace the history of Chris- ual enemies. tianity in thi3 country till the CARBUNCLE, a precious ninth century, nor is it yet stone of great beauty, next altogether abolished. in value to the diamond, and CAPERNAUM, a princi- very rarely found. The fin- pal city of Galilee. It stood est and largest are found in on the western shore of the the East Indies, and are very sea of Tiberias, in the border rare. There was one in the of Zebulun and Napthali, not high priest's breastplate. It far from Bethsaida. It re- is of a bright red colour, ceived its name from a clear shining in the dark, common- fountain hard by. Here ly of the size of a small pea. Christ resided and taught, CARE, anxious thought, and here Matthew was call- or extraordinary cautious ed. concern. Man's care is law- CAPHTOR, thought to be ful when he endeavours to the same as Capadocia. Deut. please God, mourns for his

ii. 23. sins, and regulates his con- CAPTIVITY, the state of duct by the word of God a person who is at the com- when he is concerned about mand of another, and com- the welfare of others, and pelled to obey his will. God solicitous for the salvation of ;

CAR 25 CHA

their souls ; when he mod- CARPUS, the friend and erately takes thought for the host of Paul, when he was tilings of this present life, reat Troas, 2 Tim. iv. 13. He signing himself, at the same is thought to have been one time, to the will of God ; but of the seventy disciples. unlawful, when he is care- CASTOR AND POL- ful about things which are LUX, the fabled sons of Ju- forbidden, so as to make pro- piter. They were heroes vision for the flesh to ful- who cleared the sea of pi- fil the lusts thereof; when rates, and came in after times he has a perplexing care to be worshipped as deities. about lawful things, to the The vessel Paul sailed in, neglect of the worship of (Acts xxviii.) had their fig- God, and distrust his provi- ures carved at the prow. dence. CEDAR, a tree of great CARMEL, a city, situate size and beauty in warm latin a mountain of the same itudes, and much celebrated name, in the south part of in the scriptures. It is an the inheritance of Judah, evergreen of slow growth, about ten miles south-east of and the timber it produces Hebron. The name signifies does not decay when preserv- a vineyard. ed from damp. A few yet re- CARNAL, fleshly, or be- main on Lebanon. They longing to the flesh ; and is must formerly have been applied to worldly things, found there in great abun- such as silver and gold, and dance, for great quantities of other things needful for sus- the wood was obtained from

r taining the bod3 , Rom. xv. these mountains. 27. 1 Cor. iii. 11; sensual, CENTURION, an officer or governed by the sensual who has the command over

appetites ; and is applied to a hundred soldiers. such as are in a natural, un- CHALDEA, a country in regenerated state, who are Asia, north of Judea. Its enemies to God, and given capital was Babylon. It was to sensual pleasures, John bounded by Mesopotamia on iii. 6. Rom. viii. 7. The cer- the north, and Arabia the emonial law is called carnal, Desert on the west, the Per- because it consisted of such sian gulf, and part of Arabia rites, ceremonies, and ordi- Felix on the south. The nances, as only related to soil was very fertile; but the body and the purifying had little rain, sometimes of the flesh, but did not reach scarce any for eight months the soul, Heb. ix. 10. nor is there much need for CHE 26 CHU

it, as the Tigris and Euphra- CHEMOSH, a Moabitish

tes yearly water it ; and the idol supposed by some to be inhabitants, by painful toil, the sun, others have thought supply what is wanting. Its it was the same as Bacchus. ancient name was Shinar, CHERUB, the singular of because the Lord, by the Cherubim, a word which is confusion of tongues, did as of doubtful derivation. It is it were, shake the inhabi- thought by some that the tants out of it, to people the Egyptian sphinxes were im- rest of the world. itations of the Hebrew cher- CHALDEANS. This name ubs. Grotius, Bochart, and means, 1. The inhabitants of Spencer, suppose they re- Chaldea, and 2. A sect of sembled an ox or a calf. philosophers whose employ- Angels are so called, because ment it was to interpret they often appeared as young dreams and foretel events. men, mighty in power and CHALCEDONY, a pre- knowledge, Psl. xviii. 10. cious stone resembling the CHRONICLES. Two agate, but of a pale grey or books of Scripture are so bluish cast. called, the writer of which is CHARITY, a principle of not now known. love to God, and benevolence CHRYSOLITE, a precious to men, which inclines the stone of a dusky green—the possessor to glorify God, and topas, not very costly. It was to do good to others. Its the tenth in the breastplate of distinguishing characteristics Aaron, and bore the name of may be seen, 1 Cor. xiii. Zebulun. Rev. xxi. 20. CHASTISEMENT, the CHRYSOPRASUS, a pre- correction of an offender, cious stone of a green and either by word or deed. The yellow colour. Rev. xxi. chastisement of our peace, 20. &c. Isa. liii. 5. signifies that CHURCH. The word so punishment which was laid rendered was anciently used upon Christ by God's justice, to signify any public meeting and by which our peace, that of persons to consult the com- is, our reconciliation to God, mon welfare of a city or was to be procured. state ; and sometimes it was CHEERFULNESS, glad- given to an unlawful assem- ness of heart: gaiety, or bly. Acts xix. 32, 39, 41. It liveliness of disposition ; free- has been contended, that the dom from dejection or gloomy place of sacred meeting is so thoughts : also contentment called in 1 Cor. xi. 18, 22. in present circumstances. xiv. 34. With respect to CIL 27 CLE sacred assemblies, the word and Armenia the Less on the is used to signify a society of north. men called of God by the CIRCUMCISE, to cut off gospel, out of the world that the foreskin, according to lieth in wickedness, into the the commandment given to faith, fellowship, obedience, Abraham, as a sign of that and worship of the Lord covenant which God had en- Christ, and of God in him. tered into with him, that out With respect to which sense of Abraham's loins should it is taken more or less large- proceed Christ, or the Messi- ly. It signifies, (1.) The ah, in whom all the ends of whole body of the elect, as the earth should be blessed. united under Christ their To be spiritually circumcis-

Head, Col. i. 18. (2.) The ed, or to be the true spir- followers and worshippers of itual seed of Abraham, is Christ in a particular prov- to have the thing signified ince or city, as Ephesus, by that sign or ceremony., Smyrna, Jerusalem, Rome, and to perform all those du- &c. Rev. ii. hi. (3.) A parties which circumcision was ticular body of men, that are designed to enforce—name- wont to meet together in ly, to believe in the Messi- one place, to profess, worship, ah, to put off the old man, and serve the Lord Christ. and to serve him as new Thus we read of churches creatures, which is signified in particular houses, Rom. by his acceptance of, and xvi. 5. Col. iv. 15. The fol- submission to the ordinances. lowers of Christ, who are Phil. hi. 3. here in a state of spiritual CLEAN, pure, free from warfare against the world, defilement. Grain is clean the flesh, and the devil, are when freed from the chaff. called the church militant. Isa. xxx. 24. Clean beasts But in heaven, where their and birds were those [which conquest over sin and death God made it proper for his is complete, and they are re- people to eat. But under warded with eternal bless- the New Testament to the edness, they are styled the pure all things are pure; church triumphant. that is, ail food is clean if we CILICIA, a province on eat it with thankfulness and the north of Syria. It had prayer. Cleanness of teeth Pamphylia on the west, the in the old testament means Mediterranean on the south, the want of any thing to eat. the mountain Amanus on the CLEOPHAS, probably the east, and part of Cappadocia same with Alpheus, is said to ;

coc 28 CON have been the brother of Jo- Krishnu, is represented as seph, our Lord's supposed fa- playing on a flute with such ther, and the husband of Ma- charming melody that before ry, the sister of the blessed him, in one peaceful group, Virgin, the father of Simon stand a young ox, a tyger, and James the Less, and of and a serpent. Jude and Joseph, or Joses, COCKLE, a weed that the cousin-german of Christ. grows among wheat. The CLOTHES. See Rai- Hebrew word boshah, signi- ment. fies any stinking weed. Job COALS. A pot of coals xxxi. 40» was used at our Saviour's COMMUNION, the con- trial for the men to warm cord of doctrines or opinions themselves who had been in several persons. The act exposed to the night air and of receiving the Lord's Sup- dew in apprehending Christ. per, that sign of our fellow- In the day time fire was ship with Christ, 1 Cor. x. rarely necessary in the Holy 16. The communion of saints Land. The disciples were is that fellowship which the to pray that their flight might saints have with Christ by not be in the winter, (Matt. faith, and among themselves xxiv. 24,) not so much on ac- by love. 1 John i. 3. Act3 count of the cold, as of the iv. 32, 34, 35. swelling of the streams and CONCISION, a term used torrents, especially in the in reference to the Jews, or mountains. The rains in that rather certain Gnostics, Rev.

country are very violent, ac- ii. 9. The apostle, Phil. iii. companied with strong winds. 2, uses the term to denote Hence the danger of the persons who would cut asun- man whose house was found- der the church of Jesus ed on the sand. Matt. vii. Christ. 25. CONDEMNATION, the ^COCKATRICE. A serpent act of passing sentence a- of great venom, probably the gainst a person, by which Cobra de Capello. The eggs he is doomed to punishment of serpents are sometimes the punishment itself. A- found. Isa. xiv. 29, declares mong the Greeks, condem- that if eaten in mistake for nation was signified by a those of birds, they prove black stone, and absolution fatal. The prophecy, (Isa. by giving a white stone, to xi. 6, 8,) seems to have been which an allusion is made in obscurely known to the an- Rev. ii. 17. cient Hindoos. Their god, CONEY, a curious ani- CON COO

mal, found in Ethiopia, Ara- pares qualities and actions bia, Palestine, and parts ad- with the law of God, and de- jacent. It abounds on Mount cides on the good or evil tend- Lebanon, living under stones ency of an action according and in holes of the rock. Its to the degree of light. Rom.

size is rather less than that ii. 15. Conscience is good, of a cat. It has no tail nor when, being sprinkled with voice,and chews the cud,Lev. Jesus' blood, it clearly dis- xi. 5. It is called Ashkoko, cerns the will of God, and by the natives of Amhara. urges obedience to his law, It is remarkably inoffensive from gospel motives, and ap- and timid, feeding only on proves for the same. 1 Tim.

roots and fruits, &c. but es- i. 5. It is pure, purged from capes its enemies by running dead works, when, by the into holes inaccessible to lar- application of Jesus' blood, ger animals. Psl. civ. 8. it is freed from the sentence Prov. xxx. 26. of death due to sin, delivered CONFESS, plainly to ac- from the slavery of indwell- knowledge. Jesus Christ ing corruption, and by the will confess his people at the instruction of the Holy Ghost, last day, and publicly own is rendered clear in its views, them his children and faith- holy in its aims, and a vigo- ful servants. Luke xii. 8. rous opposer of every thing They confess him before sinful. 1 Tim. iii. 9. Heb. men, when, notwithstanding ix. 14. x. 2, 22. all danger and opposition, CONVERSION, a turning they openly profess and ad- from one manner of life, or here to his truth, observe his set of principles, to another. ordinances, and walk in his In the gospels the word is way. Matt. x. 32. To con- used to signify the entire fess God, is to praise and change which religion pro- thank him. Heb. xiii. 15. duces in the disposition, prin- To confess sin, is candidly to ciples, and behaviour. Matt, acknowledge our guilt be- xviii. 3. Without this change fore God, who can pardon or we cannot enter heaven. punish us ; or to our neigh- CONVICT,or Convince, bour, wT hom we have offend- to persuade one of the truth ed, or who can give us prop- of any thing. Acts xviii. 28. er instruction and comfort. The Holy Spirit does this, Psl. xxxii. 5. James v. 16. when it applies the law to the Matt. iii. 6. conscience, and produces CONSCIENCE, that pow- genuine repentance. er of our mind, which com- COOS, pronounced Co-os. D cov CRO

A small island in the Medi- covenant,—Heb. viii. 6, 8, terranean sea, near the south- —in respect to the order west point ot Asia Minor. of its dispensation, and man-

Hypocrates,t\ie famous phy- ner of manifestation ; and al- sician, and Ajppelles, the no so because, being ratified less famous painter, were afresh by the actual suffer- natives of this island. It is ings and blood of Christ, and now called Stajvcora. freed from former ceremo- CORBAN, a gift to reli- nies, it contains a more full gious purposes. A thing de- revelation of religion, is at- voted to God. Covetous, tended with a larger meas- greedy priests and Pharisees ure of the gifts and graces of encouraged young people to the Spirit, and is never to give largely to the temple, wax old, or be abolished. even while their parents and COVETOUSNESS,an ea- families suffered for want. ger, unreasonable desire of Matt. xv. gain; a longing after the CORINTH, one of the goods of another. It is call- most wealthy cities of Greece, ed idolatry, Col. iii. 5. be- and capital of Achaia. Paul cause the covetous man staid here preaching near- places that delight and con- ly two years, and during fidence in riches which are the time wrote the Second due to God. This sin is ex- Epistle to the Thessalonians. pressly forbidden in the tenth COURT, an enclosed space commandment. near or within a house. That CRACKNELS, a sort of round the tabernacle was seed-cakes or buns. 1 Kings formed of pillars and veils xiv. 3. hung by cords. The method CROSS, a sort of gibbet, of building private houses in consisting of two pieces of the form of a hollow square, wood placed crosswise, in made the court on the inside. the form of a f or X. That COVENANT, an agree- of our Saviour is said to have ment made to do some par- been of the former kind. ticular thing. The old cov- It was a common punishment enant is called the covenant among the Syrians, Egyp- of works, which was broken tians, Persians, Africans, by our first parents,by whose Greeks and Romans. With transgression all their poster- the Jews it was not used at ity were involved in ruin. all, hanging on a tree being Deut. iv. 13. The covenant an execution of a different of redemption, and salvation kind. It was therefore no in- by grace, is called the new considerable effect of the di- CRO 31 CRY vine providence, to order mat- dreadful anguish. Indeed, ters so as that Jesus should there is a certainty, that a suffer this death of the cross. piece of wood jutted out It was exceedingly painful, under the feet, or a large and lingering. First, (he peg was inserted half way criminal was scourged with up the cross to serve as a cords, often with bones at sort of seat. It is observa- their end. Next, he bore ble, how the inscription on his cross, or part of it, to the Christ's, instead of charging place of execution. Cruci- him with a crime, plainly fied persons were sometimes hinted his innocence and bound to the cross with Messiahship : nor could the cords, as St. Andrew prob- heathen governor be pre- ably was ; but commonly vailed on to alter it. Christ nails were driven through was crucified through the the hands and feet. The weakness of his humanity, sufferer was always cruci- but liveth by the power of fied quite naked. It was God ; was raised from the sometimes two or three days dead, and lives for ever by before the person expir- his own divine power, 2 Cor. ed : hence the legs of the xiii. 4. compare 1 Peter iii. thieves crucified along with 18. The word is used met- Christ were broken, that aphorically for the whole of their death might be hast- Christ's sufferings, but espe- ened. Sometimes persons cially those on the tree, or were crucified with their cross. Heb. xii. 2. head downwards. In this CROWN, an attire, or manner, it is said, Peter de- dress for the head. Those sired to be crucified, not in the games were made of thinking himself worthy to parsley, pine, flowers, &c. die like his Master. An in- Those for kings, of gold, scription, representing the adorned with gems. cause of the punishment, CRUCIFY, to put to was ordinarily written on a death by the cross. A Ro- table at the top of the cross. man mode of executing vile It is often said that the crim- slaves, and considered a inal was fastened to the great infamy to soldiers or cross before it was raised. noble citizens. Figurative- This is probable, when cords ly it means to subdue our were used. But the jar of evil propensities. forcibly settling the cross in CRYSTAL, a hard, trans- the ground, would have parent, and colourless fossil, broken off the body with of a regular angular form. It ;

cus 32 CYR

gives fire with steel. There A country in Arabia Petrea, are three kinds of pure crys- bordering on Egypt, of which tal, besides various sorts Zippora was a native, Numb, mixed with other different xii. 1. substances. Crystal was CYMBAL, an instru- anciently found in an island ment of loud music, used of the Red Sea, and the cups with others, but giving no and other vessels made of it melody of itself. To speak were reckoned very valuable. with tongues, if not done Pliny mentions one worth out of love to souls, was but about 5000 dollars. To punish a pompous act of self praise, the men of his generation, and was of no use. 1 Cor. Nero furiously broke two xiii. 1. crystal cups. But it is now CYPRUS, a famed island of far less esteem. Job in the Mediterranean sea, xxviii. 17. The firmament about one hundred miles above the cherubims, the north of Syria, and sixty

sea of glass before the throne south of Cicilia ; one hun- of God, the river of life, and dred and seventy-five miles the light of the new Jeru- long, and from forty-five to salem, are likened to crys- sixty in breadth. It abound- tal, to mark their purity, eth with Cyprus trees ; from clearness, and illuminating whence it took its name. influence, Ezek. i. 22. Rev. According to Josephus, it iv. 6. xxii. 1. xxi. 11. was peopled by the descend- CUBIT, an arm, and meas- ants of Chittim. The tree ure equal to eighteen inches. bears a flower of most de- It rose from measuring lightful fragrance. with the arm from the elbow C YRENE, a country west to the end of the hand. The of Egypt, and the birth place sacred cubit was the length of Callimachus the poet, oftwenty-one and three quar- Eratosthenes the historian, ters inches. Ez. xliii. 13. and Simon, who bore the Sa- CUMMING, an herb sup- viour's cross. Many Jews posed to resemble fennel from here were at the Pen- very common in Judea. tecost, and become converted CUSH. 1. The eldest under Peter's sermon, Acts son of Ham, and father of ii. It is now called Cairoan. Nimrod, Gen. x. 8. 2. A The region is now under the country on the A raxes, af- Turkish power, and has be- terwards inhabited by the come almost a desert. Scythians. 3. Another name CYRUS, the famous king for Ethiopia, Isa. xi. 11. 4. of the Medes and Persians. -^ DAGON. P. 33. DAM 33 DAR

He was a Mede himself, but reigned thirty years. Dan. marrying the daughter of vii. 5. Isa. xlvii. 11. The the king of Persia, he fell first three chapters of Ezra

heir to both crowns ; and describe his measures to re thus those kingdoms became store Jerusalem. See Cam- united. He died at the age bysees. of seventy, after having

DAGON, a chief idol of tains 80,000 inhabitants, of the Philistines, probably the whom 15,000 are nominal same as Nebo, Isa. xlvi. 1. Christians. Superior swords Though so signally disgrac- are made here, and a species ed at Ashdod, the worship of of silk, called, from the place, it was not abandoned till damask. We have roses A. M. 3840, when the Jew- and plums which were in- ish leader Jonathan burnt it troduced from thence, and and its temple. The im- bear the same name. It is age represented the body now called Dameschk or of a fish with the head and Scham. The Greek Pa- arms of a man. It is thought triarch of Antioch resides by Mons. Gentil, to be the there. same as the Vishnu of the DAMNATION, the state Hindoos. Near Rangoon, in of being excluded from di-

Burmah, is the Shoe Da- vine mercy ; that condem- goun, or gilt temple of Da~ nation to eternal punish- gon. ments which is the awful DALMANUTHA, a prov- condition of the wicked in a ince on the east side of the future state. Matt, xxiii. gulf of Venice, 2 Tim. iv. 33. 10, either the same as Mag- DARIUS, or Cyaxer- dala, or near it. xes, king of theMedes, and DAMASCUS, once a brother to the mother of most noble city in the north Cyrus. When he conquer- part of Palestine, and one of ed Babylon he constituted a the most ancient on earth, senate to govern it, of which being mentioned Gen. iv. 15. Daniel was one. It is now the capital of a Darius Hystaspis was

Turkish pachalic ; and con- the husband of Esther. —

DEA DEC

Darius Codomanus is of God—how disagreeable was originally poor and ob- and useless. scure ; but for his valour, DEATH, temporal—the was made governor of Ar- extinction of life, or separa- menia by the king of Per- tion of the soul from the sia. He contrived the mur- body. Spiritual, a separa- der of his sovereign, and by tion of soul and body from the intrigue of Bagoas, the God's favour in this life, chief eunuch, ascended the which is the state of all the throne. He was soon after unregenerate. The second conquered, and deprived of or eternal death, is perpetual his ill-gotten throne,by Alex- exclusion from God's heav- ander the great. enly presence and glory. DATES,' the fruit of the DEBTOR, one that owes Palm tree. any thing to another. As DEACON, one that serves the creditor has a right to tables. Phil. L 1. Deacons exact pay from the debtor, were first created to take so God hath a right to inflict care of the poor ; but some punishment on the guilty. of them afterwards became Thus men are debtors to preachers of the word. God by trespassing against

DEAD SEA, the same him ; and to their neigh- with the Lake Asphaltites, bours whom they injure, in the south-east part of wrong, or offend. Debtor to Greece. The valley of Sid- the whole law—Gal. v. 3 dim, which was near Sodom, means, obliged to keep the makes part of this sea. Gen. whole law, as the conditions xiv. 3. This lake receives of eternal life, and so virtu- the river Jordan, the river ally disclaiming all pardon Arnon, and the brook Kidron, by Christ. The apostle besides other rivulets, and Paul says he was a debtor has no visible communica- both to the Greeks and Bar-

tion with the sea. The great barians ; that is, bound by quantity of bitumen, slime, his office to preach the gos- or mineral pitch therein, ren- pel to all nations. ders it improper for fish to DECAPOLIS, a country live in, or for men to drink on the sea of Tiberias. It

it ; and the sulphurous was called Decapolis, be- steam makes even the fruit cause there were ten cities on the shore not good in in it, viz. Bethshan, Gada- some places. The Gentile ra, Hippo, Pella, Caphar- world is likened to this Dead tzemach, Beth-gubron, Ca- Sea, to mark how cursed it phar-carnaim, Cesarea-Phil- ;

DEV 35 DIA ippi, Orbo, and another, Beelzebub, Matt. xii. 24.;

whose name is not known. Belial, 2 Cor. vi. 15. ; Luci- DEDICATION, the sol- fer, Isaiah xiv. 12.; Dragon,

emn act of setting apart any Rev. xii. 7. ; a roaring lion person or thing to some reli- and an adversary, 1 Peter v. of of darkness, Eph. gious use. The Feast 8. ; prince

Dedication, observed by the vi. 12. : Apollyon, or de-

Jews for eight days, was to stroyer, Rev. ix. 11. ; angel commemorate the restora- of the bottomless pit. He tion of the Temple at Jeru- is represented as a sinner

salem, under Judas Macca- from the beginning ; 1 John

beus, after it had been de- hi. 8 ; a liar, John viii. 44 ; a

stroyed by Antiochus Epiph-. deceiver, Rev.xx. 10 ; an ac-

anes, cuser, Rev. xii. 10 ; a mur-

DESERT. Some deserts derer, John viii. 44 ; and last-

were entirely barren ; oth- ly^ tormentor. Matt.xviii.34. ers had fine pastures. Scrip- DEW. The dew in Pal- ture speaks of the beauty of estine, and some other Ori- the desert. Psl. Ixiv. 13. ental countries, is very

Jer. ix. 10. Joel i. 20. Al- heavy, wetting the ground most every town had a des- like a smart shower. It sus- ert belonging to it, which tains vegetation, in some dis- answered to our commons. tricts, where rain seldom or See Wilderness. never falls. Gen. xxvii. 28. DEUTERONOMY, the DIAMOND, the most fifth book of Moses—so call- precious of all gems, and the ed, from its Greek name, hardest. It is perfectly- which signifies repetition. white and transparent. That part of this book which DIANA, a celebrated god- mentions the death of Mo- dess of the heathens, suppo- ses was added by inspired sed to preside over hunting, penmen afterward. and was represented as a DEVIL, a fallen angel young huntress, with cres- ; a the implacable enemy and cent on her head, the pedes- tempter of the human race, tal ornamented with heads of called the god of this world, stags, dogs, &c. Acts xix. from his power and influ- She was especially renown- ence. John xii. 31. 2 Cor. ed at Ephesus. She was iv. 4. He has various titles one of the twelve superior given him in Scripture, ex- deities, and was called by pressive of his character, as the several names of Hebe, leviathan, or serpent, Isaiah Trivia, Hecate, Diana, and xxvii. 1. ; Satan, Job ii. 6. Lucina. In heaven she was DIV 36 DRE

the moon, or queen of heaven. So sinful is it in the en, and perhaps the same sight of God, to resort to with Meni, the numberer, witches, magicians, or divin- or goddess of months. Jer. ers, that the offence was vii. 18. Ezek. xvi. 25. Isa. made punishable with death. Ixv. 11. On earth, she was Deut. xviii. The means to Diana and Trivia, the god- discover hidden things by dess of hunting and high- this art were various,—such ways. In hell, she was as the flight of birds, entrails

Hecate ; she was also called of beasts, lots, dreams, &c. Lucina. DOCTRINE, knowledge or

DIONYSIUS, the Areo- learning ; the leading matter

pagite, or judge in the court in a discourse ; the truths of of Areopagus. In his youth, the gospel in general. Tit.

it is said, he was bred in all ii. 10. It signifies a tenet or the learning of Athens, and opinion, Matt. x. 12, divine in- went afterward to Egypt, to stitutions, Matt, xv.3, instruc- perfect himself in astrono- tion, information, and confir- my. Being at On when our mation in the truths of the Saviour died, and observing gospel. 2 Tim. iik 16. the miraculous darkness, he DOVES' DUNG. It is cried out, Either the God of doubtful whether this arti- nature suffers himself, or cle, mentioned 2 Kings vL sympathizes with one that 25. was really pigeon's dung suffers. He was converted used for manure, as Jose- at Athens by Paul, and, it is phus and Theodoret think, said, became an evangelist, or a kind of tare or cicer, so and was burnt as' a martyr called from its resemblance, in his own city, A. D. 95. when parched, to doves* DISCIPLE, a learner, or dung. The Arabians call it follower of another. Those chick peas. who followed Jesus Christ DRAGON signifies either from the beginning, were a large fish, as the whale > seventy in number, Acts vi. crocodile, dolphin, &c. Gen. L to whom Christ gave pre- 21. Job vii. 12.., or a serpent cepts and admonitions, when of a large size. In some lie sent them forth to preach places it evidently means in the cities of Judea, of the deadly poisonous lizard which number, and at the called Gecko by the east In- head of whom, were the dians. twelve apostles. DREAM. Dreams pro- DIVINATION, an art ceed much from business, or much practised among heath- from constitution and habit* —

EAG 37 EAG

It is probable they often be- up a full chorus. Daniel gin from some outward sen- iii. 5.

sation of the body, in which . DURE, to last, continue, spirits, good or bad, have no endure. inconsiderable influence. By DWELL, to abide, or live supernatural dreams, God of in a place. God is said to old informed men of his dwell in the heavens, and mind. These were not the also with him that is of a same as visions. The for- contrite spirit. Ch rist dwells mer happened during sleep, in the heart by faith, justi- Gen. xx. 3. and xxxi. 11. fying the faithful soul by his the latter when the person merit, renewing it by his was wide awake. Job iv. grace, purifying it by his DROMEDARY, a fleet Spirit, teaching it by his animal, so called from the wisdom, keeping it by his power, and, by his commun- Greek word A^ua I run. ion and compassion, sharing It is smaller and more slen- with it in all its troubles, and der than a camel, but can supporting it under all its carry a man a hundred miles trials. The Holy Ghost per day, dwells in the soul by his DRUSILLA, the third gracious operations, working daughter of Agrippa—was faith, love, and other graces married to Azizus, King of therein. the Emessenians, who was The word of God may be abandoned by her that she said to dwell in a person, might marry Claudius Fe- when it is diligently studied, lix, by whom she had a son firmly believed, and careful- named Agrippa. She was ly practised. Col. iii. 16» one of the most beautiful The godly are said to dwell women of her age, but li- in God, by having the most centious. Acts xxiv. 24. • intimate union and commun- DULCIMER, a musical ion with him in Christ. 1 instrument, used to make John iii. 24.

IB.

EAGLE, one of the prin- 1 fore, and one behind. It is cipal birds of prey. It has! a very ravenous fowl. It a beak strong and hooked, sees or smells dead carcases Its feet have three toes be-.| at a prodigious distance. It . —

EDO 38 EGY breaks the bones of its prey, EDOM, or Idumea, the to come at the marrow. Ev- country of the Edomites, ery year it moults, and be- lays on the south and south- comes almost naked and east of the inheritance of bald, and then renews its Judah, and extended to the youth, by producing a set of Elanitic gulf of the Red Sea. new feathers. Psl. ciii. 5. It was very mountainous, Eagles are extremely tender including mount Seir and of their young, and take them Hor. Its principal cities their wings Selah, N on when weak were Bozrah, Elath, !and fearful. They fly high and Ezion-geber.

and quick ; have their nests EGYPT is situate be- in rocks, and are generally tween the 24th and 33d de- long lived. It was unclean gree of north latitude, and in afl its species, which between the 29th and 34th included the hawk, kite, of east longitude from Lon- &c. don. Its greatest Length EARNEST, pledge. It from north to south is six is money given in hand to hundred miles, and its great- confirm an agreement, and es breadth, from east to west, is applied to signify the as- three hundred. It is bound- surance which the spirit of ed by the Mediterranean

adoption gives believers of Sea, on the north ; Abyssinia

their inheritance in heaven. on the south ; and on the So the earnest of the Spirit, east and west by mountains

2 Cor. i. 22. is a proof that the running parallel with the bargain will be made good, Nile. It was anciently call- and the first fruits of the ed Chemia, or the land of

Spirit, Rom. viii. 13. or the Ham ; and the present Copts graces wrought in the soul call it Chemi, perhaps be- by the Spirit, are some pledg- cause Ham resided here. es of that fulness of joy, The Hebrews call it Miz-

and perfection of holiness, raim ; and the Arabs to this of which believers shall par- day call it Mesr, from Miz- take in heaven. raim, the son of Ham, who EDOM, was called. Esau, peopled it. The arts and

because he was hairy : and sciences were very early cul- Edom, because his hair and tivated here, and maintain- complexion were red; and ed a- greater degree of per- principally because he sold fection, for some ages, than his birth- right for a meal of was found in any other na- red pottage. He was born tion. The name Egypt was A. M. 2173. given it by the Greeks* and ELE 39 EMB

signifies either the land of the choosing ; a token of special Copts, a name which the an- favour. cient inhabitants gave to ELEMENTS, the ingre- thems ilves ; or the land of dients or constituent parts blackness, because the soil whereof compound bodies and water are of a blackish are formed. Fire, air, earth, colour. The river Nile runs and water, used to be called through it northward, and elements ; but it is now as- yearly waters it, so that rain certained that all these are is scarcely requisite ; and in- compounds. The earth, in deed seldom happens in Up- its various kinds of original per Egypt. The heat of matter, shall be melted with summer is excessive,—but fervent heat at Christ's se- fruits abound. Lower Egypt cond coming. 2 Peter iii. 10. produces the most excellent Elements also signify the al- dates, almonds, figs, lemons, phabet of letters, and sylla- oranges, &c. The horses bles formed of them ; and are very famous. The prac- thence it is transferred, to tice of charming snakes so signify the rudiments, first as to carry them about safe- rules, or first principles of a ly, still prevails here. Psl. science. Col. ii. 8, 20. Heb. lviii. 4, 5. Jer. viii. 17. v. 12. The rudiments of Egypt was anciently ex- this world, which are not to

tremely fertile ; but as the be used in the gospel-church, Nile has, by yearly addi- are ceremonial laws and hu- tions, raised the surface of man customs, which are not the earth a great deal high- proper for such as enjoy the er, and now overflows to a clear instructions of the gos- less height, and brings worse pel. Col. ii. 8, 20.

mud along with it ; and as To EMBALM dead bod- the enslaved inhabitants are ies, is to fill them with odorif- disheartened from their an- erous and drying spices and cient care and industry, it is drugs. The embalming of now but moderately fertile, dead bodies appears to have and in ' time may become had its origin, as well as to barren. It is now a prov- have attained its highest per- ince of Turkey, governed by fection, among the Egyp-

a bashaw or pacha, and con- tians ; but whether their tains a population of about want of access to bury their two millions, a considerable dead during the overflow of portion of which are Chris- the Nile, or a regard to civil tians and Jews. honour, or a fancy that the ELECTION, the act of freshness of the body tended EMB 40 EMB to detain the soul in it, chief- relations, who put it into ly prompted them hereto, we the coffin, and either kept know not. The manner of it in their own house or in embalming was this : when a tomb. By this embalming a person died, the corpse they could preserve dead was carried to the coffin- bodies for thousands of years; maker, that he might pre- some are still shewn, and are pare a fit coffin, with its up- called mummies. per side representing the The poor had oil of cedar body enclosed ; and great infused, and the body wrapt men had their coffins paint- in salt of nitre. The oil ed or embellished accord- preyed on the intestines, and ing to their quality. The when the oil was extract- corpse was next carried to ed, they came along with the embalmer, and the price it. Some of the poor- of embalming settled with est did but cleanse the in- him. The highest was a- side, by injecting a certain bout one thousand three liquor, and then laid the hundred dollars; the sec- body seventy days in nitre, ond about 440, and the to dry it. Jacob and Joseph lowest but a mere trifle. were no doubt embalmed in The corpse being extended the manner of the Egyp- on a table, they drew out tians, as they died in that all the inwards, then filled country. Gen. 1. 2, 3,26. the parts with myrrh, cas- The Jews embalmed their sia, and other spices, frank- dead bodies ; but perhaps incense excepted. The brain their manner was very dif- was drawn out by the nose, ferent from that of the E- with an iron hook, and the gyptians. When our Sa- skull filled with astringent viour was crucified, the ne- drugs. The whole body cessity of his hasty burial was then anointed with oil obliged them only to wrap of cedar, myrrh and cinna- his body in linen, with a mon, &c. for the space of hundred .pounds of myrrh, thirty days. It was next aloes, and like spices, be- put into salt about forty days. stowed by Nicodemus ; but Gen. 1. 3. Afterwards, it Mary, and other holy wo- was wrapt in linen, some- men, had prepared ointment times, it is said, to the extent and spices for further em- of above one thousand yards, balming it. Matt, xxvii. dipped in the oil of myrrh, 59. Luke xxiii. 56. John and rubbed with a certain xix. 39, 40. The use of a gum, and delivered to the large quantity of spices on —

EPH 41 EPH

such occasions, was thought magnificent temple of Di- an honour to the deceased. ana. It is said to have been EMERALD, a precious four hundred and .twenty- stone—colour deep green five feet long, two hundred

seldom exceeding the size of and twenty broad ; its roof a pea. They are derived supported by one hundred from India. and twenty-seven pillars, EMMANUEL, or Im- seventy feet high, twenty- manuel, a Hebrew word, seven of which* were curi- which signifies, God with ously carved, and the rest

us. Matt; i. 23. .It is applied polished. It was burnt by to the Messiah, in whom the the hand of the infamous two natures, divine and hu- Erostratus, on the very day man, were united. Isa. vii. Socrates was poisoned, viz. 14. 400 years .before Christ. EMMAUS. The situa- Afterward it was rebuilt tion of the village of this with increased splendour, at name, to which the Saviour, the common expense of all after his resurrection, walk- the. Grecian states. Before ed with his disciples, is not the time of Alexander, E-

certainly known ; but is phesus had kings of her thought it stood seven miles own. It was taken by An- north of Jerusalem. tiochus the Great, of Syria. ENVY, a painful vexa- After it fell into the hands of tion of mind at another's en- the Romans, the inhabitants joyment. It produces mal- revolted to Mithridates, king ice and persecution. Acts of Pontus,.and on that ac- xiii. 4. It is hateful to God, count, were pillaged and and always destroys the terribly taxed by Sylla, the peace of such as indulge it. Roman general. It was de-

Phil. i. 15. stroyed by an earthquake, A. D. . EPHA, a Hebrew meas- 19, but quickly rebuilt. ure, containing somewhat It suffered exceedingly in more than half a bushel. its various sieges and cap- EPHESUS, one of the tures, by the Saracens, Tar- most famous cities of Asia, tars, and Turks, and has said to have been built by gradually sunk to nothing. Ephesus, an Amazon lady, Toucrnefort says that he as early as the days of Da- found at Ephesus but thirty vid. It was situated on the or forty houses. Chandler river Cayster, about forty found riot so many individu- miles south of Smyrna, and als. Now, no human being

was chiefly famed for a lives at Ephesus ! Hy-saluck, !

EPI 42 EUP which may be considered are called epistles. The another name for Ephesus, first fourteen were written does not stand on the same by Paul; the other seven place, and contains only a were written, one by James, ! few wretched Turkish huts. two by Peter, three by John, The candlestick has been re- and one by Jude. The mes- moved out of its place sages of the seven churches " How doth the city sit soli- of Asia, recorded in Revela- tary that was full of people." tion, are called epistles. Rev.

The apostle John spent most ii. and iii. of his life, and closed it here. ERASTUS, a disciple of EPICUREANS, philoso- Paul, and Chamberlain, that phers who followed the doc- is, Treasurer, of the city of trine of Epicurus, who flour- Corinth. He resigned his ished at Athens, about A. M. office, and became a travel- 3700. They maintained that ling companion to Timothy. the world was not formed by Rom. xvi. 23. God, nor with any design, ETHIOPIA, sometimes but by the fortuitous con- called in the Old Testament, course of atoms. They de- Cush, from the oldest son of nied that God governs the Ham, whose posterity set- world, or in the least conde- tled the country on the south scends to interfere with crea- west of the Red sea. Acts tures below. They denied viii. 27. It bordered on E- the immortality of the soul, gypt, and was once a most and the existence of angels. powerful kingdom, with ma- They maintained, that hap- ny noted cities. piness consisted in pleasure EUNUCH, thenam.3 giv- ; but some of them placed this en to such officers as served pleasure in the tranquilli- in the inner courts, and ty and joy of the mind, chambers of kings. arising from the practice of EUPHRATES, or Frat, moral virtue, which is the most famous river in thought, by some, to have Western Asia. From its been the true principle of source in the mountains of

Epicurus : others understood Armenia, its course is west- him in the gross sense, and ward ; after which, at the placed all their happiness in foot of Mount Taurus, it corporeal pleasure, of eating, bends southward, and hav- drinking, &c. ing received the Melas, runs EPISTLE, or Letter. along the east side of Syria, Twenty-one of the books and after -having watered of the New Testament Chaldea, it runs south, EV1 43 EXO and joins the Tigris, just a- evil eye, Prov. xxiii. 6, is to bove where the ancient Par- be covetous, and secretly adise is supposed to have grudge the grace that is dis- stood. About sixty miles pensed to others. Evil days, farther south, they discharge Eccl. xii. 1. signify the time themselves into the Persian of old age, which is calami- gulfc Like the Nile, it is tous- in itself, and often load- subject to an annual over- ed with the remembrance' of flow, by which it imparts youthful follies— Ye thatput great fertility to the valley far away the evil day, Amo3 in which it runs. On its vi. 3, that is, ye that drive banks . stood Babylon—and away the thoughts of ap- Bussorah, about fifty miles proaching death and judg- from its mouth, is now a ment. Satan is called the place of some importance. evil one, or evil spirit ; he

EUROCLYBON, a vio- is the author of all sin ; he lent and dangerous north- perpetually works wicked- east wind, common in the ness, and causeth trouble. Mediterranean sea about the John xvii. 15. Actsxix. 12. beginning of winter. Acts An evil time, is a season of xxvii. 14. It is now called much sinning, danger, and by sailors, a Levanter. trouble. Amos v. 13. Mic. EVANGELIST, a bring- ii. er of good news. It was ap- EXODUS, the second

plied first to the inspired au- book of Moses ; so called, thors of the gospel of Jesus because it relates to the histo- Christ, and also, in the prim- ry of the Israelites' depart-

itive church, to those who ure from Egypt. . It is a nar- went from place to place, to rative of the transactions of preach the glad tidings of about 145 years, from the the ever blessed gospel. death of Joseph, A. M. 2369, The term is now used to sig- to the erection of the taber- nify a minister who travels, nacle in 2514. and is not settled with any EXORGIST, one who T particular people. drives aw ay evil spirits > or EVIL, an action contrary casts out devils. Our Sa-

to the law of God ; any wrong viour, when he sent out his done by one man to another. disciples to preach the gos- Matt. v. 39. It is put for pel, gave them power over the afflictions or punishments unclean spirit's, to cast them

which God sends, Job. ii. 10. out, Matt. x. 1. by which for sin and all its sufferings. gift they gained repute a- Matt. vi. 13. To have an mong the people, and gave ;

FAR 44 FAT

proof that they were sent of 13, were only impostors, de- God. But those Jewish ex- luding the people by witch- orcists, mentioned Acts xix. craft or diabolical agency.

FAITH, a dependance on Roman penny, or about two the truth of an assertion. cents. Matt.- x. 29. The

Divine faith is. a firm assent latter was equal to two mites, upon the authority of divine and is about an eighth part- revelation. It is thus we are of cur cent. Mark xii. 42. persuaded to believe all truths FAN, an instrument for relating to God, revealed to us separating chaff from grain. in the Scriptures. Justifying It was formerly made in the or, saving faith, is a grace shape of a wooden shovel, wrought in the soul by the with a long handle. With Spirit of God, whereby we this the grain, as it was receive Christ, as he is re- gathered up into 'a heap on vealed in the gospel, to be the threshing floor, was toss- a Prophet, Priest, and King ed in the air when the -wind trust in him, and rely upon blew, so that the chaff was his righteousness alone, for driven away.- As it fell salvation. This faith begets round the place, it was cus- a sincere obedience in life tomary to sweep it together and conversation. Faith and burn if. See Matt. iii. 12. which worketh by love, Gal. FAST, a solemn forbear- v. 6. is faith which shows ance from food, accompanied itself by producing in us by humiliation before God love to God and to our neigh- and prayer. Our Saviour bour. It is put for a belief did not appoint any fast days, and profession of the gospel. but gave reasons why, after

Rom. i. 8. his death, his disciples should FARTHING, a coin used fast. Afflictions soon be- by the Romans. Our trans- came common to Christians, lators give this English to and then they fasted. 2 both «

FEA 45 FEL

the first ancestor, as Rom. iv. FELIX was deputy for the 16; to the inventor and master Romans, in the government of a certain art or science, of Judea. He enticed Dru- or founder of a particular silla to divorce Azizus, king profession, Gen. iv. 20, 22. of Emesa, and then took her to that man who, affected as his own wife. He defeat- t with the miseries of the poor, ed about tour thousand as- takes care to supply their sassins, headed by an Egyp- necessities, and provide for tian impostor, who had post- their wants. Job xxix. 16 ed themselves in the mount God declares himself to be of Olives. Acts xxi. 38. the Father of the fatherless, Paul was brought before him and a Judge of the widows. at Cesarea, his head quar- Psl. lxyiii. 5. God is emi- ters; and, notwithstanding nently the Father, Creator, all that Tertullus and his Preserver, and Protector of assistants could say, was all his creatures, but princi- treated with humanity. pally of those who call up- Hoping that the Christians on his name, knowing and would have purchased his re- serving him. Deut. xxxii. 6. lease, he often sent for Paul, Rom. viii. 15, .16. God is and communed with him. frequently called Heavenly Upon one of these occasions,

Father ; and Father of Spir- Paul reasoned with Felix its. Heb. xii. 9. The dev- concerning temperance,

il is called the father of the righteousness, and the last wicked. John viii. 44. In judgment, till Felix's awak- church history the term is ened conscience made him applied to the Christian wri- tremble. He was a bad ters of thje first centuries. man, and governed with It is now customary to give great injustice and cruelty. this epithet to very aged and In the year 60 he was re- eminent saints. called to Rome, and Festus FEAR, apprehension of was sent in his room. The danger. Guilt produces that Jews followed him to Rome, solicitude and dread which and complained of his extor-

is called slavish fear. Acts tion and violence ; and he xxiv. 25. Filial fear is that would have been punished holy feeling of the renewed with death, had not his bro- heart toward God, which ther Pallas, by his credit at produces a reverent submis- court, preserved his life. sion to his providence, and Acts xxiii. xxiv. ready obedience to all his FELLOWSHIP, or Com- commands. Heb. v. 7. munion, is a term of great E —

FIG 46 FIS importance in the Scriptures ix. 9. Baptism is called a of truth. There is a fellow- figure ; its washing of wa- ship to which the people of ter shadows forth the wash- Christ are admitted with God ing of our souls in the blood the Father, and with his Son, of Christ. Jesus Christ, the blood of FIG TREE, a well known Jesus cleansing from all sin. plant which flourishes in hot

1 John i. 3, 5, &c. The^re countries. The fruit is me- is a fellowship which they dicinal, and is exported, in a have with one another. 1. dried state, to every part of In all the spiritual blessings the world. The leaves of which the gospel brings to the tree are very large, on the guilty. 2. In temporal which account Adam and things ; which in a particu- Eve made aprons of them. lar manner is pointed to, The tree itself is large, and

Acts ii. 42. When the disci- some have been mentioned ples of Christ communicate which would shelter three jointly of their worldly sub- hundred men. Christ blast- stance to the support of the ed a fig tree on which he poor, this fellowship takes found no fruit, though "" the place. 3. The church con- time of figs was not yet," nection is called a fellowship, that is, the time of gathering and is opposed to having fel- figs had not quite arrived. lowship with the unfruitful The tree was, therefore, ev- worksof darkness. Eph.v. 11. idently barren, and had not FESTUS succeeded Felix already been stripped. The in the government of Judea. goodness of God is remarka- He took no trouble to inves- bly apparent in this tree. It tigate the claims of Christi- flourishes in rocky, barren anity, and when Paul spoke places, where almost nothing of its mysteries, thought that else will grow ; and a single much learning had made tree (says Tournefort) will him mad. Acts xxv. and xxvi. sometimes produce two hun- FIGURE, shape, resem- dred and eighty pounds of blance. Idols are called fig- figs. So* valuable wr as this ures, because they are made tree in the land of Canaan, after the likeness of some that to have it killed, or even original form. Acts vii. 43. to have it fail of its annual Adam, Isaac, &c. and some fruit, was reckoned a dread- ancient ceremonies, were ful calamity. Joel i. 6, 7. figures or types, as they Heb. hi. 18. shadowed forth Jesus Christ. FISHES were created on Rom. v. 14. Heb. xi. 19, and the fifth day, by the word of FLA 47 FLh

God's power. Some are of cruse usually intended for monstrous size, and some are wine, and containing about a too small to be seen without pint. 2 Sam. vi. 19. powerful glasses. Their sit- FLAX, a plant of which uation has ever prevented linen is made. Egypt car- an accurate knowledge of ried on a great trade in the their number, structure, or article of linen ; and the de- manners'. Under the He- struction of the flax, in one brew law, none were called of the plagues of Moses, clean and allowed to be eat- must have been a great ca- en, but such as had fins and lamity. When it is said the scales, so that lobsters, oys- flax had " boiled," it means ters. &c. were prohibited. the seed vessels had begun FIRKIN, a Greek meas- to assume their roundish form. ure, holding about four gal- FLESH, that soft part of lons and a half; that is about any animal, which lies be-

a fourth part of a bath. John tween the skin and the bone ; ii. 6. used in Scripture for living FIR-TREE. The fir-tree is men, and animals in general. very tall, straight ever green, It is understood for the whole abounding with a gum called nature of man, as it cometh rosin. Its fruit somewhat into the world infected with resembles burrs of the pine sin. Rom. vii. 5. viii. 8. tree. The wood was an- For all that in religion which ciently used for musical in- is outward, and to be seen struments, building, and fur- with the eye, as moral works niture of houses and ships. or ceremonies of the law. Psl. civ. 17. Jesus Christ Rom. iv. 1. Gal. iii. 3. For is compared to a green fir- the remainder of natural tree. Hos. xiv. 8. His peo- corruptions, which acts in ple are likened to fir-trees. opposition to the Spirit in re- Isa. xli. 19, and Iv. 13, and generated persons. Rom. vii. lx. 13. IS, 25. Gal. v. 17, 24. FLAY, to strip off the Flesh' also signifies the

skin ; a punishment used in human nature of Christ, some countries upon great whereby his divine nature offenders, by which they was vailed, even as the mer- were slowly killed, with the cy seat, and the most holy utmost suffering. Mic. iii. place were by the vail. 3. Some of the early Chris- Heb. x. 20. It is also taken tians were martyred in this for the outward appearance. manner. John viii. 15. A heart of FLAGGON, a vessel or flesh denotes a tender, tract- FOO 48 FOR able temper and disposition of Whatever is without good soul. reason, and does not secure FLOOR, the bottom of a men's true and eternal ad- house. 1 Kings vi. 15. The vantage, is foolish ; and place where corn was thresh- hence we read of foolish ed out. Hos. ix. 1. Judges talking, foolish lusts, foolish vi. 37. As threshing-floors questions, &c. Eph. v. 4. were anciently under the 1 Tim. vi. 9. Tit. iii. 9. open sky, it is said they were FOOT, that on which any formed of clay, and lees of animal or thing stands, or oil beaten together; which, is supported? a measure of when once dried, no water twelve inches. In old times, could enter it, no weed grow it was customary to wash on.it, nor any mice, rats, or the feet of strangers after a ants, penetrate into it. The journey, because they either church is likened to a thresh- walked barefoot or wore on- ing-floor; for here Christ ly sandals. Gen. xviii. 4. gathers his glorious harvest, xix. 2. xxiv. 32. Widows, and here he will thoroughly maintained by the church,

cleanse it. Matt. iii. 11. were to be such as had FLOTES; fiat bottomed washed the feet of the vessels, such as are now call- saints; that is, had been

ed scows ; or a collection of ready to do the meanest ser- trees, fastened together by vices for the servants of God. ropes, to be drawn along by 1 Tim. v. 10. Our blessed water, in the manner we Saviour, to give an example make a raft. 1 Kings v. 9*. of humility, washed the feet FOOL, an idiot, or a very of his apostles, and thereby weak man; one who fore- taught them to perform all sees not evils to prevent the most humble services them, and neglects the sea- for one another. son of obtaining what is FORGIVE, to pardon an of- good. In the language of fence. To forgive sin is the Scripture, a sinner, in oppo- prerogative of God only.

sition to a prudent man ; one When the Pharisees, who who makes something in.this denied the divinity of Christ, world his highest aim, and heard him forgiving sins, spends his chief time and la- they said, M this man blas- bor about it, to the neglect phemeth.' Matt. ix. 13. of infinitely higher interests. And agreeably to this, the Those who upbraid their God of Jacob says, " I, even brethren as fools, are in dan- I, am He that blotteth out ger of hell. Matt. v. 22. thy transgressions." Isaiah ;

FRA 49 FRO xliii. 25. Christ having ex- like a pear tree. Frankin- ercised this power, proves cense is still used in the Po- him to be divine. Acts v. 31. pish ceremonies, as well as FOX. There is reason to by Heathens. Luke i. 10. think tli at the word shuol Rev. viii. 3. means ajackall, and not a fox FRONTLET, See Phy- and that the true fox is not lacteries. mentioned in all the Scrip- FROG. There are two ture. The Psalmist, speak- species of frog, one of which ing of his enemies says, lives in the water, and the " they shall be a portion lor other on the land. The for- foxes," that is, jackails shall mer kind was made the tear them out of their graves plague of Egypt, when Is- or devour them unburied. rael was cruelly detained in Samson might have caught slavery. As the frog, in E- jackalls by scores, but the gypt, was the emblem of fox is scarcely ever found Osiris, it was held sacred by in Judea. The coun- the people ; and this plague try of the jackall is Asia is one of the many evident Minor and the neighbouring instances when Jehovah pun- countries. It chooses hilly ishes men by means of the places, boldly approaches very things they improperly travellers, and at night en- regard. This is still more ap- ters villages, always going parent when we consider in troops. It is not so large that the Nile in which they as a wolf, but rather larger were produced, was suppos- than a fox, and lives on small ed by the Egyptians to be animals, grapes, vegetables, peculiarly sacred, and de- and carcasses. Cant, ii. 15; serving of religious venera- FRANKINCENSE, a tion. Though the frog is S^im, anciently much burnt not venomous, such legions in temples, and now used in of them penetrating every medicine. It distils from in- place, and filling their food cisions made in the tree dur- and beds, rendered life intol- ing the heat of the summer, erable. When it is said, Psl. and when placed on live lxxviii. 45, " He sent frogs 3 coals, sends up a dense fra- and destroyed them, ' it proba- grant smoke. Some frank- bly means that the stench of incense is. brought from the them when killed, infected East Indies: but it is not e- the air, and swept off many qual to that of Arabia or Sy- by pestilence. The frogs ria. The form of the frank- prophesied of by John, Rev. incense tree, Pliny says, is xvi. 13, are false teachers FRU 50 FUL

who originate in the slough and holiness ; but in regard of human depravity, are to wicked men, it designates loathsome to the pure, dis- the effects of sin, immorali- turb the peace by their per- ty, and wickedness. See petually croaking out com- our Saviour's doctrine. Mat. plaints, reproaches, and vain- vii. 16. glorious inflations. Because FULL, fulness. 1. De- frogs show themselves most siring no more of a thing.

actively after a rain, some Isa. i. 11. « I am full of the have foolishly imagined that burnt offerings of rams." 2. they were produced by the Perfect, that which wants no- rain. thing. 2 John viii. 3. Such FRUIT, the produce of as are puffed up with a con- the earth, plants, &c. Fruit ceit of their own sufficien- of cattle is their young. cy and worth, so as to feel Fruit of the body signifies no need of Christ. Luke vi. children. Deut. xviii. 4. 25. " Wo unto you that are " Fruit of the lips," is the full." To be full of years , sacrifice of praise and thanks- is to have lived to a good old giving. Heb.xiii. 15. "Fruits age. Gen. xxv. 8. The meet for repentance," are fulness of time, is the time such a holy life and conver- wherein the Messiah appear- sation, as manifest the reali- ed, .which was appointed by ty of repentance. Matt. iii. God, promised to the fathers, 8. " Fruits of the spirit," are foretold by the prophets, ex- love both to God and our pected by the Jews them- neighbours, and those gra- selves, and -earnestly longed cious habits wrought in the for by all who looked for re-

soul ; as joy, peace, long- demption, the fulness of this suffering, gentleness, good- time is when that time was ness, faith, meekness, and fully come. Gal. iv. 4. temperance. Gal. v. 22, 23. " When the fulness of time *' Fruits of righteousness," was come, God sent his Son."

Phil. i. 11, are such good The fulness of God, is such works and holy actions, as a measure of perfection as spring from a gracious frame God hath appointed to every of heart. Fruit is taken for one of the elect through a charitable contribution, Christ. Eph. iii. 19. "That which is the fruit or effect he might be filled with all of faith and love. Rom. xv. the fulness of God," is shar- 18. Fruit, when spoken of ing in the most ample man- good men, means the fruits ner in the unsearchable rich^ or works of righteousness es of Christ, GAD 51 GAL

GABBATHA, a word of years after the city was burnt Chaldee or Syriac origin, by the Romans, Mark v. Luke which language was, at the viii. 26, &c. Matt. chap. viii. time of our Saviour, in vul- 28, calls this the country of gar use. It means the pave- the Gergesenes, because ment, a large court or a-j Gergesa was the name of the partmenr, used as a court-! country where Gadara stood, room. or was a city near to Gada-

GABRIEL, the name of ra ; and Christ healed the the archangel, mentioned possessed men on the border

Luke i. 11, 26, who appear-; betwixt the two, or in a

ed at different times to Dan- i place common to both. iel, Zacharias, &c. It is GALATIA, a province of doubtful if there be more Asia Minor, north of Lyca- than one archangel, as the onia, and now called Nata- j

word never occurs in the I lia. About 175 years before plural. Learned men think I Christ, it was reduced into a the term is applied to Christ. Roman province. The gos- GADARA, the capital of pel was planted here by Perea, in Ccelo-Syria, and Paul. Acts xvi. He wrote stood about eight miles east- an epistle to these churches. ward of the sea of Tiberi- Deiotarus, for whom Tully as. The Gadarenes kept interceded, was king of this great numbers of swine, country. About A. D. 266, which they sold to such as it was overrun by the Goths. were not lorbidden by their It is now a province of Tur- religion to eat them ; but key, and Christianity is al- which was directly contrary most extinct. to the Mosaic law. When GALBANUM, an odorifer- Christ, in healing two pos- ous gum, extracted, it is sup- sessed persons, suffered the posed, from a plant not un- devils to enter their herd of like the large native fennel, swine, and drown them, in- which was found on the stead of being humbled by mountains of Syria. It con- their punishment, they be- stituted an ingredient in the sought the Saviour to leave holy anointing oil. Exodus their country. About forty xxx. 34. GAR 52 GAT

GALILEE, that part of reject the robe of Christ's Canaan which comprehend- righteousness. Princes, espe- ed Issachar, Zebulon, Nap- cially great kings and priests, thali, and Asher. Our Sa- generally wore white gar- viour, and most of the dis- ments ; such were also worn ciples were educated here ; on the occasions of great and here were most of the joy and gladness. Eccl. ix. miracles wrought. On this 8. In mourning, men gen- account, Jesus and his fol- erally wore- sackcloth, or lowers were often called hair- cloth. Prophets, when Galileans. Luke xxiii. 6. their messages were terri-

Acts ii. 7. ble, and the tiines dark, oft GALLIO was brother to wore a mourning dress of

Seneca, the famous moral 7 coarse stuff or skin. 2 Kings ist, and adopted son of Lu- i. 7, 8, 'Matt. iii. 4. False cius Junius Gallio, for whom prophets, in order to deceive he was named. Under the people, clothed them- Claudius, he became gov- selves after 'the same man- ernor of Achaia. He acted ner. Zech. xiii. 4. as a judge very mildly and GATE, the entrance to a properly, when a rabble, un- residence or foitified place. der the influence of Sosthe- A. large room was built over nes, accused Paul ; but he the gate on the wall of the dreadfully 'erred in not in- city, used as a council cham- quiring into the nature of ber, and court of justice, or Christianity, and accepting town hall. We have a re- its salvation. During the markable example of the reign of the furious Nero, mode of procedure, in the he was put to death. fourth chapter of Ruth. It GARMENT. It was the was here that Absalom made custom when great men of his seditious speeches. 2 the east gave a feast, to Sam. xv. Mordecai sat at make a present to each guest •the king's gate, not a poor of a robe to wear on that oc- mendicant, but as a judge ; casion; and sometimes the and therefore Haman said, silver or gold cup. out of " All this availeth me noth- which they drank, was also, ing, so long as I see Morde- added. This explains Matt, cia the Jew sitting at the xxii. 11—13, which might king's gate." Esther v. 13. otherwise seem severe. The Peace and war were pro- man acted contemptuously, claimed from the gate ; and and insultingly, and merited hence the gates of hell, is a his doom—so do all act who proper expression for the GAZ GEN power and influence of hell, prisoned, and died in it, along which shall not prevail a- with many of the inhabi- gainst the church. Matt. tants. Judges xvi. David xvi. 18. The straight gate finally reduced it. is the truth, which, level- GENEALOGY, a list of

ling the pride of the human ancestors ; an account or heart, and opposing all man's history of the rise, progress, own righteousness, shuts him and present state of any per- up to the faith of the Son of son or family, showing the God. regular descent. The ex- GATH, a city of Philistia, actness of the Jews in this the capital of the people respect, was ordered by the called Gittites. It stood 14 special providence of God, miles south of Joppa, and that it might be certainly was one of the most ancient known, of what tribe and cities in the world. It still family the Messiah was born. exists, though now a place After the birth of Christ, of small consequence. Its such circumspection was un-

present name is Jebna. Sev- necessary ; and if persisted eral other places appear to in, could only indicate an have gone under this name. unchristian pride of ances- One in Galilee, where Jonah try, as will appear from the was born, Josh. xix. 13. 2 words of the apostle Paul. 1 Kings xiv. 25, one in the Tim. L 4. Tit. iii. 9. tribe of Dan, and another in GENERATION signifies Manasseh. Josh., xxi. 24. in Scripture, 1. Posterity, GAZA. 1. A city of the offspring. Gen. x. 1. 2. Line Ephraimites, 1 Chron. vii. of descent. The book of the 28, now called Razza. 2. A generation of Jesus Christ, city between Palestine and is a history of his lineage,

Egypt, and about two miles life, and death. Matt. i. 1. and a half from the Medi- 11 This generation shall not terranean sea. It was an- pass away, till all these ciently a city of the Phi- things be fulfilled," means listines, but given to the that the people living in the tribe of Judah, who con- time of Christ, should not be quered it, after the death of all dead, when Jerusalem, Joshua. Judg. i. 18. The and the Jewish nation, would Philistines retook it, and kept be ruined by the Romans. possession of it till the reign Matt. xxiv. 34. The word of David. Samson carried may here be applied to the the gates of it almost to He- Jewish nation, which our bron, and afterward was im- Lord foretels should not pass F GEN 54 GIF away till his second coming. addresses to God after the In fulfilment of this prophe- dedication of the temple. 1 cy, we see them subsisting Kings viii. 41. The Psalm- at this day, a distinct and ist says that the Lord shall separate generation. In give the Gentiles to the Mes- Christ's time, the Jews were siah for an inheritance. Psl. a faithless, perverse, and un- ii. 8. And the Christian toward generation. Mark church is now composed al- ix. 41. Acts ii. 42. The most wholly of Gentiles. saints are " a chosen genera- GIBEAH, a city of Ben- tion," a generation dedicated jamin, situated on a fine hill to the Lord, and who seek six miles north of Jerusalem. his face. 1 Pet. ii. Josh. xv. 57. It was for a GENESARETH, a fine while the royal residence of lake, or inland sea, twelve Saul. miles long, and five or six GIBEON, a city 5 miles

broad ; very subject, from north of Jerusalem, the in- the character of the sur- habitants of which deceived rounding hills, to sudden •Joshua by sending a depu- gusts of wind. It is the tation to him to make a trea- same as the Sea of Tiberias, ty of peace, whose dress, &c. John xxi. 1, and Sea of Gal- indicated that they had come ilee. Matt. iv. 18. from a very great distance, GENTILE, a term ap- and consequently did not plied by the Jews to all who belong to any of the nations not of their religion which God had were ; commanded one ignorant of the true them to destroy, and whose T God ; a Heathen or Pagan, country they w ere to occu- sometimes called a Greek. py. The covenant was kept Sf. Paul is commonly called by the Hebrews, though

the Apostle of the Gentiles, thus falsely obtained ; and

or Greeks, 1 Tim. ii. 7, as he instead of being destroyed, was principally sent to preach they were made to serve as

Christ to them ; whereas St. hewers of wood, and draw- Peter and the other Ap'os- ers of water. Joshua ix. tles preached generally to and x. the Jews, and were there- GIFT, that which is free- fore called the Apostles ol ly given. It is applied in an

the circumcision. Gal. ii. 7. eminent manner to Jesus That the ancient and godly Christ, God's unspeakable Jews desired the conversion gift. Our Lord says to the of the Gentiles, appears from woman of Samaria, "If thou the prayer which Solomon knewest the gift God, viz. ;

GIR 55 GLO

Him who sayest to thee, service that God may require, give me to drink," &c. John and be like servants who iv. 10. When Christ as- are ready to obey their mas- cended up on high, he re- ter's commands. ceived gifts for the rebel- GLASS. According to lious. Psl. Lxviii. 18* These Pliny and Tacitus, the Phe- gifts he poured down on the nicians were the inventors days of Pentecost, and gave of glass. The Ethiopians some apostles, prophets, &c. anciently preserved their Faith is the gift of God, Eph. dead bodies in large glasses.

ii. 8 ; and as the wages of The invention of burning sin is death, so eternal life glasses is commonly ascrib- is the gift of God* Rom. vi. ed to Archimedes, of Sicily;, 23: Every good and perfect who lived about two hun- gift comes from God. James dred years before Christ,

i. 17. The gifts and calling The word of God is compar- of God are without repent- ed to a glass, because it rep-

ance ; that is, what he hath resents to us our real char- given, according to his di- acter, as a glass does the vine and eternal purpose, face. —This is one great in- cannot be reversed. ternal evidence of the truth

GILEAD, a mountainous ofRevelation. James i. 23,25. district extending from Leb- GLORIFY, to pay divine

anon to Moab, eastward of honour ; to make glorious ; the river Jordan, famous for to exalt to glory or dignity. balm, Jer. viii. 21, and for Thus God glorifies his peo- pasture. Songs, iv; 1. ple by adorning them with GIRDLE, any thing bound gifts and graces in this world, round the waist ; generally and by bringing them to the used by the Jews to gird their full possession of glory and clothes about them when blessedness in heaven. We they were at work or on a are said to glorify God, when journey. Girdles of leather we ascribe to him the glory were worn in token of hu- of every excellency, wheth- mility, as by Elijah, 2 Kings er of nature or of grace, i. 8, and John the Baptist, Rev. iv. 11 ; when we be- Matt. iii. 4. Girdles of lieve God's promises, and sackcloth were the marks of wait for the performance, humiliation, and worn in Rom. iv. 20 ; when we pub- times of mourning. Isaiah lickly acknowledge true re- iii. 24. To have the loins ligion, or any special truth girded, Luke xii. 35, is to of God, when it is general- he always prepared for any ly opposed, Luke xxiii. 47 GLO 56 GOD when we suffer for God, 1 GOD, the Supreme, Al- Pet. iv. 16; when we give mighty, and Eternal One, of thanks to God for benefits or whom are all things. How- xvii. deliverances, Luke 18 ; ever ignorant of the true when on the Sabbath we character of God, all men, in devote ourselves only to the all ages, have, in one degree service of God, Isa. lviii. or another, acknowledged

13 ; when we love, praise, the existence of a God. admire, and esteem Christ a- The names applied to the bove all, John i. 14. and Godhead in Scripture are, xi. 4. El, Adonai, Jehovah ; and God the Father is glori- these have each their re- fied in Christ the Mediator, spective significations, ap- by his obedience unto death, plicable to the characters in whereby the work of man's which God has been pleased redemption was consumma- to reveal himself. The words ted, and the justice, wisdom, Jehovah, Elohim, occur more mercy, and holiness of God than once in the first chap- made manifest. ter of Genesis, as the name God glorified Christ, by of the Godhead. "And Jeho- manifestly owning him to be vah, Elohim, said, Behold, his Son ; by sustaining his the man is become like one human nature against the of us, to know good and gates of hell, in his agony and evil." Gen. iii. 22 ; one of passion on the cross ; and by us, necessarily and unavoid- enabling him to triumph over ably implies a plurality of his people's enemies in his persons. No reasoning can resurrection, ascension, and do away the force of this exaltation to his Father's and many similar instances right hand. John xvii. 1. which might be adduced,

GLORY. 1. The unspeaka- did our limits admit : unani- ble blessedness of the saints mously proving, that in the in heaven. 2. Worldly splen- earliest revelations God dour and greatness. The made of himself to guilty heavens declare the glory of man, the doctrine of the God ; that is, manifest his Trinity was clearly taught. infinite wisdom, power, and Men may talk in a general goodness, and ought to excite way about the power, good- our gratitude, love, adoration ness, and other attributes of and praise. The miracles God, but from the Scrip- which our Saviour wrought tures only can we form any manifested his glory, or his thing like just ideas of these divine power. John ii. 11. attributes. ;

GOL 57 GOL

GODHEAD means the fine gold. More frequently nature or essence of God. it is found in loose particles,

Col. ii. 9, Rom. i. 20, Acts mingled with the sand of xvii. 29. rivers, especially in Africa. GODLINESS, the whole Gold is often found bedded revelation of God : thus in stones of various kinds, Paul says, " Great is the and even in the earth, at the mystery of godliness." 1 depth of one hundred and Tim. iii. 16. It sometimes fifty fathoms. North Caro- means the imitation of God, lina, in the United States, is by a holy life. In other becoming famous for its gold texts it is used as synony- mines. Gold is the most mous with godly, that which ductile of all metals, an ounce proceeds from God ; thus, of it having been drawn godly sorrow, is the sorrow into a wire two hundred and which God only can pro- forty miles long ! It is in- duce, and worketh repent- capable of rust; nor can the ance. 2 Cor. i. 12. Godly melting of it in a common fear is that fear of God fire diminish its weight ; but which is the beginning of if exposed to the focus of a wisdom ; and a godly man strong burning glass, it flies is he who loves God from a off in small particles; and, sense of much forgiveness. it is said, sometimes goes off GOG and Magog. Gog in smoke, and the remainder means probably the Ottoman loses the nature of gold, and family and government. Ma- becomes a kind of vitrioL gog probably means Sy- It requires no great heat to thia. The ravages of the melt gold, and before it runs northern barbarians in Italy, it appears white ; and when &c. and the final ruin of the melted,appears of a pale bluish Turkish empire are probably green colour on the surface- meant by John, Rev. xx. &c. GOLIATH, a famous giant, GOLD, a precious metal, of Gath, whose height was seldom found in a state of eleven feet four inches. His

ore, but in a native state ; brazen helmet weighed about though even native gold has fifteen pounds avoirdupois almost always some mixture his target, or collar affixed of other metals. Native gold between his shoulders to de- is sometimes found in the Ger- fend his neck, about thirty man mines, in pure masses of his spear was twenty-six

about a pound weight ; and in feet long, and its head weigh- Peru, twenty-five pounds ed thirty-eight pounds; his

weight ; this was called their sword four ; his greaves on ; ;

ORE 58 GRI

his legs thirty ; and his coat largely taken, it contained of mail one hundred and fif- the Peleponnesus, or Morea,

ty-six ; and so the whole ar- Achaia, Thessaly, Macedo- mour, two hundred and sev- nia, if not also Epirus on the enty-three pounds weight. west of Macedonia, &c.

GOSPEL, good news ; a but, more strictly taken, it revelation of the grace of contained the three former. God to fallen man, through It is about four hundred

a Mediator ; and a means, miles from south to north, which, by the Spirit, saves and three hundred and fif- men from perdition. The ty-six from east to west. Its word is also used to mean present divisions are Mace- the narrative of our Sav- donia, Albania, Livadia, the iour's life, death, and res- Morea, the Archipelago, and

urrection ; and sometimes Candia. It was probably for the doctrines contained in peopled soon after the flood* that narrative. Rom. xi. 28. Few countries are more fa- The number of mankind voured by nature, as to its living in nations enlighten- soil, climate and productions. ed by the gospel, is probably Many of the most famous THREE HUJVDRED MIL- statesmen, orators, and gen- LIONS. Of these, one half are erals of antiquity, had their Catholics, and thirty millions birth here. The arts and are Greeks, both of which sciences here attained a churches are very corrupt. great eminence, as did also GRACE. Favour or mercy. poetry and eloquence. Divine grace is the free and GRIND, to bruise smallj. undeserved love and favour as meal is bruised in a mill. of God, which is the spring Anciently they had only and source of all the bene- hand-mills for grinding their fits which we receive from meal. The stones were a- him, especially redemption bout the size of a common through Jesus Christ. Rom. grind stone. Women and xi. 6. Grace is taken for slaves, such as Samson was a lively sense of this favour, at Gaza, and the Hebrews or the love and fear of God at Babylon, were usually dwelling in the heart. 2 the grinders. They sat on Cor. i. 12.—For the doc- each side of the mill, Matt, trine of the gospel, which pro- xxiv. 41. Christ's falling ceeds from the grace of God. on men, and grinding them GREECE, in Hebrew, Ja- to powder, denote his ren- mn, Isa. Ixvi. 19 ; a country dering them utterly misera- on the south-east of Europe ble for their contempt of him. TWO WOMEN GRINDING AT A MILL. P. 58.

;

HAL 59 HAR

HABAKKUK, a prophet in Psalms and Revelations. of the tribe of Simeon, who HALE or Haul, to drag prophesied during the reign violently. of Manasseh, and was co- HAM, the son of Noah, temporary with Jeremiah. had four sons, viz. Cush, HABERGEON, a breast- Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. plate worn by soldiers in His posterity peopled Afri- former times. Since the ca, and part of the west of use of gunpowder, this, and Asia. They have been gen- all other kinds of armour, erally wicked and miserable, except the helmet, has fail- and few of them have hith- en into disuse, except some- erto enjoyed the light of the times for cavalry. gospel. From him the land HAGGAI, the first of the of Egypt was called Chemia, three Jewish Prophets that or the land of Ham. flourished after the captivi- HARNESS, properly the ty ; was born in Chaldea furniture of a horse, Jere- and began his public work of miah xlvi. 4 ; but it means prophecying, about seven- more frequently a set of de- teen years after the return fensive armour, for a war- from Babylon ; that is, in the rior. 1 Kings xxii. 34. second year of the reign of The children of Israel went Darius Hystaspes. He, to- up out of Egypt harnessed, gether with Zechariah,might- that is, equipped, for battle. ily excited and encouraged HARP, an instrument their brethren to finish the composed of a hollow base, building of the temple, as- with two branches, to which suring them that the Messiah were fastened three, six, or should appear in the flesh, nine strings. That kind inven- teach in the courts of the new ted by Jubal, the descendant temple, and render it more of Cain, and used by the an- glorious than the first. Ez- cients, is now disused. From ra v. 1, 2. Hag. i. and ii. Isaiah's saying that his bow- HALLELUJAH, a. He- els sounded in mourning as brew word signifying Praise a harp, and from other evi- the Lord, frequently met with dences, it would seem that HAR 60 HEA

its sound was grave and HEAR, to receive sounds plaintive. It was capable, by the ear. To hear the however, of producing the word of God, means, a mere most majestic sounds, suited listening, without laying to to the high praises of heart, God. Matt, xiii.19 ; and al- Solomon's harps were of so, to yield a willing assent wood. 1 Kings x. 12. Dur- in the mind, with a firm pur- ing the captivity in Babylon, pose to believe and obey it, the Levitical singers hanged John viii. 47. God is said to their harps, as useless, on hear prayer, when he grants the willow trees on the our requests. banks of the Euphrates and HEART. The seat of the other rivers in Chaldea. Psi. affections and passions. God cxxxvii. 2. The Greeks and only knows it, Jer. xvii. 10. Romans had the use of the The Lord Jesus Christ, who harp from the eastern barba- demonstrated his Godhead rians. The modern harp is on many occasions, by one of the noblest of instru- searching the heart, de- ments, and is vastly superior clares, that from the heart of in power and accuracy to man proceeds every evil. those in ancient use. Matt. xv. 18. It is very ob- HARVEST, the time of servable, that as the great gathering the fruits of the evil which, in the human earth. In Canaan it began heart, corrupts and defiles it, in March, and was finished is unbelief; so the only pu- ;tbout the middle of May. rifier of the heart mention- Any time of gainful labour is ed in the Scripture is, the called harvest", hence a faith of the gospel. Acts sleeper in harvest causeth xv. 9. "With the heart shame to himself and his man believeth unto righte- friends. Prov. x. 5. A peo- ousness," because the truth ple ripened by sin for de- concerning Christ, that he struction, are likened to a died for our sins, and rose harvest ready for the sickle again for our justification, of God's vengeance. Isaiah gives the answer of a good xviii. 5. Joel hi. 13. Rev. conscience towards God. xiv. 15. A remarkable time HEATHEN. This term of success of the gospel is was applied by the Jews to called harvest. Matt. ix. 86, all who were not Hebrews. 37. John iv. 36, 37. The day It is now confined to those of judgment is likened to a who worship false gods ; and harvest \ then all things shall includes all those who are be ripe for a dissolution. not Jews, Mahommedans, or ;

HEA 61 HEB

Christians. More than two HEBREWS; so Abraham thirds of the human race be- and his descendants are call- long to this class. The coun- ed. Some learned men sup- tries which are yet pagan pose the name to be derived are all that part of Africa from Heber, an ancestor of which lies between the trop- Abraham. It is more prob- ic of Cancer and the Cape of able that they received it from Good Hope, the Aborigines their passing over, or coming of North and South Amer- from beyond the river. An ica, China, Burmah, Hin- Hebrew of the Hebrews, is dostan, Tartary, Japan, one who is descended from and many islands in the in- Hebrew parents, both father dian and other oceans. They and mother. Phil. iii. 5. are called Pagans, from the Sometimes only those Jews

Greek word 7rctyri afountain, were called Hebrews who or rural place, because Chris- spoke the Hebrew language, in contra-distinction to the tianity was first taught and planted in cities, while the Jews who spoke the Greek. ignorant country people ad- Acts vi. 1. called Arba, hered longer to their old su- HEBRON, or Kirjath-arba, because Arba, perstitions. % HEAVEN, the habitation the noted giant, was king of of God, where his power it. It was built on a hill, not and glory are more immedi- long after the flood. Num. xiii. 22 and stood about ately and fully manifested, ; 22 and where good angels and miles south of Jerusalem. pure departed souls pay Here Anak and his father their continual adoration and sons dwelt; but Caleb, the residence or abode of receiving it for his inheritance, expelled these giants, the blessed ; the sacred mansion of light, and joy, and it seems called it Hebron and glory, where the body after one of his sons. Josh, xiv. will be revived to a glori- 13, 14. It was made a city of refuge, and given to ous life, and the soul the priests. xxi. 13. live in constant communion . Judg. David here reigned seven with God in Christ. It is sometimes used for the re- years over Judah, and was- gions above, or that vast ex- crowned to be sole monarch of ii. panse where the stars are Israel. 2 Sam. 11, and v. 3. Here Absalom disposed ; sometimes for the common atmosphere or lower first set up for king. 2 Sam* region of air, where the birds xv. It is now little else than fly. Job xxxv. 11. a heap of ruins. ; ;

HER 62 HER

HELL, the place of pun- viour. To ingratiate him* ishment for the wicked after self with the Jews, he re- this life, whither the ven- built their temple, and ren- geance of God follows them dered it exceedingly stately in opposition to heaven ; al- and glorious. When the so the grave or state of the wise men from the east made dead. By the gates of hell, inquiry in Jerusalem for the Matt. xvi. 18, is meant the new born king of the Jews, power and policy of the dev- he was very greatly troub- il and his instruments. led, and the principal Jews, HELMET, a cap of metal afraid of new wars, were or strong leather for protect- troubled also. Having as- ing a soldier's head, 1 Sam. certained the place of his xvii. 5; salvation is God's birth, he resolved to murder helmet ; the hope of it ren- him, while but an infant; dering God's people coura- and, under pretence of a de- geous in their spiritual war- sign to worship him, desired fare. Eph. vi. 17. 1 Thes. the wise men to bring him v. 8. back word where and how HERESY, an opinion con- he might know him. An trary to the fundamental angel ordered the wise men principles of religion, follow- to go home, without returned with obstinacy, and a firm ing to Herod. Provoked refusal of conviction. Chris- with this disappointment, he tianity was called a sect or ordered his soldiers to go heresy by Tertullus.and the murder every child about profane Jews. Acts xxiv. 5. Bethlehem, or near it, under HEROD the Great, the two years old, that he might son of Antipater and Cypros, make sure of murdering the and brother of Phasael, Jo- Messiah among them. seph, and Pheroras, and of 2. Herod Antipas had a sister called Salome. His the kingdom of Judea left father is, by some, said to him in his father's first will have been a Jew ; by oth- but he altered it, and only ers an Idumean turned Jew ; gave him the tetrarchy of others will have him to have Galilee and Perea. He di- been a Heathen, guardian of vorced his wife and took He- Apollo's temple at Askelon, rodias, the wife of Philip, and taken prisoner by the who still lived. For this in- Idumean scouts, and after- cestuous marriage, John the ward a Jewish proselyte. Baptist reproved him. On Herod was born about sev- that account, he imprisoned enty years before our Sa- the Baptist, and killed him. ;

HER 63 HOM

3. Herod Agrippa, the him, an angel smote him di- son of Aristobulus, grandson rectly with a most torment- of Herod the Great, and ing disease in his bowels, brother of Herodias. His and he was eaten up of ver- gfandfather sent him early min, after he had reigned to Rome to make his court seven or ten years, and been to Tiberius. This emperor the father of Agrippa, Ber- never promoted him,—but nice, Drusilla, and Mariam- when Caligula came to be ne. Acts xii. emperor he liberated Herod, HERODIANS, a sect a- gave him a chain of gold, mong the Jews, so named, and a royal diadem, appoint- from Herod the Great. It ing him to the government is thought, by some, he was of Abilene. About A. D. regarded by them as the 44, or perhaps 49, he caused promised Messiah. the murder of James the son HERMON, a mountain on of Zebedee. Observing the the north-east of the promis- Jews pleased with this, he ed land, beyond Jordan, a apprehended Peter, intend- little southward of Lebanon. ing to murder him also, for The Sidonites called it Sirion, their farther gratification and the Amorites Shenir.

but Providence defeated his Deut. iii. 9, 10. Sihon was designs. After the passover one of the tops of it. Deut. feast, he repaired to Cesa- iv. 48. Mount Hermon was rea, to celebrate some games the north border of the king- in honour of Claudius. Thith- dom of Og. There was, er the inhabitants of Tyre it seems, a temple on its top and Sidon who had offended to the idol Baal. The dew him, after making Blastushis that falls on it is copious and chamberlain their friend, sent refreshing. Psl. cxxxiii. 3. their deputies to beg his fa- The snow lies on it most part vour. As he gave audience of the summer, and was to the deputies, he appeared thence carried to Tyre, as ice dressed in a robe tissued is brought into our cities, with silver, to which the ris- and sold in the summer. ing sun, shining on it, gave HIN, a liquid measure, a marvellous lustre. As he containing about three of our spoke to the Phoenician dep- pints. It was the sixth part uties, some of his parasites of an Ephah. cried out, It is the voice of HOMER, a Hebrew meas- a god, not of a man. He ure of twenty-four bushels, received the impious flattery thought to be the same as with pleasure. To punish the Car. -Isa. v. 10. —

HOP 64 HOS

HOLY, pious, religious, ble truth and almighty pow-

Mark vi. 20 ; sacred, divine. er of God.

Luke i. 72 ; hallowed, con- Divine Hope is distin- secrated to divine use, Matt, guished from carnal pre- vii. ii. its inseparable 6, Luke 23 ; pure, sumption by free from the pollution of effect, a cleansing efficacy sin. Eph. i. 4. Col. i. 22. by the assistance of the Ho- It is applied to the Trinity ly Spirit. 1 John iii. 3. Je- to the Father, Lev. xix. 2, sus Christ is styled the hope Psl. cxlv. 17; to the Son, of Israel, Acts xxviii. 20, as

Psl. xvi. 10, Luke i. 35—iv. he was promised by God, his

34, Acts iii. 14 ; and it is the manner of coming foretold common epithet of the third by the prophets, and the e- person of the glorious Trini- vent expected by the people ty. The saints are called of Israel. He is called our holy, by separation and hope, 1 Tim. i. 1, because choice, 1 Pet. ii. 9 ; by the he is the only foundation on imputation of Christ's holi- which to build our hope of ness or righteousness to any* real good here, or of them, Ezek. xvi. 14, 2 Cor. heaven hereafter. It is v. 11 ; by partaking of a ho- sometimes taken for that ly principle of grace, where- eternal salvation, which is by the soul is renewed in the object, or end of our holiness by degrees, till it hope. attain a perfection of it. Heb. HORNET, an insect like xii. 23. It is applied to an- a wasp, with a black breast, gels, Matt. xxv. 31 ; to per- and double black spots ; it is sons and things dedicated to extremely troublesome and God, Exodus xxx. 35—xxxi. mischievous; the sting is 14. attended with great pain HONEY. See Wild and inflammation, and even Honey. danger of death. Great HOPE, a prospect, real or swarms of them plagued the imaginary, which we think Canaanites in the days of on with pleasure, and are de- Joshua. Deut. vii. 20. Josh, sirous of obtaining. The xxiv. 12. emotion is also called hope. HOSPITALITY, love or The Christian's hope of eter- kindness to strangers, ex- nal happiness and glory in pressed in entertaining them heaven, is founded on the and using them kindly. Rom. merits, the blood, the grace, xii. 13. 1 Tim. iii. 2. The the promises, and spirit of first Christians were hospita- Christ, and the unchangeable and kind to all strangers, .

HOU 65 HOU but particularly to those of out going down into the house the same faith and commu- This in American houses, nion; and St. Paul makes would be impossible ; but use of Abraham's and Lot's there they would come down conduct, mentioned Gen. the stairs, and pass through xviii. 2, 3—xix. 1, 2, &c. the balconies which led round as examples to encourage inside the rooms, and so out and persuade them to the into the street, through the exercise of hospitality, Heb. covered gateway. Mark xiii. xiii, 2. Hospitality is recom- 15. 2. The family-house- mended to the faithful, to be hold, or tribe, dwelling to- used one to another without gether. Children do not grudging. 1 Pet. iv. 9. necessarily form part of a HOUSE. 1. A dwelling household, as many families place, so the body is called, do not have any. Act xvi. 2 Cor. v. 1. the house of the 15. soul. The houses in Canaan HOUR. 1. The twen- and other eastern countries, ty-fourth part of a natural are built in the form of a day, being the common hollow square. The rooms method of measuring time. open into the court in the According to the New Tes- centre, where some have tament, the Jews divided fountains of water playing. their day into twelve equal

The roof is flat ; and when parts, after the manner of the sun is nothot, is a place of the Greeks -and Romans, agreeable retirement. Peter Matt. xx. 1, 2, 3, &c. John had his vision here. Act. x. xi. 9, but which varied in 9. An awning is frequent- length according to the dif- ly extended over the open ferent seasons. When the space in the centre, to ex- sun rose at the time we call clude the sun. This was 6 o'clock, it was their first broken up, or lifted away, by hour, so that their 3d hour the friends of the man sick agreed with our 9th, their of the palsy, whom they had 6th with our noon, and their brought across the roofs of 9th with our 3 o'clock. Their the neighbouring houses, so night was divided in the that they could lower him same manner. 2. Hour, down before Christ. Mark ii. also signifies any fixed season 3. Luke v. 19. When the de- or opportunity, and especial- struction of Jerusalem came, ly what is short ; hence the disciples of Jesus were we read of the hour of to escape from the roofs, if temptation, of judgment, of they should be there, with- Christ's death or second ICO 66 ILL coming, of the power of Sa- so common in the east, is tan and his agents against mentioned but twice in the Christ. Rev. iii. 3, 10. xiv. Sacred Scriptures. 1 Sam.

¥ . John viii. 20. Luke xxii. xiii. 18. Jer. xii. 9. And in 53. neither of these places is the HUMILITY, that grace word Oith, so rendered iir of the Spirit, which, from a our translation. It is the proper sense of lowliness and size of a large dog, striped in unworthiness, makes us pa- its colour, wild, sullen, fero- tient under trials, and con- cious, and going in compa- tentedly submissive to the nies. It feeds on poultry, will of Providence. offall, dead bodies, &.c. HUMILIATION, the act HYSSOP. An herb, of humbling one's self. It which grows not only in differs from humility. Hu- gardens at the east, but mility is the state of that wild. It rises to the height person's mind who has low of two or three feet. It has thoughts of himself, founded a pleasant smell, but is very upon the knowledge of his bitter. When it is said, 1 own imperfections and un- Kings iv. 3, that " Solomon worthiness, and his depen- described plants from the dence upon God. Humilia- greatest cedar to the hyssop tion is that state of mind ex- that springeth out of the ercised under trying cir- wall," moss and not hyssop cumstances. It signifies any is the plant intended. Hys- solemn act of devotional mor- sop does not grow on walls, tification, or external ex- and is not among the small- pression of conscious guilt est of plants. The thin dry and unworthiness, in an in- moss that grows on a stone- dividual or a nation, shewn wall or fence, is most proba- by fasting, prayer, &c. bly meant. HYENNA. This animal

ICONIUM, the chief city Barnabas preached the gos-

of the fourteen, belonging pel here ; and it is said, the to the tetrarchy of Lycao- famous Thecla was convert- nia, and stands in a fertile ed. It is now called Cogni. plain, near the lake Trogilis. ILLYRICUM,now called About A. D. 45, Paul and Albania,) is about 480 miles INS 67 IVO in length, and 120 in breadth. the altar at Ebal. Dent It has Austria and part of xxvii. 8. Hungary on the north, My- INTERCESSION, the sia or Servia on the east, act of coming in between and the Adriatic sea and part two parties, in order to plead of Macedonia, on the south. in behalf of the one that has Here the gospel was preach- offended. Christ intercedes ed and a Christian church for his church, by appearing planted by Paul. The Cen- for it before the Father, by turiators of Magdeburgh presenting the merits of his trace their bishops through sacrifice once offered, and

eight centuries ; and to this obtaining answers to petitions day there are not a few in it or prayers made in his name. who have the name of Chris- ISSUE, an effect or result

tians. Rom. xv. 19. They arising from some cause ; it are under four archbishops, is applied to children, who and twenty bishops. from the relation which they INCENSE, a fragrant bear to their parents, are

gum, obtained from the frank- called issue or offspring ; and incense-tree. The incense to a running sore in the flesh, used in the Jewish offerings, sometimes arising from a at least that which was burnt small artificial incision. on the altar of incense and IVORY, is the tusks of before the. ark, was a pre- elephants, resembling horns, cious mixture of sweet spi- Ezek. xxvii. 15. Some tusks ces, stacte, onycha, galban- are from 90 to 125 pounds tim, and pure frankincense, weight; and one found in beaten very small. None the isle of Sumatra in the but. priests were to burn it, East Indies, is said to have nor was any, under pain of been 330 pounds. It is said death, to make any like to it. the ivory of Ceylon and This incense was burnt twice Achem does not become yel- a-day on the golden altar. low by wearing. In Russia, INSCRIPTION, or Su- and'other places of Europe, perscription, writing on a kind of ivory is found bu-

coins, pillars, &c. Much of ried in the ground ; and at the history of nations may Petersburgh is a tusk ot^tSO

be learnt from them. Matt, pounds weight ; but whether xxii. 20. The history of these be real teeth of ele- Greece for 1318 years, is in- phants, long ago there dropt, scribed on the Arundelian or horns of fishes brought marbles. Parts of the law thither at the flood, or a kind of Moses were inscribed on of substance formed in the JAM 68 JER

earth, we cannot determine. I prevent the damage of moths, Ivory was anciently very Psal. xlv. 8. Solomon had plentiful in Canaan, ward- a throne of it. 1 Kings x. robes were boxed with it, to 18, 22.

JACINTH, The same as lem, and considered as a pil- Hyacinth. A precious stone. lar or noted supporter of the JAMES the Great, or El- church there. Gal. i. 19. der, and JOHN the Evan- JANNES and JAMBRES, gelist, sons of Zebedee and The leading magicians of the Salome, were originally company who counterfeited fishers of Bethsaida in Gali- the miracles of Moses before lee, Matt. iv. 21. They were Pharaoh. 2 Tim. iii. 8. called Boanerges, or the sons JASPER, a precious stone of thunder. Luke ix. 54. Af- ofvarious colours, white, red, ter our Saviour's resur- brown, and bluish green. It rection, it seems they for a is somewhat like the finer while, returned to their busi- marble, or the half transpa- ness of fishing, John xxi. 2, rent gems. It strikes fire * 3. About A. D. 44, James with steel ; but makes no was taken and murdered by effervescence in aquafortis. Herod. Acts xii. 1, and is It is found in the Indies, in now the pretended patron of Persia, Syria, Armenia, Bo- Spain. hemia, &c. 2. James the Less, call- JEPTHAH, the tenth ed the brother of our Lord. judge of Israel ; who in con- He was the son of Cleophas, sequence of an extraordinary by Mary, the sister of the vow, sacrificed his daughter. blessed Virgin. For the ad- Judg. xi. In his day, Troy mirable holiness of his life, was burnt by the Greeks, he was sirnamed the Just. that is, about 2800 years af- Our Saviour appeared to him ter the creation. by himself, after his resur- JER.'JHO, a city of the rection. 1 Cor. xv. 7. About Benjamites, nineteen miles three years after Paul's con- east from Jerusalem. Josh, version, he was at Jerusa- xvi. 1, 7. The road to it JER JEW

was through a rocky desert, inhabitants, and . sold for and was infested with rob- slaves as many more. It bers. Luke x. 30. The was rebuilt by Judas Mac- plain on which it stood was cabeus, and was somewhat extremely fertile, noted for flourishing in the time of our palm-trees, and for the best Saviour. About A. D. 70, of halm. Its present name after a dreadful siege of two is Erika. years, during which the in- JERUSALEM stood 42 habitants suffered so much miles east of the Mediterra- from famine, as to eat, in nean. The name signifies some instances the corpses the vision of peace. It was of their friends, it was taken the capital city of Judea, and by Titus Vespasian ; and was first called Salem, our Saviour's prediction that where Melchizedeck was it should become a heap of king, Gen xiv. 18, and who, ruins, was fully verified. It as some suppose, built it. It gradually became settled by was called Jebus by the Je- Christians again, when in busites, who possessed it and the year 614, the Persians held the castle of Sion, till captured it, and 90,000 Chris- David dislodged them, and tians were slain. In A. D. took the place. 1 Chron. xi. 637, the Saracens siezed it, 4, 5, 7. Here Solomon built and kept it till A. D. 1079, the famous temple on Mount when the Saljukian Turks Moriah, near Mount Sion, became its masters. Soon where Abraham was com- afterwards the Crusades manded to offer his son Isaac. were begun, and continued Every male Jew was com- from time to time, for a cen- manded to go to Jerusalem tury, when the Ottoman thrice a year to worship. It Turks became its possessors, was a city often plundered and they remain so to this by armies, and several times day. Its present population burnt. I Kings, xiv. 2 is about 20,000 : One fourth Chron. xxv. After Nebu- of which are Jews. Chris- chadnezzar destroyed it, 2 tian Missionaries from this Chron. xxxvi. it laid in ruins country have of late years 130 years, when it was re- made known on this sacred built by Nehemiah. Many spot, the glorious grace of years afterward it was again our Lord Jesus Christ. destroyed by Ptolemy : af- JEW, a descendant of Ja- terward, it suffered the same cob, or professor of the He- fate from Antiochus Epipha- brew faith, Col. iii. 11. The nes, who killed 40,000 of the Jews have now no country G JEW 70 JOR

of their own, but are found than 2 or 3 thousand. Most in most parts of the earth, Jews are traders, and bro-

though every where a de- kers ; few if any choose to graded people, and oppress- cultivate the soil. The an- ed either by custom or law. cient distinction of tribes It is computed that their seems now wholly lost. number now amounts to 3 JOHN, brother of James, or 4 millions. About one was of a very mild and af- million are in the Turkish fectionate disposition, but Empire. In Europe they bold in preaching, see James. are numerous, especially in John was the Saviour's be- Poland, where there are loved disciple, and younger {300,000, viz. than the rest. After suffer- Gallacia, 90,000. ing many sorrows for his Prussian Poland, 110,000. religion, under the Emperor Russian Poland, 300,000. Domitian, he was banished The Russian Polish Jews A. D. 95, to Patmos, where reside chiefly in the follow- he wrote the Revelations. ing places, Wilna, Kanen, When Nerva became Em- Grodno, Pinck, Mohilow, peror, he was recalled, and and Bizesk, where there is a lived to write his Gospel, famous Jewish University. and some Epistles. He died The Austrian Polish Jews at Ephesus, at about the age reside in Leonburg, Brody, of one hundred. Lublin, Cracow, and Tarnow. JOPPA, a seaport of Pales* The Prussian Polish Jews line of very ancient date. reside chiefly in "Warsaw, Its name is thought to have Thorn, Paren, Lissa, Kalish, been derived from Japhet, Rawitz, Petrikan, and Ri- son of Noah, who founded it. elsh. It was famous among the As to the rest of Europe, heathen for the fable of An- there are in Hungary, chief- dromeda and Perseus. It is ly at Presburgh, Newratz, now called Joffa, and is and Miskolz, 76,000 In Ger- nothing more than a ruin- many, chiefly at Frankfort on ous village of fishermen. 2

the Main, Prague, Furth and Chron. ii. 16. Acts x. 5. Berlin, 200,000. In Hol- JORDAN, a river which land, 20,000. In England takes its rise in Mount Leb- 14,000. In France 50,000. anon, about 12 miles north They are also numerous of Cesarea-Philippi. After in the Barhary States, and it has run about 12 miles the Levant. In the United more to the south, it receives States there are not more a more considerable branch, ;

JOR 71 J.UD

which, under ground, pro- ed with thickets, that in ceeds from the lake Phiala. many places one cannot see About 15 miles further south, it till at the very brink of it it forms the waters of Merom, and in these thickets lions or lake of Samechon, both were wont to lodge, but were names signifying the higher driven thence by the over- lake, which is near 4 miles flowing of the river; at which broad, and seven and an half season they wandered about, long. After running about and were dangerous to such 28 miles farther south, it as dwelt near. Jer. xlix. 19. forms the lake of Genesareth, The deep stream of Jordan which is about 13 miles in was divided under Joshua, length, and .5 in breadth. and by Elijah and Elisha. From thence, it runs south- In it John baptized multi- ward through a long valley, tudes, and our Saviour a- whose air is unwholesome, mong them. Joshua iii. 2

and most of it desert, till it Kings ii. Matt. iii. Mark i. loses itself in the Dead Sea. JOTHAM, a king of Ju- Its whole course, is about dah, successor to Uzziah. 160 miles. It once over- He reigned 16 years, during flowed its banks in March the latter part of which Rome or April, by means of the was founded. melting of the snow on Leba- JOY. An agreeable affec- non and Hermon; but from tion of the soul, arising from the conjunct testimony of the hope or possession of

Maundrel and Thomson, it some benefit. Religious joy seems it does not now to any is the delight and satisfaction degree. Perhaps the reason of the soul in its union is, that its channel is now with God in Christ, as the sunk so deep. Before it en- greatest and highest good. ters the Dead Sea, its ordi- It also signifies that joyful nary current is but 30 yards and glorious state unto which in breadth, according to Christ himself attained after Shaw, and no more than 25, his sufferings, and which he according to Thomson; but will communicate to all who is exceedingly deep, even at believe in him. the edge of its inner bank. JUDAS, called Iscariot, It has an outer bank, probably from Ish-cariotta, about a furlong distant from the man who has the bag. the other; such it seems There is no reason to suppose was its width when it was his appearance of piety was swelled. The banks of a ever to human eye, less than great part of it are so cover- that of the other disciples. ;

JUD 72 JUD

After his dreadful apostasy, power in some cases extend- he hung himself in despair, ed to life and death ; (3.) the but the cord breaking or the great Sanhedrim, which de- limb of the tree, he fell and termined all the highest burst open, and died a misera- cases, and was the last ap- ble death. peal. It consisted of 70 JUDAS or JUDE, the judges, of which the High same as Thaddeus Libbe- Priest was president. Each us, brother of James the less. court had cognizance of Matt. x. 3. He was one both civil and ecclesiastical of the 12 Apostles. He wrote cases. an Epistle, which bears his 2. The extraordinary men name, and is intended chiefly raised up by Jehovah, to de- to guard believers against liver Israel from oppression? false teachers. before they had aking. When JUDEA, or Jewry. The the nation sinned, it was pun- country of Judah was never ished by anarchy, invasion,, «6 called till after the captiv- or conquest, but when it ity. Sometimes the whole had been duly chastised and fand of Canaan seems to have humbled, a deliverer . was ieen called Judea, Matt. found. The following is a xxiv. 16. Gal. i. 21; but list of the Judges in their more properly it was divided order, with the length of into Galilee, Samaria, and their administration, and the Judea, on the west of Jordan. times of the intervening op- Judea, thus taken, contained pression. he original portions of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Othmiel, 40 years, Dan, and Simeon. It con- served Moab, 18 sisted of three parts ; the Ehud, 80 plain country on the west; served Philistia, 1 the hill-country southward Sham gar, 1 of Jerusalem ; and the served Canaan, 20 south, toward the borders Deborah & Barak, 40 of the land of Edom. Matt, served Midian, 7 in. 1. Acts ii. 9. Gideon, 40 JUDGES. 1. Officers ap- Abimelech, 3 pointed to hear and decide Tola, 23 points of law and justice.. The Jair, 22 Jews had three courts, (1,) served Ammon, 18 a court of three petty judges, Jepthah, 6 who decided small cases Ibzan, 7 (2.) a court of 23, whose Elem, 10 ; ;

JUP 73 JUS

Abdon, 8 yrs. father. There were many served Philistia, *> Jupiters. Three, were prin- 4ft Sampson last, 10 ) " cipally famous, the son of JE- Eli, 40 „ ther, the son of Coelus, but served Philistia, 20 „ chiefly the son of Saturn. His- Samuel, 12 „ torians discover that he was son to a king of Crete, who 456 yrs. lived about the time of Moses, The Apostle Paul says, Acts and was one of most wicked xiii. 20, that the period dur- wretches that ever breathed. ing which Israel was govern- The Heathens, however, ed by judges, was " about whose theology was chiefly 450 years." derived from the fictions of JUDGMENT, that facul- their poets, believed he had ty of the soul, by which it the government of heaven perceives the relation be- and earth ; and that under tween two or more ideas, him, Neptune ruled the sea, discerns right from wrong ; and Pluto was king of hell. the solemn action and trial The noble port of Barnabas, at the great and last day, and his miracles, made the Eccles. xii. 14. Jude 6, citizens of Lystra imagine the sentence or decision that Jupiter had visited them. of a judge ; 1 Kings iii. Acts xiv. 11. 20; the remarkable punish- JUSTIFY, to clear a per- ments of God. Prov. xix. son from the charge of guilt 20; afflictions and chastise- to make his innocence ap- ments for trial and profitable pear ; to acquit a sinner from instructions, 1 Pet. iv. 17 the guilt or punishment of sentiment or opinion, 1 Cor. sin, by pardon through the i. ; advice, 1 Cor. vii. 25 ;, imputation of Christ's righte- the Gospel, or kingdom of ousness. Rom. iii. 28, and v. grace, Matt. xii. 20; also 9. As justification is by the skill, knowledge, or un- righteousness imputed, so derstanding which a person sanctification is by righteous- has attained in any art, ness imparted to the soul of science, or business. the believer. Man cannot JUNIPER, an evergreen, be justified legally, Rom. iii. not unlike the cedar, and 20. Gal. ii. 16, but evangeli- sometimes called by that cally, Rom. v. 1 ; and this is name. said to be by grace freely, JUPITER, the principal Rom. iii. 24. fit. iii. 7; by deity of Heathens. Perhaps faith, Gal. iii. 8 ; by Christ, the is name derived from Gal. ii. 16 ; by his blood, Ja or Jehovah, and pater, Rom. v. 9. KIN 74 KIN

KAB, a measure of about lute. The Lord himself was 96 solid inches, which is Israel's king, until they be- somewhat more than three came discontent, and Saul pints and a half English wine was given to be their ruler. measure. 2 Kings vi. 25. The following is a table KADESH, Kedesh, or of the kings of the Hebrews, Kadesh-barjvea, a place both before and after their on the south of Canaan, division into the govern- about 24 miles south from ments of Judah and Israel. Hebron, and on the edge of Saul reigned 40 years. the wilderness of Paran. It David „ 40 „ was anciently called En- Solomon „ 40 michpat, because there the Rehoboam „ 1 a Canaanites had judged their Kings of Judah. people near to a well, Gen. Rehoboam reigned 17 years. xiv. 7. Perhaps it was call- Abijam „ 3 yy ed Rithmah, from the juni- Asa „ 41 >» pers, or turpentine trees, or Jehosophat „ 27 a other shrubs, that grew Jehoram „ 8 5» near to it. Numb, xxxiii. Ahaziah „ 1 >>

18. xii. 16. xiii. 1. xxxii. 8. Athaliah „ 6 99

KEDAR, a son of Ishmael, Jehoash „ 40 JJ

and father of the Kedarenes, Amaziah ,, 29 J>

who resided about the south Uzziah ,j 52 }>

parts of Arabia the Desert, Jotham „ 16 5> ^ordinarily in tents, but some- Ahaz „ 16 »

times in villages, and whose Hezekiah „ 29 S>

chiefly , glory and wealth con- Manasseh 3 55 J> sisted in their flocks and Ammon „ 2 »

herds. Song i. 5. Isa. xlii. Josiah ,, 31 99

11. xxi. 16. Jehoiakim „ 11 5» KING, the sovereign of a Jehoiakin „ 3 months nation. His power is in Zedekiah „ 11 years. some countries limited by Kings of Israely law, and a senate or parlia- Jeroboam reigned 22 years. ment, and in others is abso- Nadab „ 2 „ —

LAM 75 LAO

Baasha reigned 24 years. of Levi, and father of Am- Elah „ 2 „ ram, Izhar, Hebron, and Zimri „ 7 days. Uzziel. From him, by Ornri- „ 6 years. Aaron the son of Amram, Ahab „ 22 „ sprung the Hebrew priests. Ahaziah n 1 » The rest of his family, were Joram „ 12 „ called Levites, and at their Jehu „ 28 „ departure from Egypt, were Jehoahaz » 17 „ 8600 males, 2750 of which Jehoash » 41 „ were fitfor service. Their bu- Jeroboam, II. n 41 „ siness was, to carry on their Zechariah „ 6 months shoulders the ark, and other Shallum 1 do. sacred utensils of the taber-

Menahim „ 10 years. nacle ; but were not, under Pekaiah „ 2 „ pain of death, allowed to look Pekah » 20 „ at any of these, except the Hosea, carrieri captive. brazen laver, Exod. vi. 16 KOHATH, the second son 25. Numb. hi. 4. x. 21.

LAMP. The Lamps of ing flax." And shows why the ancients were of very* the foolish virgins needed various kinds. Those used " oil in their vessels," as at wedding processions, con- well as some other passages. sist of " pieces of old linen, LAODICEA, now called squeezed hard against one Ladikey, stands near Mt. another in a round figure, Lebanus. It was anciently and forcibly thrust down into called Jupiter's city, and a mould of copper." Those then Rhoas; but Seleucus, who hold them, have in the or perhaps Antiochus, the other hand a pitcher, with Syro-Grecian king, rebuilt a narrow neck and stopper, it, and called it Laodicea, full of oil, of which they after his wife. It was de- pour from time to time on stroyed by an earthquake, in the linen. This explains the 10th year of Nero, but Christ's declaration that he soon rose from its ruins. A will tl not quench the smok- Christian church was early LAZ 76 LEN planted in this place. It is LEAVEN, a piece of now utterly desolate and un- dough, set apart to ferment inhabited. or rise, and used to make LAVER, a vessel for wash- bread light. To which are ing. The Mosaic laver was compared the doctrines of the made of the fine brazen look- Gospel, Matt xiii. 33, on ac- ing-glasses, which the He- count of the silent yet pow- brew women brought to him erful extension they make for the service of the tab- in the world. It is also ap- ernacle. This laver held plied to erroneous doctrines water for the priests to wash and vicious practices, as of their hands and feet with, the Pharisees and Sadducees. having cocks, by which the Matt. xvi. 6, 12. water ran into basons. LEASING, falsehoods, LAW, a rule directing and lies. Psal. iv. 2. v. 6. obliging a rational creature LEBANON, a famous in moral and religious ac- range of mountains in the tions ; —the whole doctrine north of Canaan. At the top of the word delivered by grew cedars, and at the base God to his church, contain- excellent vines. From ed in the Old and New Tes- hence, Solomon's workman tament; the principles of " brought great stones, cost- reason, or the law of nature ly stones, and hewed stones, written on a man's heart. to lay the foundation of the Rom. ii. 14. It is used to sig- house." 1 Kings v. 15—18, nify,—the decalogue or ten Mines of iron and copper are commandments, Rom. ii. 25. worked here, Deut. viii. 9. vii. of are al- 7 ; the precepts God ; The highest summits in regard to the Jewish cere- ways covered with snow, monial ; and the doctrine of from which descends in sum- the gospel. Rom. iii. 27. mer, sweet and refreshing LAZARUS. 1. The broth- rivulets on every side. A er of Martha, who was raised spur of this mountain next from the dead by his Lord, the holy land, is called Her- John xi. 2. A character mon. Another spur to the drawn by the Saviour, in his eastward, is Mount Gilead, parable of the rich and poor where Laban overtook Ja- man. Luke xvi. Hence cob. Gen. xxxi. 48. beggars are now called in LENTILES, a kind of Europe, LazaronL A re- grain, like vetches or pease, ceptacle for the sick, is call- of which was made a coarse ed for the same reason, a La- kind of food, used by mourn- zaretto, or Lazarhouse. ers. Gen. xxv. 34. LEV 77 LIG

LEPROSY, one of the were employed in the higher most calamitous of all dis- offices. eases, but not often found in LIBERTY, the power to

cold countries. It is not now do, or forbear to do ; free- very common any where, dom, as opposed to slavery,

but is found among the or to necessity ; deliverance

Arabs, and generally over from any bondage ; freedom the East. It is fully describ- from the veil of ignorance ed bv Moses. and spiritual blindness, from LET, is expressive, 1. Of the curse and yoke ot the command, Deut. v. 12. 2. law, and from the slavery of

Ofintreaty, 2 Sam. xiii. 6. sin ; a power or freedom in 3. Of permission, Gen. xlix. using things indifferent. 1 21. 4. Of intrusting, or as- Cor. viii. 9. signing by tack or lease, LIBYA, a part of Africa, Song viii. 11. To let, also bordering on Egypt, famous signifies to hinder, keep for its armed chariots and back, Isa. xliii. 13. 2 Thess. horses, 2 Chron. xvi. 8. ii. 7. LIGHT, that pure bright- LEVIATHAN; most prob- ness which is every where ably the animal meant by diffused by the rays of the this name is the crocodile, sun, and is the medium of which is a creature every vision. That divine and sav- way terrible, growing often ing knowledge contained in to the length of 30 feet. the gospel. Matt. iv. 16. It is They are shaped like the spoken of God, who is a being lizard, and lay their eggs in of infinite wisdom, truth, ho- the sand to be hatched by the liness, purity, &c. 1 John i.

sun. By the kind provi- 5 ; of Jesus Christ, who is dence of God, the Ichneumon the fountain and author of is fond of these eggs, and of all knowledge, both natur- discovers and destroys great al and spiritual, Luke ii. 32. quantities of them. Were it John i. 9 ; of the word of not for this they would dread- God, which conducts and fully increase. guides Christians in this LEVITE, one of the tribe world, and points out the of Levi ; an inferior minis- way to eternal happiness, ter in the Jewish temple, by Psalm cxix. 105. 2 Peter i. which title he is distinguish- 19 ; of the apostles or minis- ed from the priest, who, ters of the gospel, who as- though likewise of the race sist others, and direct them of Levi, yet was descended to Christ and salvation, Matt, from Aaron, whose posterity v. 14; of true Christians, H LOT 78 LYD who are enlightened by the LOVE, a natural affection Holy Spirit, and brought to of the mind, inclining us to the saving knowledge of esteem, or delight in an ob-

God and Christ, Luke xvi. ject ; a gracious principle or 8. Eph. v. 8. habit, wrought in the soul LIGURE, a precious by God, which inclines us stone ; but of what exact to obey him, to seek com- kind it is now difficult to as- munion with him, and to certain. It was the first in study to promote his glory., the third row of the high and disposes us to do good to priest's breast place, and had all. the name of Gad inscribed LOW, not rising far upon it, Exodus xxviii. 19. wards, Ezek. xvii. 6, 24 ; not LOCUSTS are of divers elevated in situation, Isa. kinds. When they come, it xxxii. 19 ; not high in rank, is generally in vast numbers, Job v. 11. Luke i. 48, 52; creating extensive desola- humble, not proud, Ezek. tion. The great green lo- xxi. 26. Lower parts of custs, common in the east, the earth, iu Isa. xliv. 23,

are nearly two inches long, signify the valleys ; in Psalm and about the thickness of a Ixiii. 9. Eph. iv. 9, the man's finger. grave, or the state of the LOT, the son of Haran, dead. and nephew of Abraham, LUKE was a native of and, as we suppose, brother Antioch in Syria, and a phy- of Sarah. After the death sician. He wrote not only of his father, he lived and the gospel which is called by travelled with Abraham. his name, but the Acts of Lot, any thing cast or the Apostles. His language drawn in order to determine is exceedingly pure and a point in debate. It is a classical. solemn appeal to God, for an LYCAONIA, now called immediate interposal of his Caramania, has Cappadocia, directive power, for deter- on the east, Galatia on the mining the affair; and, on north, Phrygia on the west, that account, ought to be and Pisidia on the south. used in nothing but what is A remarkable Lake exists important, and cannot other- inthisprovince,called Tatta, wise be peacefully determin- and by the moderns Tuzla,

ed in ; and it is to be used which yields salt. Its chief with reverence and prayer, cities were Iconium (now Prov. xvi. 33. xviii. 18. Acts called Cogni,) Derbe and

i. 24, 25, 26. 1 Sam. xiv. 41. Lystra. MAC 79 MAN

LYDDA, a large village Jerusalem to the feast of or city, not far fron) Joppa, tabernacles, God after the Acts ix. 38, eminent for its crucifixion not taking the schools cf learned Jews. care of them at these times It was burnt by Cestius, as formerly. It is now call- while its males were gone to ed Diospolis.

MACEDONIA, a large ! brethren at Jerusalem, Acts country north east of 16. Christianity has never Greece, peopled by the wholly been eradicated from descendants of Javan, and Macedonia, though the Turks formerly called Emathia. are cruel masters. It was bounded by the MALLOWS, a plant, very mountains of Haemus, on useful in medicine, growing the north, the * ^Egean sea to about the size of Indian on the east, Achaia on the corn. south, and the Adriatic sea MAMMON, a Syriac word, on the west. Its metropolis signifying riches or treasure. was Thessalonica. The fa- No man can serve God and mous Mount Olympus is in mammon ; none can, at the this country. It was a fa- same time, love and serve mous monarchy under Phil- God with his heart, while lip, and Alexander the great, his great aim and desire is who conquered Greece, Per- to heap up, enjoy, and re- sia, and part of Judea. A- tain worldly wealth, Matt, bout A. M. 3856, it became vi. 24. a part of the great Roman MAN. The Hebrew word

Empire, and continued sub- for man is Enosh ; that is, ject to the Romans 1600 wretched ; to denote his con- years, when the Ottoman dition in his apostasy from Turks conquered it, who are God. The natural man, 1 now its masters. Paul plant- Cor. ii. 14, means one that is ed the gospel here, and the unrenewed, and has no prin- Christians contributed very ciple of grace in the heart. generously to their suffering The inward man, Rom. vii. MAN 80 MAR

22, is the regenerate part tained the Hebrews in the within, or the principle of desert, it was altogether grace in the heart. The miraculous on other accounts. man of God, 2 Tim. Hi. 17, It fell on six days of every is one that is guided by the week, not on the seventh, Spirit of God, and in a spe- and in such prodigious quan- cial manner, devoted to his tities, as to sustain almost service. three millions of men, wo- MANDRAKE, a species men, and children. According of melon or berry. The to Scheuchzer, they must smell and taste are pleasant, have consumed 94,466 bush- but it stupifies or intoxicates els per day. It fell in double if eaten to excess. It is cul- quantities on the sixth day, tivated in the East for the that there might be enough sake of its fragrance. for the seventh. It fell only MANNA, the delicious on Israel's camp. It remain- food with which God fed the ed fresh all the seventh day, children of Israel" in the wil- but at any other time, bred derness. It was a little grain, worms, if kept over night. white like hoar frost, which It constantly continued for fell every morning, except 40 years, and ceased as soon on the Sabbath, about the as the Hebrews had access camp of the Israelites, Exod. to eat of the old corn of Ca- xvi. 15. Christ is the hidden naan. Manna, the Bread of eternal MARANATHA, a Syriac life, which those eat who word, meaning, our Lord partake of the blessings and cometh. comforts which flow from MARK, the son of Mary, him, John vi. 32, 35. There at whose house a prayer is still a kind of manna pro- meeting was kept, Acts xii. duced in Poland, Calabria, 12. He was cousin to Bar- Dauphine, Lebanon, and A- nabas, and a companion of rabia. That of Italy, is a Paul. juice proceeding from ash- MARRIAGE, the act of

trees, about the dog-days ; uniting a man and woman in

but that in Arabia, is found on wedlock ; it also signifies the leaves of trees, or herbs, and sacred and mystical union

even on the sand ; its quali- between Christ and his ty is rather purgative than church, Eph. v. 30—32.

nourishing ; and for that ef- MARY, the mother of fect is now used in medicine. our Lord. She was the Besides the nourishing vir- daughter of Eli, or Joachim, tue of the manna that sus- of the royal, but then debas- MAT 81 MEG

ed, family of David. She originally written in Greek. lived at Nazareth, and was In the year A. D. 488 an- betrothed to one Joseph of other Greek copy was found the same place and family. at Cyprus, written on wood, 2. Mary, the wife of and esteemed very ancient. Cleophas, and mother of MATTHIAS, one of the James, Jude, Joses, Simeon, seventy disciples, chosen by and Salome their sister, is the first church, perhaps supposed to have been the without a sufficient divine sister of the virgin ; and so warrant, to fill the place of her children are repre- Judas Iscariot. sented as the brothers of our MAZZAROTH, supposed Lord, John xix. 25. Matt, to mean a constellation in xxvii. 56. Mark xv. 41. the heavens. It was the Luke xxiv. 10. Mark Chaldee name for the signs vi. 5. Matt. xiii. 55. She of the Zodiac. early believed on our Sa- MEDIA, a vast region be- viour, attended his preach- tween Persia and the Cas- ing, and ministered to him pian Sea, deriving its name for his support. At a distance from Madai, son of Japhet, she with grief witnessed his Gen. x. 2. Cyrus, king of crucifixion, Markxv. 40, 41. Persia, by his wife fell heir She was present at his burial, to the crown of Media, thus and prepared spices for em- making the kingdom of the balming his dead body, Luke Medes and Persians. Me- xxiii. 56. dia is now called Aider- MARY MAGDALENE. Beitzan, and sometimes Irak She seems to have been an Adjam, Acts ii. 9. inhabitant of Magdala; and MEDIATOR, one who it is hinted by some, that acts between parties at va- she was a plaiter of hair to riance, in order to bring the women of her city. them to an agreement, MATTHEW, was also Gal. iii. 20. Jesus Christ named Levi, a Galilean by is the one Mediator. He birth, and a tax-gatherer by alone, by his satisfaction to profession. He wrote the God, and intercession with gospel called by his name, him, and by his powerful about A. D. 41. probably in and gracious instruction and the Hebrew language. A- influence of sinful men, bout A. D. 184, there was brings both together, into a found in the East Indies, a new-covenant state of agree- Greek copy, which has in- ment, 2 Tim. ii. 5. duced some to suppose it was MEGIDDO, a city in MEL 82 MEL

the tribe of Manasseh, fa- its name from its being Melet, mous for two great battles or a place of refuge to the being fought near it. One ancient Tyrians in their voy- in which Jabius' army was ages to Carthage and Spain. routed by Deborah and Ba- About A. D. 63, Paul and

rak, Judges i. 5, in the other his companions were ship- Josiah was overthrown and wrecked on this island, and slain by Necho, king of kindly entertained by the Egypt, who was on his way natives. About A. D. 1530, through the land of Israel it was given by Charles V. to attack the king of Babylon. to the Military Knights, who 2 Kings xxxiii. 29, 30. had been driven by the Near Megiddo was the town Turks from Rhodes. It was of Had ad Rimmon, (after- afterwards taken from the wards called Maximianopo- French by England, under lis,) therefore the lamenta- the government of which tion for the death of Josiah, country it now remains. The is called "the mourning of number of inhabitants is Hadadrimmom, in the val- about 50,000. It has lately ley of Megiddon," Zech. xii. become a centre of Mission- 11. The greatness of that ary and Bible operations for mourning for good Josiah the ^countries bordering on was such as that the quoted the Mediterranean. expression was a proverbial MELCHIZEDEK, king one for any great sorrowing, of Salem, and priest of the and*is so used by the pro- Most High God. Who he phet. was, hath afforded much dis-

MEEKNESS, that quiet pute ; some will have him temper of mind, which is not to be Christ, or the Holy soon provoked to anger, but Ghost ; but Paul distinguish- suffers injuries without de- es between him and our Sa- sire of revenge, and submits viour, and says, he was but to the will of God, Col. iii. made like unto the Son of 12; a humble, frame of spirit, God. Both Moses and Paul ready to receive and enter- represent him as a mere tain the truths of God's man, who reigned at Salem. word, James i. 21. Jesus is a priest after the MELITA or MALTA, is order of Melchizedek; as a small island of the Medi- God, he was without begin- terranean Sea, about 54 ning ; as man, his origin miles south of Sicily. It is was miraculous ; he was in- about 18 miles long, and 12 stalled in his office only by fcroad, and seems to have had God, and is therein superior MES 83 MIL to all the Aaronic and ran- the Garden of Eden, and the somed priests. and the tower of Babel. It MERCURY, the son of was the original residence of Jupiter and Maia, was one Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and of the fabulous deities of the all their children, save Ben- Heathen, and messenger to jamin, Gen. xi. 31. It was the rest. He was worship- astonishingly populous, con- ped as the patron of learning, taining according to Ptolemy eloquence, and trade. He 70 important cities. Chris- was sometimes called Her- tianity in a mutilated form still mes. The fluency of Paul, exists here, amid much Tur- made the people of Lystra kish oppression. The place suppose Paul was Mercury, is now called Diarbekir. Acts xiw 12. MESSIAH, the same as MERCY. That attribute Christ, and signifies the an- of God wT hich induces him to ointed. It is applied exclu- pity and relieve his suffering sively, to that sovereign de- creatures. All our blessings liverer, who was expected are therefore called mercies. by the Jews, and came at It means also that feeling, the appointed time. Dan. ix. which prompts us to assist 25, 26. John i. 41. the unfortunate, and to for- MILL. See Grind. give those that do wrong. MILLET, a very common MERCYSEAT, the lid grain in eastern countries, of the ark of the covenant, but far inferior in excellence round which was the crown to wheat. Its name is de- or border of gold, and on rived from the latin mille, a which the angels were re- thousand, in allusion to its presented as looking. Be- extraordinary fruitfulness. fore this the High Priest It is made into bread with stood to ask counsel of the oil or butter, and is almost Lord, and there he received the only food of the poorest blessings for the people. classes in Arabia Felix. Christ is our mercy seat, MILETUS, or Miletum, Rom. hi. 25, and by him a seaport city of Caria, in we have access to the Father. Lesser Asia, and the capital MESOPOTAMIA. The city of both Caria and Ionia. word means between rivers. It is said to have been built The famous province of this by Miletus, the son of the name was between the Ti- idol god Apollo. Here were gris and Euphrates, and is four harbours sufficient to called in the Old Testament, hold all the Persian fleet. Padan-Aram. Here was Here was a magnificent tern- ;

MIN 84 MIT

pie of Apollo. Here Thales being now entered into heav- and Anaximenes, the famed en. He there presents the philosophers, were born, and merit of his sacrifice, as our

Timotheus the famous musi- high priest ; to such as are ap- cian. The place was also pointed to attend the service famed for its milote, or mi- of God in his church, to dis- late, a soft kind of wool, of pense faithfully and wisely which they made fine car- the word and sacraments pets. The Milesians had an- to officers of the state and ciently kings of their own. magistrates, who punish the The Persians ruined their transgressors of the law, and city, and transplanted the in- defend the good; to the ho- habitants. They returned ly angels, who are always and rebuilt it; but were ready to execute the com- quickly made slaves by the mands of God. fell Persians. When they un- MIRACLE, a wonder ; an der the power of the Greeks effect above any human skill and the Romans, they were to accomplish, performed in kindly used. They ancient- proof of some important truth. ly sent out colonies to Spain, The divinity of our Saviour and other places ; some think was proved by the miracles even to Ireland. It lay a- he performed. They were bout thirty-six miles south- such as could be performed west of Ephesus ; and here only by the power of God, Paul sent for, and gave sol- and had for their object, to emn charges to the elders of confirm a doctrine most be- that church. Acts xx. 15— coming the glorious attri- 38. For about three hun- butes of God ; and for the ac- dred years after Christ, we complishment of the proph- find no marks of a church ecies concerning the Messi- at Miletus; but in the 5th, ah, whose coming was tore- 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries told to be with miraculous of the Christian era, there healing benefits, John hi. 2, were bishops in this place. 9,16. Since the Saracens ravaged MITYLENE, the capital these parts, it has gone to of Lesbos, an island in the ruin, that nothing is to be east end of the Mediterra- seen but rubbish, and a few nean. Famous as the birth cottages for shepherds. place of Alexus the poet, MINISTER, one who Sappho the poetess, Theo- serves another. It is ap- phanes the historian, Pitta- plied to Christ, who is called cus the philosopher, and Di- a minister of the sanctuary, ophanes the orator. It is MON 85 MOR now called Castro. Acts xx. 26. A mite was half a far- 14. thing. Mark xii. 42. It is MOAB. 1. The son of Lot, thought there was also a far- was born about the same thing equal to one tenth of a time as Isaac, in A. M. 2108. Roman penny. 2. The land called by his MONEY-CHANGERS, name, eastward of the Dead were such as, at a certain Sea, and about the river Ar- rate of profit, exchanged for- non, with the Ammonites on eign coins, or gave smaller the north-east, and the Mid- pieces of money for larger, ianites on the south-west of or larger for smaller, to ac- them. The present name of commodate such as came to this country is El Rabba. the solemn feasts, or other MOLOCH, an idol of the worship at Jerusalem. These

Ammonites ; called also Ash- Jesus twice drove from the toreth and Malcom, or Mil- stations which they had tak- corn. Solomon built a tem- en in the courts of the temple to this deity, and the Is- ple. John ii. 14, 15. Matt. raelites seemed more easily xxi. 12. to slide into the idolatry of MOON, a secondary plan- this god than any other. Lev. et, alwaj's attendant on our xviii. 21. 1 King xi. See earth. The moon was form- Ashtoreth and Baal. ed to give light in, and rule MONEY. Coined money the night, and to distinguish was in use long before the times and seasons. Gen. i. time of Christ. A talent of 14. She has a mighty influ- silver was equal to fifteen ence on the ebbing and flow- hundred dollars of our mo- ing of the sea ; and was the ney; a talent of gold to great marker of the time of twenty-four thousand. The the Jewish feasts. The piece of money which Pe- Heathens have generally- ter took from the mouth of a worshipped the moon, under fish was probably a shekel, the names of Queen of heav- or the Greek stater, which en, Venus-Urania, Succoth- was of the same value. Mat. benoth, Ashtaroth, Diana,. xii. 27. A pound was about Hecate, or perhaps Meni, equal to sixty shekels. A &c. Job xxxi. 26, 27. Deut. penny was one fourth of a iv. 19, xvii. 3. The orien- stater or shekel, equal to 12 tals regulate their journeys cents of our money. A far- by the moon, and set off soon thing was the fortieth part after her change. Of a penny, or about the MORDECAI, the son of third of our cent. Matt. v. Jair, grandson of Kish, and MOU MUR

descendant of the family of proaching houses ; and some Saul, was carried to Babylon live in houses only. In east- along with Jehoiachin, king ern countries the field mouse of Judah, when he was ve- sometimes ravages whole ry young. He rose to a fields, and even districts, seat at the king's gate : that which was one of the plagues is, to be one of the great endured by the Philistines men of the kingdom. Ruth for keeping the ark of God, iv. 1, Gen. xxii. 17, Esther and the reason why five ii. 19, and v. 9. golden mice were sent back MOTH, a very small, frail with it. 1 Sam. vi. 4, 5. insect, found most frequent- This animal is amazingly ly in garments which lay prolific, and were not the in- long unused. The allusions crease kept down by their to this creature in sacred being the chosen food of Scripture are important, owls, hawks, snakes, wea- though not numerous. It is sels, cats and rats, they said, Job iv. 19, that man is would prove a continual crushed before the moth j scourge. that is, overcome by the MULE, an animal of mix- smallest enemies, and seed breed,between a horse and cretly and imperceptibly an ass. We know of the ex- wastes away, as doth a gar- istence of mules so long ago ment. Isa. i. 9. When the as the time of Homer; and Lord meant to destroy E- though the Jews were for- phraim, but not suddenly, bidden to have any mixed he says, 1 1 will be as moth race of animals, yet they unto Ephraim.' The moth were employed in the Holy forms her cell in the cloth, Land long before the time of and is, therefore, destroying David. It is remarkably her abode day by day, till at sure footed, patient, hardy, last both are reduced to no- obstinate, swift and strong, thing. Such is the prosperity and lives to twice the age of of a wicked man, he build- a horse. They are little eth his house as a moth. He used in New England, but lives only to enlarge his nes: are very common in the and revel in his plenty, but southern states. Still more both he and his shall be de- use is made of them in South stroyed. America, France, Spain, and MOUSE, a very small especially in mountainous re- quadruped, but very injuri- gions, as the Alps, Pyren- ous. Some are peculiar to nes, &c. fields and gardens, never ap- MURRAIN, a disease MUS 87 MUS

which smote the cattle of the respective hymns to the Egyptians, and is rapid and praise of God, their miracu- destructive in its progress. lous deliverer. Exod. xv. As in Europe epidemic dis- Silver trumpets were divine- tempers in cattle have been ly ordered to be made for known to advance over a sounding over their sacrifi- country at the rate of a cer- ces, especially at solemn tain number of miles in a feasts. Numb. x. With mu- day, it has been supposed sic Jephthah's daughter wel- that the cause was flying in- comed him home from his sects. victory, Judg. ix. 34; and MUSTARD, a plant, the with music the Hebrew wo- seed of which is very small, men welcomed David back but which in some latitudes from the slaughter of Goliath. acquires a great size, so as to 1 Sam. xviii. 6. David him- be truly the greatest among self was an excellent musi- herbs. Mention is made cian, and it seems had plen- in the Talmud of enormous ty of singing men and sing- mustard plants into one of ing women in his court. 1 which the owner climbed, Sam. xvi. 2 Sam. vi. 19. as into a fig-tree, and anoth- 21. Solomon had them per- er was so large as to cover haps in far greater number.

a tent. That mentioned Eccl. ii. 8. In the time of Matt. xiii. 31, is called by Jeroboam the son of Joash, Linneas, Sinapi Eurocoi- the Israelites valued them- des. Its branches are real selves upon inventing new wood, as appears from a spe- musical instruments. Amos cimen in the collection of vi. 5. At his idolatrous fes- the late Sir Joseph Banks. tival, Nebuchadnezzar had

MUSIC is of very ancient a large concert of music ; origin. Tubal, a descendant and music was the ordinary of Cain, long before the flood, recreation of the Midian taught men to play on the king. Dan. hi. 6, 18. The harp and organ. Laban temple-music makes the complained that Jacob de- chief figure in Scripture. prived him of an opportuni- David in his own time com- ty of sending off his daugh- posed a variety of Psalms* ter with music. Gen. iv. 21, and caused his skilful play- xxxi. 27. The ancient ers to set them to music, as Hebrews had a very great appears by their inscriptions taste for music : when they to Jeduthun, Asaph, or the had passed the Red Sea, both sons of Korah. 1 Chron. men and women sung their xv. 16. As now the Le- M YR 88 MYS

vites were eased of a great on rush mats spread below. part of the burdensome work It comes to Europe in loose of their charge, by the tab- grains, mostly about the size ernacle and ark being fixed of peas, or horse beans, and in a place, David, before his but seldom roundish. The death, distributed the four ancients used it as a per- thousand sacred singers in- fume, and for embalming to twenty- four classes, who the dead. It is very bitter; should serve at the temple hence called gall, and has the in their turns. The three property, like opium, of mit- chief musicians were Asaph, igating the sense of pain. Heman, and Jeduthun. The Hence some one benevo- four sons of Asaph, six of lently offered it to Christ, Jeduthun, and fourteen of but he declined such relief. Heman, were constituted the MYRTLE, a beautiful chiefs of the twenty-four plant, of lowly stature, very classes. It is probable that common in the east. The they all, or most of them, blossoms are perfectly white attended the solemn festivals. and intensely fragrant. In Their neginoth, or string- this uncongenial country, its

ed instruments, were the size is very diminutive ; but psaltery and harp, to which in the Levant it attains the may perhaps be added, the height of eight or ten feet. sheminith, shushan, or shu- The church is compared to shanim, and the alamo th and it, Isaiah lv. 13. dulcimer and sacbut ; and MYSTERY, a secret; the nehiloth, or wind in- something which, in our struments, were the organ, present imperfect state, it is cornet,flute, pipe, and trum- impossible we should fully pet. They had also tim- understand. Thus the doc- brels, cymbals, and bells. trine of a Trinity, the in- But our best information af- carnation, the union which fords us no certain knowl- exists between Christ and his edge of their particular forms. people, &c. are mysteries. MYRRH, a gum issuing Many things which were from the myrrh -tree, which mysteries anciently, are is common in Arabia, Egypt, made known by Christ and

and Abyssinia. Sometimes his apostles ; and many

it issues spontaneously ; but things in the Bible which are chiefly flows out by means mysteries to the irreligious, of incision. The incisions or feeble Christians, are un- are made twice a year, and derstood by such as are emi- the gum or rosin is received nently good and studious. NAZ 89 NEB

NAOMI, and her husband boured the most part of the Elimelech, retired to the thirty years of his private land of Moab, because of a life ; but their contempt of famine in Canaan. There his ministry, and early at- their two sons, Mahlon and tempt to murder him, by Chilion, married Orpah and casting him from the brow Ruth. After about ten years, of the hill whereon their city Elimelech and his sons died was built, occasioned his without leaving any chil- residing there but little af- dren. Naomi resolving to terwards, and working few return to her country, her miracles among; them. Luke daughters-in-law attended iv. 16—29. Matt. xiv. 57. her. She admonished them It was a place of some note what difficulties they might for about 1200 years after

Christ ; is at expect, and Orpah returned ; but present of but Ruth adhered to her, and small consequence. embraced the Jewish re- NAZARITE, or JYaza- ligion. rene, A Jew who made a NATURE. 1. The nat- vow to observe uncommon ural order of things, estab- devotion either for a given lished in the world. 2. The period or for life. See Num- actual state, of any thing, or bers vi. that which makes it what Jesus Christ was in fact, it is. 3. That principle of what these were in profes- reason, or natural light in the sion, consecrated to God, mind of man, which is capa- and hence is called a Naza- ble of great improvement, rene ; but is not predicted by but requires the grace of any prophet under that ex- God to direct it to its proper press title. end. Rom. ii. 14. NEAPOLIS, a sea-port in NAZARETH, a small city Macedonia, Acts xvi. 11, the of Galilee, about 75 miles same city which is now call- north of Jerusalem. It was ed JVapoli. noted for wickedness. Mark NEBO, a city 8 miles i. 9. Luke iv. 29. John south of Heshbon. It is now 46. Here our Saviour la- called JLbarim. There was NEB 90 NEB

also an idol of this name Abednego. These, and other thought to be the same as young captives, he caused JDagon, or perhaps Che- to be trained up in all the mosh. learning of the Chaldeans, NEBUCHADNEZZAR, that they might serve in the

Nebuchadrezzar, or JYdbo- court, 2 Kings xxiv. Dan. i. polassar, the most famed About A. M. 3399, his king of Babylon. When Pha- father died, and he was sole raoh-necho had taken Car- king of Babylon. In the chemish, a city on the Eu- second year of his reign, he phrates, the Phoenicians, and had a surprising dream, but part of the Syrians, revolted entirely forgot it. He as- from the Chaldeans, who, it sembled his diviners, and seems had just before reduc- charged them to tell him his ed them. Nabopolassar, be- dream, and the interpreta- ing then stricken in years, tion thereof. They told him sent Nebuchadnezzar, his that though they could in- son, with an army to recover terpret dreams, yet none but them. He gained a com- the gods could tell a man

plete victory over the Egyp- what he had dreamed ; and tians at Carchemish, retook that never a king had de- the place, and put the garri- manded any such thing from son to the sword. He then, his diviners. Being outrage- with an army of 180,000 foot, ously provoked, he ordered 120,000 horse, and 10,000 Arioch, the captain of his chariots, according to Eupo- guard, to put every wise man lemus, ravaged Phenicia and of Babylon to death. Daniel, Canaan, took Jerusalem, and however, obtained leave to bound Jehoiakim, then trib- tell the king his dream, and utary to the Egyptians, in the interpretation thereof. chains, to carry him to Bab- He was so satisfied with the

ylon ; but afterwards allowed account, and interpretation, him to retain his kingdom, as that he fell on his face before a vassal of the Chaldeans. Daniel, as if he were a deity, He carried to Babylon, Dan- and ordered an oblation of iel, Hananiah, Mishael, and spices to be presented to him, Azariah, and others of the and acknowledged his God, princes of Judah. To the the God of gods, and Lord of above four young men, he kings. He made Daniel gave new names, importing chief of the wise men, and connection with his idol gods, governor of the province of

called them Belteshazzar, Babylon ; and made Sha- Shadrach, Meshach, and drach, Meshach, and Abed- NEW 91 NIG nego, subordinate governors A. D. in the same place, Dan. ii. 57. 2d Corinth, written from Mace- NEHEMIAH, the son of donia. 58. Romans written from Corinth. Hachaliah, was, perhaps, of 61. Ephesians written from Rome. the royal family of David. James written at Jerusalem. His being cup-bearer in the 62. Philippians, Colossians and Phil- Persian court, and his suc- 63. The Gospel of Luke written in ceeding Zerubbabel in the Greece. government of the Jews, The Epistle to the Hebrews written from Rome. tends to confirm this opinion. 64. The Acts of the Apostles written 1. NEIGHBOUR. One in Greece. who lives near another. 2. 1st Timothy, and Titus written in Every man to whom we have Macedonia. 1st Peter written from Babylon. an opportunity of doing good, 65. The Gospel of Mark wiitten Matt. xxii. 39. 3. One who from Rome. pities and relieves another in 2d Timothy written from Rome. distress. Luke x. 36. 4. One 2d Peter written from Babylon. Jude, where written, unknown. stands in need of help, who 90. 1st John, written from Patm03. Prov. iii. 28. Our Saviour 2d and 3d John from Ephesus. reproved the Pharisees for 96. John, at Ephesus, writes the book using the word in a restrain- of Revelation. 97. John writes his Gospel at the informed ed sense, and them same place. that the whole world were their neighbours, and that NIGHT: 1. The time their charity should be exer- when the sun is helow our cised, even to their enemies. horizon. 2. The time of hea- Matt. v. 43, Luke x. 29. thenish/ignorance and pro- NEW TESTAMENT. The faneness, Rom. xiii. 12. 3. sacred book of Christians, Adversity, which as night, though not to the exclusion is perplexing, comfortless, entirely of the Old Testa- and disagreeable, Isa. xxi. ment. The books which 12. 4. Death, wherein we compose the New Testament are laid asleep, John ix. 4. were written in the follow- 5. The season in which any ing order: thing comes suddenly and unexpectedly upon us, 1. A. D. Thess. vi. 2. Isa. xv. 1. Luke 33. The Gospel of Matthew written xii. 20. 6. The whole time in Judea. 52. 1st and 2d Thess. written from of our life on earth, dur- Corinth. ing which we are dark, by Galat. written from Corinth or reason of ignorance, and are Macedonia. exposed to danger and sin- 56. 1st Corinth, written from Ephe- sus. ful stumbling:. Rom. xiii. 12. OAT 92 OAT

NINEVEH, a city of As of the Christians in those syria. It was the capital of parts. Mosul is on the west that empire till Esharhaddon side of the Tigris, which was conquered the kingdom of anciently only an appendage Babylon, when that city to the city, which itself stood shared the royal presence, on the east side, where are the court being sometimes ruins of vast extent seen to at one place and sometimes this day. According to Dio- at the other. It was found darus Siculus, the circum- ed by Ashur,the son of Shem, ference of Nineveh was 60 Gen. x. 11, and became one miles. Hence Jonah was of the largest cities in the three days in going round to

world. In the 29th year of proclaim its overthrow : 20 the reign of Josiah, king of miles being as much as a Judah, Nineveh was destroy- man can leisurely walk in a ed utterly by the Medes. It day. was afterward partially re- The destruction of Nine- built, but never became con- veh, above mentioned, ful- siderable. It is now called filled the following prophe- Mosul, and is only famous cies, which the reader should for being the residence of look out. Jonah iii. Na- the Patriarch of the Nestori- hum ii. and iii. Zephaniah ans, of which sect are most ii. 13.

OAK, a tree of great stat- or call him to witness th« ure and durability. Abra- truth of what we assert or ham pitched his tent, and promise, and to curse us in Joshua set up the taber- time and eternity, if we nacle beneath an oak, Joshua swear what is false or un- xxiv. 26. Its durability known to us, or if we do not made the idolater select it perform what we engage. as the substance of his god, An oath should never be Ez. vi. 13. The Druids held taken but in matters of it sacred. It is admirable importance, nor sworn by timber for ships, and is now the name of any but the chiefly used for that purpose. true God, as is it an act of OATH, a solemn act, solemn worship, Josh, xxiii. wherein we swear 7. v. 12. Deut. vi. by God ; James —

OFF 93 OFF

13. Matt. v. 34, 35. Jer. v presented to God, in the

7 ; —nor irreverently, with character of an offended out godly fear and awe of Judge, having a power the Most High. The mul- either to punish or pardon tiplication of oaths, therefore, the transgressor of his law. in commerce, and common It was not so entirely con- affairs, is a great sin. The sumed by fire as the burnt- irreverent and hurried man- offjring. (Compare Lev. i. ner in which they are tco 9, and ch. vii. 8, with ch. vi. frequently administered, has 25, 28, and 29.) The victim a great tendency to increase was intended as an atone-

perjury. ment for iniquity ; it was OFFERING, a sacrifice brought to the door of the ; any thing offered oi* present- tabernacle, the offender put ed in worship. The He- his hand upon its head, con- brews had several kinds of fessed his sins, and supplica- c; Offerings, which were all ted pardon, saying, I be-

intended to exhibit and en- seech thee, Lord ; I have force the great truths of reli- sinned, I have trespassed, I

gion:—the Burnt-Offer- have rebelled ; —but now I ings were presented to God, repent, and let this," (that as the Maker, Preserver, is, his sacrifice) " be my ex- and Lord of the universe, piation :"—the animal was entitled to all adoration and then slain, and reconciliation honour. As their name im- enjoyed with God. It is ports, they were all burnt, thus we confess our sins, in excepting the skin. They an humble dependence upon signified unto the people, the atonement of Jesus that the whole man, in whose Christ, and look for salvation stead they were offered, was through his precious blood. to be entirely devoted to The Peace-offerings and

God, without reserve ; —that Thank-Offerings, had he himself had deserved to respect to God as reconciled be utterly consumed ; —that unto us, and the Giver of all the sufferings of Jesus Christ, our possessions ; —they were as the sinner's substitute, free-will' or voluntary obla- would be extremely great ; tions, either in return for and that all fleshly lusts, and blessings received, or in sup- selfishness of principle, are plication for mercies desired. to be completely mortified Jesus Christ is our Peace- by the worshippers of Jeho- Offering, and it is for him, vah. The Sin-offering, or and by him, that we render Trespass-offering, was thanksgivings unto the Fa- I OLI 94 ONE

(her. The Wave-Offer- hoshaphat and brook Kidron. ings were shaken or tossed OLIVE, a tree very com- to and fro, towards the sev- mon in Judea. There are eral parts of the world, to two kinds, the wild and the denote God's universal do- cultivated, the former being minion and the extent of the smaller and poorer than the Redeemer's sacrifice. " For latter. It is the chief re- the law was a shadow of source of Orientals for oil, good things to come ; but the an article they use in great body is of Christ" Colos. abundance, both for food and ii. 17; and Heb. x. 1. ointment, as well as light. It

OIL ; Ointment : is now was also considered good for extracted from the fat of wounds, bruises, &c. It was fishes, from linseed, and a God's sign of peace to Noah. multitude of other substan- Capt. Cook, found that green ces. Oil obtained from olives, branches, carried in the that is, such as we now call hands, or stuck in the ground sweet oil, was abundant in were the emblems of peace, the Holy Land, Deut. xxxii. universally employed and un- Bread dipped in oil, was derstood by the numerous reckoned a delicate repast. and untutored inhabitants of An infusion of some flowers the South Sea islands. The made it very fragrant for origin of a custom, thus re- anointing. Matt. xxvi. 8. ceived, and religiously ob- Gen. xxvii. 27. Psal. xcii. served, by nations dwelling 10. The Hebrews used on opposite sides of the globe, olive oil in their meat offer- who never had the smallest ings, in their sacred lamps, intercourse with one another, in their for, near the and common use ; must be sought but there was an oil very beginning of time, when the precious and sacred, com- inhabitants of our earth, form- pounded with cinnamon, ca- ing but one family, attached lamus, cassia, and myrrh, the most pleasing recollec- which was used in the anoint- tions to the bringing of an ing of the priests, the taber- olive branch. nacle and furniture. None of ONESIMUS, a slave of it was to be applied to any oth- Philemon, a wealthy Chris-

er use ; nor was any for com- tian in Colosse. He was mon use to be made like to it. probably perverse, and ab- OLIVET, or Mount of sconded from his master. Olives, stood about 625 paces Coming to Rome, he was cast of Jerusalem, and separa- converted to Christianity by

ted from it by the valley of Je- Palu, and being a man ot ORA 95 OST

intelligence and respecta- ought to consult at all times ; bility, for oriental servants especially in matters of dif- are often such, he proved ficulty, and in the great af- Very useful to Paul during fairs relating to their souls his imprisonment. He then and another life, Heb. v. 12. returned to his place with ORGAN, a wind instru- Paul's Epistle to Philemon, ment of music, invented by which see. Jubal, the sixth in descent

ONYX, a precious stone ; from Cain; but Jubal's was what it was is very uncer- probably very different from tain, probably a kind of agate. ours, which are composed of OPHIR, the son of Joktan, various pipes, and some of Whether he gave name to them are 30 or 40 feet long. the country famous for gold, The present kind we do not or where that country was, know to be more than 800 we can hardly determine. years old, Gen. iv. 21. Psal. It is certain that its gold was cl. 4. renowned in the time of Job, OSTRICH, the largest of

Job xxii. 24, xxviii. 16 ; and all fowls, and apparently the that from the time of David connecting link between to the time of Jehoshaphat, birds and quadrupeds. It is the Hebrews traded with it, often 7 or 8 feet in height, and that Uzziah revived this and generally weighs from trade when he made him- 60 to 80 pounds. Its eggs self master of Elath, a noted of wh^ch it lays 30 or 40 in port on the Red Sea. In a season, are as large as a Solomon's time, the He- child's head, and are left brew fleet took up three in the sand to be hatched by years in their voyage to the sun, Job xxxix. 13—18. Ophir, and brought home They are common in Africa, gold, apes, peacocks, spices, and the Arabs often ride ivory, ebony, and almug- upon them. In swiftness, trees. 1 Kings ix. 28. x. 11. they far exceed the horse, xxii. 48. 2 Chron. xxvi. 8, Job xxxix. 18, and though 18. ix. 10. taken by men on horseback, ORACLE, something de- it is by stratagem. The Os- livered by supernatural wis- trich is so timid, that at any dom. The "mostholy place" alarm it will fly and leave its called the in the temple was eggs, or even its young ones ; oracle, because there the which explains Lam. iv. 3, priest inquired of God. The where it says, " she is hard- Scriptures are the oracles ened against her young ones, of God, which Christians as though they were not PAL 96 PAP

hers." She is declared ini was baked in a few min- Scripture to be " deprived of utes. Fuel being scarce, understanding," and such is as it is in all eastern coun- remarkabty the fact. Stones, tries, dried cowdung, stubble, glass, leather, wood, &c. are stalks of flowers, and grass, eaten greedily. In flight, it were used, Matt. vi. 30. sometimes hides its head, and OWL, a bird of night, of thinking itself safe is easily the rapacious kind, very taken. various in size and colour, OVEN, a place for baking and found chiefly in desert food. Some were dug in the solitudes, and ruined houses, ground. Some were rather Isa. xiii. 21. Their voice similar to American ovens. is excessively disagreeable Some were made like a and melancholy, Job xxx. pitcher. The fire was put 29. Ps. cii. 6. Wicked men inside, and the dough spread are compared to owls, for they thin over the outside, which hate the light, Isa. xliii. 20.

PALM-TREE, remaukable about two hundred years old. for loftiness, straightness, and From its sap, pahn wine is productiveness, and hence made, called by the natives made an emblem in Scrip- Araky. ture of uprightness, fruitful- PAMPHYLIA, a province ness and victory. The fruit of Asia Minor, having the is the date, very sweet and Mediterranean on the south, nourishing, 2 Chron. xxxi. 5. Lycia on the west, Pisidia It is the size of a plumb or on the north, and Cilicia on olive. Palm branches were the east. Attalia and Pcrga signals of joy, and therefore were the principal cities of the blessed in heaven are it. That part of the Med- represented as bearing them. iterranean lying on the south Rev. vii. 9. of it, was called the Sea of The palm-tree attains full Pamphvlia, Acts ii. 10. xiii. maturity in thirty years from 13, &c." planting the seed, and con- PAPER-REEDS, bulrush- tinues in full strength 70 or es that grow on the banks of 80 years, and finally dies at the Nile, Isa. xix. 7. Of THE EGYPTIAN PAPER REED. P. 96.

PAR 97 PAR

these the Egyptians made tentive hearers. The an- baskets, shoes, clothes, and cients used them very much. small boats, Ex. ii. 3, Isa. The following table, accord- xviii. 2. To make paper, ing to Newcome's Harmony, they peeled off the different shews the order in which

skins or films, one after an- they were delivered :

other; these they stretched Blind leading the blind, Luke vi. 39" on a table, to the intended House founded on a rock, Mat. vii. 24* The two debtors, Luke vii. 41. length or breadth of the pa- Expelled devil return- per, and laid over them a thin ing with seven, Matt. xii. 43.

paste ; above which they The rich fool, Luke xii. 16. servants, " spread a cross layer of other The watchful xii. 36. The barren fig-tree, " xiii. 6. films or leaves, and then The sower, Matt. xiii. 3. dried it in the sun. The The tares, " xiii. 24. films nearest the heart of the The growth of the seed, Mark iv. 26. The mustard seed, Matt. xiii. 31. plant, made the finest paper. The leaven, " « 33. When Ptolemy king of Egypt Hidden treasure, u " 44. denied Attalus king of Per- Pearl of great price, " " 45. « gamus this kind of paper, for The net, « 47. Good householder, « " 52. writing his library, he in- New piece to an old gar- vented, or mightily improved ment, Luke v. 36. the making of parchment. New wine in old bottles, " " 37. After which, books of note The lost sheep, Matt, xviii. 11. Unmerciful Servant, " " 23. parchment, were written on Shepherd and Sheep, John x. 11. far almost 1300 years. The Good Samaritan, Luke x. 30. parchments that Paul left at The ambitious guests " xiv. 7. The neglected invitations Troas, and ordered Timothy to supper, " xiv. 15. to bring with him, were Building a tower, « " 28. probably either the original King going to war, " " 31. u draughts of some of his epis- The lost piece of silver, xv. 8. The prodigal son, " " 11. tles, or a noted copy of the The unjuit steward, " xvi. 1. Old Testament, 2 Tim. iv. 13. Rich man and Lazarus, " " 19. For about 550 years, paper The master and servant, " xvii. 7. The unjust judge, "xviii. 1. made of linen rags has been Pharisee and Publican, " " 9. in use. Labourers in Vinevard, Mat. xx. 1 PAPHOS, a commercial The ten pouuds, Luke xix. 11. city of Cyprus, visited by The two sons, Matt. xxi. 28. Wicked hushandmen, « " 33. Paul, Acts xiii. 7. It is now Wedding garment u xxii. 1. called Baffa. Fig-tree putting forth PARABLE, a short, weigh- leaves, Matt. xxiv. 32. ty sentence, or a similitude, The master's return, " " 44. The Ten Virgins, " xxv. 1. used to convey instruction to The Talents, " " 14. ignorant, prejudiced, or inat- The true Vine, John xv. 1,2. PAR 98 PAS

To understand parables, it PARTITION, a separation is proper to observe, 1. It is between the parts of a thing. not necessary tbat the repre- The peculiar ceremonies of sentation of natural things in the Jews, were a "wall of a parable should be strictly partition" between them matter of fact, because the and the Gentiles. Jesus did design is not to inform con- them away, and now the wall cerning these, but concern- wall of separation is abolished. ing some more momentous PARTRIDGE, this bird is truth; nor is it necessary mentioned but twice in that all the actions in a par- Scripture. In 1 Sam. xxvi. able be strictly just. 2 Sam. 20, David compares himself xiv., Luke xvi. 1—8. 2. We to it, hunted by his enemy. must chiefly attend to the The prophet (Jer. xvii. 11.) scope of the parable, which speaks of "the partridge that is to be gathered from the sitteth on eggs and hatcheth inspired explication thereof; them not, as being like the or from the introduction to man who getteth riches and it, or the conclusion of it. not by right. As the bird 3. Hence it follows, that we makes no other nest than a are not to expect that every hollow on the ground, her circumstance in the parable eggs are very often destroy- should be answered by some- ed by rains or the feet of thing in the explication ; for animals. Several of them several circumstances may will lay in the same nest, so be added for the sake of de- that the sitting hen cannot corum, or mere allusion to cover them all, and many are that whence the figure of spoiled. Fifty or sixty eggs the parable is taken. 4 Yet are often found in one nest. a parable may inform us of PASSION, any strong or several truths, besides the violent emotion of the mind, scope of it. desire for, or aversion to a PARTHIA, an ancient thing, as anger, love, joy, empire, bounded on the north &c. ; the last sufferings of by Caucasus, east by the the Redeemer of the world. Indus, south by the Red Sea, PASSOVER, a feast of the and west by the Tigris. The Jews, in commemoration of natives were remarkable for the time when God, smiting continuing to fight even the first-born of the Egyp- when obliged to retreat. In tians, passed over the habi- the latter periods of the Ro- tations of the Hebre ws. The man republic they were a lamb which was slain, called ^powerful people, Acts ii. 9. the Pascal Lamb, was a type PAT PAT of Christ, the lamb of God, appointments that happen in slain from the foundation of this life ; that grace which the world, Rev. xiii. 8. And enables us patiently and as the destroying angel, pas- readily to submit to the will sed over the houses of the of God under all circum-

Hebrews, which were mark- stances ; a humble and sub- ed with the blood of the Pas- missive waiting for, and ex- cal Lamb ; so the wrath of pectation of eternal life, and God passes over those, whose the accomplishment of God's souls are sprinkled with the promises. blood of Christ, 1 Cor. v. 7. PATRIARCH, a venera- PATARA, a sea-port of ble man with a large poster- Lycia. Here was a famous ity. The word is chiefly temple of Apollo, were ora- applied to those who lived cles, equal io repute to those before Moses ; and hence we of Delphos, were given for speak of the patriarchal -age. six months of the year. Paul The following is a list of touched here in his way the patriarchs, with the from Macedonia to Jerusa- length of their lives annexed. lem ; but we find nothing Adam, 930 years. of Christianity here till the Seth, 912 „ fourth century, and it con- Enos, 905 ,, tinued till the ninth, when Cainan, 910 „ the Saracens wasted the Mohalaleal, 895 „ country, Acts xxi. 1. Jared, 962 „ PATH. See Way. Enoch, 365 „

PATHROS, a city or can- Methusaleh, , 969 „ ton of Egypt. Some will Lamech, 777 „ have it to be the Phaturis of Noah 950 „ Ptolemy and Pliny. Wells Shem, 600 makes it a city in Upper E- Arphaxed, 438 „ gypt, on the west of the Seloh, 433 „ Nile. Some will have it the Eber, 464 „ Thebais in Upper Egypt. It Peleg, 239 „ no doubt had its name from Reu 239

Pathrusim, the fifth son of Serug, 230 ,,

Mizriam, who built or peo- Nahor, 148 ,, pled it. Gen. x. 14. Terah, 205 ,,

PATIENCE, that noble Abraham, 175 ,, passion or power of the Isaac, 180 „ mind, whereby a person is Jacob, 147 „ capable of enduring the dif- PATMOS, an island of the ficulties, afflictions, and dis- Egean Sea, not far from Me- PAU 100 PEA

litus. It is about twenty- PEACOCK, a beautiful five or thirty miles in cir- bird, not known in Palestine, cumference, and is of a bar- till imported by Solomon, 1 ren soil, and is now called Kings x. 22. Its native Patmol, or Palmosa. Rev. country seems to be Persia i. 9. and India. When Alexan- PAUL was of the tribe of der reached the river In- Benjamin, born in Tarsus, dus, he was so charmed which, as it was a free city at the sight of these birds of Rome, gave him the hon- that he forbid them to be our and advantage of a Ro- killed, under a severe penal- man, though both of his pa- ty, and when Hortensius rents were Jews. His name first killed one for supper at at first was Saul. He was Rome, he was tried for the sent to Jerusalem for his ed- offence. ucation, and became a very PEARL, a hard white learned and famous Phari- shinning substance, found see. He was not converted in some shell-fishes. It pro- till after our Saviour's death, ceeds from a disease in the which makes him speak of animal. The matter pro- himself as born out of due per to enlarge the shell, time, and seems to have bursting from the vessels been raised up to take the that convey it to the outside, place of Judas. His wonder- forms into a pearl. Common ful labours and success are re- oysters, the pinna-marina, corded in the Acts of the and several other fish, form Apostles. He was at last pearls; but the pearl oyster beheaded by Nero at Rome. of the East Indies, and of According to Bishop Pearson, the Gulf of Mexico in Ameri- the following is the order ca, produce the best. The and date of the Epistles writ- chief fisheries for pearl, are ten by Paul. at Bahrein, in the Persian A. D. *52, The 1 Ep. to the Thess. Gulf, and near the isle of The 2 do. do. „ 52, Ceylon, in the East Indies. fThe 1 do. Corinth. do. Gal. The next to these, are the „ 01t7 JThe ) The 2 do. Corinth. pearl fisheries in the gulf of [The do. Rom. Mexico. The beautiful in- The do. Ephes. f side of the shell of the pearl do. Phill. fi9 jThe » ^iThe do. Cellos. oyster is called " mother of [The do. Philn). pearl." In 50 years pearls „ 63 The do. Heb. generally lose their beauty ; ,(The t do. Tim. b0fi and in 100 they are scarce » \ The do. Titus. „ 67 The 2 do. Tim. worth any thing at all. Cleo- !:

PEL 101 PEN

patra, had a pearl valued brown. It has a long crooked at 80,000 pounds sterling. beak, and the forepart of the The Persian emperor had head towards the throat na- one worth 110,000 pounds, ked—Pelicans have a bag sterling; and Philip II. of at their throat sufficient to Spain, had one as large as a hold two human heads, into pigeon's egg, and valued at which they gather fishes, &c. 144,000 ducats. What our for themselves and for their ladies wear in their neckla- young. They are extreme- ces are ordinarily false ly careful of their young. pearls, made of fish-scales, This bird is very retired in bruised, and enclosed in its habits, setting for whole glass. What is very ex- days alone among rocks and cellent, is likened to pearls solitudes. Its voice is very

how precious ! how hard to be plaintive and disagreeable. come at in a proper manner Hence David compares him-

how truly ornamental ! and self in his distress to the pe- how apt are men to form lican, Ps. cii. 6. base counterfeits of them. PENNY, a Roman coin, Matt. xiii. 46. Rev. xxi. 21, equal to about thirteen cents. 22. To cast pearls before It was the common price of a swine, is to preach the gos- day's work. The climate

pel to persecutors ; apply the is so warm in that country, promises and privileges pro- that the fruits of the earth per to saints, to men really are produced in great abund- wicked; to dispense sacra- ance, and makes the inhabi- ments to persons notoriously tants require little clothing,

profane ; or to administer so that labour is very cheap. reproofs to obstinate scoffers, PENTECOST, a feast of Matt. vii. 6. the Jews, on the 50th day PELEG, was born one after the Passover, called the hundred years after the feast of weeks, Ex. xxxiv. 22. flood, and was so named be- because it was celebrated cause in his days, the earth after the seven weeks of was divided into nations, in harvest, and was a solemn consequence of the confu- thanksgiving for the harvest, sion at the Tower of Ba- and a grateful commemora- bel. tion of their being delivered PELICAN, an aquatic from Egyptian servitude, and bird, somewhat larger than enjoying their property, by the common goose. Its colour reaping the fruits of their is nearly white, the neck labours, Lev. xiii. 10, 11, yellowish, and the back dark &c. It has been observed K ;

PER 102 PET

that it was a day on which vii. 17. Psal. xlv. 8. See God delivered the law on Eynbalming.

Mount Sinai, Ex. xix. 11 : as PERGA, a city of Pam- it was also that on which the phylia, on the river Castrus, apostles were filled with the near to which, on an emi- Holy Ghost. nence, stood a temple of PERDITION, utter ruin Diana. It was famed for the eternal death. The son of birth of Apollonias, the re- perdition, means Judas Is- nowned geometrician. Here cariot. Antichrist, is also Paul and Barnabas preach-

called by this epithet, 2 ed, Acts xiii. 14. xiv. 25 :

Thes. ii. 2. and to the end of the eight PERFECT, compiete,with- century we find a Christian out blemish or defect. It is church here. It is at pres- applied, 1. To God, who is ab- ent a place of little impor- solutely perfect, Matt. v. 48. tance. There was another 2. To that man who has ris- Perga in Epirus. en to the measure of his PERGAMOS, a city of stature in Christ, Col. i. 28. Asia, in the province of Mys- S. To some who are innocent ia, famous for a temple to in comparison of others, Job Escuiapius, and a library of viii. 20. 4. To one who was 200,000 volumes, which was sincere in heart, and unblam- removed to Egypt by Cleo- able in life, Gen. vi. 9. 5. patra. The Christian church To him who imitates God in here soon degenerated, and

loving and doing good to tolerated fornication ; but ap- others, Matt. v. 48. 6. To pears to have been reformed

such as have a good degree by John's letter, Rev. ii. For of understanding, 1 Cor. ii. 6. 800 years afterward it was

7. To things, as weights, a considerable church ! A measures, £:c. Deut. xxv. Greek and an Armenian 15. church exist here at the PERFUME, an agreeable present day. Of the popula- smell. In the East, perfumes tion now, there are 300 Ar- were used to testify great menian Christians, 1,500

respect, Dan. ii. 46. The Greeks, and a synagogue of Hebrews had two sacred 100 Jews. The remainder perfumes, one of incense, are Turks. The streets are and the other an oil, Ex. xxx. wide and clean, for an east- 23—38. They were addicted ern city. Its present name is to the perfuming of dead bo- Bergamo. dies, clothes, beds, &c. Gen. PETER, son of Jonas,

xxvii. 27. Song iii. 6. Prov. bom in Bethsaida. He was of ;

PHI 103 PHS

a prompt, resolute temper and Attalus Philadelphua, who sometimes impetuous. After built it. It stood about 24 a life of most exalted useful- miles east of Sardis, and 12 ness, he was crucified for his from Smyrna. A Christian master's sake, about A. D. church was very early plant-

70. The Roman Catholics ed here , to which John was di- consider the popes to be the rected to write a consolatory successors of Peter, as Bish- and directive epistle, Rev,

iii. 7 op of Rome ; but there is no —13. We can trace proof of his ever having even the history of Christianity in visited that city. this country for about 800 PHARISEE, one of the years. At present there are most ancient sects, and most in it about 2000 Christians, noted and considerable par- formed into 5 churches. An ties among the Jews, remar- Archbishop resides here, kable for their great mortifi- whose diocese extends to cation and rigid way of living, Sardis on the west and Lao- fasting constantly every sec- dicea on the east. The town ond and fifth day of the week, contains about 3000 houses, and submitting to many and is now called Allah severe austerities. They Schyr, or the " Fair studied the law, were very City." exact in the outward obser- PHILIP, son of Herod vance of it, and pretended the Great, and his wife Cleo- to more holiness than others patra. From him the city adding voluntary sacrifices Cesarea Philippi received its to those that were command- name, Matt. xvi. 13, &c. ed, and making a great show 2. Philip, another son of exactly performing all of Herod, by his wife Mari^ their vows. By these amne. He was sometimes methods, they gained the called Herod, and was the good opinion of the populace, husband of Herodias. He and were esteemed persons was disinherited by his of great learning and sanc- father, and lived a private tity of manners. But they life. Matt. xiv. 3, &c. corrupted the word of God 3. Philip, one of the by their expositions, and twelve apostles ; a native of substituted human tradi- Bethsaida in Galilee. Some tions in the room of divine ancient historians say that truth. he was the individual, who PHILADELPHIA, a city requested of Jesus, that he of Lydia, at the foot of mount might first go and bury his Timolus, was so called, from father, Matt. viii. 21, 22. ;

PHI 104 phce

4v Philip* one of the PHILOSOPHY, the word Seven deacons of the church literally signifies love ofwis" &t Jerusalem* dom. In its usual accepta- PHILIPP1* a city of tion, however, it denotes a Macedonia, anciently called science, or collection of

Datos ; but being repaired sciences, of which all things, by Philip, the father of Alex- both Of body and spirit, are ander the Great* it received the objects. When the term its name from him. It stood i£ thus employed, it admits of about 70 miles north-east of various definitions. That Thessalonica. It was render part of philosophy which ad famous by the defeat of treats of God, is called the- Brutus and Cassias, in the ology; that which treats neighbourhood. Here Paul of nature* physics, or Nat- preached about A. D. 52 ural Philosophy ; and that and Lydia and many others which treats of man, logic, were converted* Acts xvi. 12. and Moral or Intellectual PHILISTIA* or Pales- Philosophy. When St. Paul tine* is a name now given cautioned the Colossians to to the whole of Canaan ; but beware lest any man should in Scripture it means only spoil them through philoso* a narrow strip of land along phy, (ch. ii. 8.) he did not the sea-coast» in the south- mean to forbid the pursuit west of Canaan* about 40 of knowledge in general; but miles long and about 15 to condemn that vain affec* miles broad. Its cities were tation of wisdom, which Gerar* Gaza, Majuma, Aske- stood in opposition to the lon, Ekron, Ashdod* and simplicity of the gospel of

Gath. The Philistines* and Christ ; and of which the hea- the Caphtorim, descended thens were notoriously proud. from Casluhim, the son of PHOENICIA, a province Mizraim, who peopled E- of Syria. It contained the gypt ; and their country is famous cities, Sarepta, Ptole- perhaps called the isle or mais, Tyre, and Zidon. The country of Caphtor* Jer. name it bears at present, xlvii. 4. Their territory was is Tripoli. The Tyrians allotted to the Hebrews ; but and Zidonians* had almost all they neglecting to take pos- the trade of the then known session of it, the Philistines world. There was scarce a were made a severe and shore or Isle of the Mediter- lasting scourge to them, Josh, ranean Sea, where they did xiii. 2, 3. xv. 45, 46, 47. not plant colonies. The most Judges iii. 1, 2, 3. noted of which was that of PHY 105 PLE the Carthaginians, who once carefully remember God's; long contended with Rome. word. But the Jews were It is thought the Phenicians apt to turn all the law into pushed their trade as far as carnal observances. The Britain, and they probably passages commonly written had settlements on the Red on them, were Numb. xv. 41. Sea and Persian Gulf. Sir Deut. vi. 6—9. Ex. xiii. 8, Isaac Newton thinks vast 9. Ex. xiii. 14—16. and numbers of Edomites fled Deut. xi. 18—21. hither in the days of David, PILATE. See Pontitts. and caried their arts along PISGAH, the highest top of with them. that chain of mountains called PHRYGIA, a country of Abarim, and a part of mount

Lesser Asia, having the Nebo ; and so Moses is some- Mediterranean Sea and Hel- times said to view Canaan from lespont on the north-west, Nebo, and sometimes from

Galatia on the east, and Pisgah. Deut. iii. 27, xxxiv. Lydia on the south. The 1. There were several fine gospel was very early preach- springs of water at its bot- ed in Phrygia, and a church tom. Deut. iv. 49. settled, which for many ages PIS1DIA, a province of made a considerable appear- Lesser Asia, west of mount ance, Acts xvi. 6. xviii. 23. Taurus, south west of Lycao- A portion of the inhabitants nia, and north of Pamphylia. are Christians to this day. Its present name is Natolia. PHYLACTERY, a slip PISON, the name of the or box of parchment on first branch of the river of which was written some im- Eden. It is supposed to be portant text of Scripture, the western branch of the worn by pious Jews, on their divided stream of the Tigris foreheads or arms. Oar and Euphrates, which runs Lord censures the Pharisees along the side of Havilah in for wearing theirs very Arabia. Gen. ii. 12, 13. large and conspicuous, out PITHOxM and RAME- of vain glory and hypocrisy, SES were the two cities, for and making the use of them the building of which, the a great part of their religion. Hebrews made brick. The custom was founded on PLEDGE, a pawn which the command, Ex. xiii. 16. a lender takes from a bor- and Numbers xv. 37—40, rower, to secure the pay- which was probably only ment of his money. No figurative language, mean- millstone was ever to be ing that they should most taken in pledge; the wi

POM 106 PR A

ow's ox, or a person's cloth- dish and prickly ; its leaves, ing for body or bed, was not greenish, inclining to red; at all to be taken, or at least its blossoms large, and in was to be restored that very the form of a bell. The fruit night. No Hebrew was to ripens first about August, take a pledge from a poor and is sometimes three or man of his own nation, four inches in diameter, and nor to go into the borrower's of a pound weight. It was house to take a pledge for esteemed one of the most himself; but the borrower delicious fruits in the world, was to bring out to him what Numb. xiii. 23, and xx. 5. could be best spared. Exod. The promegranate juice is xxii. 26, Deut. xxiv. 10—17, frequently made into wine, Ezek. xviii. 7—12, 16. or mixed with it, Song viii. PLEIADES, a beautiful 2. One kind was sour, cluster of stars, sometimes and was used to give a fla- called The seven stars. vour to meats and liquors, They are in the constella- till the juice of lemons and tion Taurus, and appear the oranges superseded it. Deut. last of March. viii. 7, 8. Numb. xx. 5. PLOUGH, an instrument PONTIUS PILATE, the of tillage. To plough and Roman Governor of Judea, look back, Luke ix. 26, is to was in office ten years, and by make bad work, if indeed his covetous, irresolute and one could work at all. Chris- cruel administration, made tians, therefore, must not himself exceedingly hated, look back on the world with both by the Jews and Sama- pleasure and desire, but give ritans. At length complaints all heed to their holy and against him reached the blessed work. 1 Cor. ix. 10. throne of Caesar ; and he was POETS, such as compose sent for to Rome, tried, and songs or verses in metre, banished to Gaul. He after- Acts xvii. 28. Homer, Pin- wards through poverty and dar, Anacreon, and Sappho, shame, committed suicide, excelled among the Greeks Matt, xxvii. &c. His depo- ; Virgil and Horace among sition took place three years the Latins. after the death of Christ, POLLUX, See Castor. under the Emperor Calig- POMEGRANATE,— ula. species of the apple tree. PRAISE, to commend. Its breadth is greater than To praise God, is to duly ac- its height. Its wood is hard knowledge his great excel- and knotty; its bark red- lencies. To praise men, in

THE JEWISH HIGH PRIEST,

As robed on the day of expiation.

P. 107, ;

PRE 107 PRI to declare their good actions manner, requires no small or qualifications. attention, in order that no PRAY, to entreat or ask fault in the pronunciation, earnestly with submission the gesture, the language, to appeal to the judgment the order, or matter, tend and decision of another ; to to bring the truths of the intercede in behalf of others, gospel into contempt ; or by and to beg that some evil feeding the carnal fancy of may be averted, or some fa- airy minds, divert them from vour or good obtained : to the important subject. make known our desires to PRESBYTERY, a body o" God, by offering up our pe- ministers, met for ordaining titions for things lawful and a person, or other purposes, necessary, with a humble 1 Tim. iv. 14. confidence to obtain them, PRICKS, sharp points through Christ's mediation placed in the end of a lorn: alone, to the praise of God's staff, and used formerly {..-> mercy, truth, and power. drive oxen. Of course, i.' PRAYER, a sincere of- they kicked against them fering up our earnest desires they only wounded them to God, for things lawful and selves more deeply. needful, with a humble PRIDE. 1. The high- confidence to obtain them, ness of a mind filled with through the meditation of self-conceit, contempt of Christ alone, to the praise of God, and disdain of men. 2. God's mercy, truth, and pow- What one is proud of, a> er, Matt. vi. 6. John xvi. power, wealth, church-or- 23, 24, 26. We are exhort- dinances, and relation to ed to pray for all men, 1 God, &c. The haughty Tim. ii. 1, and are encouraged looks and words, or wick- to this benevolent act, James ed deeds whereby a man

v. 16 ; but we must seek and discovers the pride of hi* expect the help of the Holy heart. Spirit, Rom. viii. 26. The PRIEST, one who per- prayers that we direct to forms sacred offices. Un- God, are the ordinary con- der the Jewish law, th. veyance of the graces which priest offered sacrifice?., wT e receive from him. taught the people, and pray- PREACH. See Gospel. ed for them. The high To preach, is loudly to pro- priest, once a year, made a-

claim the will of God, at his tonement for the sins of a-!

appointed heralds, Eph. iii. the people ; but Christ is th»? 8. To preach in a proper true High Priest, who, by PR I 108 PRO

the sacrifice of himself, Prince ofLife,Acts iii. 15,be- made atonement for the sins cause he is the Author of tem- of the whole world, and now poral life, in whom we live, intercedes, at the right hand move, and have our being. of God, for all who believe He is also called the Prince on his name. Heb. vii. 17, of the Kings of the Earth, ix. II, and xii. 24, 25. The Rev. i. 5, as he rules over term priest is also applied to all. Satan is called the every true believer, who is prince of this world, be- himself enabled to offer up cause he boasts of having all spiritual sacrifices of pray- the kingdoms of the earth er and praise to God at his disposal. through Jesus Christ. 1 Pet. PROFANE, openly wick- ii. 5. ed, wanting in religious rev- PRIESTHOOD means, 1. erence to sacred names or

The office of a priest. Numb. things, 1 Tim. i. 9; unholy, xvi. 10. Aaron's was an or impure. 1 Tim. vi. 20.

everlasting priesthood ; it Esau is called profane in secured to him and his seed Scripture, because he sold the office of priest for many his birth-right, which was a generations. Exod. xl. 15. holy thing; not only because Numb. xxv. IS. But Christ's the priesthood was annexed priesthood is unchangeable, to it, but also because it was as it never passeth from him a privilege leading to Christ, to another. Heb. vii. 24. 2. and a type of his title to the

A class of priests : so the heavenly inheritance. When saints are an holy and royal the apostle censured profane priesthood ; a company of babblings he meant those spiritual priests, washed in heathen absurdities which Jesus' blood, sanctified by wr ere founded in superstition his wT ord and Spirit, and and ignorance. all of them kings and PROMISE, an assurance

priests unto God. 1 Pet. ii. given, by which a person 5,9. engages to do or forbear to PRINCE, a chief govern- do something. God, in his or; a king's son. Christ is word, promises blessings to called the Prince of Peace, his people. The fifth com- being the purchaser and pro- mandment, Honour thy fa- curer of peace between God ther and mother, Eph. vi. 2, and men, between men and is called the commandment men, and between Jews and of promise, because God has

Gentiles. Eph. ii. 15, John added this declaration, that xiv. 27. He is called the they who honour their pa- PRO 109 PRO rents shall have their days formed, wherein young men lengthened on the earth. Je- were piously educated, to» sus Christ has promised to prepare them for receiving be with his people to the the gift of prophecy. Such end of the world. Matt, schools we find at Bethel,. xxviii. 20. The Holy Ghost Gilgal, Najoth, Jericho, and is called the Holy Spirit of Jerusalem, &c. which were promise, Eph. i. 13, being inspected by Samuel, Elijah,. promised to them that be- Elisha, &c. ; but it does not lieve on Christ, and is the appear that all these young seal and pledge of their ev- men were ever inspired, 1 erlasting happiness. Sam. x. xi. xix. 2 Kings ii. PROPHECY. 1. A de- Whether the most of the claration of future things. noted prophets were anoint- Neh. vi. 12. 2. A declara- ed at their entrance on their tion of hidden, obscure, and office, we know not. It is important things. Prov. xxx. certain they generally lived 1. 3. The preaching of the in a very low and temperate gospel. 1 Tim.iv. 14. Rom. manner. The presents given xii. 6. 4. The gift of ex- them were such as oil, bread* plaining obscure passages of fruits, honey. 2 Kings iv. 42. Scripture, or of foretelling I Sam. ix. 7, 8. x. John things to come. 1 Cor. xii. Baptist was more than a 10, xiii. 8. prophet, as he pointed out PROPHET, one who fore- Jesus Christ as already in- tels what is yet to come ; a carnate, Matt. xi. 9. Paul, person inspired and appointed Peter, and John may be call- by God to reveal his will, to ed prophets, as there are in warn of approaching judg- their writings a variety of ments, to explain obscure predictions, 2 Thess, i. ii. 1 passages of scripture, or to Tim. iv. 2 Tim. iii. iv. 1 Pet.

' make known the truths of iv. 2 Pet. ii. iii. 1 John ii. the Bible, and urge men to Rev. iv.—xxii. But Jesus obedience. 1 Cor. xiv. 26. Christ is called that Prophet, Jesus Christ is the great he was infinitely superior to prophet of his church, having all the rest in dignity of per- taught the will of God on son, in extent of knowledge, earlh, and being now exalt- in high authority, and effi- ed to the right hand of power cacious instruction, John vu in heaven, still teaches by 14. his word and Spirit. The following is a cata- About the time of Samuel logue of the prophets in the schools of prophets were order of fiieir succession. PRO 110 PRO

Samuel prophecied 81 yrs. fifty-three thousand six hun- David " 48 " dred servants. Elijah " 14 " Others were Elisha " 58 « proselytes of righteousness, " Jonah in the reign of Jehu* or, of the covenant ; obliged Joel " in the reign of Uzziah. to fulfil the whole law of Amos " 26 yrs. Hosea " 62 " Moses. At their admission, Isaiah " 62 « their motives influencing " « Micah 40 them to change their reli- Nahum "inthereignof-fiTezeHaA.. gion were examined, and in the rei n of Josiah" Habbakkuk } S they were instructed in the Jeremiah " 41 yrs. principles of Judaism. Next, Obadiah " in the Babylonish cap- if males, they were circum- tivity. cised, after Ezekiel " 21 yrs. which they pre- Daniel « 69 " sented their oblation to the Haggai u after the Babylonish Lord. Whether they werealso captivity. dipped in water is much dispu- Zechariah " 2 yrs. Malachi " 3 yrs. and before Christ ed, and seems very doubtful. 400 years. No boys under twelve years of age, or girls under thir- PROSELYTE, means in teen, were admitted, with- Scripture one that turned out the consent of their pa-

from Heathenism to the rents ; or, if these refused, Jewish religion. Acts ii. 10. without the consent of the Some were proselytes of the judges of the place. After gate, who, though they re- admission, children or slaves nounced idolatry, observed were accounted free from what the rabbins call the sev- the authority of their parents en precepts of Noah, and at- or master. Some think no tended the Jewish instruc- Edomites or Egyptians could tions, yet were not circum- be admitted proselytes till cised, nor partook of the the third generation, and the passover. To these the Jews Ammonites or Moabites not admitted hopes of eternal life, till the tenth. But we sup- and they allowed them to pose the exclusion only de-

dwell in Canaan ; and to barred them from places of them they reckoned them- civil government. Deut. selves allowed to sell the xxiii. 1 —8. flesh of animals strangled, or PROVIDENCE, a care dying of themselves. Of for the future. The word is this kind of proselytes we principally used in reference suppose Naaman, Cornelius, to that kind superintendence the Ethiopian eunuch, and which our Heavenly Father Solomon's one hundred and exercises over his crea- PSA 111 PUB

tures, supporting them in the Psalm ; and perhaps all their being, and govern- the Psalms so marked relate ing them in all their ac- to Jesus Christ, as Gussetius tions. observes. Neginoth or JVe~ PSALM, a holy song. The ginath, signifies stringed in- Psalms are particularly sweet struments, Ps. iv. lxi. JYe- to a Christian, because they hiloth, wind instruments, Ps. contain so much of the ex- v. Gittith, a kind of instru- perience of a religious man. ment invented at Gath. Ps. Most of them were composed viii. Mamoth, the virginals, by David. The 90th, was or a song to be sung by vir- composed by Moses, perhaps gins, Ps. xlvi. Shiggaion or the SSth by Heman, called Shigionoth, may denote, that the treasury of instruction. the Psalm is to be sung with Those under the name of A- diversified tunes, or has a ve- saph, were probably directed ry diversified matter, Ps. vii.

to him as leader of the temple Hab. iii. choir. Some Psalms are doc- PSALTERY, a musical in-

trinal, as Psalm i. ; some his- strument, much used by the torical, as Psalm lxxvii. Hebrews. It was made of cv. cvi. ; some prophetic, as wood, with strings fixed

Psalm ex. ; some consist of thereto. It is said to have prayer and complaints, as been of a triangular form

Psalm vi. xxxviii. &c. ; oth- with a hollow belly, and with ers consist of praise and strings from top to bottom, thanksgiving, as Psalm cxlv. which being touched with — cl. In some, most or all the finger or bow, gave a of these subjects are connect- very agreeable sound. It ed, Psalm lxxxix. Whether seems to have differed lit- the titles of the Psalms are tle from the harp. In of divine authority, is not Josephus's time, the psal- agreed. The Hebrew words tery or nablion had 12 therein mentioned, are by strings. Our modern psal- some considered as names of tery is a flat instrument of a

instruments of music ; or triangular form, strung from

first words of some songs : or side to side, with iron or to denote the subject-matter brass wire, and played on of the Psalm. We think, with a kind of bow. Maschil always signifies, PTOLEMAIS, a sea-port that the Psalm is designed in Galilee of Judea, now for instruction, Psalm xxxii. called Acre, Acts xxi. 7. that Michtam denotes the PUBLICAN, a collector

precious or golden nature of | of taxes. The Romans farm- QUI 112 QUI

ed out their revenue to men PURPLE, a colour much who paid into the treasury of worn by kings and emperors. the state, a certain sum, and It was died with the blood of

took the risk of collecting. a shell-fish ; plenty of which Contracts were generally ta- were found in the sea on the ken by principal men, who north-west of Canaan, and let out small districts to in- are still found about the dividuals, for specified sums, Carribee-islands, and other these undertaking to collect. parts of America, and even Printing not being known, on the west of England. and the laws little under- PUTEOLI, a city of Cam-

stood, these inferior agents pania in Italy ; so called generally committed gross from its hot waters, or the impositions, and extorted multitude of its wells. Its from the people all they ancient name was Delus Mi-

could. They were therefore nor ; it is now called Buzzoli. greatly hated by the Jews, It Ftood about 8 miles from whose pride was mortified Naples, and was much fre- by having to pay tribute at quented on account of its all. Matthew, Zaccheus, mineral waters. From and probably other publicans, hence a considerable trade became disciples of Christ, was carried on with Alexan- Luke xv. 2. Matt. xxi. 31. dria in Egypt. Paul halted PURIM,is the plural of here seven days, as he went Pur, and means lots. It is prisoner to Rome, Acts xxviii. the name of a solemn least 13. We find several of its among the Jews, in com- bishops in the primitive memoration of Hainan's over- councils of the Christian throw. church.

QUAILS, a kind of birds! alive at the resurrection, are of a middle size, between; called the quick, in distinc- gparrowsandpidgeons. They tion from those who will are extremely numerous in arise from the dead, Acts xii. warm countries. 42. To give spiritual life to QUICK. The living flesh, sinners, is called quickening the sensible part of the body. them, Eph. ii. 1—5. Those persons who shall be! I

RAI 113 RAI

RABBI, a name of dignity were worn various garments* among the Jews, signifying according to the quality of doctor or master ; applied the person. All classes to any learned man, but es- wore something in the form pecially to a divine, or a of a large shawl, called a teacher of their law* The cloak or upper garment, Rabbi was ruler of the syna- M att xxi, 8. When a person gogue, decided all religious had nothing on but the tu- disputes, and received the nick, he was said to be naked. utmost homage. Our Sa- John xxi. 7. Persons could viour exhorts his disciples carry various articles in the not to be ambitious of gain- fold of their shawl, Luke ing such distinctions and vi. 38, and at night, in that titles, as the Scribes and climate, they rarely needed Pharisees sought after, but any other bedclothes, Ex. to look to him as their only xxii. 26. Round this outer lawgiver and teacher, whom garment the ancient Jews they were to follow in all were accustomed to have a matters of faith and worship, border or fringe, sometimes Matt, xxiii. 7, S. marked with texts of Scrip- RACA, silly fellow, or tures. The Pharisees through thou fool ; a term used by ostentation, made theirs re- | the Jews to express the ut- markably large, Matt, xxiii.

j most contempt. Matt. v. 22. i 5. When engaged in labo- RAIMENT—Was at first! rious work, this outer gar- made of the skins of beasts, ] ment was laid aside, as our but the art of spinning and Saviour did, when he wash- weaving was soon invented, en his disciples' feet, John and embroidering became xiii. 4, and Peter, when he common in the days of the! fished, John xxi. 7. This judges. The most common explains, also, Matt. xxiv. garment in the days of, 18. These upper garments Christ, was a sort of shirt or would of course fit persons tunick, reaching to the ancles of any size, equally well. | generally, with sleeves, but To give raiment, was there- sometimes having only arm- fore common ; and especial- holes. A girdle confined it ly, when opulent or eminent at the waist. Over this, men gave rich entertain- ;

RAM 114 RAV ments. In such cases, not a hill was visible from thence. to accept and put on the prof- Near to it Deborah dwelt, fered robe, was a great af- Judg. iv. 5. Elkanah and front, Matt. xxii. 12. See Samuel resided in it, 1 Sam. i. Vail, Sandals, &c. 1, 19. vii. 17. viii. 4. xxv. 1

RAIN, was plentiful in Is- and at Najoth , or the meadows rael twice a year, " the early of Ramah, was a college of and the latter rain" occur- young prophets, 1 Sam. xix. red one in September, the There was another Ramah, other in March. In Egypt, on the west border of Naph- it scarcely ever rains, the tali, Josh. xix. 36 ; also a overflow of the Nile, and Ramath or Ramoth, which copious dews, answering the we suppose the same as Ba- purpose. In tropical cli- alath-beer, in the lot of Sim- mates, the winter is the rainy eon, Josh. xix. 8. 1 Sam. season. Violent winds are xxx. 27. See Gilead ; and then frequent, which over- also a Ramoth, Remeth, or throw insecure houses, Matt. Jarmuth, in the lot of Is- vii. 25. sachar, Josh. xix. 21. RAISINS, dried grapes. RANSOM; (1.) The price They are much used for food paid for the pardon of an of- in many countries, and are fence, or the redemption of considered very wholesome. a slave or captive, Prov. vi. RAM, a male sheep. (See 35. Exod. xxi. 30. (2.) A Sheep.) Battering rams bribe, 1 Sam. xii. 3. To pre- were used before the inven- vent the plague, and make tion of cannon, to destroy the ceremonial atonement for fortifications of cities. This their souls, every male He- machine was a huge log of brew come to age, paid half timber, with an iron head at a shekel yearly, as a ransom, one end, suspended by the Exodus xxx. 12. The obe- middle to elevated poles, and dience and death of Christ driven violently against the are the only proper ransom wall, by great numbers of and price of our deliverance men, until a breach was af- from sin and misery, Matt. fected. A shelter was erect- xx. 28. Job xxxiii. 24. ed to defend these men from RAVEN, a bird about the archers on the walls, Ezek. size of a pullet. Its colour iv. 2, and xxi. 22. very black, and its voice RAMAH, a city of Benja- harsh and doleful. It delights min, which stood 8 miles in solitude, and lives on car- northward from Jerusalem, rion, &c. The Raven which Josh, xviii. 25, and being on Noah sent forth, did not re- RED 115 REG turn, probably because it reed he would not break, it found rest and food on the is not certain to which he al- floating carcasses. It has by luded, but in reference to all nations been considered a either, the allusion is highly disgusting and hateful bird, instructive. 3. A measure but especially so to Jews, of 9 feet was called a reed. whose laws pronounced it REFUGE, a place of safe- unclean. How striking, ty, to which a person may therefore, is the proof of fly in case of danger. The God's paternal regard to all Lord commanded Moses to his creatures, derived from appoint six cities of refuge, his care of this bird, Job Josh. xx. 7, 8. The roads to xxxix. 3. He not only feeds which, were required to be the ravens, but if killed 58 feet wide, and kept in per- while their young are un- fect repair, with sufficient fledged, he cares for them. bridges over the streams, and " He givethfood to the young guide boards marked Re- ravens when they cry." The fuge, pointing the way at raven is a striking emblem every corner. This arrange- of unconverted men. If the ment strikingly typifies the Lord takes care of ravens, Lord Jesus. God is called how confidently may his the refuge of his people, people trust him. Luke xii. Deut. xxxiii. 27, as he de- 24. fends them against all the as- REDEEM. To buy back saults of their enemies. Je- what was sold, pledged or sus Christ is the only refuge

forfeited, Luke i. 68. for sinners. REDEEMER, one who Refuges of lies, are false ransoms by paying the price. hopes, Isa. xxv. 17. Jesus Christ redeemed us by REGENERATION, the suffering in our stead the new birth, or a spiritual penalty of the Divine law, change from a carnal to a

1 Pet. i. 19. christian life. This renova- REED. 1. A tall, hollow tion of the soul, with all its jointed plant, much used in affections, is affected by the hot countries, (where the spirit and grace of God, and plant abounds) for buildings, is called the new birth. It

carriages, &c. &c. ; in this consists in the infusion of country, employed for fishing spiritual life into the soul, rods, weaver's reeds, fyc. whereby it is enabled to per- 2. An instrument of music form spiritual actions, and like a flute. When our live to God, Tit. iii. 5. It blessed Lord said, a bruised differs from conversion ; be- ;

HEI 116 REP

tause regeneration is a pow- the impulses of the Holy er conferred, and conversion Spirit. is the exercise of that power. RELIGION; the inward Regeneration is the principle and spiritual knowledge and given to turn unto the Lord belief of divine truth. It b ; conversion is our actual turn- manifested in a regular ac-

ing unto him : regeneration knowledgment, and obedi- is the life itself, conversion ence to God, and in showing its motion. It differs from proper deference to men, justification. Justification chiefly such as are in distress,

acquits a man from the Jain. i. 27. charge of guilt; regenera- REMPHAN, an Egyp- tion imparts a new nature; tian idol. The learned are justification is effected by very little agreed who this the obedience, death, and god was. Some are very pre- resurrection of Jesus Christ remptory, and others quite but regeneration is the work despair of ascertaining. The of the Holy Ghost. It dif- Israelites worshipped this fers from adoption. Adop- false god, calling him chiujv. tion entitles to heaven, and Amos v. 26. Probably it was regeneration is our meetness Saturn. Acts vii. 43. for its enjoyment. REPENTANCE, grief for The word is also used in sin, a change of mind by another sense, for that new which we wish any part of life which is expected at the our conduct undone. Evan- general resurrection, and gelical repentance is that restitution of all things, when saving grace wrought in the Jesus shall sit on the throne heart of a sinner by the Ho- of his glory, Matt. xix. ly Ghost, by which the sin- REIGN, to rule as su- ner turns from a course of preme. God, who is the ab- disobedience, and sincerely solute Monarch of the world. endeavours to live unblame- reigns in the proper sense of ably before God, in the ex the word, as he disposes of all pectation of favour and for- things, in heaven and on earth. giveness through the merits Sin is said to reign, when of Christ. Matt. iii. 2, &c. its motions and influences are REPETITIONS. The vain readily obeyed, and it exer- repetitions blamed by our cises an absolute, uncontroll- Saviour, Matt. vi. 9, were ed power in the soul, Rom. lifeless forms of prayer fre- vi. 12. quently repeated.

Grace is said to reign, I REPHAIM, a valley near

when we are governed by I Jerusalem, fruitful in corn. REP 117 RES

Isa. xvil 5. It seems to the most sincere affection for have had its name from the the offender himself: not his giants that anciently inhab- person, but his sin, and his ited it. Here the host of sin alone, is to be the object the Philistines encamped fre- of your indignation : aotl ev- quently. 1 Chron. xi. 15. ery admonition should be REPHIDIM, a place east accompanied with fervent of the Red Sea, where the prayer to God for his bless- Hebrews tempted God, and ing to succeed your effort to quarrelled with Moses, for do good. " As an ear-ring want of water: It was of gold, and an ornament therefore called Meribah, of fine gold, so is a wise re- contention, and Massah, prover upon an obedient temptation. ear."" REPROOF, blame charg- REST. 1. A ceasing from ed upon a person to his face, bodily labour. 2. The quiet- or admonition upon account ness of sleep or death. 3. of some fault. Reproof re- That peace with God and in quires the utmost care and their own consciences, which prudence in the person by believers enjoy in this world, whom it is administered, or Matt. xi. 29, arising from a it may exasperate and make great composure of spirit, the offender sin the more. and a cheerful confidence in Unless circumstances impe- the promises and providence riously require it, let it nev- of God. Psl. cxvi. 7. 4. A er be done publickly, but al- quiet and secure habitation, ways in secret. Make it ev- such as was promised to the ident that the good of the Israelites in the land of Ca- transgressor is the sole mo- naan, which was also a type tive of your censure ; that it of .that eternal rest in the is a painful task, to which heavenly Canaan, where the you are urged by a sense of saints shall enjoy a never- duty, and prompted by the ending blessedness in the most tender solicitude for his presence of God, after all happiness. Let not an air their works done for his glo- of self-importance, an angry ry on earth. Heb. iv. 9. countenance, or a wrathful RESURRECTION, the tone of expression, discover act of rising from the dead, itself in your rebukes. You or returning to life, and com- must feel, and you are al- monly means the general lowed to feel ; but it is to be resurrection at the last day, the feeling of Christianity; or the end of the world, Job that is, pity, kindness, and xix. 25, xxvi. 27, John v. REV 118 RHO

28. 29, when we must stand its containing so minute and before the judgment seat of ample predictions of the state Christ, and be admitted to of the church in future ages. eternal happiness, or doomed REVENGE, to vent dis- to endless misery. The doc- pleasure upon a person for trine of the resurrection was a real or imaginary fault. unknown to the wisest heath- Men revenge themselves be- ens, and is peculiar to the cause they are too easily of- Bible. They had some glim- fended, and too much influ- merings of the souVs immor- enced by the impulse of pas- tality, but no knowledge of sion and self-love. But when the reviving of the body. it is said in Scripture, that The resurrection of Christ God revenges himself, it is a clear and evident proof means no more than that he that our debt has been paid, vindicates the injuries done and divine justice has re- to his justice and his majes- ceived full satisfaction. On ty, and to the order he has this doctrine of Christ's pow- established in the world ; the er over death, which was injuries done to his servants, most solemnly published to because he is just, and order the world, is built our faith and justice must be preserved. in his promises, and our hope RHEGIUM, a sea-port in of life and glory. Rom. iv. the kingdom of Naples, a- 25. A grain of corn sown in bout opposite to Messina in the earth, is the image made Sicily. It is said to have use of by our Saviour and been originally built by a the apostle Paul to represent colony from Chalcis. Paul the resurrection. John xii. doubtless preached here at 24. 1 Cor. xv. 36. his visit, Acts xxviii. 13. REVEAL, to disclose. Though Luke does not record Christ was revealed when the fact. Its present name he came in the flesh. The is Reggio. wrath of God is revealed RHODES, an island of the when sinners are made to Mediterranean Sea, east of suffer his open judgments. Crete, and ranked for dignity REVELATION, a discov- and size next to Cyprus and ery. The sacred Scriptures Lesbos, being about 120 miles are a revelation, or disclo- in circumference. It had sure of God's will to man. its name, vJ$a$ from the mul-

- The las* book, however, be- titude of roses that grew on p- separations of in in the i John it. On this island was a fa- reference to futurity, is call- mous collossal statue standing ed of itself a Revelation, from across the entrance of the RIM 119 RIV harbour. The Rhodians were tion; but whether that idol famous about the time of the be the Elion, or Most High Trojan war. The most an- of the Phenicians, or Saturn, cient cities were Lindus, or Venus, is not agreed. Per- Camirus,Jalysus; but Rhodes haps he was none of all these, eclipsed all the rest, and is but Jupiter Cassius. still a place of note. Acts RIGHTEOUSNESS, 1. xxi. 1. That upright life and convex* RING. The wearing of sation, which proceed from rings is a very ancient cus- a pious disposition, inclining tom. Gen. xxiv. 22. It wa3 us to render the worship due an ensign of authority in to God, and be just in our deal- princes and great men ; thus ings with all men. It signi- when Pharaoh committed the fies, also, 2. That perfection government of all Egypt to of the divine nature, where- Joseph, he took the ring from by God is most holy in him- his finger, and gave it to self, and most just in all his him. Ahasuerus gave his dealings with his creatures. ring to his favourite Haman 3. active and passive ; The and granted the same favour obedience of Christ. Christ to Mordecai, who succeeded is called the Lord our right- Haman in his dignity. It is eousness, as being the pro- also used sometimes at mar- curer and bestower of all the riages, as an emblem of con- righteousness and holiness jugal fidelity, and a constant which believers possess. memorial of the marriage RIVER, a large stream of vow. water. The rivers mention- RIMMON, or Remmon ed in Scripture are the Jor- ; 1. A city belonging to the dan, Kishon, Jabbok, and Simeonites, about 25 miles Arnon in Canaan; the Nil* south-west of Jerusalem, in Egypt, together with the Josh. xix. 7. Neh. xi. 29. Abana and Pharpar; the 2. JRemmon-niethoar, a city Euphrates, Hiddikel, Gihon, of Zebulun given to the Pison, Chebar, Ahavah, and Levites, Joshua xix. 3. 1 Ulai. " From the river to Chron. vi. 77. 3. A steep the ends of the earth," means rock near Gibeah, whither from the Euphrates to the 600 Benjamites fled when end of the then known world. the rest of their tribe was No river in Palestine with- destroyed, Judg. xx. 45. 4. stands the drought of summer A principal idol of the Syri- but the Jordan, and that beans, worshipped at Damascus. comes greatly diminished. The name signifies eleva- The others, though impetu- ROM 120 ROO

ous torrents in the rainy Its walls never seem to have season, become mere rivulets been above thirteen miles in

in summer, and sometimes circumference ; but it had a wholly disappear. Hence vast extent of suburbs. In Job compares his friends to the time of Romulus, it con- such. Job vi. 15. tained about 3000 inhabitants, ROBE, see Raiment. and in the time of Augus- Jesus's imputed righteous- tus, two millions. At pres- ness is a robe: when imput- ent, they scarcely amount to ed to us, it beautifies, warms, 200,000: and no more than and protects our souls, Isa. about the third part even of Ixi. 10. what is within the walls is in- ROCK GOAT, the same habited. It is now noted for as the Ibex, of which a good multitudes of ancient ruins, representation is given in the and for St. Peter's Church, picture. Its size is less than which was 100 years in the common wild goat. The building, and the Vatican, or horns are of extraordinary winter palace of the Pope, size, bending back over the which consists of about 12,500 animal's body, sometimes to chambers, halls, and closets, the length of three feet. and has a famed library, gar- Like other goats it is pecu- den, and arsenal. Its hos- liarly adapted for climbing, pitals are under excellent

and delights in the most rug- regulation ; but the inhabi- ged mountains staying at tants are licentious to an un- great elevation. Psl. civ. 8. common degree. 1 Sam. xxiv. 2. While the Romans govern- ROME, for a long time the ed a great part of the world, most noted city of the world. they either for money or It was built by the Etrurians, good deeds, or of free favour, and enlarged by Romulus,and conferred the right of citi- a number of men little better zens on such as were not than banditti, under his di- of their nation, and even rection, about A. M. 3254, sometimes on the inhabitants that is, about the time of of a whole city. In this Hezekiah, king of Judah. sense, Paul and Silas were It gradually increased, till it Romans, having a legal title extended over seven hills. to all the privileges of the The river Tiber runs through citizens of Rome, by having it, affording water to the been born in a free city. city, and carrying off the Acts xvi. 37, 38. xxii. 25, filth which is conveyed to 26, 27. it by sewers under ground. ROOF, the covering of a THE ROCK GOAT. P. 120.

THJC SCORPION. P. 127.

SAB 121 SAB house. The Jews had theirs ROUGH, coarse, rugged, flat for walking, or erecting uneven. By the powerful booths on, and a battlement preaching of John the Bap- breast high around, to pre- tist, the rough places were vent any body falling from made plain, that is, people of them. As this rendered the most ignorant and harden- them private places, they oft ed description were through performed their devotions on Divine Grace humbled, and them. Acts x. 9. prepared to receive the full ROSE. From the frequent truths of Christ's mission and connextion of the lily with ministry. Luke iii. 5. this flower, when spoken of RUBY, a precious stone in Scripture, it seems evident of a colour somewhat red. the wild rose must be meant It is of great hardness and which in all hot countries is lustre, seldom found larger extremely beautiful. The than a grape seed, and al- rose is the queen of flowers, most equal in value to the and its perfume more exqui- diamond. Job xxviii. 18. site than any other. Christ RUNNERS, persons who is compared to it, Song ii ran before the king's chariot, 1. The wilderness shall or bore messages in haste. blossom as the rose, when They were employed partic- Christianity restores this wil- ularly to carry tidings to the derness world to order and provinces, of the enactment beauty. Isa. xxxv. 1. of any edict or law.

SABBAOTH, one of the had made the heavens and names of God, signifying the earth, in the space of six hosts or armies, whether of days, he rested on the heaven or earth, of angels or seventh, and ordered it to be ministers ; who are all under observed as a day set apart his control, performing his for himself, or occupied in will. the exercises of religion. SABBATH, this word Though it was really the means rest. When God seventh day to God, to man SAB 122 SAC who was formed on the eve- the first day of the week, ning of the last day, it was the Corinthians were requir- the first, and was kept as ed to lay by their contribu- such, for ages, though called tions for the poor, 1 Cor. xvi. the seventh part of time. 2. And the first day of the Gen. ii. 2, 3. In the first week is called the Lord's institution of the Sabbath, it day, Rev. i. 10. The Sab- was intended to call to mind bath is to be sanctified, by a the wr isdom, power, and good- cessation from all worldly ness of God, as they are dis- affairs ; by a remembrance played in the creation of the of God in creation, provi-

: world —but after the return dence, and redemption ; by of the children of Israel from meditation, prayer, reading their state of servitude and the Scriptures, and attending hard bondage in Egypt, that public worship. It is to be a was urged as an additional day of holy anticipation of object of recollection on the that eternal Sabbath which

Sabbath-day : and also, as an remains for the people of additional motive to its ob- God. servance. The day was at SACBUT, a musical in- the same time changed, to strument, generally thought correspond with that memo- to have had four strings, but rable event, and to preserve Isidore considers it a kind of the Hebrews more effectual- flute or hautboy. ly from idolatry, by making SACKCLOTH, was a their day of worship different coarse cloth, made of the hair from that of the heathen. of horses, and coarsest hair of Deut. v. 14, 15. Under the camels and goats. It was the Christian dispensation, the common clothing of very Sabbath is altered back again poor people, and was much from the seventh to the first used for tents, awnings, &c. day of the week, on which Elijah and John the Baptist the Redeemer himself rose wore such ; indeed, it was from the dead. On the first anciently very common for day of the week, Jesus Christ all prophets to be thus hum- made repeated visits to his bly clad. Hence,the false pro- disciples, who were evidently phets wore "a rough garment assembled together for reli- to deceive," Zech. xiii. 4. gious purposes, John xx. It was also used by mourners, On the first day of the week, being of a black colour, Isa. the disciples came together 1.3. to break bread and hear Paul SACRIFICE, an offering preach, Acts xx. 7. Upon made on an altar to God, by SAD 123 SAL

a regular priest ; an oblation generally persons of wealth meant only the simple offer- and influence. Among the ing of a gift. The justice of modern Jews, there are God required the death of few, if any, nominal Saddu-

the offender ; but, being tem- cees; but infidelity prevails pered with mercy, it accept- among them to a dreadful ed a sacrifice in his stead. extent. All the sacrifices, with their SAINT, means any person, several ceremonies, were who spends much time in reli- either arguments and con- gious exercises, and is emi- victions of sin, or images of nent for piety, and zealous in of the punishment due to it; the cause of God, Psalm xvL and had a relation to Christ, 3. Heb. vi. 10. The word the gospel sacrifice, in whom is applied to those blessed all the shadows had their ful- spirits, whom God gracious- filment. They signified the ly admits to partake of ever- expiation of moral guilt by lasting glory and blessedness,

the sacrifice of Christ, who Rev. xviii. 24 ; and to the is called the Lamb of God, hoiy angels, Deut. xxxiii. 2.' John i. 29, and the Lamb Jude 14. slain from the foundation of SALT, a mineral dug from the world, Rev. xiii. 8. the earth, or obtained by SADDUCEES, a sect a- evaporating sea water. It mong the Jews, founded by was often obtained by the Sadoc, who denied the being Jews from salt lakes, of angels and spirits, the im- where an upper crust, long mortality of the soul, and the exposed to rain and sun resurrection of the body. might lose its relish, Matt. v. They are accused, though It was appointed to be used not with good proof, of re- in all the sacrifices that were jecting all the books of Scrip- offered to God, Lev. ii. 13. ture, except the five books of It is the symbol of wisdom, Moses. They were strict friendship, and incorruption, observers of the law them- Col. iv. 6. When our Sa- selves, and enforced it upon viour told his disciples that others ; but, contrary to the they were the salt of the

Pharisees, they kept only to earth ; he meant, that being the simple text of the law, themselves endued with without traditions, explana- grace, they ought to season tions, or modifications, and others, and preserve them maintained, that only what from corruption. The truths was written was to be ob- of the Gospel are in opposi- served. The Sadducees were tion to the corruption of th# SAL 124 SAM world, both in respect to highest reverence. Jacob doctrine and morals. bowed himself seven times SALOME, the wife of to the ground, when he met Zebedee, and the mother of Esau, Gen. xxxiii. When James and John. She fool- the Prophet sent his servant ishly begged that her two in great haste, to raise the sons might have principal dead child, he forbade him to posts in his temporal kingdom. salute any one, or answer SALUTE. To address any salutation, because of the with civility. The forms of time it would occupy, 2 salutation vary exceedingly Kings iv. 29. And our Sa- in different countrfes. A- viour exonerated the 70 dis- mong Orientals, so much ciples from such unmeaning- ardour is expressed, and so waste of time, Luke x. 4. long a ceremony used, as This was the more necessary, would, in our eyes, make as presents commonly form them ridiculous. When an a part of oriental salutation, Arab meets his friend he be- Gen. xliii. 11. 1 Sam. x.

gins, yet afar off, to make Mai. i. 8. When Saul was gestures indicative of recog- recommended to seek Sam- nition. On coming up, he uel's aid, he thought it utter- shakes hands, then kisses his ly improper to speak to him, hand, inquires concerning his because he had no bread to friend's health, and that of his offer, and went, when he family, with great minute- found they had a quarter ness. All this is of course shekel, that is twelve and a done by the other. Some- half cents, 1 Sam. ix. 7. So times the beard is reverently small a present, was evident- kissed. When they separate, ly not intended for pay. A to pass on, each pronounces flower, or an orange is suf- a solemn benediction, as " the ficient to satisfy custom. blessing of Jehovah be with SAMARIA. 1. The coun- you," &c. The later Jews try of the Ephraimites, or ten were more moderate than tribes. In the New Testa- their neighbouring nations, ment, it always signifies the and used different degrees of territory between Judea and homage, according to the Galilee. 2. The seat of gov- person and the occasion. A ernment of the ten tribes, bow of the head was the com- built by Omri, A. M. 3080, mon civility, to bend the forty-two miles north of Jeru- body, indicated more aspect, salem. After vario us sieges, and to lay down the face on &c. during several ages, it the ground signified the was at last laid in complete SAM 125 SAN ruins, by Shalmenezer. Al- seph Scaliger, above one exander the great, establish- hundred and eighty years ed a colony of Macedonians ago, and which was in the there. About the year 3947, library of the French king, Gabinius, a Roman Governor it appears that they profess to of Syria, improved it, and believe in God, and in his ser* subsequently Herod the vant Moses, and in the holy great restored it to magnifi- law, the mount Gerizzim, the cence, and called it Sebaste. house of God, and the day For several hundred years of vengeance and peace. after Christ, Samaria contin- They keep the Sabbath so ued to be an important city. strictly, that they will not SAMARITAN, a citizen move out of their place, ex- of Samaria. Shalrnanezer re- cept to their synagogue. moved many of the ten tribes They always circumcise

to Babylon : —he sent in their their children on the eighth place Babylonians. These day of their birth. They do intermarried with the re- not marry their own nieces, maining Hebrews, and their nor allow a plurality of wives, descendants were the Sa- as the Jews do. Their high maritans. Between these priest still resides at Shechem, and the pure Jews there was or Naplouse. a constant jealousy and ha- SAMOON. See Winds. tred. John iv. The name SAMOS, an Island of the was used by the Jews as a Mediterranean Sea, nine term of the greatest reproach. miles south west of the coast John viii. 48. The Samari- of Lydia in Asia Minor. tans, like the Jews, lived in The inhabitants chiefly wor- the expectation of Messiah, shipped Jujlo, who was said and many of them embraced to have been born there. It him when he appeared. John is now inhabited by the iv. Acts viii. 1, and ix. 31. Greeks, who are very poor, Theyre^ided chiefly inDamas- and who, though nominally cus, Gaza, at Grand Cairo, Na Christians, are sunk in igno- plouse, and Jaffa, in great pov- rance and superstition. Here erty and degradation. At pre- Pythagoras was born, and sent, the Samaritans, though here Lycurgus died. few in number, pretend to SAMOTHRACIA, a small great strictness in their ob- island about twenty miles in servation of the law of Mo- circumference, laying on the ses, and account the Jews in- east of Thrace. Its present tolerably lax. From the let- name is Samandraki. ter of their high priest to Jo- SANCTIFY. 1. M To set SAR 126 SAV

apart any person or thing to SARDINE, or Sardius, a religious use. 2. To cleanse a precious stone of a reddish a sinner from the pollution or bloody colour. The best of sin, to free him from its come from about Babylon. It dominion, and make him ho- was the sixth foundation of

]y by enduing him with a. the New Jerusalem, and the principle of holiness, which is first jewel in the high-priest's the grace of God. 1 Cor. vi. 11. breast-plate. SANDALS, soles of leath- SADONYX. SeeOnyx. er or wood, tied to the feet SAREPTA. See Zare- with strings. As these af- PATH. forded the traveller no pro- SATAN, the prince of tection from dust, it was al- hell. The name is Hebrew, ways a necessary act of hos- and means enemy, for the pitality to have the feet of a devil is the enemy of God guest washed before he could and man. Much of man's retire to bed. wickedness may be ascribed' SAPPHIRE, a jewel, to him. See instances, Gen. which in its finest state is iii. Job i. 2 Sam. xii. second in value only to the Kings xxii. Acts v. 5. He diamond. It is of a pure is called the god of this world, blue colour ; and the finest for his power in it. Uncon- are of a deep azure. The verted persons are said, Acts best sapphires come from xxvi. 18, to be under his

Pegu in the East Indies ; and influence. next are those of Bohemia SAVE, to preserve from and Silesia. It was the sec- danger, or from eternal ond stone in the high priest's death ; to deliver from the breast- pi ate. guilt, or the power of sin, SARD1S, a town at the Matt. i. 21. Jesus Christ foot of Mount Tmolus, ten saves his people from sin, hours' ride south of Thyatira. and from destruction ; and It was the capital of Lydia, having merited their salva- celebrated for its opulence tion by his death, he applies and debauchery. Here the the purchased redemption, famous Croesus lived. Ac- by shedding abroad the Holy cording to the Lord's threat, Ghost into their hearts. •he candlestick here has been SAVOUR, the smell or moved cut of its place. No taste of any thing. The an-

( faristian church now ex- cient sacrifices were of a ists, and few Christians (in sweet savour unto God ; he name) reside here. It is accepted of, and delighted in now called Sart. them, as typical of the obe- —;

SCH 127 SCO dience and suffering of Christ, nal leader, but examine for Gen. viii. 21. Eph. v. 2. ourselves. Matt, xxiii. 9. SCEPTRE, a staff, or wand, SCORPION, a reptile of fa- signifying royalty. Ancient- tal venom, found in most hot ly kings were shepherds, and countries, and so malicious hence probably this badge as to be constantly striking took its origin. Ez. xix. 11. at every object within reach. Esther vii. 4. The rod of the In Africa some grow to the wicked, Psl. cxxv. 3, means size of a very small lobster, their power and influence. which they resemble in SCHOOL, a place of in- shape, as will be seen by struction. Each parent is, the picture. In general, by the obvious law of na- they do not exceed three or ture, bound to educate his four inches in length. The child according to his station. sting is in the tail. It has The association of a num- eight legs, and four eyes, ber of parents to procure a perhaps more. The south person who shall devote his border of Judea, and the de- whole mind and time to this sert between that and Egypt subject, seems not to have was much infested with them. been known in the early pe- Deut. viii. 15. Numb, xxxiv. riods of the world. We read 4. Wicked men are called of schools for the prophets scorpions. Rev. ix. 5. The in the days of Saul. 1 Sam. statements of some authors xix. 18—24. About the that the only cure for its bite time of Christ, eminent doc- is to crush the reptile on the tors delivered stated instruc- wound, that the young ones tions, which were attended instantly kill their mother, by the studious whether &c. are absurd. The folly priests or others. Paul was and cruelty of Rehoboam in in this manner educated by threatening to rule Israel as Gamaliel, the most celebra- with scorpions, is very strik- ted Rabbi of his time. Acts ing. What father would give xxii. 3. Each great teacher his child such a reptile, when had, of course, his peculiar it asked of him an egg? views. Such as fully adopt- Luke xi. 12. The complete ed these, called him Father security of Christ's followers or Master, and themselves is forcibly seen when he children. The exhortation, gives them power to tread on Call no man on earth Fa- scorpions unharmed. Luke ther, means that we are not x. to give ourselves up, implic- SCOURGE, a whip, a lash itly to any one great doctri- an instrument of discipline SCR 128 SCR

or punishment In the pun- on the mountj warns his aU* ishment of the scourge, the dience of the dangers they offender was stripped from were exposed to from such his shoulders to his waist, teachers* Matt. v. 20. The and tied by his arms to a low copies of sacred Scripture pillar, that he might lean for- were written by the scribes, ward, for the convenience of printing being then unknown. the executioner. The law They existed as a separate directed them not to exceed class of men as early as the forty stripes ; and the Jews, days of Deborah. Most of in order to prevent the com- them were of the tribe of mand being broken, always Levi. limited the number of lashes SCRIP, a bag or purse. to thirty and nine. Deut. According to its size, &c. it xxv. 2, 3. When the scourge was used for food or for mo- had three lashes, as was ney. common, thirteen blows SCRIPTURE, that which made out the forty stripes is written. The Old and save one. This was done to New Testaments, which Paul five times. 2 Cor. xi. contain the whole will of 24. God necessary to be known SCRIBE, among the Jews, for our salvation, are called one who taught and explain- the scriptures or the writ- ed the Scriptures. Our Sa- ings, the Bible or the book, viour classes the scribes with by way of eminence, be- prophets and wise men. The cause they far excel all oth- estimation in which they er writings. Though writ- were held by the people ap- ten by divers men at differ- pears in Matt. xvii. 10, Mark ent times, yet they all agree, xii. 35, &c. The perversion as if written by one man. of the Scriptures, and the in- All Scripture is given by in- jury done to true religion by spiration of God, 2 Tim. iii. the traditions of these inter- and is profitable for doc- preters and preachers of the trine, to declare and confirm law, may be gathered from the truth; for reproof to the appropriate answer and convince of sin and confute

severe rebuke, which Christ errors ; for correction, to re- gave to their obtrusive ques- form the life ; and for in- tion, Matt. xv. 2, 3, &c. struction in righteousness, Our Saviour gave various in- that is, to teach us to make a stances of their irregular and further progress in the way unjust dealings, as Mat. xxiii. to heaven, or to instruct us 2, 3, 4, &c. He, therefore, in the true righteousness re- SEA 129 SEL

vealed by the gospel of Je- arm of the Indian Ocean sus Christ, in which we may which runs along the south appear with comfort before west side of Arabia, and the God. east of Ethiopia and Egypt, SCYTHIA. No country to the length of near twelve under this name, and em- hundred miles. As the E- bracing the same territory, domites had long the proper- now exists. It embraced ty and use of it for their Tartary, Asiatic Russia, the shipping, it came to be call- Crimea, Poland, part of Hun- ed the Sea of Edom, which gary, Lithuania, Sweden, the Greeks translated into Norway, and the northern the Red Sea, Edom signify- parts of Germany. Col. hi. ing red. Hence originates 11. the mistake, that its water, SEA, a large collection of or its bottom, was reddish. waters. The Jews, Arabs, SEARED, burnt off, or and others, call large lakes burnt hard, as flesh is with seas ; thus the lake of Gen- a hot iron. Men have their nesareth, which is but thir- conscience seared, when it teen miles in length, and is so stupified with the load five in breadth, is called the of unpardoned guilt, and pow- Sea of Tiberias, or the Sea er of inward corruption, that of Galilee. It is formed by the it sticks at nothing, however Jordan,and abounds with fish. horrid and abominable, and Mat. iv. 18. Johnvi. 1. The so is as bad as no conscience Salt Sea, Dead Sea, or Sea of at all. 1 Tim. iv. 2. Sodom, is the lakeAsphar or SECT, a party or number Asphaltites, at the south end of persons united together of Jordan, about 24 miles in under some particular lead- length, and six or seven in er, or who profess the same breadth. It spreads over the tenets or opinions. Among place of Sodom, Gomorrah, the Jews, in the time of our

Admah, and Zeboim ; and it Saviour, we find the sects of is asserted by some, that the Pharisees, Sadducees, Esse- ruins of these cities are still nes, and Herodians. seen under the water when SELAH, a word of doubt- it is low. The Great Sea is ful import. Some supposed the Mediterranean, which is it marks the beginning of a

about three thousand miles new paragraph ; others that in length. It is called the it indicates an elevation of Hinder Sea, wr hile the Dead voice. It is probably no Sea is called the Former more than a nota-bene, call- Sea. The Bed Sea is that ing for particular attention. SEP 130 SER

SELEUCIA. There were viour's sepulchre was hewn several cities of this name in out of a rock ; and the door Asia. One in Mesopotamia, being sealed, it was impossi- now called Bagdad, The ble he should be stolen with- Scripture mentions only that out the knowledge of the of Syria, near the river guards. Orontes, which was built by SERAPHIM, or Fiery Seleucus Nicator, the first ones, an order of heavenly Syro-Grecian monarch. Here beings, of the distinct charac- Paul and Barnabas embark- ter of which we know nothing. ed for Cyprus. Acts xiv. 4. SERPENT. There are SENSE means 1, that fac- many kinds of serpents. The ulty of a living creature only remarkable kind men- whereby it receives the im- tioned in Scripture is the fly- pression of material objects. ing serpent. They were 2. The impression of an ob- called fiery from their colour ject upon the senses. 3. and their venom. Isa. xxx. Meaning or import. 4. Corn- 6. Several profane authors men sense, or those general mention serpents found in notions arising in the minds the east, with wings, like a of men, by which they ap- bat. See Adder and Cock- prehend or understand things atrice. after the same manner. SERVANT. The He- SEPHARVAIM, or Sep- brews had several kinds of harvites, a tribe of the Sa- servants. 1. The slaves for maritans. life, who were strangers SEPULCHRE, a place for bought, or taken in war. receiving the dead. Every Lev. xxv. 44, &c. 2. He- vault, tomb or grave, may be brew slaves or bond -servants, termed a sepalchre. The who could only at the first Jews invariably placed them beJiound six years, and then without the cities, as they al- were to be dismissed with ways should be, on account presents. Slavery was com- of the noxious effluvia rising mon before the flood ; and from them. The royal fam- some of the patriarchs, as ily only was buried in Jeru- Job, and Abraham, appear salem. 2 Chron. xxiv. 16. to have owned thousands, Natural caves were often though they seem to have used for interment ; and in been treated with great ten- these thieves and lunatics derness, and often to have sometimes resided. Hence wages and high character. the grave is called a pit. Among the Romans they Ps. lxxxviii. 3—12. Our Sa- were often branded^ for se SHE 131 SHE

curity ; but this was forbid- times called Sheba, and some- den to the Jews. times Beersheba. Gen. xxvi. SERVE, to labour, do 33. work for, or help a person in SHEEP, a well known an- any employment; to attend imal, of the greatest utility, or wait upon a person, in or- and famed for meekness and der to obey and assist liim. cleanliness. In oriental To serve God is to obey him, countries, the broad tailed not only by worshipping- him, species prevails, which part, as required, in spirit and in consisting chiefly of fat, and truth, but also by studying often weighing 12 or 15 to know and do his will, on pound?, was commanded to all occasions, however op- be offered in sacrifice to God, posed to our depraved incli- Lev. iii. 9. The wealth of an- nations, or at variance with cient Kings, and other great our temporal interests. men, consisted chiefly in SHEBA, or Seba. There flocks and herds, 2 Kings were several of this name; iii. 4 ; and this is still the the 1st was the son of Cash, case in some eastern coun- who gave the name 10 a tries, especially where the T country in Arabia, Genesis people are few , and pastures x. 7. Psalm lxxii. 10. 2. luxuriant. Christians are The grandson of Cush, Gen. compared to sheep, for their x. 7. 3. The son of Joktan, innocence and excellence. Gen. x. 28. 4. The grand- Christ is God's lamb, that is, son of Abraham, Gen. xxv. 3. the great atoning sacrifice,

All these seem to have taken John i. 29. up their residence in Arabia, SHEKEL, a weight a- and perhaps most of them in mong the Hebrews, but its the south part of it. One or precise heaviness is not a-

more of these Shebas gave greed on ; the probability is, name to the country, whose that the common shekel was queen came to visit Solomon, about a half dollar, and the and brought him large pre- shekel of the sanctuary sents of gold, spices, and pre- double that sum. cious stones; but whether SHEW, or SHOW, an ap- this Sheba was situated in pearance or pretence ; also Arabia the Happy, or in A- any public sight. Shew- byssinia, is doubtful. 5. The bread, in the Hebrew idi- son of Biehri, a Jew, who om, signifies the bread of headed a revolt in the reign faces. Twelve loaves, ac- of David, 2 Sam. xx. 6. The cording to the twelve tribes, name of a famous well, some- were, every Sabbath day, ;

SHI 132 SHI put upon the golden table, kind of tune into another, to be exposed for the whole and expressive of great an- week, when the stale loaves guish of heart. were removed and the new SHILOH. 1. One of the ones supplied. The bread names of Jesus Christ. The was forbidden to be eaten great Deliverer ; he that by an Y> except the priests frees from the law, sin, and therefore in the extraordina- death, Gen. xlix. 10. It de- ry case of David, nothing but notes the Redeemer, the urgent necessity could ex- author of our happiness, and empt him from sin, 1 Sam. our sole peace-maker with xxi. Matt. xii. 4. Christ God. made a shew of principali- 2. Shii.oh, a famous city ties and powers, Col. ii. 15, of the tribe of Ephraim, about when he openly triumphed 25 miles north of Jerusalem. over them on his cross. To Here Joshua fixed the tab- make a fair shew in the ernacle of God ; and here it fltsh, is to be hypocritical by continued at least 310 years. carefully observing outward SHIPS. Probably Noah's fOrms,while real piety at heart ark gave the first origin to is not sought. shipping. The tribes of Zeb- SHIELD, an instrument ulon and Dan appear to have of defence, held on the left early engaged in commerce. arm* to ward off blows. Jn Gen. xlix. 13. Judges v. 17. Scripture, God is often call- Solomon, and after him Je- ed the shield of his people. hoshaphat, set on foot a con- Princes and great men are siderable trade by shipping, called shields, because they 1 Kings x. xx. The Trojans ought to be the protectors of were early powerful at sea; their people, Psalm xlvii. 9. but the Tyrians and Sidoni- Faith is likewise called a ans for many ages were much shield, Eph. vi. 16, because more so. The Greeks were it derives strength from also in their turns famous by Christ for overcoming the sea- After the Saracens had temptations of Satan. ruined the Grecian com- SHIGGAION. A word merce, the Venetians and found in the title of the Genoese became famous in geyenth psalm.. It comes that way. About 280 years from a Hebrew word, which ago, the Spaniards and Por- signifies to stray, or wander ; tuguese became the most whence some conjecture, commercial people. Then that it denotes the song to the Dutch took the lead ; fre various, running from one but at present the English —

SHO 133 SHU conduct more business by quality wore shoes or gaiters sea than any other nation. of very costly texture, Song SHITTIM WOOD, much vii. 1. Ezek. xvi. 10; shoes used in building the Taber- were ordinarily of no great nacle, and in making the value, and so a. pair of shoes sacred utensils, &c. But denotes a very inconsiderable not now known exactly, as to bribe, Amos ii. 6. Soldiers what kind of tree it was. often wore shoes of iron and Most probably it was the brass ; and to this daj% many Acanthus, or Acacia vera, of the eastern people wear which grows plentifully in iron plates on the heels and the Arabian desert, in Egypt the fore-sole of their shoes.

1 and around Suez. It is about The Hebrew^ eating of the the size of a mulberry tree, first passover with their the bark of a greyish black shoes on, loins girded, and wood pale yellow, and very staff in their hand, imported hard, the branches thorny that they were immediately flowers globular. Both the after to begin their journey, wood and the flowers have Exod. xii. 11. Putting; off a v*,ry pleasant smell. From shoes, imported reverence, this tree is obtained the Gum and was done in presence of Arabic, by making a gash God, or on entering the man- with an axe. Its leaves are sion of a superior, Exod. iii. almost the only food for cam- 5. Josh. v. 5. Want ofshoes, els travelling in the great imported mourning, debase- desert. ment, and slavery, 2 Sam. SHRINE, a cabinet or xv. 30. Ezek. xxiv. 17. case, to hold the effects of Isa. xx. 2, 4. The pluck- saints, and the relics or re- ing off a shoe and giving it mains of their bodies ; also to another, imported resig- the tomb or place where nation of right to him. Ruth pilgrims offer up their pray- iv. 7. To bear, or unloose ers and oblations to the saints. one's shoes, imports doing Those of Ephesus seem to for him the meanest offices. have been small models of Matt. iii. 11. Luke iii. 16. Diana's temple, with her David cast his shoe over image enclosed, Acts xix. 24. Edom, when he took posses- SHOE, a defence for the sion of the country, and used foot. Among the Hebrews the people as slaves. Ps. Ix. slaves went barefoot', others 8, cviii. 9. generally had their feet and SHUNEM, a city of Is- legs covered when they sachar, about five miles south

$yent abroad ; and women of of Tabor. Josh. xix. 18. In :

SID 134 SIM a great adjacent plain, the merce in exporting the Jews Philistines' army encamped, for slaves. Joel iii. 4. The while Saul's lay at Gilboa. gospel was at the first pro- 1 Sam. xxviii. 4. claimed here, and flourish- SHUSHAN, or Susa, on ing churches continued for the bank of the river Ulai, in many ages. Some Chris- Persia. It is said to have tians are yet found there. It been built by Memnon, be- now contains sixteen thou- fore the Trojan war. It was sand inhabitants, and is called the winter residence of the Saide. See Tyre. Persian kings from the time SILOAM, a fountain ris- of Cyrus, being sheltered by ing on the base of Mount a high ridge of mountains Zion. Its waters were re- from the north east wind ceived in two large pools; but in the summer it was so and what overflowed from intensely hot as to be scarcely the lower one passed into the habitable. Here Daniel had brook Kidron. The upper his vision of the ram and he- pool was sometimes called goat. Dan. viii. King's pool, probably be- SIBMAH, Shebmah, or cause his gardens were wa- Shebam, a city about half a tered from it. Near this mile from Heshbon. The stood the tower of which very best vines grew about Christ speaks, Luke xiii. 4. it. Isa. xvi. 8. It was orig- SILVER is not mentioned inally the property of the as having been in use before Moabites, and fell within the the flood, nor till the time of lot of Reuben. Numb, xxxii. Abraham ; it was not coin-

38. . Josh. xiii. 19. ed till long after. Its ore SIDON, a great trading city, generally contains other met* and the capital of the Phe- als, such as lead, tin, &c. noecians. It was built soon and must be often purged to after the flood, by Sidon, the render it fine. Psl. xii. 7. eldest son of Canaan. Tyre, The fine silver of the an- twenty-five miles south of cients was found in the mines it, was built by a colony from ofTarshish. Jer. x.9. Great this city. Both Tyre and quantities of it were used in Sidon belonged to the tribe the building of the temple by of Asher ; but it never ex- Solomon. 1 Chr. xxix. 4. It pelled the people. Indeed, is put for all temporal wealth. at one time the Sidonians Hos. ix. 6. A siherling, or overcame all Israel. Judges piece of silver, is the same as x. 1. And in the days of A- a shekel. haz they drove quite a com- SIMEON. 1. The sec- SIM 135 SIN ond son of Jacob, born in the though he omitted the cus- year 2247. 2. An aged saint tomary civility of giving him who embraced the infant Je- water for his feet, took of- sus. It is thought by some fence at his allowing Mary learned historians he was Magdalene to anoint them. the great Rabbi, with whom Jesus, by the parable of the Gamaliel, Paul's teacher, two debtors, convinced him studied. of his mistake. Luke vii. SIMON. There were 36—50. several of this name. 1. The 5. Simon Magus, from Cyrenian, and father of Al- whom Simony had its name. exander and Riifns, who is Simony means making mer- thought by some to be the chandise of ecclesiastical liv- same as the Niger, teacher at ings, &c. Antioch. Acts xiii. 1. It is SIMPLE, harmless, free not known whether he was from deceit. To be simple a Jew or a Gentile. The concerning evil, is to have Jews compelled him to assist little knowledge of the art of in bearing the cross. Matt, committing it. Rom. xvi. xxvii. 32. It is said that he 19. The simplicity that is was afterwards the minister in Christ, is either the plain of Bostra, or Bezcr, and died self- consistent truths pf the a martyr for the faith. gospel, or an unfeigned faith 2. Simon Zelotes, or in these truths. 2 Cor. xi. the Canaanite, one of Christ's 3. apostles. He was called Ze- SIN. 1. The name of lotes, because he had been a wilderness bordering one of those Galileans, or on the Red Sea. Exodus zealous Jews, who refused xvi. 2. Offence against the to pay tribute to the Romans. law of God, either by doing Some suppose that he preach- what it forbids, or neglecting ed the gospel in Egypt, Cy- what it enjoins. Desiring renaica, Lybia, and Mauri- forbidden things, or disliking tania, if not also in Britain. duties, is also sin. It is the Others affirm him to have cause of all misery in this been murdered at Lunir, in world, and of everlasting Persia, along with Jude. pain to the finally impeni- 3. Simon, the brother or tent. Sins are called tres- cousin of our Saviour, and passes, because they violate the son of Cleophas. law, and break in on prohib- 4. Simon the Pharisee, ited things. When it is said, who invited our Saviour he that committeth sin is of to an entertainment; and the devil, and is the servant of ;

SIN 136 SIN

sin, it means such is the ings. Hosea iv. 8. Christ character of those who will- is said to be made sin, fully sin and reject God's that we might be made law. When it is said, the the righteousness of God in

children of God do not, and him ; i. e. he had our sins cannot sin, John viii. 32, 1 charged to his account, and John iii. 6, 9, v. 18, it means made a sin-offering. 2 Cor. that such do not and cannot v. 21. Psl. xi. 12. 1 Pet willingly sin. When such ii. 24. Isa. liii. 6. sin, it is through the power SINAI. The mount on of temptation, and gives them which Jehovah appeared to great grief. Thou shalt vis- Mosfis, and gave the Jewish it thine habitation, and not law. The Hebrews came sin, means we must not live to this place in the third in a wicked manner. Origi- month of their pilgrimage. nal sin is that whereby our The law was given, it is whole nature is denied, and thought, just fifty days after rendered contrary to the na- their exodus from Egypt, and ture and law of God, Ps. li. 5; hence, the Pentecost was and hence the inward part observed on the 50th day is said to be very wicked- after the passover. This ness ;-;-the heart is enmity mount stands in Arabia Pe- against God. Psalm v. 9. trea, and is called, by the This is the sin that dwells in Arabs, Jlbhil Mousa, or the us, Rom. vii. 17, 20, and mountain of Moses, and some- works in us all manner of times El Tor or the Mount.

concupiscence. Rom. vii. 8 ; It has two summits, Horeb wars in us, Rom. vii. 23 and Sinai, which last is reigns in and over us. Rom. much the highest, and is call- vi. 11, 12. Blasphemy a- ed the Mount of God. The gainst the Holy Ghost, as it ascent is very steep, and is rejects and tramples on all by steps, which the Empress his evidence and convictions, Helena, the mother of Con- is called the sin unto death, stantine the Great, caused to because being never pardon- be cut out in the marble ed, it inevitably ruins men. rock. These are now so 1 John v. 16. What we ren- much worn and decayed, as der sin-offering, is often the to make the ascent tedious same in the Hebrew as what and difficult. At the top of we render sin. Lev. iv. 3, Sinai, there is an uneven and 25, 29. And the priests are rugged place, sufficient to said to eat sin; i. e. with hold sixty persons. Here pleasure feast on sin-offer- stands a chapel, and near to SIS 137 SNO

it, is a fountain of fresh wa- SLING, one of the earliest ter. The monks that dwell weapon invented by man. here, have, with ashes and By long practice, wonderful sweepings, made a kind of skill is attained in the use of soil for a garden. At the it, as was the case of the bottom in a narrow valley, is Benjamites, who, with either the Convent of St. Catharine, hand, could sling stones at enclosed by high walls with- a hair, and not miss. Judges out a door. This was to pre- xx. 16. serve them from Arab rob- SMYRNA, a city of Ionia, bers. Whoever wishes to built by the Amazons, about enter, is drawn up in a bas- 40 miles north of Ephesus. It ket. Here God spoke to was famous as early as the Elijah, 1 Kings xix. 8. time of Homer, whose birth- Mount Sinai, says Mons. place it was. About A. M. Niebuhr, has numerous beau- 3400 the Lydians destroyed tiful springs, but they are it; but Antigonus, one of not so copious as to unite and Alexander's successors, reform streams that last the built it, 300 years after. A- whole year. Various mod- bout the time of our Saviour, ern travellers have ascended it was one of the most weal- to the summit of this Mount, thy and populous cities in but the Arabs practise upon Asia. A Christian church

them great imposition. was planted here very early ; SINCERITY, pureness of which maintained the Chris- mind, without double deal- tian faith with such exact- ing. The word is derived ness, that in the divine epis- from sine without, and cera, tle sent them by John, there wax, or pure honey. When is no reproof, but praise and the Apostle, 2 Cor. v. 8, wish- direction, Rev. ii. 8, 9, 10. ed to incite us to purity and Christianity yet continues candour, he alludes very in this place. At present it beautifully, by the use of this is one ol the most flourishing word, to the pureness of places in the Levant, and is honey dripping from the comb. resorted to by the traders in SISERA, general of the Asia, Africa, Europe and Canaanites, under Jabin II. America. It contains 28,000 Jael invited him into her souls, of which above 10,000 house, and being instigated are Christians of the Greek of God to destroy this mur- church ; the rest are Turks derous idolater, and devot- and Jews. ed Canaanite, drove a nail SNOW falls occasionally through his temples. in Palestine, and always in SOL 138 SOU flakes as large as a chestnut. natural history, and com- Hence the expression, He merce. giveth snow like wool, Ps. SORROW, inward pain, xlvii. 17. It was brought arising from guilt or affliction. from the mountains, and sold It is said the sorrow of this in the hot season, to cool wine, world worketh death— that is, &c. as ice is in our cities. mere distress without re- Its water was considered ve- gard to God and looking to ry cleansing, Job ix. 30. him for help, breaks the SOCKET, a kind of mor- heart, and brings us to the tice in which the pillars of grave. Godly sorrow, is the tabernacle were fixed. grief tempered with reli-

A vast number of sockets ance on God. I The sorrows were made, of which 100 of hell, Ps. xviii. are troubles were of silver, a talent to of great magnitude. each, Exod. xxxviii. 27. SOUL, is that spiritual, ra-

Exod. xxvi. 37. xxxvii. ; the tional, and immortal part or weight of these sockets tend- substance in man, which ed to make the pillars stand distinguishes* him from the firm. brute creation, and bears SODOM, Gomorrah, Ad- some resemblance to its Di- mah, Zeboim, and Zoar, vine Maker ; which possesses were five cities of the Ca- consciousness of its own ex- naanites. In the days of istence, and actuates, directs, Abraham they had each a or disposes in all the relations king. The Dead Sea now of life. The Scripture as- covers the site of these cities, cribes to beasts a soul, which or at least a part of it, Jude may be a second acceptation vii. The Scripture account of the word, as having the of the overthrow of these same import with breath or cities is corroborated by pro- respiration, which is the gen- fane historians, viz. Strabo, eral principle of animal life. Diodorus Siculus, Tacitus, But the Scripture allows to Solinus, &c. man alone, an immortal soul, SOLOMON'S history is possessing the knowledge of so full of interest, and so am- God, wisdom, immortality, ply given in Scripture, that the hope of future happiness we need not insert the inci- and of eternal life ; and man dents of his life. He was alone it threatens with the the author of several books, punishment of another life, beside those in the Bible, viz. and the pains of hell. Soul 3000 proverbs, 1005 songs, is taken for a human creature, beside works on botany, or the whole person, both SPE 139 SPI

soul and body. Gen. xxii. 5. vast, had enjoyed the horrid

Acts ii. 41. When the soul sight of these contests, in and spirit are spoken of to- which the criminal was gen- gether, spirit means probably erally victor, then were the temper. brought those capitally con- SPARROW, a very small, demned, who were allowed well known bird. It is gre- no weapons, nor even rai- garious and remarkably live- ment; and were of course

ly : and when lamed, or de- soon destroyed. To the lat- serted by its mate, seems ter class Paul seems to com- quite disconsolate. David pare ministers, when he says compares himself to a de- they are set forth last, as it

serted sparrow. Ps. lxxxiv. were appointed unto death ; 3. They were so cheap at being made a spectacle to Jerusalem, that Jive were sold the world, to angels, and to Jor twofarthings. Luke xii.6. men. 1 Cor. iv. 9. The care of Divine Provi- SPIDER, a venomous, cru- dence is therefore most strik- el, crafty insect, mentioned ingly depicted when his min- but thrice in the Bible, and ute attention to them is declar- each time in allusion to wicked. Matt.x.29.Ps.civ.24--31. ed men. Their trust shall SPECTACLE, a public be as a spider's web. Job show. The Romans were vii. 13. Their icebs shall remarkably fond of shows not become garments, neith- and games; and the theatres er shall they cover them- for this purpose wr ere some- selves with their works. Isa. times very costly—generally lix. 5. They insinuate them- round like our circuses, and selves into places of honor, without a roof. One of the and are in kings' palaces. common exhibitions was to Piov. xxs. 28. The story 9 put criminals in the arena, of the tarantula s bite being and let loose wild beasts upon only curable by music, is a them. Hence the apostle's ridiculous fable. allusion, Heb. x. 32, 33. Per- SPIKENARD, a very haps when he sa\she fought fragrant species of grass, with wild beasts at Ephe- which when trodden upon sus, he means literally that fills the air with sweetness. he was thus exposed. 1 Col. The ear is about the size xv. 32. Those who were of one's finger, and is of a not condemned to certain strong smell, and bitterish death, were allowed weap- taste. The medicinal prop- ons of defence. When the erties reside principally in company, which was always the root. The ointment made ;

SPI 140 STA of it is very precious. Mark ly Ghost, and extends its au- xiv. 3. The best spikenard thority to duties of a spiritu- comes from the east. When al nature. Rom. vii. 14. cultivated in gardens, it at- STAR— a bright heaven- tains the height of five or ly body, seen in the night. six feet. Some are fixed, that is, re- SPIRIT, the Holy Ghost, tain the same relative dis- the third person in the ever tance from the stars which adorable Trinity ; equal in surround them ; whereby power and glory with the Fa- they are distinguished from ther and the Son ; he who planets which revolve round inspired the ancient proph- the sun as the earth does. ets to foretell future events, The naked eye can perceive and now quickens, illumin- only about 1000. The teles- ates, sanctifies, and com- cope discovers about 3000. forts the people of God. Mat. The ancient Heathens wor- iii. 16. 1 John v. 2. 2 Pet. shipped the Sun, Moon, Mer- i. 21. John iii. 5. Heb. x. cury, Mars, Jupiter, Venus,

32. 1 Pet. i. 2, and John xiv. and Saturn, for planets, i. e. 26. Spirit expresses also, wandering luminaries; and as the immaterial and immortal our fathers worshipped these, part of man. Acts vii. 59. they dedicated the seve- See Soul. ral days of the week to SPIRITUAL, means that them, as the names they still which belongs to spirits. The bear do show. But accord- church is a spiritual house ing to the new astronomy, her members are renewed the solar system consists of in spirit. Jesus is her foun- eleven primary planets, Mer- dation; and his Spirit, and cury, Venus, the Earth, grace. connect them with Mars, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, him, and with one another. Pallas, Jupiter, Saturn and

1 Pet. ii. 5. Prophets and Hershel ; eighteen seconda- other church officers are ry planets, of which the Earth

spiritual men, because their has one, viz. the Moon ; Ju- office lies in spiritual exer- piter has four, Saturn seven, cises. Hos. ix. 7. Chris- and Herchel six. All these tians are spiritual, because planets move round the sun, the spirit of God dwelleth in as well as round their own

them, and they seek spiritual axes ; and the satellites move objects. Gal. v.l. 1 Cor. iii. 1. round the planets. They all

God's law is spiritual ; it is appear luminous by there- a transcript of the divine na- flection of the rays of the

ture ; it is given by the Ho- sun. The distance of the — ST A 141 STO

fixed stars from the sun, ters of the Gospel, who ought renders it impossible for them to shine like stars in their to be illuminated by the re- lives and doctrine, Rev. i. 20. flection of his rays. It is The angels are called stars, thought they are equal to our Job xxxviii. 7, who joined sun in magnitude, and only in extolling God for his work appear small by reason of of creation. By Bay Star, their distance. Nay, as new 2 Pet. i. 19, is meant a full stars have become visible in knowledge of Christ, dispell- later times, perhaps there are ing our ignorance and un- fixed stars whose light, since belief, and making us wise the creation, has but now unlo salvation. In Scripture, reached our earth, though it an extraordinary multiplica- travels thirteen millions of tion is often expressed under miles in a minute. Oh, how the similitude of the stars of immense must He be, whom the heaven. the heavens, and heaven of STEWARD, one who

heavens cannot contain ! manages the affairs of an- God numbers the stars and other, and is accountable to knows them as by their him for the proper discharge

name : but we have few of of the duties of his office. their names in Scripture, as The ministers of Jesus Christ Chiun, Mazzaroth, Arcturus, are stewards ofthe mysteries Orion, Pleiades. The star of God, being intrusted with which conducted the wise the management of God's men to the infant Jesus, was people and the distribution of merely a meteor, which spiritual food, 1 Cor. iv. 1. moved in the middle region 1 Pet. iv. 10. Indeed, all of the air, somewhat in ihe mankind, are to be consider- manner of the cloudy pillar ed as stewards under God, before the Hebrews in the and they must give an ac- wilderness, Matt. ii. Jesus count unto him of all the Christ is called the Morning talents with which they have Star, as he introduced the been intrusted. It u neces- light of the gospel-day, and sary, therefore, that we brought a fuller manifesta- should attend seriously to our tion of the truths of God than important charge, and stand the prophets, whose predic- prepared for our Lord's ap- tions are now accomplished. pearance, Matt. xxv. Titus

By stars are sometimes meant, i. 7. the princes and nobles of a STOICKS. A sect of kingdom, Dan. viii. 10 ; and heathen philosophers, found- sometimes pastors or minis- ed by Zeno of Cyprus. From N STO 142 SUM his teaching in the Stoa, or STUBBLE, the stalks left porch at Athens, his follow- in a field of grain which has ers were called Stoicks. They been reaped. Stubble is of

regarded pain, poverty, be- little value ; ot no strength reavement, &c. as only or force ; is easily scattered imaginary evils, and the with the wind, and easily gratifications of life, as only burnt, Job xiii. 25. xli. 29. imaginary pleasures, and xxi. 18. Joel ii. 5. Wicked therefore preserved a cool in- men are as stubble, easily difference under all circum- burnt in the fire of God's stances. Paul argued with wrath, Psalm lxxxiii. 14. them when in Athens, Acts Isa. xl. 24. Mai. iv. 1. False xvii. Some of Zeno's opin- doctrines are as stubble, of

ions owe their degree of no worth ; of no force to con- truth to his knowledge of vince or comfort men's con- the Old Testament, and some sciences, and cannot abide he gathered from the writings the trial of God's word, 1 Cor.

of Socrates and Plato. One iii. 12. of his favourite sayings was, SUCCOTH means tents. that " men, having two ears, There were two places of should hear much, and one this name. 1. In Egypt, fiiouth, should speak little." where the Hebrews first set STONING; the punish- up their tents. Exod. xii. 37. ment generally appointed in 2. A city east of Jordan, and the law of Moses for capital south of the sea of Galilee, offences. The witnesses where Jacob set up his tents threw first, then all present. or succoth, as he came from Dent. vii. 7. John viii. 7. Padan-aram. Gen. xxxiii. STORK, a bird celebrated 17. It seems probable that for its amiable disposition. in the valley near it, Hiram Its size is about that of a cast the large utensils for the Ix. 6. 1 Kings gocse ; but as it obtains its temple. Psl. icod by wading in the mud vii. 46. and not by swimming, it has SUMMER, the warm sea- legs two feet long, end a son of the year. Gen. viii. neck in proportion. It is a 22. In countries north of bird of passage, Jer. viii. 7, (he equinoctial line, it be- and frequented tne region gins in June, and ends in round Cana and Nazareth, September. South of the *n neat flocks, which the equinoctial, it begins in De- inhabitants did not molest, cember, and ends in March. chiefly because they ate up Seasons of prosperity, and injurious insects and reptiles. of opportunities of salvation, ;

SUN 143 SUP

death, are called summer. Prov. x. xxiii. 11. After his Jews 5. Zech. xiv. 8. we again find the SUN, the great source of worshipping the sun. Ezek. light and heat. The diam- viii. 16. From the rising eter of the sun is about eight to the setting of the sun, hundred thousand miles. imports the whole world His distance from our earth over. Psl. cxiii. 3. Before the is ninety- live millions of the sun, or in the face of miles; so that light, which sun, imports the most daring, flies at the inconceivable public and opan manner. Jer. swiftness of two hundred xviii. 2. Numbers xxv. 4. thousand miles in a second, To continue while thesim and requires eight minutes to moon endure, is to last very reach our earth. A cannon long, or forever. Psl. Ixxii. ball, shot thence, and moving 5. 17. Christ is called the with unabated swiftness, viz. Sun of Righteousness, as (according to Durham,) a mile he enlightens, quickens, and insight and a half seconds, comforts his people. A mo- would take about 30 years man clothed with the sun,

to reach our earth ! Three and the moon under her feet, miraculous events are related signifies the church, clothed of the sun. It stood still at with the righteousness ot the command of Joshua. Christ, and rising superior to Jo^h. x. 12. It returned worldly things. Rev. xii. 1. back in the time of king SUPERSCRIPTION, that Hezekiah. 2 Kings xx. 11. which is written on the top It was involved in darkness, or outside of any thing. Mat. Matt, xxvii. 45, at the time xxiii 20. It was the custom, of our Saviour's crucifixion, of the Romans to write on a though the moon was full, tablet or board, the crime for which proves it was not an which any man suffered ordinary eclipse. Multitudes, death. This tablet, they car- from the brightness and use- ried before the offender to fulness of the sun have wor- the place of execution, and shipped him, under the char- fastened it over his head, that acters of Baal, Chemosh, Mo- all might read his transgres- loch, Phoebus, &c. Even sion, and beware of violating- with the Jews, the worshrp the laws of their country. of the sun was practised Hence the superscription and Josiah had to take away written over the head of Je-

the horses, and burn the sus Christ, as recorded by 2t\\ chariots, consecrated in the the evangelists. Matthew temple to the sun. Kings xxvii, 37. SWA 144 SYC

SUPERSTITION, foolish ish bird, which migrates to fears, extravagant fancies, or warmer countries every win- mistaken devotion in divine ter; but returns, often to

worship ; or too much cere- the very nest occupied be- mony in religion, without fore, which it constructs due regard being paid to the generally under the eves of attainment of inward holi- houses, in chimnies, &c. ness, accompanied by a cor- It seems some had their nest rect moral conduct. Idola- round the ceilings of the tem- try is a superstition. Acts ple, Psalm Ixxxiv. 3. In xvii. 22. Those are super- countries not very cold, swal- stitious who are alarmed at lows often venture to remain the howl of a dog, the spill- during winter, and fixing ing of salt, or who fear themselves in caves, or clefts ghosts, witches, &c. of mountains, or secluded SURETY, one who be- buildings, become torpid. comes bound for another. But it is not true, that they Sins are called debts, and conceal themselves in ma/sh- Jesus Christ is called the es or under water. surety. Heb. vii. 22. Christ SWEAR, to make a solemn fulfilled the law by the holi- appeal to Almighty God, de- ness of his life, and under- siring his mercy and protec- went the penalty when he tion, no otherwise, than as offered up himself a sacri- the matter or thing affirmed

fice to satisfy divine jus- is true or false ; to declare, tice. In consequence of the promise, or give evidence atonement made by this sa- upon oath. We ought never crifice, the Holy Spirit is to swear but upon very ur- given to enable man to per- gent necessity, and to secure form what is required of some considerable good. Our him in the gospel ; namely, Saviour, who came into the to repent, to believe, and world not to destroy the law, obey the Redeemer, and but to fulfil it, forbade all wholly to rely upon his sa profane oaths, Matthew v. crifice for obtaining the fa- 34. But he is not thought vour of God. The Scrip- by learned men to have for- ture forbids suretyship, or bidden solemn swearing in 4. r„.. *u„ „~_, 4.''* ~~ 4- ~? ; + :^~ n* 4I-1,-. engagement for the payment I court of justice. On the of other people's debt, as it contrary his answering when tends to ruin one's own fam- adjured by the High Priesr, ily and estate. Proverbs xxii. is generally considered in 26, xi. 15. the light of an oath. SWALLOW, a small black- SYCAMINE, or Syca- ;

SYN 145 SYR

more, a tree which partakes gogue, and the management of the properties both of the of certain judicial affairs fig and mulberry. The Egyp- over whom was set a presi- tians seem to be more fond dent, called the ruler of the of its fruits than any other synagogue, Luke viii. 41. people. It is said to produce As there was but one temple, seven crops a year. We find and to this a resort was to be from 1 Chron. xxvii. 28, that had but thrice a year, and the Jews prized it. It attains then by the males only, such a great size, three men some- a mode of keeping the Sab- times not being able to grasp bath became indispensable. one. It is ahvaj^s green. Soon after the captivity, the The fruit is about the size of Jews had a great number of a fig, and is often called by synagogues, which increas- that name. ed, till there were about 480 SYNAGOGUE, an assem- of them in Jerusalem. Eve- b'y among the Jews for re- ry trading fraternity had ligious worship. The place their synagogues, and com- where they met, to pray, to panies of strangers, as Alex- read, and to hear the reading andrians, Cyrenians, andoth- of the Holy Scriptures, and ers,had theirs for public pray- other instructions; and where er,and for reading of the Scrip* by sermons and exhortations tures. Our Saviour and his A- delivered to them, by pro- postles found the synagogues phets formerly, and after- very convenient places for wards by the doctors or proclaiming the good news teachers, the people were from heaven. There are kept in the knowledge of God now in the United States, and his laws. They began five synagogues, viz. in New- to be used about the time of port, New" York, Philadel- Ezra, and were verj7 useful phia, Richmond, and Charles- in keeping up a knowledge ton. The congregations in of God among the people; but each are small. at the time of our Saviour, SYRACUSE, a famous they had added so many cor- city, called also Saragossa, rupt traditions, that they on the south east of Sicily, made the law of none effect, 22 miles in circumference. Matt. xv. 6. There was a It was once the largest and council or assembly of grave richest city of the Greeks. It and wise persons, well vers- was founded A. M. 3269, and ed in the law, who had the for about two hundred and care of all things belonging fifty years it made little fig- to the service of the syna- ure in the world. But in TAB 146 TAB the next two hundred and ram, and possessed Mesopo- eighty, it became eminent tamia, Chaldea, and part of in war, in commerce, and in Armenia. But Syria Prop- wealth. Here the famed er had the Mediterranean mathematician, Archimedes, Sea on the west, Cecilia on with astonishing inventions, the north, and Canaan, and defended the place from the part of Arabia the Desert, on

Romans ; but it was taken, the south. Its excellent soil and he was slain, about two and noble rivers, Euphrates, hundred years before Christ. Orontes, Cassimire, Adonis, The Saracens seized it A. D. Barrady, &c. rendered it a

675 ; but in 1090 it was tak- most delightful country. Its en from them by Roger, duke chief city is Jlntioch, upon of Apulia. Here Paul tar- the Orontes. ried three days, as he went SYRO-PHCENICIA was prisoner to Rome. Here either that part of Phoenicia Christianity was early plant- bordering on Syria, or pered, and still, at least in name, haps the" whole of Phoenicia, continues. The city has which by conquest had been wholly lost its ancient splen- united to Syria. The people dour. Acts xxviii. 12. were originally Canaanites. SYRIA, or Aram. The Mark vii. 26. Matthew xv. Syrians descended from A- 22—28.

TABERNACLE. 1. A building of the temple, was tent, or slight temporary kept the ark of the covenant, building made to be carried which was a symbol of God's about from place to place gracious presence with the as occasion required. 2. Jewish church, Exod. xxvi. That particular tent in which 1. Heb. ix. 2, 3. A tolerable the Israelites performed their idea of the tabernacle may be religious exercises, during obtained from the picture. their long journey in the The court was 150 feet long wilderness. Herej till the and 75 broad. The curtains, TH3 JEWISH TABERNACLE.

THE COURT OF THE TABERNACLE. P. 146.

TAB 147 TAB round it were 8 feet high, discarded. The feast of sustained by 56 pillars. Witn*- tabernacles was celebrated in this area was the taberna- after harvest, in remem- cle, the altar of burnt- offer- brance of their having dwelt ing, and the brazen laver. in tents, in their passage The sacred tent or tabernacle, through the wilderness. was, towards the west end, They returned thanks to 45 feet long and 15 broad. God for the fruits of the A curtain divided it into two earth, and were put in mind, apartments, the eastern one, that they were only pilgrims called the Most Holy Place, and travellers in this world, being "15 feet square. With- Lev. xxiii. 34. The taber- in the Holy Place, were the nacle was a type of Christ's altar of incense, the candle- human nature, wherein God stick, and the table of shew- dwells personally, Heb. viii. bread. Within the Holy of 2.—ix. 11. The natural Holies, was the ark of the body is the tabernacle of the covenant, with its mercy- soul, 2 Cor. v. 1. 2 Pet. i. 13. seat, and overshadowing The dwellers in tents, Psalm cherubims. Within the ark lxxxiii. 6 ; and the tents of were the two tables of stone, Judah, are such Jews as written by the finger of God, dwell in unfortified cities, a copy of the five books of Zech. xii. 7. The church's Moses,called the law,& golden tent was enlarged, and her pot of manna", which remain- curtains stretched out, her ed for ages in a state of perfect cords lengthened, and her preservation, and Aaron's rod stakes strengthened, when that budded. These seem the Gentiles were converted to have been at one time to Christ, and her gospel- kept before the ark, 1 Kings state established, Isa. liv. 2. viii. 9, and at another, laid God's tabernacle is with men within it, Heb. ix. 4. Dur- on earth, when they enjoy ing the captivity, all these his eminent fellowship and relics seem to have been lost favour, Rev. xxi. 3. The except the stone tables. It church and her true mem- was a splendid and costly bers are like the tents of Ke-

structure ; but having been dar ; their outward appear- removed often, it became en- ance is mean and despica- tirely worn out by the time ble, and their condition in Solomon's temple was ready. this world very unsettled,

The ark of the covenant, &c. Sons: i. were then all removed to TABLE. The Jewish ta- edifice, that and the curtains ble 3 most in use, was proba- TAB 148 TAL bly that now common in the transfigured. 2. Tabor was east, viz. a circular piece of also the name of a city giv- leather spread on the floor, en by the Zebulonites to the on which the food is laid, Levites of Merari's family, while those who partake, sit 1 Chron. vi. 73; and of a round with their legs crossed, place near Bethel. 1 Sam. Gen. xliii. 33. Among those x. 3. in high life, each guest had TABRET. See Timbrel. his separate table and mess. TADMOR, a noble city in When the Jews returned the north of Canaan. Its from captivity, they brought vicinity was exceedingly fer- with them the more refined tile, though at a little great- Persian method of eating, er distance all was a sandy which was to have a table desert. Pie lived the famous like ours, only shaped like a Longinus. It is now called horse shoe, or three sides of Palmyra, and is famous on- asquare. Against these were ly for its ruins. About thirty placed not chairs but couches, poor families constitute its with their end to the table. whole population. The body reclined on these, TALENT, a Jewish coin or proped by the left arm. The weight. Money of specific open space in the centre ena- current value was not known bled the servants to perform in early times ; but gold and their duty. Such a pos(ure silver were weighed out enabled Mary to come behind when purchases were made. Christ to wash and anoint his Gen. xxiii. 16, and xxxvii. feet. 28, Jer. xxxii. 10. The TABOR. 1. A conical Jews did not begin to coin mountain in Galilee. Josh. money till about 150 years xix. 12, 22. It is about two before Christ. It is not quite miles high, and on the top is clear what was the exact a beautiful plain about a mile value of the talent. That in circumference, and enclos- of silver was probably some- ed with trees, except to- where near two thousand wards the south. From the dollars, and that of gold a- top is one of the most de- bout thirty thousand. What- lightful prospects in the ever gifts or opportunities world. On this mount, Ba- God gives to men for their rak assembled his army, and, usefulness are called talents. at the foot of it, defeated the To some he gives these in host of Jabin. Judg. iv. 6, greater, and to others in less

8. It is thought by some proportion ; but all ought to that here our Saviour was improve what they receive, TAR 149 TAR for of all will a strict account Fisk, the missionary, found be exacted. Matt. xxv. Luke on the plains round Ephesus, xix. When our Saviour some Greek men and wo- speaks in a parable, of the men employed in the field obligations we owe to God, of grain, pulling up tares. and those which men owe Matt. xiii. 28. Sometimes a to each other, he calls the sieve is used. Thus Satan first ten thousand talents, desired to sift Peter as wheat. and the last a hundred pence, TARSHISH or Tarsus. Matt, xviii. 24—28, striking- There appear to have been sev- ly teaching us how freely eral places called by this name, we should forgive one an- 1. Tarsus in Cilicia which other's offences, when we are was the capital of that coun- forgiven so great a debt of sin. try, and stood on the rivet TAPESTRY,cloth wrought Cydnus, about six miles from into figures in the loom, or the sea, built, Strabo says, by with the needle. It was Sardanapalus, the king of As- used in the east, as early as syria. It is said to have once the age of Solomon. The excelled even Athens and Al-

crusaders seem to have intro- exandria in learning ; those duced the art of making it into cities, and even Rome it- Europe, about 600 years ago. self, being indebted to it The English and Flemish first for its best professors. Ju- distinguished themselves in lius Cesar, and afterward making it. It is used to cover Octavius, delighted to hon- beds, and to ornament rooms, our it, granted its citizens but is now happily become un- the same privileges as those

fashionable,as its beauty is not of Rome ; and hence Paul equal to the time and pains it was here free born. To requires. Its figures are fre- evince their gratitude, the quently formed with threads inhabitants called their city of gold. Prov. vii. 16. Juliopolis, or the city of Jr>- TARES, a weed injurious lius. This city at present is

to grain, both by occupying of no importance : but Chris- space and by the seed being tianity, planted here by Paul, unwholesome. In this coun- has never since been wholly try the wheat fan gets out the extinct. Its present name is tare seed; but the ancient Trassa. 2. The name seems fan could not. [See Fan.] to be applied to Spain. Ps. On this account they pulled lxxvii. 10. 3. A place on up the tares, or separated them the east of Africa, not far before threshing, when the from Ophir. 1 Kings x. 22. best flour was to be made. Mr.U. Carthage. Isaiahxxiii. 6 TEM 150 TEM

TEKOAH, a city of Judah, ship of God. The prepara- twelve miles south of Jeru- tions for this temple were salem. Around it was an immense. David and his prin- extensive wilderness, or pas- ces contributed 108,000 ta- ture land and forest. Amos, lents of gold, 1,017,000 talents the sacred writer, kept a of silver, which together, a- herd here before his call to mounted to 46,000 ton weight the ministry. Amos i. 1. of gold and silver, or the val- TEMPERANCE, that ra- ue of more than four thou- tional and regular command sands million of dollars! A- over our passions, affections, bout 184,600 men, were em- and inclinations, whereby we ployed seven years in build- restrain or keep ourselves ing it It was erected on from eating, drinking, or de- mount Mori ah. And was siring any thing to excess. dedicated with a solemn pray- It is opposed to every excess, er by Solomon, by seven days whereby the mental facul- of sacred feasting, and by a ties are beclouded, or the peace-offering of 20,000 oxen moral habits rendered un- and 120,000 sheep,to consume chaste. Intemperance in the whichthe holy fire anew came use of ardent spirits had be- down from heaven. It remain- come most awfully prevalent ed in its glory but about 34 in this country, and threaten- years, when Shishak carried ed entire ruin, till of late vast ofFits treasures, 1 Kings xiv. numbers of good men, alarm- 25. Jehoiada and Joash repaired at the approaching crisis, ed it about A. M. 3150. Soon rose to check the spreading after, Joash gave its treas- evil. Associations were form- ures to Hazael king of Syria, ed—newspapers established 2 Kings xii. 2 Chron. xxiv. —agents employed—tracts Ahaz stripped it so complete- circulated—addresses deliv- ly to hire the assistance of ered, &c. and by the blessing Assyria that it was for a long of God, the growth of the time entirely shut up. 2 evil is not only checked, but Chron. xxviii. 2 Kings xvi. a good measure of reform pro- Kezekiah repaired it, and duced. It is the purpose of made such vessels for it as it those who began to sound the wanted ; but in the 14th alarm, not to cease till such year of his reign, he was ob- liquors are only used as a liged to rob it of much of its medicine, according to the wealth, to give to Sennacher- Scriptures, Prov. xxxi. 6. ib, 2 Chron. xxix. 2 Kings TEMPLE. The house xviii. Manasseh,idolatrous- built at Jerusalem for the wor- ly reared altars to the host TEM 151 TER of heaven in the sacred courts, they still added to its build- but afterwards restored the ings. It was burnt and en- true worship of God. Josiah tirely destroyed by the Ro- his grandson further purged man army under Titus, for the temple, and replaced the an account of which, see Jo- ark of God therein, 2 Kings sephus. xxi. xxii. 2 Chron. xxxiii. TEMPTATION. 1. The xxxv. About A. M. 3398, act of enticing to a crime. Nebuchadnezzar carried the 2. The state of being tried. sacred vessels to Babylon, 3. Any thing offered to the and at last, in 3416, entirely mind as a motive to ill. It demolished the temple, Ezek. signifies those means which vii. 20—22. xxiv. 21. Jer. are made use of by the Devil, lii. 13. About A. M. 3469, to ensnare mankind, and Cyrus ordered it to be rebuilt, draw them from their duty, which was done under the Matt. vi. 16. xxvi. 41. Luke direction of Zerubbabel. It xi. 4. God tempts men by wanted, as the Jews say, five those afflictions and persecu- things, which were the chief tions for religion, which he glory of the former, viz. the permits, in order to exercise ark and its furniture, the She- and prove the graces of his chinah or cloud of the divine people, and to confirm them presence, the holy fire, the by such trials. They should Urim and Thumnrim, and therefore be borne by Chris- the spirit of prophecy, Ezra tians without murmuring,that i. iii. vi. About A. M. 3837, they may become patterns of Antiochus profaned it, stopped obedience. Gen. xxii. 1. the daily sacrifice, and erect- Jas. i. 2, 12. Luke viii. 13. ed the image of Jupiter on Men tempt God, when they the altar of burnt offering; unseasonably and irreverent- but, about three years after, ly require proofs of his pres- Judas Maccabeus purified ence, power, and goodness; and repaired it, and restored when they expose themselves the true worship of God. to danger, from which they Herod the Great, about A. M. cannot escape without the 3987, began to build it anew. miraculous interposition of

In nine years he finished the his providence ; and when principal parts of it ; but 46 they sin with great boldness, years after, when our Sa- as if to try whether God viour had b3gun his public would punish them, Exod. ministry, it was not quite xvii. 2. Matt. iv. 7. Mai. finished ; nay, till the begin- iii. 15. Acts v. 9. ning of their ruinous wars, TERAH, the son of Na- ;

THE 152 THR hor was born, A. M. 1878 Turkey. Its present name and at the 130th year of his is Salonaky. life, had Abram born to him. THOMAS, or Didymus, He and his family were idol- one of the apostles. Matt. aters; but it would seem x. 3. He had staid several that the call of Abraham years at Jerusalem, after the was blessed to his conver- Pentecost, and then went, it sion. It is certain that Te- is said, to preach among the rah emigrated with Abra- Parthians, Medes, Hyrcani- ham to Haran, and died there, ans, and Bactrians. He suf- Gen. xi. 24—32. Josh. xxiv. fered martyrdom in Melia- 2, 14. poor, in the East Indies, TERAPHIM, images of where, three hundred years household gods. Some think ago, the Portuguese discov- they were talismans, to pre- ered Christians, who called serve the family from evil. themselves by his name. Eastern nations have for THRESHING-FLOOR. many ages been addicted to A very good idea of this im- such charms. The Persians portant part of a Jewish call them telephin, which is farm may be got from the much the same as teraphim. picture. It was prepared in They were sometimes con- the open field, as it is at this sulted for oracles, Zech. x. 2. day in our southern States, TETRARCH, one who by trampling and rolling a governed the fourth part of a sufficient spot of ground, gen- kingdom. erally on some gentle emi- THESSALONICA, the nence, for the sake of the capital of Macedonia. Phil. wind. Here the smaller i. 1. It was anciently call- kinds were beaten out with a ed Halis, and Thermae ; but long staff, or flail ; the larger Philip, the father of Alexan- kinds with oxen or horses. der the Great, called it Thes- These drew a set of rollers, salonica, to commemorate over which was constructed his victory over the Thessa- a seat for the driver of the lians. About A. M. 3837, it team. Isa. xxviii. 27. To fell into the hands of the separate the chaff and grain, Romans. About A. D. 52, the fan was used. [See Fan.] Paul, Silas, and Timothy, The grain was cleared of planted a church here. The heavier substances, such as Saracens took it about eight lumps of dirt, by means of hundred years after Christ the sieve. To depict the dire and after various revolutions, ruin of the wicked, it is said, it is now under the power of " They shall be as the chaff www

AN ANCIENT THRESHING FLOOR.

A. View of the bottom and rollers.

B. View of the side and driver's seat.

P. 152.

;

TIB 153 TIM that is driven with the whirl- molished. It was, however, wind out of the floor." Hos. a place of considerable note, xiii. 3. Job xxi. 8. for many ages after. Here THRONE, the seat of a was a Christian church, thir- monarch. Being always teen synagogues, and a fa- higher than a chair, it need- mous Jewish academy. John ed a footstool^ where, in to- vi. 1, 23. Here was held ken of reverence, applicants the last session of the San- bowed themselves. Solo- hedrim,, and here the Tal- mon's throne was raised six mud was collected. steps, and was of solid gold TIBERIUS. Cesar Au- and ivory. Tho word is gustus having married Livia, uspA to denote kingly au- Tiberius' mother,adoptedhim thority, Gen. xli. 10; and as his heir. In the beginning hence angels are called of his reign, Tiberius be- thrones. Col. i. 16. haved with moderation; but THYATIRA is situated be- afterwards became peevish, tween Sardis and Pergamos, cruel and oppressive. About near a branch of the Caicus, the thirteenth year he made in the centre of an extensive Pilate governor of Judea. plain. At the distance of four In the fifteenth year John or five miles, a belt of moun- Baptist began to preach. Luke tains surrounds it. It was iii. 1. Soon after he took once famous for its purple from the Jews the power of dye. Acts xvi. 14. There putting criminals to death. are now about one thousand It is said, that hearing of the houses in the place, but poor. miracles of our Saviour, he The streets are very narrow was earnest to have him en- and dirty. It is now called rolled among the Roman de- Jlk Hisar. ities, but was hindered by TIBERIAS, a city of Gal- the senate. He so favoured ilee, built by Agrippa, and the Christians, as to threaten named in honour of the em- death to such as molested peror Tiberius. Hegesippus them on account of their re* says it was the same as Cin- ligion. nereth. In the time of the TIMBREL, an instrument Jewish wars, this city was of music, very like our Tam- the capital of Galilee, and bourine, consisting of a was bravely defended by Jo- brass hoop, over which was

sephus the historian : but be- stretched a parchment. It ing taken by Vespasian, the was held in the left hand, father of Titus, afterwards and struck with the right emperor, it was almost de- and was played on whilQ TIN 154 TIT dancing on occasions of great Iliad. Its ores frequently joy. Exodus xv. 20. It is occur in granite. Tin ware also called Tdbret. as it is called, is really sheet TIME, the measure of iron ware, washed with tin duration ; the season to do to prevent rust. a thing. To redeem time is TIRHAKAH, a king of to be doubly diligent in duty Cush ; called in profane his- on account of former negli- tory, Thearchon. 2 Kings gence. The last times mean xix. 19. fospel times which are un- TIRSHATHA, a title of er the last dispensations of honor bestowed on Zerubba* grace, and near the end of bel and Nfthemiah, thought the world. The fulness of to be equivalent to commis- time means the time when sioner. Ezra ii. 63. Neh. x. 1. every thing is ripe, and ex- TIRZAH, a very beauti- actly prepared for an event. ful city belonging to the Gal. iv. 4. tribe of Ephraim. 1 Kings TIMOTHY, or Timothe- xiv. 17. us, was a native of Lystra. TITHES mean tenths. His father was a Greek, but We suppose God suggested his grandmother Lois, and his to the patriarchs his claim mother Eunice, being pious to the tenth part of their gain. Jewish women, trained him When Abram returned from up from a child in the knowl- his victory over Chedorlao- edge of the Scriptures. His mer and his allies, he gave bodily constitution was very to Melchizedec, the Lord's weak, but his gifts and graces priest, the tenth of his spoils. were eminent. Acts xvi. 1. Gen. xiv. 20. Jacob dedi-

2 Tim. i. 5, 15, iii. 15. cated to God, by a vow, the TIN, a white metal, of tenth of his gain in Mesopo- little elasticity, lighter than tamia, Gen. xxviii. 22. Nay, almost any other metal, and multitudes of Greeks, Ko- so ductile as to be capable mans, and other Heathens, of being beaten out into devoted the tenth part of leaves as thin as paper. It their incomes to the service is procured in Germany, of God. After the first-fruits Saxony, England, South and their attendant offerings America, and the East In- were deducted, the tenth of dies. It seems to have been their remaining product of known and used very early, corn, cattle, &c. were as- being mentioned, Numbers signed to the Levites. Of xxxi. 32. Ezek. xxvii. 12. what remained to the proprie- Homer mentions it in the tor, another tithe was levied, ;

TON 155 TOP

and in value or kind, sent to to have undergone altera- the service of the tabernacle tions, in the series of so many and temple, and the minis- ages from Adam down to ters thereof, at the solemn Moses. The simplicity of feasts. On every third year its construction, the concise- a third tithe was levied, for ness and energy of its ex- the use of the Levites, and pressions, and its peculiar

the fatherless, widows, and fertility ; the relation it has strangers. It does not ap- to the most ancient oriental pear that the tithe of herbs languages, which seem to was demanded. The Phari- derive their origin from it; sees, however, tithed their the etymology of the names mint, anise, cummin, and whereby the first of mankind

rue ; nor does Jesus condemn were called, which naturally

them for it, but for neglect- occurs in thi3 language ; the ing weightier things, as mer- names of animals, which are cy, judgment, and faith, often significant in the He- while they were so wonder- brew tongue, and describe the fully exact in small matters. nature and property of those Deut. xiv. 22—29. Nu»b. very animals; the mo3t an- xviii. 20. cient book, viz. the Bible, TITTLE, a minute point being in this language, &c. a small circumstance. indicate that it was the orig- TITUS, an eminent min- inal language of the human ister of the primitive church species. of whom nothing is known TOPAZ, a transparentjew- but what we derive from the el, third in value to the dia- New Testament. mond. The finestare brought

TONGUE. 1. That mem- from the East Indies, gener : ber whereby we articulate ally about the size of a pin's sounds, and communicate head. Scarcely any ex- thoughts one to another, ceed the sixth part of an inch James iii. 5. 2. The lan- in diameter. The best are guage that is spoken in any of a yellow golden colour. country, Deut. xxviii. 49. The most valuable topaz in There appears to have been the world, is that in the but one language, till the possession of the Great Mo- confusion of tongues at Babel. gul. It is said to weigh The Hebrew tongue contains about one hundred and thir- more internal evidence of ty-seven carats. being the same that God TOPHET, a drum, or tim- communicated to Adam, than brel. Tophet was the any other ; but it is supposed name of a place in the valley TOR 156 TRA

of Hinnom, called Gehen- to eight inches long ; but in na, where the idolatrous the Isle of Madagascar, the Jews burned their children Gallipagoes, &c. it attains to Molech : it was so called five or six times that size, Yrom the beating of drums, covered with a shell mixed (toph being the Hebrew of white, yellow, and other name of a drum,) which colours, of great value in were used to drown the cries commerce. of the poor innocents during TOWER. 1. A high these horrid rites, 2 Kings stage erected in cultivated xxiii. 10. In order to dis- fields, on which awT atchman qualify this valley from being was stationed toward harvest a place of worship, and thus to guard against thieves, Jer. the more thoroughly to have vi. 27. 2. A fortified build- Molech discarded, the good ing to afford protection a- king Josiah caused it to be gainst enemies, or to annoy a place for offal, dead carcass- them, 2 Kings xvii. 9. es and filth of every kind, TRADITION, a narrative Jer. xix. It was from that or ceremony delivered from time universally abhorred, fathjr to son by word of and abandoned to loathsome- mouth, without any written ness. In order to prevent memorial. Those traditions, the pestilent influence of a for the observance of which place where dead bodies rot- the Scribes and Pharisees so ted above ground, perpetual much contended, were con- fires were kept burning demned by our Saviour, as there. Hence it grew to be having no divine warrant. an image of hell, and ulti- Matt. xv. 2, 3. The fifth com- mately the name Gehenna, mandment was so strangely was definitively applied to the perverted by these self-right- place of future and eternal eous teachers, that, accord- punishment. ing to them, a man might TORTOISE. There are give the surplus of his es- two kinds of tortoises, viz. tate, as a religious gift to sea and land ones, it is the God, and deny any support land tortoise that is mention^ to his parents, who might be ed in Scripture. It feeds on destitute of the necessaries flowers and insects, and lives of life. Matt. xv. 4, &c. longer than men. By many These traditions of the Jews it is reckoned a fine dish. became in time amazingly It has a wonderful power of numerous, and had regard to enduring the want of food. the most trifling actions of Its general size is from four life. About A. D. 190 they :

TRA 157 TRI were collected by the indus- TREES are useful—some trious Rabbi Judah, and for fuel, some for timber, written. He called his work some for medicine, some for the Mishna, or second law. dying, some for fruit, &c. About one hundred years af- The Scripture mentions the ter Rabbi Jochanan wrote shittah, cedar, chestnut, cy- a commentary on the Mish- press, almug or algum, oak, na, which he called Gema- teil, ash, elm, box, fir, oil, ra, or Perfection. The olive, apple, pomegranate, whole was called the Tal- fig, sycamore, mulberry, mud, or Instruction. About &c. Every pleasant and the year 500, the Babyloni- fruitful tree grew in the gar- an Rabbins composed another den of Eden. Rev. xxii. 2, Talmud, written in a clearer &c. Jesus Christ is called style, and not quite so full of the tree of life, because by absurdities. It makes ten or partaking of his fulness we folio Chris- twelve £reat volumes ; attain life everlasting. but there is an abridgment tians are called trees of right- by Maimonides, in four great eousness, because like Christ, volumes. The Roman Cath- and yield benefits to men. olics are fond of traditions, Psalm i. 3. Isaiah i. 3, and hold to many. The word &c. of God, however, is our only TRIBE, a division of peo- guide in faith and practice, ple. The tribes of Israel and whatever has no warrant were the descendants of Ja- there ought not to be consid- cob's sons. As Jacob bless- ered binding. 2 Thes. iii. ed both Manasseh and E- 15, Rev. xxii. 18, 19. phraim, who were Joseph's TRANCE, that state of a sons, it made thirteen tribes, person's mind, wherein su- and yet no tribe of Joseph. pernatural things are reveal- The land of promise, howev- ed to him. When Ezekiel er, was divided only into 12 and John had their visions, portions, because the tribe of they were often cast into a Levi, being ministers in reli-

trance. Ezek. i. &c. Rev. i. gion, were to be supported 4, &c. And so was Peter, by tithes from their breth- when admonished to go and ren. There being twelve preach to the Gentiles, Acts tribes who each payed them x. 10, xi. 5; and Balaam a tenth of every thing, their boasts that he, falling into a condition was more easy than trance, saw the glory of the other tribes. The Jews the LoraV Numbers xxiv. inform us that each tribe had 4, its banner as follows TRO 158 TWI

Jndah, a Lion couching, Gen. TRUMPET, an instru- xlix. 9. ment of loud music, still in Xssachar, „ Ass, Gen. xlix. 14. use. Zebulon, „ Ship, „ „ 18. common It was o- Reuben, „ Man, „ „ 4. riginally made of the horn of Simeon, Sword, a ram or ox, and subsequent- Gad, Lion, I ly is Ephraim, Unicorn, 17. of metal. The Bugle Manasseh, „ Bull, 17. a modern improvement of •Benjamin, „ ToU 27. this instrument. On that Dan, Serpent, 17. „ new moon festival, which Ashur, „ Sheaf of wheat 20. commenced the Jewish civil Naphtali, „ Hind, 21. year, that is, the first day of TRIBUTE ; money paid Tizri, was held the Feast of by a tax. Our Saviour, Matt, Trumpets. Leviticus xxiii. xxii. 17, shows clearly, that Numb. xxix. religion does not exempt men TRUTH, the positive mat- from their civil duties; and ter of fact ; contrary to false- the apostle Paul recommends hood. Moral truth is the to faithful Christians the same conformity of words and ac- obedience. Romans xiii. 7. tions to the thoughts of the Jewish pride was greatly heart ; as when a man speaks humbled by their being com- what he thinks, and is in re- pelled to pay tribute to Rome, ality what he seems to be. and the Publicans who col- It is taken for the true prin- lected it were odious to them. ciples of religion, the true TROAS, or Troy, a city of doctrine of the gospel ; and Phrygia, near the mouth of the Jesus Christ* being the Au- Hellespont, very famous in thor, is emphatically styled history, which, afteraseige of " the truth" because he is ten years, was taken by the the substance of all the Greeks. This occurred, ac- types. John xiv. 6. cording to Sir Isaac Newton, the light about nine hundred and four TWILIGHT, which continues after the years before the birth of sun has set, and commences Christ, or during the reign before it rises. 1 Samuel of Jehosaphat. A new city xxx. Prov. vii. 9. This of the same name was soon 17, is caused by the atmosphere, built about four miles nearer which being thicker than the sea. Here Paul often the space between it and the preached, lodging with one sun, bends down, or refracts Carpus. Acts xvi. 8, xx. the rays of light, and even 5—12, 2 Tim. iv. 13. A makes the sun itself ap- Christian church long existed pear when it is beneath the here, but is now extinct, and horizon. In the northern the place is ia ruins. TYP 159 TYP

parts of Scotland, the sun sage through the Red Sea, sets but for a short time in their travels in the wilder- the summer, and the twilight ness, their entrance into Ca- will enable a person to read naan, their wars with the even at midnight. Near the heathens, their return from poles, twilight continues for Babylon, &c. The typical several weeks together, with- institutions were circum- out the sun's rising. It then cision, sanctification of fruit- rises, and shines uninterrupt- trees, offering no base things edly the whole summer. to God, exclusion from the Then the twilight of several congregation of the Lord, weeks recurs, and afterward wearing proper apparel, a- the sun sets to be seen no voiding mixed garments,sow- more till the next summer. ing mingled seed, ploughing TYPE, a person or thing, with oxen and asses, tender- prefiguring something re- ness to beasts, not muzzling lative to Christ or his the treading ox, &c. The church. These were nu- typical places were Canaan, merous, as none of them the cities of refuge, Jerusa- could fully point out its anti- lem, Zion, the tabernacle, type ; and were a kind of and the temple. The typi- real predictions of things to cal utensils were the ark, come, as those uttered by the pot of manna, the table of the prophets were verbal. shew bread with its loaves, There were typical persons, the golden altar of incense, as Adam, Abel, Noah, Mel- the golden candlestick, the chizedek, Abraham, Isaac, silver trumpets, the brazen Jacob, Job, Moses, Aaron, lavers and sea, the brazen Joshua, David, Solomon, Jo- altar, &c. The typical offer- nah, Daniel, Zerubbabel, ings were the burnt, the sin, &c. Typical classes ofper- the trespass, peace, and meat- sons, as Israelites, the first- offerings, the drink-offerings, born males, kinsman-redeem- the anointing oil, ransom- ers, Nazarites, high-priests. money, tithes, first-fruits, Occasional typical things, things voluntarily devoted, as Noah's ark, Jacob's lad- the ram caught in the thick- der, the burning bush, the et, &c. The typical seasons cloudy pillar, the water of were the time of the daily Marah, the manna, Aaron's sacrifices, the Sabbath, the budding rod, the brazen ser- feast of new-moons, the pass- pent, the pool of Bethesda, over and feast of unleaven- the deliverance of the He- ed bread, Pentecost, the feast brews from Egypt, their pas- of trumpets, the feast of tah» UNB 160 UNB ernacles, the year of release, ed a powerful sceptre, and and the jubilee, &c. The their colonies were scattered typical purifications were over all the Mediterranean. from the defilement of unholy It belonged to the tribe of things, from child-birth, lep- Asher, but was never whol- rosy, and infection by dead ly subdued. It was a part bodies, &c. To him that of the conquest of Alexan- discerns the evangelical sig- der. About two hundred nification of these various years after Christ it was de- types, the narratives of the stroyed by Niger, emperor Old Testament are not a dry of Rome. After this it flour- history, but appear replen- ished five hundred years, un- ished with the most useful der the Seljukian Turks, was instructions concerning our then taken by the crusaders, Saviour, and his body the and finally was destroyed church. A. D. 1289, by the Sultan of TYRE, a very ancient Egypt. A. D. 1516 it was city, (mentioned by Homer,) seized by the Ottoman Turks, and for many ages possess- who are to this day masters ing astonishing enterprise and of all that country. The wealth. Isa. xxiii. 8. It was predictions of Isaiah and E- built four furlongs from the zekiel, that this city, for its shore, on an island. Eze- wickedness should be utter- kiel xxvii. 4. Their gods ly destroyed, have been most were Hercules and JLs- severely fulfilled. There tarte. It was the empo- are not even ruins on its rium of commerce and the site to attract the travel- arts. Their ships found the ler's attention. The present way even to England,whence city of the same name, hav- among other things, they ing 10,000 inhabitants, stands brought tin from the mines on a different spot. See Si- at Cornwall. Its kings sway- DON\

UNBELIEF, infidelity of 1 universal sin in the world;

heart, or a want of faith ;! it is the cause of disobedience a distrust of any narrative, to his high commands; and person or doctrine. Unbe- over whomsoever it shall fi- lief of God's holy word, is a nally prevail, that man will UNC 161 URI

be eternally condemned. tians, Rom. xiv. 14. 4. Mor- Matt. xiii. 58. It is a most ally, being polluted with it horrid crime, as makes sin ; so devils are unclean God a liar, blasphemes all spirits, Matt. x. 1. his perfections, rejects Jesus UNICORN, a fierce and and his whole salvation, and powerful animal often men- is the root of all other sins. tioned in Scripture. It is Unbelief is either negative, generally thought to mean in such as have not heard the Rhinoceros, which has the gospel; in which sense a strong horn between its Heathens are called unbe- forehead and nose, with lievers or infidels, 1 Cor. vi. which it rips up soft trees 6. 2 Cor. vi. 14; or positive, into splinters, for food. Some in those unbelievers, who, have thought the Buffalo though they hear the gospel, was the true Unicorn. The and profess to regard it, yet pictures which represent the believe not with their hearts, unicorn in the form of a horse,

Luke xii. 46. Tit. i. 15. Rev. with a horn in its forehead, xxi. 8. Unbelief is either are probably wholly ficti- with respect to a particular tious, though it has been

declaration of God : as when lately affirmed that a similar Zacharias discredited God's animal is found in South promise of a son to him, Luke Africa.

i. 20 ; or universal, having UR, an ancient city of respect to the whole de- Chaldea or Mesopotamia, claration of God. It is either where Terah and Abraham partial, importing some de- dwelt. grees of distrust, Mark ix. URIM, lights. TheURiM

24 ) or total, where there is and Thummim mentioned no trust at all, 1 Tim. i. 13. Exodus xxviii. 30, and Lev. UNCLEAN. Persons or viii. 8, literally signified, things are unclean, 1. Nat- lights and perfections. It

urally ; as dunghills, or hate- seems highly probable, that ful animals, are unclean, they were no other than the Rev. xviii. 2. 2. Ceremo- twelve precious stones in- nially ; such persons as serted into the high priest's touched dead corpses, &c. breast-plate ; and on which and a great number of beasts were engraven the names were thus unclean, Numb. of the twelve tribes of Israel, xix. Lev. xi.—xvi. 3. In whom Aaron bore upon his scrupulous opinion ; so some heart before God. And that meats were reckoned un- the letters by standing out, clean by the primitive Chris- or by an extraordinary illu- VAI 162 VAI initiation, marked such words priests, rulers or prophets: as contained the answer of Judges i. 1, and xx. 18, God to him who consulted 1 Sam. xxii. 10, &c. this oracle. Many learned USURY, among the Jews, men are of opinion that the meant the customary and answer was given in an au- fair price for the use of mo- dible voice, sounding from ney. The word now means the Shekinah, that bright- extortionate and unlawful ness which always rested interest. The law of nature between the cherubims over forbids not the receiving of the mercy seat, Psl. lxxx. moderate interest for the loan 1. and xcix. 1. When this of money, any more than the oracle of Urim and Thum- taking of rent for houses. As mim was to be consulted, it the Jews had very little con- is said, the high-priest put cern in trade, and so only on his golden vestment, and borrowed in case of necessi- in ordinary cases went in- ty, and as their system was to the sanctuary, and stood calculated to establish every with his face to the Holy of man's inheritance to his own holies, and the consulter family, they were allowed to stood as near him as the law lend money upon usury to allowed. This oracle was strangers, Deut. xxiii. 20; never consulted in matters of but were prohibited to take faith ; as in these, the Jews it from their brethren of Is- had the written law for their rael ; at least if they were rule ; nor in matters of small poor, Exod. xxii. 25. Lev. moment; nor by any but xxv. 35—37.

VAIL, or Veil, whatever and the separation is now re- covers or hides any thing moved by the preaching of from being seen. The vail, the Gospel to the Gentiles, which divided the holy of Exod. xxvi. 31. Heb. x. 20. holies from the holy place in Eph. ii. 14. Matt, xxvii. 51. the Jewish tabernacle, was The vail of ignorance, blind- a type of the human nature ness, and hardness of heart, of Christ, and also of the which kept the Jews from separation between Jews and understanding the spiritual Gentiles; but was rent in sense and meaning of the twain at our Saviour's death, law, caused them to crucify VAP 163 VIN

the Saviour, resist the intro- Jer. x. 13, and li. 16. By duction of the new covenant, evaporation we obtain rain, and reject the Gospel light, mist, dew, &c. By its con- is still a hinderance to the stantly taking place in the hu- extension of the Redeemer's man body, man is enabled to kingdom, John ix. 39. 2 Cor. sustain the heat of every cli- iii. 14, 15. Women disgrac- mate. By the extraction of va- ed themselves by appearing pours from the earth, the air in public without a vail. is sweetly cooled and made re- 1 Cor. x. Especially, per- freshing. The occasional dry haps as it was the chief and winds of Africa carry with almost the only difference them terror and death. With- between the dress of women out evaporation, grain and and men. There were va- grass could not be cured for rious forms of the vail, some use, clothes could not be covered the whole person, dried if washed. In fine, others only the bust. a gr*eat variety of common VALLEY of HINNOM, operations on which our com- see Tophet. fort depends, could not be VAPOUR, water combin- performed. Well does Da- ed with so much heat as to vid, therefore, represent the cause it to rise in a gaseous vapour, as praising God, and form. It has greater expan- fulfilling his word. Psalm sive force than even gun- cxlviii. 8. Human life is com- powder, which the moderns pared for frailty and tran- have discovered the art of science to a vapour, James making eminently useful in iv. 14. propelling engines for boats, VESTMENTS, robe? for factories, mines, &c. and is the priests. The vestry wa3 the noblest drudge ever contriv- place where they lay, and ed by human ingenuity. By were put off and on. 2 Kings means of a steam engine, x. 22. A vesture is chiefly a single bushel of coal can an upper robe, Deut. xxii. 12. do the work of ten horses for Christ's having his vesture one hour. The vapour dipt in blood, and inscribed raised by the sun is held with this name, King of by the air, till it accumulates kings, and Lord of lords, in clouds, and by electricity, imports, that, in conquering or by some unexplained and destroying his enemies, cause, descends in rain, Psl. he mightily shows his sov- cxxx. 7. Vapour is a won- ereign powsr and dominion, derful evidence of the wis- Rev. xix. 13, 16. dom and goodness of God^ VINE, one of the most ;

VIN 164 VOI

prominent productions of bandmen, are the Jews ; his Canaan, and flourishing; best servants are the Prophets in the lot of Judah, which and Apostles, commissioned contained the mountains of and sent to stir them up to JSngedi ; and the vallies of bring forth fruit in due sea- Escol and Sorek, Gen. xlix. son, to the glory of God and

11. At the present day, a the good of others ; his Son single cluster from those is Jesus Christ ; but owing vines will often weigh twelve to the obstinacy and impeni- pounds, and as the whole tence of the Jews, God caus- country is now comparative- ed the ruin of their Common- ly neglected and barren, it wealth, and set up a church is probable they once were among Jthe Gentiles. much larger. Hence the VIPERS^ serpents which spies, to avoid bruising the bring forth their young alive fine specimens they brought and not as is generally the to Moses, hung them* to a case, by eggs. They are pole, borne by two men. always of a small size. Their The vine of Sodom grows body is yellow, speckled with about Jericho, near the brown spots, and the scales Dead Sea. Its grapes are under their belly are of the bitter as gall, and considered colour of polished steel. poisonous. Hence Moses VOICE, in general, signi- compares rebellious Israel to fies any kind of noise, wheth- this plant, Deut. xxx. 22. er made by animals or not. VINEYARD, a piece of God's voice is, 1. The thun- ground planted with vines. der, which loudly declares The vineyard was prepared his existence and providence, with great care, the stones Psal. xxix. or, 2. His laws, being gathered out, a secure teaching, and promises ; in fence made round it,and a scaf- which he declares his will fold or high summer-house, to men, Exod. xv. 26; or, S. built in the centre, where, as His providences, wherein he the fruit ripened, a watchman publishes his own excellen- was stationed, and where cies, awakens us from our there was always shelter for stupidity, and calls us to turn the workmen at their meals, from our sin to duty, Mic. vi. and a-'Suitable place to keep 9. Amos i. 2. Voices, in the tools, Isa. v. 1-7. Matt.xx. the Revelations, denote, 1. In the parable, Matt. xxi. The glorious and loud procla- the householder is God the mation of the gospel, by the Father; the Vineyard the authority of God, Rev. iv. 5.

Jewish church ; the hus- xi. 19 : or, 2. The astonish- WAT 165 WAT ing events of Providence, ance, he is called a voice, that rouse and alarm the Isa. xl. 6. world, Rev. viii, 5, 13. x. VOW, a sacred promise, of 3 ; or, 3. The great joy of made to God in an act de- the saints, and their praises votion, to leave off some sin of God, for his deliverance of or to perform some duty. the church, and the destruc- A general vow is made at tion of her enemies, Rev. xi. baptism. It is also used in 15. To mark John Baptist an inferior sense to signify as not the true Messiah, put an oath, or solemn assurance a proclaimer of his appear- to a person. W.

WATER, a fluid, which 1 Water is 816 times heavier occupies a large portion of than common air; a pint of the globe. Moisture raised it weighs one pound, and a by the heat of the sun, in cubic foot about one thousand the form of vapour, being ounces, or sixty-two and a carried about in the air, and half pounds. Ice is chrys* meeting in a collective mass, ized water; and by a re-

pvoduces clouds ; these unit- markable exemption from the ing and becoming^ heavier common laws of heat, he- than the surrounding air, fall comes lighter as it grows down in dew or rain, to make colder. In thi3 is strikingly fruitful the earth. Much exemplified the wisdom ana more rain falls on the higher goodness of God. Dreadful than on the lower ground, would have been the conse- and the water entering quences, if, like other fluids, through crevices, on the water had grown heavier by hills, and finding its way loss of heat. In winter the through the earth to the sur- ice on the surface of riv- face again, produces springs. ers would have sunk as it The streams of these unit- froze, in successive sheets, ing, form brooks, which unite until the whole would have

into rivers ; and after adding become a mass of ice, which to the beauty of the coun- no subsequent summer could

try, and accomplishing very thaw ; and the world would many useful purposes, emp- soon have become uninhab- ty themselves into the sea. litable. As it now is, no soon- p WAT 166 WEA

er is a crust of ice formed, fort, refresh, and render fruit- but the water beneath is ful. Erotected from further cold WAY, a path for travel- ; shes are safe, water abund- lers. The word is frequent- ant, and the moderate warmth ly used to signify the habits of spring unbinds the stream. of a person, or the method Such are the wonderful of doing any thing. The works of Him who, in infi- customary dealings of God nite wisdom, and by his al- are called his way. Psalm mighty power, created the xxv. 10, Isa. lv. 8. Christ is heavens and the earth. Wa- the way, the truth, and the ter, when disturbed, signi- life; and his salvation is the fies troubles and afflictions. new and living way of ac- Psl. lxix. 1. But flowing in cess to God. Jehovah's pre- all the plenitude and beauty of cepts are the way of truth, usefulness, it represents the 2 Peter ii. 2, and those who gifts and comforts of the Ho- obey, shall find themselves ly Spirit. Isa. xii. 3, xxxv. in ways of pleasantness. 6, 7, John vii. 37, 38. In W E A S L E S are of two Scripture, water is used for kinds, the house and the all sorts of drink, as bread is field weasle. They are sub- put for all kinds of food or tle, and though of small size, solid meat. Water-courses are considerably strong. are either the beds of rivers, They prey on serpents, wherein they run, or the moles, rats, and mice, and streams themselves. Isaiah sometimes on poultry. Kliv. 4. Water- Spouts are WILDERNESS. -This falls of water from the clouds, word seems to have had va- which whirled round by rious meanings, as indeed tornadoes, so as to form a have most words in all lan- column; or which are forc- guages. When applied to ed with a mighty noise from places within the holy land, the sea, by an earthquake at it generally means tracts of the bottom. They are more land less cultivated than th« frequent on the coasts of Ca- generality of the country, naan and Syria, than any but not wholly desert. These where else in the Mediter- commonly derived their name ranean Sea. To these, heavy, from the chief city adjacent, overwhelming, and terrify- as JDiblah, Engedi, Judea, ing afflictions are compared. &c. The forerunner of our Psl. xlii. 7. To water is, 1. Lord resided in the wilder- To moisten. Psalm vi. 6, ness of Judah till he com- Genesis ii. 6. 2. To commenced his public ministry. WIL 167 WIL

Ishmael settled in the wil- their lent, in imitation of our

derness of Paran : and David Lord's fasting in the wilder- took refuge from the perse- ness forty days. The land in environed cution of Saul the same ; of Canaan was where it appears the numer- with wildernesses. We read ous flocks of Nabal the Car- of Egypt, Etham, Shur, melite were pastured. Such Sin, Sinai, Tadmor, &c. places, therefore, were not The 40 years wandering *bf absolute deserts, but thinly the Hebrews was in a wilder- peopled, or less fertile dis- ness indeed, and by no means tricts. But this remark will the common thoroughfare of scarcely apply to the wilder- travellers between Egypt and ness where our Lord was Canaan. The reason why Is- tempted of the devil. It is rael was turned into it we read a most miserable, dry and in Num. xiv. The only veg- barren solitude. A more dis- etable productions which oc- mal and solitary place can casionally meet the eye of scarcely be found in the the traveller in these frightful earth. About one hour's solitudes, are a coarse sickly journey from the foot of the grass, thinly sprinkled on mountains which environ the sand ; a plot of senna, or this wilderness, rises the lof- saline or bitter herb, or an aca- ty Quarantania, which Maun- cia bush. Moses, who knew drell was told is the moun- these deserts well, calls them tain into which the devil car- <£ great and terrible," " a , ried our blessed Saviour, that desert land," " the waste he might show him all the howling wilderness." Je- kingdoms and glory of the remiah, with surprising force world. It is, as the evan- and brevity has exhibited gelist styles it, " an exceed- those circumstances of terror, ing high mountain," and in which the modern traveller its ascent both difficult and details with so much pathos It

iii. 4. Of the last method is the most terrible wind of we have a description in eastern countries. Coming Campbell's Travels in over the vast deserts, it Africa, "The bees have brings intense and suffoca- the habit of plastering their ting heat and dryness, with honey on the surface of billows of sand and dust. If rocks in cliffs; which, for travellers see its approach, its protection they cover with and lay their faces to the a layer of dark coloured wax, earth till it pass, they com- not easily distinguished from monly escape. Camels and the rock itself. By making other animals do this by in- an incision in this outer coat, stinct. It is, of course, most and applying his mouth, a dangerous when it comes person would suck out plen- unperceived in the night. ty." Deut. xxxii. 13. Whole caravans have perish- WILL, that faculty of the ed in it. The prophet al- goul, or operation of the mind, ludes to this wind, Jer. iv. whereby a man freely chooses 11. A whirlwind, is a strong or refuses things. Scriptur- blast, which winds about in ally, to will any thing is of a somewhat circular manner. blasts nature ; but to will what is Multitudes of such good, is of grace, Psalm ex. come from the deserts of * viii. 36,—xv. 5. Arabia and out of one of 3. John ? WIN 169 WIN them the Lord spake to Job, and autumn are scarcely Isa. xxi. 1. Job xxxvii. 9. known. Vegetation starts xxxviii. 1. Whirlwinds suddenly at the return of the sometimes sweep down trees, sun, and soon comes to per- houses, and every thing in fection. In Sweden, nine their way. Voilent winds months are a severe winter. are computed to fly at the In Canaan, great men had the rate of 4000 feet in a their warm houses for the minute. They are of great winter season, as well as importance in preserving the cooler ones for the summer, purity of the atmosphere. Jer. xxxvi. 22. Amo3 iii. The operations of the Spirit 15. The winter there, is of God on the heart, where- very wet and cold ; especially by a spiritual change is between the 12th of Dec. and wrought in the soul, are 20th of Jan. Matt. xxiv. 20. compared to the blowing Seasons of temptation, perse- of the wind, the effect being cution, and distress, are liken- plainly evident, but the man- ed to a winter; summer ner incomprehensible, or and winter, may signify all above the understanding of the year long ; perpetually, man, John iii. Zech. xiv. S. To winter, is WINE-PRESS, a vat usu- to live or stay during the ally sunk into the earth. It winter, Isaiah xviii. 6. Acts was divided into two parts, xxvii. 12. one being deeper than the WISDOM, the power of other. Into the shallow com- judging rightly what is to be partment, the grapes were done, according to circum- thrown, where several men stances. This is worldly trod them with their feet, wisdom. But spiritual wis- while the juice ran into the dom which is from above, lower part, Rev. xiv. 18. Jas. iii. 7, begins in the fear Jer. xxv. 30. of God, and produces true pie- WINTER, the cold sea- ty in all our deportment. It son, when fields and trees is known by several prop- are barren, and storms fre- erties. It is pure it quent. In the torrid zone, makes men careful to avoid which is about 3270 miles any defilement by sin. It is broad, they have two winters, peaceable; under all the or rainy seasons a year, but trying circumstances of life. both are very mild. At the It is gentle, toward the in- poles, nearly the whole year firmities of others, interpre- is winter, and awfully se- ting all things for the best, vere, Gen. viii. 22. Spring and receding from right for WIS 170 WIT

peace's sake. It is easy to that they ought to be put to be entreated; it makes men death. Dent, xviii. 10, Exod. yield to good counsel, and xxii. 18. It is plain, how- sound reason. It is full of ever, that great caution is mercy ; it makes us pity the necessary in the detection of afflicted, and ready to forgive the guilty, and in punishing those that have offended us. them, lest the innocent suf- It is full of good fruits, of fer, as has been the case, in beneficence, liberality, and New England, and other all other offices of humanity places. Witchcraft compre- which proceed from mercy. hends all kinds of influence It is without partiality ; not produced by collusion with courting and favouring the Satan, and excludes from rich and influential merely the kingdom of God. Gal. because they are so, but re- v. 20. It is a great sin to garding and loving men ac- place any confidence in these cording to their piety. It is persons, or to honor, or aid also without hypocrisy, not them by seeking them to in- counterfeiting goodness, nor terpret dreams, tell fortunes, condemning others, and yet discover stolen goods, &,c. being guilty of the same Those who thus consult them things themselves. It is put are abhorred of God. Le- for the Scriptures generally, viticus, xx. 6. Exodus, xx.

Luke xi. 49 ; and also for the 18. doctrine of the Gospel, 1 WITHES, twisted boughs, Cor. ii. 6. 7; for Jesus Christ, bark, willow, &c. such as the eternal and essential wis- those wherewith faggots are dom of God, Prov. iii. 19. often bound together, Judg. WITCH is a woman, and xvi. 7, 8. wizard is a man, that is sup- WITNESS, one who gives posed to have dealings with evidence. The Holy Spirit Satan, if not actually enter- beareth witness to our adop- ed into formal compact with tion, by producing in us the him. Witchcraft was uni- graces of Christianity, Rom. versally believed in Europe viii. Christ is called the till the sixteenth century, faithful witness, Rev. i. 5. and is now, in most parts of because he faithfully declar- the earth. Of late, in Eu- ed the things of God, and rope and America, some have sealed his testimony with his denied its existence altogeth- blood. The prophets and er. That such persons are pious persons of the old tes- among men, is abundantly tament, are a cloud of wit- plain from Scripture ; and nesses to the faithfulness and WOE 171 WOM

mercy of God, and the possi- much is this the case in bility of salvation. The some countries, that mothers Apostles are competent wit- often murder their female nesses of the things they af- infants, that they may not firm in the New Testament, experience such hardships as because they saw and heard themselves endure. In the the things of which they Christian church women are speak. They are credible raised to an equality with witnesses, because they had men in most of their reli- no interest to deceive, and gious privileges, but are not actually suffered great hard- permitted to govern or teach. ships, and even death for the Col. iii. 11, Gal. hi. 28, 1 sake of their testimony. Cor. xiv. 34. The rules for WOE is a word of mourn- female behaviour and dress ing. Ezek. xxx. 2, Psl. cxx. are laid down, Tit. ii. 1 Pet. 5. A woe is a heavy calami- iii. &c. and their duties to- ty. Rev. viii. 13, ix. 12, xi. wards their husbands, in 1 14. Matt xxiii. 13—29. Cor. vii. Eph. v. &c. Woeful, full of distress and WORD, an intelligible sorrow. Jer. xvii. 26. sound. Any discourse is so WOLF. Wolves are ani- called. Gen. xxxvii. 14. mals of the dog kind, crafty, Deut. iv. 2. The term is ap- greedy, ravenous, fierce, and plied to the sacred Scriptures. of a quick smell. They Luke xi. 28, James i. 22, Ps. abide in forests, and live on xi. 9, It is also a name of smaller animals. They can Christ. John i. Why he is bear hunger long, but are so called we are not express- then exceedingly fierce, and ly told. Perhaps because he will attack either man or is the intelligible indication beast. Hence in the even- of the Father's will and char- ing, when they come hun- acter, as words are of our gry out of their holes, they thoughts, Heb. i. 3, and be- are most fierce and danger- cause he spake creation into ous. Jer. v. 6, Hab. i. 8. beingjCommunicated with the WOMAN. Before the patriarchs and prophets, de- g fall the woman seems to clared the gospel when on have been more on a level earth, now intercedes in hea- with the man, than now, ven, and will give sentence since the curse, in which at the last day. she seems to have been the WORK, any thing done. greatest sharer. In . most Creation is the work of God, parts of the world women Gen.ii. 2. The works of God's are treated harshly. So providence are his preserva- WOR 172 WOR

Hon and government of the tongue is a world ofiniquity ; world, John v. 17. The its words contain inconceiva- work of redemption is attri- ble wickedness. James iii. buted to the three persons of 6. Worldly is what is of a the Trinity ; the beginning is carnal and earthly nature. from the Father; the dispensa- Tit. ii. 12, Heb. ix. 1. tion is through the Son ; and WORMWOOD, an herb, the application by the Spirit. of a very bitter taste. Idola-

John ix. 9.— vi. 29. 1 Pet. try, profaneness, apostasy , and i. 2. By good works, are other wickedness, are liken- understood all manner of ed to wormwood ; how dis- duties, as well thoughts, as agreeable to God and his peo- words and actions, towards ple ! and in the end, how God or man, which are com- bitter to sinners themselves! manded in the law of God, Deut. xxix. 18. Heb. xii. 15. and proceed from a pure WORSHIP, to bow down heart and faith unfeigned, with reverence ; and so wor- and are referred unto God's ship is, 1. Civil reverence, glory, Eph. ii. 10. Good given to one of authority or works are the way to the worth, Matt. ix. 18. xviii. kingdom, not the cause of 26. Luke xiv. 10. 2. Out- entering there. They are ward homage, given as an ac- the only evidence of our ti- knowledgment of Deity. Mat. tle to heaven, but no part of iv. 10. Dan. iii. 5, 12, 14. 3. the purchase. Inward trust, love, and fear WORLD. 1. The earth of God, because of his infi- and all the animals, and vege- nite excellency. tables on its surface ; man- WRITING, was doubtless kind generally. 2. The uni- taught men by the inspiration verse and all created beings, of God, Ex. xvii. 14. xxiv. 4.

John i. 10. 3. The wicked The alphabets of all lan- are called the world, because guages have a remarkable they relish and love nothing similarity to the Hebrew. but worldly things, and pur- At first,writing seems to have sue only worldly designs, been very rudely done, the John xv. 18. 4. It is put letters being cut or scratched for God's chosen people, on stone or clay, which was whether Jews or Gentiles, then baked like brick, or on 2 Cor. v. 19. John iii. 16. plates of lead. Afterward 5. For the Gentiles only, tablets of wood were used, Rom. xi. 12. 6. For the on which the letters were pleasures, riches and hon- traced. Then those were ours of the world. Man's improved by covering them YEA 173 YEA

with thin wax, and writing .merit for writing, was called with a sharp stick. To oblit- a style, hence we call a erate these they were held man's manner of writing, his to the fire; hence God is style. Afterward, bark, &c. said to blot out sins as a became used. See Paper. cloud. The sharp instru-

YEAR, a space of twelve Bite or Marchesvan ; 9.

months. The Jews had both Chisleu; 10. Tebet ; 11.

a civil and a sacred year ; in Shebat ; 12. Adar. Every the first they regulated their third year they added a month

national concerns ; and in the to make up for the days lost in other, their religious affairs consequence of measuring and festivals. The. civil year the months by revolutions of commenced in the month the moon, which made the Tizri; that is, at the au- year consist of 354 days. This

tumnal equinox ; and their intercallary month they call- sacred year in the month JYi- ed Veadar, or second Adar. san, or ancient Jlbib, Ex. xii. Ignorance of chronology, and 2, which corresponded to our pride of antiquity, made the March or April, according Egyptians, Chaldeans, Chi- to the passover moon. The nese, Indians, and others, date sacred year was instituted as back the rise of their own na- a new era to commemorate tion to the distance of a ridicu- the deliverance of Israel from lous number of years. It is the yoke of the Egyptians. now conceded by most learn- Ex. xii. 2. And it might be ed men, that the creation oc- considered as a presage of the curred at or about 4004 years gospel day, because it began before the birth of our Sa- in the very month in which viour. There is much con- Christ was crucified, and thus fusion in all chronology, put an end to the ancient dis from the incorrect modes of pensation. John xix. 30. The computing the year, practis- names and order of their ed by early nations. The months were, 1. Nisan ; 2. use of lunar months, of twen- Zif; 3. Sivax; 4. Tham- ty-nine and a half days each, muz ; 5. Ab ; 6. Elul : 7. made the year too short.

Ethanim or Tizri ; 8. i JVJany plans were adopted to Q YEA 174 YOK

regulate the year, but none phetic style, a year signifies came near making the lunar three hundred and sixty and solar year correspond, years, and a month, thirty till Julius Cesar, by the help years, a day being put for a

of his astronomers, brought year ; and so three years and it to a considerable degree of a half, and times, time, and accuracy. He abolished the half a time, or 42 months ; or lunar month, and established 1260 days denote the 1260 a solar year, of 365 days 6 years duration of Antichrist. hours, divided into 12 artifi- Rev. xi. 2, 3, xii. 6, 14. cial months, consisting alter- YOKE, a contrivance for nately of 30 and 31 days. the neck of oxen, with which

The odd six hours in four they draw ; a mark of servi- years made a whole day, tude, bondage, or slavery. which was added by count- The service of God is to flesh ing the 24th day of February and blood, a yoke, because it twice. The year on which restrains our natural motions this was done was called leap and inclinations: Yet it is year. The new reckoning, easy in comparison of the however, was not perfectly service of sin, the covenant exact, for the true year con- of works, and the ceremonial sists of only 365 days 5 hours law. Matt. xi. 29, 30, Gal. and 49 minutes, so that the v. 1. It is easy to them that Julian year was eleven min- love God, and are regener- utes too long. This surplus ated, or born of the Spirit, in 130 years amounted to a because the law is written in whole day, and in 1600 years their hearts, they are en- had created an error of ten dued with faith, and they are days. In the year 1582 Pope strengthened by Christ. Psl. Gregory XIII. at the instance xxxvii. In the ordinance of of Lilio, the Roman astrono- the red heifer that was to be mer, proposed to strike out slain for the water of separa- this excess of ten days, and tion, Numb. xix. 2, 9, it to omit three leap years in was expressly required that every four centuries. This she should be without spot plan was soon adopted by all or blemish, and never have enlightened nations, and is worn a yoke. As all the an- called the New Style. This cient institutions were de- makes our present calender signed to convey religious very nearly, though not quite instruction, we learn from correct. The surplus, as now this victim, that our first ser- left, would not amount to 7 vices are due to God; and hours in 1000 years. In pro- typically, the perfection of ZAD 175 ZEA

our Lord and Saviour, Jesus thens were particularly scru- Christ, whose blood cleans- pulous on this point. Hence, eth from all sin. Heb. ix. in Homer, the Greek poet, 33, 14. 1 John i. 7. With Diomedes promises to Pallas, respect to the creature never A yearly heifer, having worn a yoke, the hea- Unconscious of the galliug yoke.

ZACCHEUS, a rich pub- ZAREPTHAH, or Sa- lican. Whether he was a repta, a sea port of Pheni- Jew or not is uncertain. Pub- cia, midway between Tyre licans paid government a cer- and Sidon, where glass was tain sum for the taxes of a made. Here Elijah lodged specified district, and then some time with a widow. 1 collected them on their own Kings xvii. 9, 10. Luke iv. account and risk. This is 26. About A. D. 400 it was called farming a revenue. still of some note. ZECHARIAH. There ZARETHAN, Zarta- were several persons of this nah, or Zeredathah, a name. 1. A king of Israel, place on the west of Jordan, who reigned but six months. near to which the waters | 2. stood in 2 Kings xv. A chief j heaps, as Joshua priest, martyred by king Jo- passed a good way below. j ash. 2 Chron. xxiv. He is The large molten vessels of probably the person mention- the temple were cast in the ed by our Saviour, Mat. xxiii. adjacent plain. Josh. iii. 16, 35. 3. One of the minor 1 Kings iv. 12. 2 Chron. iv. 17. prophets, who returned from ZEAL, a fervent passion Babylon with Zerubbabel, or earnest desire for any A. M. 3484. 4. One of the thing, but especially in the common priests, father of the cause of religion. 2

John Baptist. Luke i. Kings x. 14. Titus ii. 14. ZADOK, the son of Ahi- St. Paul speaks of some Jews tub, appointed high priest by having a zeal of God, but Saul. By this event that not according to knowledge, high office was returned to Rom.x. 2; that is, they had an the family of Eleazar, after earnest desire to maintain the it had continued near 120 honour of the ritual to which years in the house of Eli, and they were accustomed ; but the family of Ithamar. this, though a warm, was a ZED 176 ZIO blind zeal. They know not he was 21 years of age, and that righteousness whereby reigned 11. He revolted, but a person is justified before wr as subdued and carried God. God's zeal is his wise, prisoner to Nebuchadnezzar, high, and holy regard to his who caused his children to own honour, and to the wel- be murdered before his face, fare of his people. 2 Kings and then his eyes to be xix. 21. plucked out ; after which he ZEBULUN,or Zabtjlon, loaded him with chains, and the sixth son of Jacob by Le- sent him to Babylon, where ah, born about A. M. 2256, he died. Jer. xxi. xxvii. from whom sprung one of ZERUBBABEL was the the tribes of Israel. When Jewish name ofSHESHBAz- this tribe came out of Egypt, zar, who built the second their fighting men amounted temple, by authority of Cy- to 57,400 men, commanded rus, Ez. v. 6. Zech. iv. 5. by Eliab the son of Elon: He took with him to Judea they increased 3100 in the a colony of 50,000 persons, wilderness. They had their and restored the temple wor- inheritance between the Sea ship. In his day lived Hag- of Galilee and the Mediter- gai and Zechariah the proph- ranean, and enriched them- ets. Hag. i. and ii. Zech. iv. selves by fisheries, com- ZION. Which of the merce, and the manufacture several hills on which Jeru- of glass. They were very salem stood was properly honest in their dealings, and, called Zion, is now not cer- notwithstanding of distance, tain, the whole city having were punctual attenders ot early taken that name, and the worship of God at Jeru- the temple itself especially. salem, Gen. xlix. 13. Their Psl. Ixv. 1, lxxxiv. 7. It is country was signally blessed thought the temple stood on with the early instructions Mount Moriah, where Abra- and miracles of our Saviour. ham offered his son. 2 Sam. Isa. ix. 1, 2. Matt. iv. 13,15. v. 1. 1 Kings viii. 1. Psl. ZEDEKIAH, the son of xlviii. 2. The worshippers at Josiah. When Nebuchad- the temple, if not the whole nezzar carried Jehoiachin inhabitants of Jerusalem, are prisoner to Babylon, he made called Zion. Psl. xcvii. 8. In Mattaniah king in his stead, allusion to this, the church, after he had caused him to whether Jewish or Christian, swear to be his tributary, and or heaven, is called Zion. changed his fyjue to ZeZecteki- ^sl^ii^-13, Isa. ii. 3, Heb. ah. He begPepiign w)%nj|xii.^f ;v. xiv. 1, Isa. Ii. 11. , Qev

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