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International Symposium on Utilization of Accelerators XAO103499-360^ IAEA PEN International Symposium on Utilization of Accelerators Sao Paulo, Brazil 26-30 November 2001 BOOK OF EXTENDED SYNOPSES IAEA-SM-366 Organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency Hosted by the Government of Brazil through its ipen Institute de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo, Brazil The material in this book has been supplied by the authors and has not been edited. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the named authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the government of the designating Member State(s).The IAEA cannot be held responsible for any material reproduced in this book. PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK CONTENTS PAPERS IAEA-SM-366/010 3 IAEA-SM-366/139 91 IAEA-SM-366/011 4 IAEA-SM-366/140 93 IAEA-SM-366/012 6 IAEA-SM-366/141 94 IAEA-SM-366/013 7 IAEA-SM-366/142 96 IAEA-SM-366/014 8 IAEA-SM-366/143 98 IAEA-SM-366/015 10 IAEA-SM-366/144 99 IAEA-SM-366/016 12 IAEA-SM-366/145 101 IAEA-SM-366/017 14 IAEA-SM-366/146 103 IAEA-SM-366/018 15 IAEA-SM-366/147 105 IAEA-SM-366/019 16 IAEA-SM-366/148 107 IAEA-SM-366/100 17 IAEA-SM-366/149 109 IAEA-SM-366/101 19 IAEA-SM-366/150 Ill IAEA-SM-366/102 20 IAEA-SM-366/151 113 IAEA-SM-366/103 22 IAEA-SM-366/152 114 IAEA-SM-366/104 24 IAEA-SM-366/153 116 IAEA-SM-366/105 26 IAEA-SM-366/154 118 IAEA-SM-366/106 28 IAEA-SM-366/155 120 IAEA-SM-366/107 30 IAEA-SM-366/156 122 IAEA-SM-366/108 32 IAEA-SM-366/157 124 IAEA-SM-366/109 35 IAEA-SM-366/158 125 IAEA-SM-366/110 37 IAEA-SM-366/159 126 IAEA-SM-366/111 39 IAEA-SM-366/112 41 IAEA-SM-366/113 43 IAEA-SM-366/114 44 POSTERS IAEA-SM-366/115 46 IAEA-SM-366/116 47 IAEA-SM-366/200P 129 IAEA-SM-366/117 48 IAEA-SM-366/201P 130 IAEA-SM-366/118 49 IAEA-SM-366/202P 131 IAEA-SM-366/119 53 IAEA-SM-366/203P 133 IAEA-SM-366/120 55 IAEA-SM-366/204P 135 IAEA-SM-366/121 57 IAEA-SM-366/205P 137 IAEA-SM-366/122 59 IAEA-SM-366/206P 138 IAEA-SM-366/123 61 IAEA-SM-366/207P 140 IAEA-SM-366/124 63 IAEA-SM-366/208P 142 IAEA-SM-366/125 65 IAEA-SM-366/209P 143 IAEA-SM-366/126 67 IAEA-SM-366/211P 145 IAEA-SM-366/127 69 IAEA-SM-366/212P 147 IAEA-SM-366/128 71 IAEA-SM-366/213P 149 IAEA-SM-366/129 73 IAEA-SM-366/214P 151 IAEA-SM-366/130 75 IAEA-SM-366/215P 152 IAEA-SM-366/131 77 IAEA-SM-366/216P 154 LAEA-SM-366/132 79 IAEA-SM-366/217P 155 IAEA-SM-366/133 81 IAEA-SM-366/219P 157 IAEA-SM-366/134 83 IAEA-SM-366/221P 159 IAEA-SM-366/136 85 IAEA-SM-366/222P 160 IAEA-SM-366/137 87 IAEA-SM-366/223P 162 IAEA-SM-366/138 89 IAEA-SM-366/224P 163 IAEA-SM-366/225P 165 IAEA-SM-366/226P 167 IAEA-SM-366/227P 168 IAEA-SM-366/228P 169 IAEA-SM-366/229P 170 IAEA-SM-366/230P 172 IAEA-SM-366/231P 173 IAEA-SM-366/232P 175 IAEA-SM-366/233P 177 IAEA-SM-366/234P 179 IAEA-SM-366/235P 181 IAEA-SM-366/236P 183 PAPERS XAO103500 IAEA-SM-366/10 Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Accelerator Technology: Cyclotrons and EB Y. Jongen, DBA, Belgium IAEA-SM-366/11 XA0103501 ELECTRON ACCELERATORS FOR RADIATION PROCESSING: CRITERIONS OF SELECTION AND EXPLOITATION Zbigniew Zimek Department of Radiation Chemistry and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw The progress in accelerator technology is tightly attached to the continuously advanced development in many branches of technical activity. Although present level of accelerators development can satisfy most of commercial requirements, this field continues to expand and improve quality by offering efficient, cheap, reliable, high average beam power commercial units. Accelerator construction must be compromise between size, efficiency and cost in respect to the field of its application. High power accelerators have been developed to meet specific demands of flue gas treatment and other high throughput to increase the capacity of the process and reduced unit cost of operation. Presented Table illustrates basic parameters of the accelerators which are affordable presently and in near future. Table 1. Electron accelerators suitable for radiation processing Electron beam Continuous Pulsed Accelerator Direct HF/UHF HF UHF Induction Pulse duration DC Substructure 1 (j.s - 1 ms 1 - 10 MS 50 ns - 2 \xs Beam current: pulse 0,1 - 1 A 0,5-5 A 0,5-lOkA Average <1,5 A < 100 mA <50mA < 100 mA < 1 A Energy range 0,3 - 5 MeV 1 -10 MeV 1 - 7,5 MeV 3 - 10 MeV 1 - 5 MeV Beam power present 500 kW 200 kW 50 kW 50 kW 350 kW Future 1MW 500 kW 150 kW 500 kW 1 MW Efficiency 60 - 80 % 20-40% 30% 10-20% 60% Industrial application + + + + - Automatic control, reliability and reduced maintenance, adequate adoption to process conditions, suitable electron energy and beam power are the basic features of modern accelerator construction. Accelerators have the potential to serve as industrial radiation sources and eventually may replace the isotope sources in future. Electron beam plants can transfer much higher amounts of energy into the irradiated objects than other types of facilities including gamma plants. That provide opportunity to construct technological lines with high capacity and they are more technically and economically suitable with high throughputs, short evidence time and grate versatility. The most significant advantages of application electron beam sources in radiation facilities are related to very short exposure time, strictly controlled irradiation zone, high fraction energy of electron beam deposited in irradiated object, simple product handling systems for continuous and unit operation irradiation process, safety, electron beam shut off capabilities to stop irradiation, economic advantages of electron beam processing, easy control of irradiation process, facility compactness. Disadvantage of electron beam processing to compare with gamma irradiation: limited penetration of electrons, more complex dosimetry, more complex maintenance, cost of spare parts required for stable service for certain accelerator constructions, higher qualification of service personnel. Relatively high investment and operating costs for electron beam facilities to compare with more conventional processes may be justified by better results and flexibility of such installations. The development of compact and cost effective accelerator systems may have great impact in application of many different radiation technology. The most suitable type of accelerator for certain application depends at first on required electron energy which is directly related to density and structure of irradiated objects and beam power which defines total capacity of the installation. Founds and time necessary for realization of the investment process depends on condition accelerator purchase: accelerator cost, delivery time, producer specification (prototype or serial device), installation and personnel training, warranty conditions. The other technical and economical parameters which are usually taken into account are related to criterions with auxiliary importance: electrical efficiency of the accelerator, physical size, reliability, maintainability, working position of the accelerator, spare parts, cost of exploitation. Computer based control systems are used commonly now what has simplified the operation of those complex devices. Investment in general includes cost of accelerator and necessary building with shielding walls, safety interlock system, conveyor and auxiliary equipment, land, documentation and installation. Investment cost is frequently connected to the bank credit and became important part of operation costs which are also related to labor and administration spendings, electrical energy consumption and spare parts. The investment and operating costs for electron beam accelerators vary widely because of different accelerator specification, type of accelerator and accelerator producers. High facility throughput which is directly related to the beam current level may significantly reduce total unit cost of the process,, The accelerators with higher energy of electrons cost more then low energy devices with the same beam power level. Therefore, the lowest energy rating with suitable dose distribution in irradiated object will give better economical parameters of the radiation process. A reduction of the operating time would increase the unit cost significantly because fixed annual cost of investment will be allocated to fewer hours of accelerator exploitation. On the other hand the lower dose will increase the process throughput and reduce the unit costs. IAEA-SM-366/12 XA0103502 Ultra High Vacuum Systems for Accelerators P. Lofgren, Manne Siegbahn Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT In order to perform controlled, stable, and reproducible experiments, several research areas today require very low pressures. Maybe the most important example is the research that is performed in storage rings and accelerators where the lifetime and stability of particle beams depends critically on the vacuum conditions. Although the vacuum requirements ultimately depends on the kind of experiments that is performed, the studies of more and more rare and exotic species in storage rings and accelerators today pushes the demands on the vacuum conditions towards lower and lower pressures. The final pressure obtained in the vacuum system can often be the key factor for the outcome of an experiment. Pioneering work in vacuum technology has therefore often been performed at storage rings and accelerator facilities around the world.
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