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A Trophic Chain As Indicator of Agricultural Practice Change in Maize

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A Trophic Chain As Indicator of Agricultural Practice Change in Maize A trophic chain as indicator of agricultural practice change in maize Agnès Ardanuy Gabarra http ://hdl.handle.net/10803/405800 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. Escola Tècnica Superior d´Enginyeria Agrària Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal Universitat de Lleida A trophic chain as indicator of agricultural practice change in maize Dissertation to obtain the degree of Doctor by Agnès Ardanuy Gabarra Director: Dr. Ramon Albajes Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal Escola Tècnica Superior d´Enginyeria Agrària Agrotecnio CenterUniversitat de Lleida Director: Dr. Ramon Albajes (Universitat de Lleida) External evaluators Dr. Andrea Lucchi (Università di Pisa) Dr. Lucia Zappalà (Università degli Studi di Catania) Thesis comitee Dr. Xavier Pons (Universitat de Lleida) Dr. Andrea Lucchi (Università di Pisa) Dr. Lucia Zappalà (Università degli Studi di Catania) Substitute 1: Dr. Marta Montserrat (Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", CSIC) Substitute 2: Dr. Carmen López (Universitat de Lleida) Cover: Jordi Ardanuy. Drawing based on a photograph by B. Lumbierres. This PhD thesis has been carried out at the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Spain. The author was funded by a PhD FPU schlolarship from Ministerio de Educación. The research was funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Project AGL2011-23996). Agraïments Aquest és l'espai per agrair a totes les persones que m'han acompanyat durant els darrers anys i que m'han donat l'energia per a finalitzar aquest viatge. Aquest camí ha estat tot un aprenentatge de vida. En primer lloc voldria agrair al meu director Ramon Albajes per la seva confiança i recolzament, i sobretot per obrir-me una porta a l'apassionant món de les relacions planta- insecte. A en Joan, la Matilde, la Carmen, la Eva i en Xavier que m'heu donat suport tant a Lleida com en la distància. I a la resta d'integrants del grup d'Entomologia de la UdL que durant tant temps heu sigut la meva família científica: Belén, Dolors, Mònica, Jesús, Marcela, Marta, Meritxell, Mª José, Miquel, Rosa, Tere i Aurora... i als molts estudiants que ens han acompanyat. Gràcies. I'd like to thank Ted Turlings for welcoming me in his lab, it was a great experience... Merci! To FARCE and E-vol lab members Angela, Daniel, Hao, JinWon, Mickaël, Max, Geoffrey, Thomas, Gaylord, Javier, Neil, Diane, Ilham, Gaëtan and Betty thanks for your help: it has been a real pleasure meeting you. A Victoria Pastor por ser mi madrina científica, compartir cafés y ayudarme a aclarar las ideas. Tu energía positiva es contagiosa, qué gusto trabajar contigo! Als meus germans de viatge des de l'inici Filipe i Marina: no sé si hauria pogut acabar aquesta tesi sense vosaltres però del que estic segura és... de que no hauria estat tan divertit. I als companys que he trobat pel camí Alberto, Diego, Miguel i Byrappa. Junts no hem trobat problemes sinó contratemps, i els hem superat junts amb alegria ( "the bright side of life"). Gràcies per tot. A la Maison des Liserons, ma colocation du bonheur en Suisse. Merci pour les bonnes moments a Fanny, Michael, Marie, Nico et Lulu. Gracias Fanny por los largos paseos, los baños y por estar siempre a mi lado. Una suerte haberte conocido. Thanks also to my lovely friends "les mafiosi" (Vero et Marco), Filip, Daniela and Alfonso, you made my life significantly better. A la Spanish mafia de Neuchâtel... Victoria, Raquel, Ruben, Xoaquín, Miguel y Silvia, por todas las fondues, raclettes, migas, pulpos y queimadas que compartimos. Qué placer sentirse uno en casa lejos de ella, qué fácil es arreglar la ciencia y la vida con vosotros. Als amics de vida lleidatana: Álex, Xavi, Paula, Irene, Eva, César, Pitter, Salomé, Laura, Pere, María, Diana, Alberto, Marcela, Jorge, Addy, Daniela, Albert, Jordi, Marta... Per els bailoteos, confesions, copetes, ploreres i riures... i canvis d'etapa! A les amigues de vida, que m'entenen com ningú i m'ajuden a ser millor: Núria, Marina, Ari, Irene i Eva. A Paula, por estos cinco años de tesis de fondo: por las filosofadas, tuppers, idas y venidas. Y por tu amistad. Lo logramos! A la Marina, per la teva complicitat i per fer-me veure cada got que em trobo més ple. Sou les millors. A la meva família, que m'han donat suport incondicional tot aquest temps d'alts i baixos que suposa una tesi doctoral. A la meva mare amb la que puc parlar de tot, al meu pare que em fa veure que totes les coses són més senzilles del que semblen, i a en Jordi que em permet dubtar de tot. Semblava que aquest moment no arribaria mai. Però aqui està. Fet. Moltes gràcies. In every walk with nature one receives far more than he seeks. John Muir CONTENTS SUMMARY 1 RESUM 3 RESUMEN 5 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER 1 15 Landscape context influences leafhopper and predatory Orius spp. abundances in maize fields CHAPTER 2 45 Innate and learned prey-searching behavior in a generalist predator CHAPTER 3 69 Leafhoppers as indicators for risk assessment of GM biofortified crops CHAPTER 4 89 A vitamin enriched maize does not impact plant-insect interactions GENERAL DISCUSSION 125 CONCLUSIONS 131 SUMMARY Biological control of insect pests through the action of predators and parasitoids is a key component of natural pest management that provides invaluable economic benefits to humans particularly in food production. Invertebrate community composition and dynamics in agro-ecosystems is largely shaped by bottom-up effects which transfer from the plant resource across herbivores to the associated natural enemies of the herbivores. It is not surprising then, that one of the main concerns associated to the change in agricultural practices and in particular of the use of new varieties in agriculture - e.g genetically modified plants - is their potential to adversely affect the community of invertebrates and the ecosystem services they deliver. Given the impossibility to measure all ecological interactions between a plant and its associated insect species, we focused on species that are keystone in the ecological functions herbivory - the leafhopper Zyginidia scutellaris -and predation - the complex Orius spp.- in maize as indicators of agricultural change. The first part of the thesis focuses on building knowledge on insect-landscape and plant-insect interactions for our study system to validate their use as indicator species in maize, for that we addressed (i) the occurrence and variation in the populations of the leafhopper Z. scutellaris and Orius spp. in NE Spain and how they are influenced by landscape characteristics (Chapter 1) and (ii) the specificity in the response of predator Orius spp. towards herbivore-induced volatiles (HIPVs) triggered by different herbivore species in maize (Chapter 2). The second part of the thesis deals directly with the evaluation of risk assessment of newly emerging biofortified crops to insects: (i) we addressed the main difficulties in problem formulation, and proposed an ecological approach for the evaluation of Carolight maize-insect interactions (Chapter 3), and lastly (ii) we characterized chemical profiles of Carolight maize and its comparator and evaluated their equivalence in terms of plant- insect interactions in contrasting nitrogen conditions (Chapter 4).
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