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In This Edition: Page Page  Port Phillip is Best! 2  The Blue Lake 21  Geelong’s Wool Stores 3  The American Civil War 22  Terra Nullius 6  Scotland—Fast Facts 24  Clarke Brothers—Bushrangers 8  Ebola 25  Ferrets 10  Little River Band 26  Mining Around Geelong 12  Recipe—Sweet Tooth? 28  Geelong Gem & Mineral Club 15  Word Search— Desserts 29  Corio-The Early Days Part 12 16  Banknotes: David Unaipon 30  The Temple of Artemis 18  150 Years Ago 31  Mount Gambier 20  Then… & Now 32

Just how good was life in early Port Phillip Bay—at Melbourne and Geelong? No doubt it was a struggle to establish the two fledgling towns, but self-promotion dominated newspaper articles sent to other settlements around Australia, and overseas, as the following article suggests: “Whalers— The disadvantages which the port of Sydney presents from the irresistible temptation it holds out to sailors for drunkenness and desertion, have long been felt and acknowledged. To obviate (make unnecessary) this evil so annoying to masters of whalers and so opposite to the interests of their owners generally, we wish to point out that Port Phillip is the only other place open on this coast to supply the necessities requisite, attended with but little expense, perfect safety, and no risk of losing the crews. There is no pilotage fees, no harbour-master’s dues; in fact, the only charge is upon entry and clearance.

On the other hand, stores are in Whaling and the export of whale by-products abundance; goods at but a small became one of Australia's first primary industries. advance on the Sydney prices; fresh Whale blubber was melted down to be used as oil for meat and vegetables will be found lamp fuel, lubricants and candles and as a base for good, cheap, and abundant; water is perfumes and soaps. Baleen (whalebone) was used easy and accessible; and before long for items such as corsets, whips and umbrellas. there will be, if it do not exist now, a The photo above shows whalers about to harpoon a decided superiority over every other killer whale near Eden, in southern New South Wales. part of Australia. If it should become desirable to discharge the cargoes here, vessels are frequently going direct to England; or various craft to Van Diemen’s Land returning in ballast, would be glad to take it ‘without any charge of store rent or freight,’ as they are now doing with the wool.” Port Phillip gazette. February 1839.

Melbourne town in 1839. The Yarra Yarra River and Port Phillip Bay are in the background. 2

By the early 1900’s nearly all of Geelong’s waterfront was devoted to the wool trade. Huge wool stores lined the foreshore and Brougham Streets, waiting for vessels to arrive at Cunningham or Yarra Street Piers, to export thousands of bales of wool each year, mainly to Europe. The massive wool stores now form part of the Deakin University– Waterfront Campus, and Westfield Shopping Centre. In 1836, the year after European settlers arrived at Port Phillip Bay, 26,500 sheep were counted in the district. The wool clip from this ever-growing flock, fed on bountiful fields of local grass, soon became prodigious! As early as 1839, the year after the town of Geelong was established, wool storage was offered to local farmers and shipping agents (likely inside rough slab timber huts), until ships arrived to take the bales to Sydney or Europe. The following year (1840), James Strachan became the first man in Geelong to construct a stone building, a house and bond store on the corner of Moorabool and Brougham Streets. The bond store was expanded to include a wool store, and his property was soon surrounded by up to 6 other businessmen offering storage for wool. During the highs and lows of the wool industry in Australia, Strachan entered into various partnerships with other men, but his business finally became known as Strachan & Co., and expanded throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The wool stores he built still stand prominently along Brougham Street. Charles John Dennys, migrated to Melbourne in 1842 but soon moved to Geelong and farmed land on the Barwon and Moorabool Rivers. After running a number of successful businesses, on November 6, 1857 Dennys conducted the first wool sale in Geelong, comprising 160 wool bales. In September 1858 Dennys advertised his intention to establish a 'Local Wool Mart', to avoid the cost of shipping wool to Melbourne.

James Strachan

The house and wool store owned by James Strachan on the corner of Moorabool and Brougham Streets. The house was the first stone building erected in Geelong in 1840. Rebuilt and expanded in 1906 and again in the early 1950s, the old wool store now forms part of the Westfield Shopping Centre. James Strachan’s story appears in the December 2012 issue of the Jillong Pocket. 3

C J Dennys The business prospered, and by the 1867-68 selling season, along with partner Edward Lascelles, they catalogued 10,500 bales. In December 1870, to provide larger wool storage they bought an old coal yard on the opposite corner to Strachan & Co., and constructed an imposing basalt wool-store and offices, which were opened on August 1, 1872. (See back page of The Dennys Lascelles warehouse, on the corner of Ghering- this magazine) hap and Brougham Streets was a major edition to their main wool store up on the next corner at Moorabool Street. The In the 1877-78 season the company building served as a furniture store, but is currently for sale. sold 21,000 bales. Further growth necessitated the construction of another wool store on the next corner to the west on Gheringhap Street (above). Frederick Dalgety arrived at Sydney in 1834 at the age of 16, but by December 1842 he had moved to Melbourne and become manager of a new wool trading firm. Dalgety soon secured a partnership in the business and, when his partners left the firm in 1846, he formed his own company, Dalgety & Co. By 1848 he was an independent and well-to-do merchant, concentrating on providing merchandise for squatters and buying their produce in return. Between the gold rush years of 1851-55 he made about £150,000 from his gold speculations alone. Dalgety never lived in Geelong, but upon returning to England in 1855 he appoint- ed C. Ibbotson as a colonial manager-partner of his company in Geelong. Apart from a brief return to Australia in 1857 and again in 1881, Dalgety lived the rest of his life in England.

The last load of wool bales brought to the Frederick Dalgety Dalgety & Co. wool store by bullock waggon in 1910. The load is from the property of Mr. Venters of Stonehaven, and the driver (standing in front of the waggon) is Mr. Galloway, originally from Lake Bolac. The rebuilt wool store is now part of the Deakin University Waterfront Campus.

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George Synnot By 1880 Dalgety & Co was handling over 70,000 bales of wool each year, most of it out of Geelong. For a time, this made him Australia’s largest exporter of wool. To cater for such huge quantities of wool, in 1892 a new 2-storey wool store was constructed at 98 Western Beach Road (pictured below-left). The building was dramatically expanded in 1934, Established in 1854, the George Synnot & Co wool store and turning it into the 6-storey grain house, fronted Clare Street, Geelong. The picture above brick building we see today as was drawn in 1885 after reconstruction took place, including part of the Deakin University the installation of a hydraulic lift. 7,000 bales of wool were Campus. stored in the 3-storey building. George Synnot was son of prominent Australian Colonial, Captain Walter Synnot. His Brother Monckton Synnot was also a well known squatter and wool broker. George travelled to the Port Phillip District and established the firm, George Synnot & Co., in 1854, operating hide and skin stores, as well as wool and grain warehouses in Clare Street Geelong. Synnot quickly learned from Charles Dennys, and started holding auction sales of wool in Geelong in November 1858. Today, the office block has been enlarged and converted into the Nireeda Apartments.

Australia currently has about 75 million sheep, producing 340 million kilograms of wool annually. Modern storage facilities make the early Geelong wool stores appear tiny by comparison, but the prominent buildings on Geelong’s waterfront continue to define our history, and remind us of the importance of wool!

Today, Australian Wool Handlers PTY LTD handles about two-thirds of Australia’s wool clip. While it receives wool at 15 locations throughout the country, one of its largest warehouses is in Forest Road, Lara. 5

When the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay in 1788, the British simply took over the land, despite clear evidence the Aborigines had been living in the area for hundreds of years. To justify their claimed ownership of Australia the British applied the International Law of ‘terra nullius.’ The term ‘terra nullius’ comes from Latin, and is used to describe land that nobody owns. Simply put, the first nation to discover a land it wishes to occupy is entitled to take it as “finders keepers.” Any disputes over unoccupied land were settled once a party could prove that they “found it first” (or by war). However, Australia was NOT unoccupied. Thousands of Aborigines had settled vast areas of the continent, as well as Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania). In the area around Geelong, the Bellarine Peninsula, and the Surf Coast, about 400 Aborigines were counted when Europeans first arrived to settle in 1835. The British had faced this same situation a number of times previously, as it had sought to conquer and colonise the Americas, the Sub-Continent, and parts of Africa. Justification for conquest was provided by a definition made by the British as to what is meant by the term ‘unsettled.’ A ‘civilized’ people were considered owners of their land, but ‘barbarian’ peoples were considered sub-human, and thus easy pickings for conquerors. Eminent thinkers such as Aristotle and St Thomas Aquinas had pondered the status of barbarians, while others had even developed scales of measuring degrees of barbarity and savagery. And so, the lower the level at which a particular people are placed, the less they needed to be taken into account during a takeover. With their dark skin, and ‘walk-about’ lifestyle, it was a simple matter for the British to categorise Australia’s Aborigines as ‘barbarian.’ Even some 80 years after the First Fleet arrived, when the Aboriginal cricket team toured England in 1868, a ‘pleasantly surprised’ reporter of London’s Daily Telegraph newspaper provided an insight into the common British view of Australia’s native population of the time when he wrote: “It is highly interesting and curious, to see mixed in a friendly game on the most historically Saxon part of our island, representatives of two races so far removed from each other as the modern Englishman and the Aboriginal Australian. Although several of them are native bushmen, and all are as black as night, these

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Indian fellows are to all intents and purposes, clothed and in their right minds.” Thus, to legitimise their takeover, and ease their collective conscience, British authorities classified Australian Aborigines as a barbarian race, and not the legitimate owners of the land. This helps to explain why in 1835, when John Batman got the Aboriginal elders to sign (or put their mark) on a document ’selling’ the Were the Aborigines “Barbarians”? land between Melbourne and Geelong to Even 226 years ago the aborigines had him, the authorities in Sydney refused to developed a varied and complex set of acknowledge the document—to do so languages, tribal alliances and trading would be an admission that the local tribes routes, beliefs and social customs. While of Aborigines were the owners in the first tribes of Aborigines were known for being place! constantly on the move, in some areas After the First Fleet arrived in 1788, what semi-permanent huts were constructed, was the status of this colony of New South like at Breamlea, south of Geelong. In Wales? Was it subject to British laws, or a other areas, a sophisticated network of separate country, able to establish its own water channels were constructed for set of laws? The matter was resolved in farming eels. And the Mabo court case 1828 by a British Act of Parliament which clearly established that many aborigines stated that all the laws of England, which grew crops as farmers. could be applied to local circumstances, The Wurundjeri tribe (around Melbourne) should apply. A further decision in 1889 by also mined diorite, a source of the highly the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, valued greenstone hatchet heads, which the highest court of appeal for the British were highly prized and traded across a Empire, back-dated all British laws to 1788. wide area as far as NSW and Adelaide. While Australia achieved Federation in 1901, Today, in the face of continued racial and formed its own Parliament, Aboriginal prejudice, the descendants of those early ‘property rights,’ were ignored as court after tribes have proven just as capable as any court ruled that "the acquisition of territory other race in intelligence, morality, and by a sovereign state for the first time, is an humanness. act of state which cannot be challenged, controlled or interfered with by the courts." Finally, in June 1992 in the Mabo case the High Court rejected terra nullius, providing the basis for tribes throughout Australia to claim back their land. Despite the ruling, terra nullius remains in place as the basis in International Law for Britain’s acquisition of sovereignty over Australia. Only future rulings by courts will determine the true owners of land within our country. Victorian Aboriginal territories 7

Thomas and John Clarke were Australian bushrangers from the Braidwood district of New South Wales (today, between Canberra and Batemans Bay) responsible for a series of high-profile robberies and killings in the 1860s. Some modern-day writers have described the Clarkes as the "bloodiest" Australian bushrangers of all. The father of the two boys, Jack Clarke had been sentenced to seven years transporta- tion in 1827. He was assigned to work on the 2,650 acre property of Major Elrington, 16km south of Braidwood. He married Irish migrant, Mary Connell, and took up a leasehold on land which proved too small to support his family of five children. Jack then took to selling sly-grog, and initiated his sons Tom and John into cattle duffing (stealing cattle). Theythen raided crops and livestock, aided by their uncles Pat and Tom Connell. Their gang, known as the Jerrabat Gully Rakers, was well trained in bushcraft and heavily armed—and had only just started their reign of terror. Next, the gang started holding up publicans, storekeepers, farmers and travellers. They ambushed gold shipments and the coaches that travelled from Sydney and the Illawarra. The gang even held the town of Michelago (today, 53km south of Canberra) captive while awaiting the arrival of a gold escort coach. In April 1866 the gang raided the goldfield town of Nerrigundah. Having held up a storekeeper who was riding home with his takings, the gang rode into Nerrigundah and held up the hotel and the store. Two local policemen took on the bushrangers in a fierce night battle in the town’s main street. Constable Myles O’Grady, who had risen from his sick bed to face the bushrangers, was shot dead. Gang member William Fletcher, who had only joined the gang the day before was also killed. In July 1866, the police, aided by the telegraph, had their first success against the gang. They caught up with them near Krawarree, and as the gang tried to flee, Pat Connell was shot dead. Tom and John Clarke determined to revenge Pat’s death. Four men were then sent to the area under secret orders from Colonial Secretary, Henry Parkes. They were to work in disguise and try to capture the Clarkes by undercover methods. The result was disastrous. In January 1867, the bodies of the four special constables were found near Jinden Creek. It appeared that two of them, John Phegan and Eneas McDonnell, had been shot in an ambush. The other two, John Carroll and Patrick Kennagh, were shot a short distance away, possibly 8

“Bail Up!” after having surrendered. The term was used in Australia by bushrangers, During 1865-66, Thomas, John, along requesting that coachman and other travellers with their brother James and other come to a stop, for they were being robbed. But relatives were held responsible for a from where did the term originate? reported 36 hold-ups and the deaths The first supply of horned cattle to Australia of five policemen, including the four came from Cape Town in South Africa. They "special constables." So notorious was were big-boned, slab-sided animals, with the gang that the Felons' Apprehen- enormous horns. Being very difficult to tame, it sion Act (1866) was pushed through, was always unsafe to milk one of the cows, un- in an attempt to curb their activity. less her head was fastened into a bail (bucket The Act defined bushrangers, and with handle) and her leg tied. Thus, when authorised citizens to kill the criminals driving the cows into the milking area (or shed), on sight. The reward for Tom Clarke the farm worker would order them to “bail up.” was eventually raised to £1,000 and “Bail Up” was then adopted Australia-wide, as that for John to £500. the term soon became a common one meaning The gang’s run of luck started to end “stand still and hand over what’s yours.” with the conviction on February 15, 1867 of Tom Connell for the robbery and assault of John Emmott, when he stole 25 ounces of gold dust, money, and a gold watch. Then, later in the same month, Long Jim "Jemmy the Warrigal", a second member of the gang, fractured his skull in an accident and died. The remains of a third member, Billy Scott, believed to have been murdered by his own gang, were found on April 9, thus reducing the gang to two men, Tom and John Clarke. Later that same month, a police patrol led by Sergeant Wright and a blacktracker named Sir Watkin Wyne, discovered the two at a hut near Jinden on April 26, 1867. After a fierce gun battle on the following morning which lasted a number of hours, John Clarke was hit. A constable named William Walsh was also injured in the shoot-out, and blacktracker, Sir Watkin Wyne was also shot and had to have an arm amputated. Tom and John Clarke eventually surrendered to the police. After being conveyed to Sydney, on May 28, 1867 they appeared in court on a charge of attempting to murder Constable Walsh. Their trial lasted just one day, with the jury taking just 67 minutes to find the brothers guilty. Chief Justice of New South Wales, Sir Alfred Stephen sentenced the two to death. Thomas and John Clarke surrender to the They were hanged at Sydney's Darlinghurst police near Jinden on April 27, 1867. jail on June 25, 1867. 9

Often regarded as vicious, smelly and a downright pest, the ferret carries an unfortunate and perhaps unfair reputation. Despite the common belief, ferrets are not rodents. The ferret is in fact a member of the weasel family, which also includes skunks and otters. Ferrets are actually a domesticated form of wild polecat, which is almost identical other than its wilder temperament. Ferrets are a wholly domesticated species. Apart from those few that escape and manage to survive the wild, the ferret has become accustomed to, and reliant on, humans. The word ferret is actually derived from the latin word furritus, meaning ‘little fur thief.’ Little is known about the domestic origins of the ferret. It is believed by many breeders that the ancient Egyptians first domesticated ferrets to catch rodents. Introduced to Australia by the early settlers as mouse and rat catchers, and later for catching rabbits, current ferret numbers are not known. Several state-based welfare groups exist to care for the large number of stray and surrendered ferrets, with a view to providing them with new homes. Typically ferrets have brown, black, white, or mixed fur. They have an average length of 51cm including a 13cm long tail. Males are substantially larger than females. They weigh 0.7–2 kg, and have a natural lifespan of 7 to 10 years. Female ferrets have a gestation period of 42 days before giving birth. Litters are usually 3 to 7 young, but sometimes more. Females may have two to three litters annually. Young are weaned after 3 to 6 weeks and become independent at3 months. Sexual maturity may come at 6 months. Ferrets are crepuscular, which means they spend 14–18 A group of ferrets is hours a day asleep and are most active around the hours of commonly referred dawn and dusk. Unlike their polecat ancestors, which are to as a "business." solitary animals, most ferrets will live happily in social groups. Ferrets under 1 year They are territorial, like to burrow, and prefer to sleep in an enclosed area. old are called “kits.” But what about that smell? Ferrets have scent glands near their anus, the secretions from which are used in scent marking. Ferrets may also use urine marking for sex and individual recognition. As with skunks, ferrets can release their anal gland secretions when startled or scared, but the smell is much less potent and dissipates rapidly. Most 10

pet ferrets in the USA are sold de-scented (anal glands removed). In many other parts of the world, including the UK and other European countries, de-scenting is considered an unnecessary mutilation. Keeping pet ferrets content, along with good hygiene within their enclosure keeps the smell to a minimum, with some owners declaring they don’t notice any smell at all. When excited, ferrets may perform a routine Don’t Ferrets bite? commonly referred to as the “weasel war dance,” characterized by a frenzied series of Ferrets are in fact very affectionate, sideways hops and bumping into things. playful and intelligent. They can Despite its zeal, this is not aggressive but is a tolerate quite rough play with each joyful invitation to play. It is often accompa- other, nipping each other quite hard. nied by a soft clucking noise, commonly This usually does not hurt them, and is referred to as “dooking.” On the other hand, just part of their social behaviour. But when scared, ferrets will make a distinct this behaviour can lead to ferrets being hissing noise, while there is a soft 'squeaking' nippy toward their human owners. noise when a ferret is upset. It is important to nip train ferrets. Ferrets are obligate carnivores.* They have Spending at least 30 minutes a day short digestive systems and a quick with their pet is important in getting it metabolism, so they need to eat frequently. accustomed to being handled and Prepared dry foods, including high-grade cat developing social skills. food, or specialized ferret food provide the Experts advise that if a ferret does nip, most nutritional value and are the mostit should be disciplined with a loud convenient, though some ferret owners feed ‘no,’ held by the scruff of the neck (this pre-killed or live prey (such as mice and won’t hurt a ferret) and given a sharp rabbits) to their ferrets to more closely mimic tap on the nose with your finger. Fer- their natural diet. rets should never be hit on the head. Ferrets have a number of health issues that However, regardless of how well a need to be watched carefully. They suffer ferret is nip trained, if handled roughly heat stroke quickly, and need a constant it may be easily frightened, resulting in source of clean water. They can even suffer the unfortunate person being bitten. from the common cold, needing rest. Despite this, ferrets make good pets, even for younger school-aged children.

*Obligate carnivores depend entirely on the nutrients found in animal flesh for their survival. While they may consume small amounts of plant material, they lack the physiology required for the digestion of vegetable matter. In fact, some carnivorous mammals eat vegetation specifically as an emetic. 11

In the first few years of European settlement around Geelong, it was only natural for prospectors and amateur geologists to examine their new surroundings for anything of value. Before long, lime pits were established at Mining for gold in Queen’s Park in 1870 Eastern Beach, Fyansford, and Limeburners Lagoon (near Geelong Grammar School at Corio). Salt was also harvested as a valuable commodity, and bark was stripped from wattle trees to extract the tannin necessary for the leather tanning industry. However, the search for energy sources, and especially precious metals, began in earnest 15 years later at the beginning of the 1850s, and worked itself into a frenzy with the discovery of gold at nearby Ballarat in 1851. Below are extracts from newspapers of the day, proclaiming discoveries of note, and the serious mining attempts that followed, all within a few kilometres of the city centre of Geelong:

“A fine specimen of lead ore was shown yesterday, in Geelong, at Mr. Patterson's watchmaker. The ore was intermingled with quartz, and excited much attention. It is represented to have been found near Geelong; but where, the discoverer declines to state. Less credit is given to the statement, than perhaps it deserves. There are more indications of ore in the vicinity of Geelong than many are aware of.” Geelong Advertiser Thursday May 29, 1851 Page 2 Lead

“Last night a specimen of copper ore was shown with profound secrecy, accompanied with hints of unheard of wealth, hidden in the ribs of some neighbouring ridge. One party yesterday was gravely telling of a diamond stuck in the side of a mountain like a breast-pin, and as big as a bull's eye.” Geelong Advertiser Wednesday 4 June 4, 1851 Copper Page 2 12

“Many explorations have been undertaken in the vicinity of Geelong, but we have not yet heard of a well organized party, whose efforts might be predicated to result satisfactorily. Malachite (a gemstone turned green by copper) has been brought in, and an ore much resembling tin has been found, and awaits analysis to prove its true Malachite nature. Mica (crystals used in paint, as well as electrical and building products) has dazzled the eyes of many and proved a fertile source of disappointment. Rumour spoke of a "ample of gold dust from the Native Creek (Teesdale), brought to town by a man known by the name of "Three Fingered Jack,' - but we have not been able to trace its destination. The Anakie Hills are looked to as a mine of wealth, and the Pyrenees gold field is adverted to as an established site of the golden metal. A fine specimen of coal is said to have been found on Mount Moriac, and has been exhibited, and a few days will set at rest the existence or non-existence of a lead mine.” Geelong Advertiser Monday June 9, 1851 Page 2 Cassiterite (Tin) “Another specimen of quartz, with gold was brought to our office yesterday. It was found at Fyans' Ford, by parties known to us as being of unquestionable respectability and veracity. If gold be found in any quantity so near Geelong, it will only increase the existing excitement, and increase the amazement which these discoveries have and will create. The plain fact is, that the whole soil of the colony is pervaded by rich mineral deposits; and the golden excitement will lead to other discoveries, really more valuable than gold.” Geelong Advertiser Saturday August 16, 1851 Page 2

“The arrival of the Wild Irish Girl from Adelaide with a full compliment of passengers, many of whom are experienced miners, is an event of much importance, for there will be a probability of our mineral resources (irrespective of the gold) being rapidly developed—with their assistance. It will probably soon be found that gold is not the most valuable of our underground wealth. We have what no other gold country except New South Wales, ever possessed, - an extensive coal field, Gold 13

and as we have every formation of rock from the coal down to the primary rocks, there is every reason to believe that the associated metals will be abundant.” Geelong Advertiser Friday October 24, 1851 p.2 Coal By the time the hysteria had settled down from the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, most miners returned to normal life with their families. However, for some, the dream of making a quick fortune was as strong as that found in the most addicted gamblers of today. For decades after, the Geelong region was pock- marked by the diggings of hopeful prospectors: “A correspondent of the Geelong Register reports a strange discovery—what is called a mine of amber—not far from Rokewood. He says ‘As far as I can learn from one of the discoverers (who number five), about eight miles from Rokewood, near Mount Misery, they found some mineral, of which a portion has been analysed, and it has been pronounced to be brown amber, similar to the brown amber of Europe. . . The amber was bound in large pieces, and some of it has been used as fuel by persons in the vicinity. At the bottom of the shaft it has been ascertained Amber that there is a vein of the amber measuring 2ft by 1½ ft.’ ” The Australasian Saturday June 29, 1867 Page 21

And did you know that a gold mine was even started at Ocean Grove? “A syndicate has pegged out some land at Ocean Grove for mining purposes and the prospects of obtaining gold in payable quantities is considered satisfactory. One ton of the stuff is to be sent to the Ballarat School of Mines for treatment.” The Argus Tuesday July 22, 1902 Page 6

While none of the ventures related above bore riches to those who worked them, the most sensational mining attempt at Geelong raised more hope of success than any other. The gold mining activity on Newtown Hill and Chilwell Flat (now called Kardinia Park), on the very edge of the town of Geelong, will be recalled in next month’s issue of the Jillong Pocket—

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Lapidary—the art of forming stone, minerals, or gemstones into decorative items such as cabochons, engraved gems, including cameos, and faceted designs has its roots in history over 5,000 years ago. Early humans began fashioning tools and weapons from copper, iron and stone. In time, these techniques were also used for items of personal adornment. Lapidary has become a popular past-time in Australia. Primarily, lapidary hobby- ists enjoyed creating two types of stonework: Cabochons and Faceted Stones. Cabochon A cabochon is a gemstone cut with a curved or domed top surface and a flat or convex bottom. Cabochon cutting is the technique that best displays the colours and patterns of opaque stones. The beauty of Australian opals is best shown this way. Faceted Stones A faceted stone is a gemstone that has a series of flat polished surfaces. Faceting enhances the reflection of light passing through the stone, causing it to sparkle with colour and brilliance. Faceting is primarily used on transparent or translucent stones like diamonds, rubies and sapphires.

The aim of the Geelong Gem & Mineral Club is to further the craft of lapidary. Activities include monthly meetings, field trips, excursions and a wide range of workshops and training programs for members to enjoy. Other activities and events include exhibitions, club and association competitions that members can enter and of course, varied social activities for all to enjoy. New members and their families are always welcome to the club. Club Rooms: Carey Street, Hamlyn Heights. Behind Western Heights College Hours: Monday & Thursday: 7.30pm-10.30pm Wednesday: 9.30am—12.30pm; 1.00—4.00pm Contact: Phone: 5277 9341 (clubrooms) Email: [email protected] Web: www.http://gemfossicking.com.au/

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PART 12—The Railway Line Extends to Melbourne During the last few months of 1856, and on into 1857, railway construction continued northward, from Duck Ponds (Lara) on to Little River, Wyndham (Werribee) and eventually Williamstown. The massive project provided employment for thousands of men, including for those who supplied provisions to the workers on the track itself. For example, in August 1856, tenders were called to supply three bullock teams to cart 60,000 sleepers from where the train stopped at Duck Ponds to the work site up to 8km (5 miles) to the north. A few days later tenders were called to supply lighters* to ferry 1,000 - 2,000 tonnes of railway materials from the Railway Wharf^ at Geelong to Wyndham wharf, 5km up the Exe River (Werribee River). One of the first groups to take advantage of the new railway service was a picnic party, made up of 70-80 students from the Free Church School and the McKillop Street Congregational School in Geelong, along with their guardians. The day was spoiled by rain, with the boys and girls forced to shelter at the Robin Hood Hotel at Duck Ponds until they could catch the train back into Geelong. Despite the inclement weather on this early jaunt, by the time the railway line reached Little River toward the end of 1856 picnicking in the You Yangs had became a popular past-time. Boys proved their stamina by climbing to the top of Station Peak (Flinders Peak today) while girls searched for wildflowers on the broad Werribee Plain. And where people chose to relax and spent their hard- earned money, businesses were soon to follow. By the following Easter-time (1857), Henry Nickless, of the Bowling Green Hotel at Little River, started to cash in on the popularity of the picnic spot by enticing picnickers to his hotel with a twenty-piece band, playing the choicest operatic * Lighter boats: Flat-bottom boats with a shallow draught used to transfer goods from ocean-going ships over shallow water to shore. ^ Now rebuilt and called Cunningham Pier.

A drawing of one of the earliest trains to ply the route between Geelong and Melbourne. 16

music of the times. Adding to the entertain- ment, Nickless organised a Grand Pigeon Match* every day. Blue Rock Pigeons were provided for contestants at 1s. 6d. (about 15c) a head, and prizes to the value of £100 ($200) enticed the visiting gentlemen to part with their money. By the middle of 1857 the railway line had been completed up to Williamstown, and the line to Geelong was officially opened on June 25. Within the first 3 months of operation 2,622½ passengers made the Geelong Heritage Centre photo journey between the 2 towns. Enjoying a picnic on the You Yangs in 1879. At the time, the area between Williamstown and Melbourne was a vast swamp with the Saltwater River (Maribyrnong River) running through it. As a result, to complete their journey to Melbourne, railway commuters had to catch a ferry service 10km up the Yarra Yarra River. It would be another 18 months before the section over the Saltwater River was completed and travellers could ride directly from Geelong to Spencer Street, Melbourne with three trains running daily. One of the side-effects of the railway were attempts made by entrepreneurs to establish new townships along the length of the railway. As early as 1853, when construction on the line had scarcely begun, one businessman was advertising house lots of half an acre each (0.2 hectares) in the township of Armagh, at the eastern base of the “beautiful Yowang Hills” (You Yangs). Then, in 1857 building lots were offered for sale in the township of Lasswade, to the south of the railway station at Little River. Two months later, lots were offered on the other side of the railway line from Lasswade, in the village of Rosebank, on land with “beautiful views of the You Yangs, easy access to good building stone, firewood, and good soil for market gardens.” Other townships advertised between Corio and Little River include Ascot, Yowang and Lanercost. Needless to say, none of these townships exist today, with most of the lots offered in these proposed townships remaining unsold. Despite the lack of interest with land buyers, the population in the area continued to grow. By 1861, over 2,500 people lived in the area between Corio and Werribee, with there being more than 200 more males than females. It was time for them to seek representation in local government. Next month the story continues . . .

(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country) * Grand Pigeon Match: A shooting competition, similar to clay-trap shooting today, but with live pigeons as targets. 17

The Temple Of Artemis, originally built around 800 BCE was located at the ancient city of Ephesus, located 75km south from the port city of Izmir in modern Turkey. The Temple Of Artemis was built to honour the fertility goddess Artemis (see box on opposite page). Devotion to Artemis was the most popular form of religious worship in the area, until a corrupted form of Christianity was forced upon local citizens by Roman emperors 1,100 years later. The first temple was destroyed by flood in the 7th century BCE. The Ephesians started rebuilding the temple again in 550 BCE, taking about ten years to complete. The second temple was approximately four times larger in area than the first temple. It was some 115m long and 46m wide. Its columns stood some 13m high, in double rows that formed a wide ceremonial passage around the chamber that housed the goddess' cult image. Thirty-six of these columns were, according to Pliny, decorated by carvings in relief. A new ebony or blackened grape-wood cult statue was sculpted by Endoios, and a small shrine to house it was erected east of the open-air altar. The ancients ranked this temple of Artemis at Ephesus as one of the seven wonders of the world (although not described as such until over 300 years later). It was an imposing structure made of cedar, cypress, white marble, and gold. In 356 BCE the temple was destroyed again, this time by arson. Herostratus set fire to the wooden roof-beams, seeking fame for himself at any cost (and thus the term ‘herostratic fame’). For this outrage, the Ephesians sentenced Herostratus to death and forbade anyone from even mentioning his name. Of course, the Ephesians were left to answer the question of how such a great and powerful goddess could allow her own temple to be destroyed—twice! Since the famous Greek king, Alexander the Great, was born that same year, it was claimed that Artemis was too preoccupied with Alexander's delivery to save her own burning temple. Upon becoming king of Greece, Alexander actually offered to pay for the temple's rebuilding, but the Ephesians tactfully refused, not wanting the vain king to take

18 credit for the proposed glorious structure. Work started in 323 BCE and continued for many years. The third temple was larger than the second, being 137m long by 69m wide and 18m high, with more than 127 columns. The third temple lasted for about 600 years before it was destroyed by the Germanic Goths in 268 AD. By then, the The site of the Temple of Artemis, as it appears today. Greek and Roman Empires were in decline, and the Catholic and Orthodox religions were gaining power. Thus, there was little incentive, nor funds to rebuild. A number of the columns, which were very expensive to produce, were taken away and used in other construction projects. After six years of searching, the site of the temple was rediscovered in 1869 by an expedition led by John Turtle Wood and sponsored by the British Museum. Today, little remains of the once magnificent temple, while the Easter celebration, held each year at the same time as Artemis’ great festivals, is probably the only lasting legacy to worship of the popular fertility goddess. Artemis, the Greek virgin goddess of hunting, and daughter of Zeus, is known by the Romans as Diana. However, the Artemis of Ephesus had little in common with the Greek deity of classical mythology. The Ephesian Artemis was a fertility goddess represented in statues adorned with multiple breasts, eggs, and the testicles of sacrificed bulls. The Artemis worshiped at Ephesus is closely connected with other prominent goddesses, including the Phrygian Cybele, the Cappadocian Ma, and the Phoenician Astarte (from which the Easter celebration can be traced). For the great festivals held in her honour in March-April each year, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims came to Ephesus, injecting large amounts of money into the local economy. For example, the making of silver shrines to Artemis proved to be very profitable for Ephesian silversmiths. Therefore, when the Christian apostle Paul preached in Ephesus, a riot was started by the silversmiths, who were concerned that the new religion posed a threat to the worship of Artemis as well as to their own financial security. (see Acts 19:23-41.) 19

With a population of 26,000 people, Mount Gambier is the second largest city in the State of South Australia. The city is located on the slopes of an extinct volcano, approximately 450km south-east of the State capital Adelaide, and just 17km from the Victorian border. The Mount Gambier region is also known for its limestone features, parks and gardens, caves and sinkholes. It was not until 1839 that Stephen Henty arrived from Portland and became the first white man to actually gaze on the beauty of the Blue Lake. [see opposite page] He returned with cattle in 1841. Huts were built for his stockman near the Valley Lake and the cave in the centre of the city. In late 1845 Inspector Gordon, chose a site in the present Cave Gardens for In 1800 Lieutenant James Grant was the first the first police station in the south-east to sight Mount Gambier from the survey brig, of the State. The police began to patrol HMS Lady Nelson, and named it after Lord the area in 1846 and as no legal right James Gambier, Admiral of the Fleet. Standing 192m above sea level, the highest existed to substantiate the Henty claim, point was marked by Centenary Tower, built his stockmen and cattle had to aban- in 1904 to commemorate the first sighting. don the run. Initially, the police made use of the stockman’s hut near the cave for their barracks. Over the next few years, farming, flour-milling and forestry started to arrive in the area. Hastings Cunningham founded Gambierton in 1854 by subdividing a block of 31 ha. (77 acres). From 1861 to 1878 the Post Office was known by this name before reverting to the name, Mount Gambier. Today, in addition to supporting local farming and forestry projects, the biggest Near Mount Gambier are the economic input for the city is tourism, worth Naracoorte Caves. The Australian fossil mammal sites at Naracoorte Caves about $100 million each year. With so much were inscribed on the list of World to do there, why not plan a future visit to the Heritage sites in the year 1994. area? 20

The Blue Lake The blue lake is located in Mount Gambier, South Australia. With an average depth of 70 metres and a circumference of 5km, the lake supplies the whole city of Mount Gambier with its drinking water, providing approximately 3,500 mega-litres of fresh water per year from its 36,000 ML store. Blue Lake is a large, warm monomictic* lake located in an extinct volcanic maar. It is one of four crater lakes on Mount Gambier. Out of the four lakes there are only two that remain, as the other two have dried up over the last 30-40 years as the water table dropped. The colour of the Blue Lake changes from a cold steel-grey to a vivid blue over a few days in late November. Then, after summer the colour gradually fades until the grey winter appearance is returned. Why does this strange event occur? Two main reasons are given for the phenomenon. First, during summer the sun rises higher into the sky, meaning more sunlight is scattered off the surface of the lake. And pure water, like that in the Blue Lake, tends to reflect more blue light than other colours in the light spectrum. In July 1865, daring and Secondly, during spring the surface of the lake reckless horseman Adam warms, dissolving carbon dioxide which is Lindsay Gordon performed released into the air as a gas. The pH increases the riding feat known as and tiny calcite crystals form at the surface, Gordon’s Leap on the before falling down to the bottom of the lake edge of the Blue Lake. A commemorative cleaning the water of organic matter as they obelisk now standing on the spot reads: go. As a result, the clean, pure water left “This obelisk was erected as a memorial behind at the surface reflects a vivid blue light. to a famous poet. From near this spot in At the end of summer, the surface temperature July 1865 Gordon made his famed leap on horseback over an old post and rail starts to cool, and water from the bottom guard fence onto a narrow ledge over- begins to rise, carrying sediment to the surface, looking the Blue Lake and jumped back and along with it, the steel-grey colour. again onto the roadway.” A popular poet and rider, a statue of * Monomictic Lakes: Due to warmer water near the Gordon still remains in Spring Street, surface, and colder water at the bottom, monomictic Melbourne. Suffering internal injuries lakes only mix water from top to bottom once a year, from a number of riding falls, in June during winter when the water near the top cools. 1870 Gordon shot himself. 21

While the American War of Independence (1776-1783) separated the American colonies from oppressive British King George III and his parliament, creating the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war settled two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution from Great Britain: First, whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and second, whether this nation, born with a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slave-holding country in the world. Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its beginning. But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives. The American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western World between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, the American continent was made up of a number of States joined together under one government in Washington (the United States), and a number territories working toward statehood. Should the United States (U.S.) grant statehood, allowing them to become part of the U.S., while still retaining their slaves? Seven states to the south insisted that the government in Washington did not have the right to ban slavery. States to the north, as well as California refused to compromise on this issue, determined to eradicate slavery. When Abraham Lincoln won office in 1860 as the first Republican president, and pledged to keep slavery out of the territories, the southern states seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America, with their own president, Jefferson Davis. Lincoln, along with most of the northern states refused to recognize the legitimacy of secession. They feared that it would create a fatal precedent, allowing any disgruntled State to resign from the U.S. at any time and establish their own country. The United States could eventually divide into several small, squabbling United States President countries. Abraham Lincoln 22

The event that triggered war came at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay on April 12, 1861. Claiming this United States fort as their own, the Confederate army opened fire on the garrison inside and forced it to surrender. Lincoln called out the militia to suppress this "insurrection." Four more slave states seceded and joined the Confederacy. By the end of 1861 nearly a million armed men confronted each other along a line stretching 1,900km from Virginia to Missouri—and then the war began in earnest! Huge battles were fought, with names that have gone down in history — Shiloh, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Vicksburg on the Mississippi, and over to Atlanta and Chickamauga in Georgia. By 1864

the original northern army goal of a Fort limited war to restore the Union had Sumter given way to a new strategy of "total war" to destroy the Old South and its basic institution of slavery and to The northern United States of America fought against 11 give the restored Union a "new birth states to the south, who seceded from the Union and of freedom," as President Lincoln wanted to form their own country—the Confederate States of America. The issue which started the war was put it in his address at Gettysburg to slavery, which President Abraham Lincoln, from the dedicate a cemetery for Union northern Unites States was determine to abolish. soldiers killed in the battle there. For three long years, from 1862 to 1865, Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army staved off invasions and attacks by the Union Army commanded by a series of ineffective generals, until Ulysses S. Grant became general in chief of all Union armies in 1864. After a series of bloody battles, Grant finally defeated Lee’s army at Appomattox in April 1865. In the meantime Union armies and river fleets to the west won a long series of victories over Confederate armies commanded by hapless or unlucky Confederate generals. In 1864-1865 General William T. Sherman led his army deep into the Confederate heartland of Georgia and South Carolina, destroying their economic infrastructure, while General George Thomas virtually destroyed the Confederacy's Army of Tennessee at the battle of Nashville. By the spring of 1865 all the principal Confederate armies had surrendered, and when Union cavalry captured the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Georgia on May 10, 1865, resistance collapsed and the war ended. Davis was indicted for treason and imprisoned for the next 2 years. The long, painful Confederate President process of rebuilding a united nation free of slavery then began. Jefferson Davis 23

 Scotland is a part on the United Kingdom, along with England, Wales and Northern Ireland. On September 18, 2014 a vote for independent rule failed, with 55% of the population voting to stay a part of the United Kingdom.  In 1872, Scotland played England in the first international game of football (soccer). The result was a 0-0 draw.  Scotland includes over 700 islands. These include groups called Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides.  The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh (pop. 487,000) while the largest city is Glasgow (pop. 599,000). Other major cities include Aberdeen and Dundee.  Edinburgh was the first city in the world to have its own fire-brigade.  The population of Scotland in 2011 was around 5.3 million.  Aberdeen has become an important centre for the oil industry, after the finding of oil in the North Sea.  The highest mountain in Scotland is Ben Nevis which stands at a height of 1,344 metres (4,409 feet).  Most major cities are located in the Scottish Lowlands, near ports.  A variety of wildlife can be found in Scotland, including seals, mountain hare, stoats, and birds- ptarmigan and golden Eagle.  Scotland has over 300 railway stations.  Scottish drivers use the left-hand side of the road, like their English counterparts.

 Scotland has a unique culture with traditions Loch Ness such as bagpipes, kilts and highland dancing.  The thistle is a national symbol of Scotland.  Scotland has over 1,500km2 of lochs (lakes). One of the most famous is Loch Ness where a mysterious monster is said to lurk in the depths of the water.  Famous Scots include: Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, Robert Burns and actor Sean Connery. 24

Ebola virus disease (EVD), is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. A severe outbreak is currently spreading through West Africa. The virus is transmitted from wild animals (commonly, bats and monkeys) to humans who come into contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. Human-to-human transmission then rapidly spreads the disease. People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and breast milk, contain the virus. Infected bedding can also spread the disease to health workers. Mourners at funerals who touch the infected dead body also spread the disease. Infected humans can die within 2—21 days. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. The current Ebola outbreak in West Africa has a fatality rate of 37%. Liberia and Sierra Leone are the two worst affected countries. EVD first appeared in 1976. The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical rainforests, but the recent outbreak in West Africa has involved major cities as well as rural areas. There is as yet no licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of blood, immunological and drug thera- pies are under development. To reduce the risk of contamina- tion Africans are being taught to— stop eating raw meat; wash their hands regularly and thor- oughly; never touch an infected person with bare hands; careful handling and/or destruction of contaminated bedding; rejecting funeral customs that involve touching the deceased. Who knows when it will stop! As of 31-10-14 25

The members of a new band formed in Melbourne in 1975 were already quite well known to Australian music. Singer Glenn Shorrock had first come to prominence with Adelaide band The Twilights in the 1960’s and Axiom at the beginning of the 1970’s. He was joined by Beeb Birtles and Graeham Goble, the 3 being the driving force behind the new band’s song-writing. At the band’s peak, it comprised 6 members. But what name should they call their new band? When the band was en-route to a performance at Geelong, they observed the freeway exit sign to Little River. It quickly struck a chord, and the Little River Band got its name. LRB, as they became commonly known, went on to become one of the most successful Australian bands of all time. Since a number of the band’s members had already tasted local fame, the band was keen to pursue international success, especially in the USA. While singing in England in previous years, Glenn Shorrock had met Glenn Wheatley, who had been the bassist for Australian rock band The Masters Apprentices. Wheatley also had band management experience and was familiar with the difficulties encountered by bands wanting to break in to the American market. Signing Wheatley up as their manager was one of the best business decisions LRB made. Fuelled by the very successful Australian hit single Curiosity Killed the Cat (1975), LRB began making promotional visits to the USA in September 1976, which resulted in a USA hit single, It's a Long Way There. The song broke into the Top 30 and fuelled the desire of Shorrock, Birtles, and Gobel to tour extensively in the USA. Lead guitarist Ric Formosa and bassist Roger McLachlan were not comfortable with such a long tour away from home, and so both were replaced by David Briggs and George McArdle respectively. They were the first of numerous changes to the band’s personnel over the next 39 years. Currently, none of the original band members is still part of LRB, The USA version of LRB’s third album— although it continues to tour throughout the USA. Diamantina Cocktail—became the band’s major breakthrough overseas. In 1977 Help Is on Its Way and Happy Anniversary 26

were both mid-top 20 Hot 100 singles. From 1978 until 1981, Little River Band achieved one gold album (with Diamantina Cocktail, released in 1977) and two platinum albums (Sleeper Catcher in 1978 and First Under the Wire in 1979) plus six USA Top 10 singles with Reminiscing (#3, their biggest hit), Lady (#10), Lonesome Loser (#6), Cool Change (#10), The Night Owls (#6) and Take It Easy on Me (#10). During their career Little River Band have sold more than 25 million records and scored 13 American Top 40 hits. From 1976 through 1985, the group maintained a constant touring schedule which kept it in the USA for long periods of time. In fact, the band's schedule was so busy that when drummer Derek Pellicci was severely injured in a BBQ fire accident in May 1978, the band brought in a substitute drummer Geoff Cox (of Coxy’s Big Break fame on channel 7) rather than cancel shows. Drummer Cox remained with the group through the summer of 1978 and even played alongside Pellicci after he came back until he was healed enough to continue on his own. A keyboardist, Mal Logan, was added in time for another USA tour in late 1978. Members of the band continued to change. Guitarist Stephen Housden joined the band in August 1981 replacing David Briggs. Then, lead singer Glenn Shorrock left in 1882 to pursue an unsuccessful solo career, his place taken by John Farnham. Disappointed with the change of style, Birtles left in 1983, and drummer Pellicci in 1984. As a result, while still popular in Australia, the band’s success in the USA began to wane. Farnham left the group in 1986 following the completion of a short Australian tour. He continued to be managed by Glenn Wheatley and his solo career took off almost immediately with the release of the successful Whispering Jack album. After Farnham’s exit, Shorrock and Pellicci returned the following year, and the band continued to excite fans for a number of years. However, by 1998 Shorrock and Pellicci were both gone, leaving the sole rights to the band with Stephen Housden, who still owns them today. The current formation, solely USA-based, perform over 100 shows a year, using their own songs as well as the originals, much to the chagrin of Shorrock, Birtles and Goble, who are not permitted to use the name Little River Band when playing together anymore! A success both in Australia and the United States, the hit songs of the band, although now up to 40 years old, still find regular airplay on radio in both markets up to this day.

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Ingredients: 1 x Packet Tim Tams 1 x 250gm Block Philadelphia Cream Cheese 1 x 375gm Cooking Chocolate (Milk/Dark) Method: Step 1: Crush the Tim Tams (we used a food processor, but by hand works fine) Step 2: Add softened cream cheese and mix thoroughly Step 3: Roll into balls. (1 teaspoon of mix) Step 4: Roll balls in melted chocolate and refrigerate until set.

Ingredients: 125g butter, chopped, softened 2/3 cup caster sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla essence 1 1/4 cups self-raising flour, sifted 1 tablespoon milk 1 1/2 cups cornflakes 2/3 cup milk choc bits

Method: Step 1: Preheat oven to 180°C. Line a flat baking tray with a non-stick bake liner. Step 2: Using an electric mixer, cream butter, sugar and vanilla in a bowl until pale and creamy. Add flour. Mix on low speed until just combined. Add milk. Stir until dough comes together. Using a wooden spoon, stir in cornflakes and choc bits. Step 3: Roll tablespoonful’s of mixture into balls. Place on the baking tray, allowing enough room for spreading. Flatten balls slightly with a spatula. Step 4: Bake cookies for 10-12 minutes or until light golden. Stand for 5 minutes. Transfer to a wire rack to cool completely. Repeat with remaining cookie mixture.

28 Word Search– Sweets & Desserts B A M C D G T Y L S C E K A C T O R R A C A W N V E O O V D L H H B A N A N A S P L I T T A R O R F C N F O E E R A E H J E L F F U R T F R L I N A K R E C I L S Y L L E J U U I A C F Y V N C R T S I E K A P K K A J L C F D J E L R A G A B E O L I A I R C O E E A L A C G C E R P U R C C I L E D R A T S U C E M Y P F E S B R E A D B U T T E R P U D D I N G T R K Y R C A K M A P P L E C R U M B L E G A U A O N I D E I E A P P L E P I E M L D U S I C J R L A O R S L E C M T L D O T A S R B T P Y R S T L I R S S T T A G U O N A E A L C U E N P C U C G N E L R L E M R D J D R A A C N S O L U R E L D S I O R P E B S I Y C K H O H N T A I N T C H O C O L A T E C A K E L H S G S G A S O A P A O E I E A I N E F C C D L E U N N K C V S E H R N E T N E I O L I I E C K O T I C O E C C L G R O W E F R U I T S A L A D A M L N R N A S E B O M B E A L A S K A I C O K A D E T A N Y A R O T S R D O U E E E R N S V L P S U T P I B I S T R T A O E P T C F A A A E A I F N I E U G N I R E M L Y A K H E P P S O Y O Y E E P N N S L F O O A T O F F E E C S A A E A K APPLE CRUMBLE CHEESECAKE FUDGE PAVLOVA APPLE PIE CHOCOLATE CAKE HONEY JOYS PECAN PIE BANANA SPLIT CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM SCONES BLACK FOREST CRACKLES JAM TART SHORTBREAD BOMBE ALASKA CREPES JELLY ROLL SPONGE BREADBUTTER CUP CAKE JELLY SLICE STICKY DATE PUDDING CUSTARD KISSES TOFFEE BROWNIES DOUGHNUTS LAMINGTON TRIFLE BRULEE DUMPLINGS MERINGUE TRUFFLE CANDY ECLAIRS MOUSSE TURNOVER CARROT CAKE FRUIT CAKE NOUGAT WAFFLES CARAMEL SLICE FRUIT SALAD PANCAKES YOYOS 29

On the $50 banknote is: David Unaipon David Unaipon, preacher, author and inventor, was born on September 28, 1872 at the Point McLeay Mission, in South Australia, the fourth of nine children of James Ngunaitponi and his wife Nymbulda. David attended the mission school from the age of 7. In 1885, at 13 years of age, he left to become a servant to C. B. Young who encouraged his interest in philosophy, science and music. A non-smoker and teetotaller, in the late 1890s took a job as storeman for an Adelaide boot-maker before returning to assist as book-keeper in the Point McLeay store. In January 1902 he married an Aboriginal servant named Katherine Carter. The marriage was not a happy one. Unaipon became a preacher in the Anglican Church, initially addressing Aboriginal congregations. His lectures stressed the importance of living by the Bible. For fifty years he travelled south-eastern Australia, giving lectures and sermons in churches and cathedrals of different denominations. He continued to preach well into his eighties, although often refused accommodation because of his race. From 1912 onwards, Unaipon urged governments to give more attention to Aboriginal issues. With his fastidious manner of speech he also addressed schools and learned societies, relating Aboriginal legends and customs, and talking about his people's future. From the early 1920s Unaipon studied Aboriginal mythology and compiled his version of the legends. His articles in the Sydney Daily Telegraph pre-dated the work of other Aboriginal writers by over 30 years. Unaipon published poetry in the 1930s and more legends in the 1950s and 1960s. From the end of World War I in 1918 until his death in 1967, Unaipon was the most well -known Aborigine in Australia. Throughout his life as a preacher, Government advisor, and author, Unaipon also had a fascination with inventions. By 1909 Unaipon had developed and patented a handpiece for shearing. In fact, between 1909 and 1944 Unaipon made patent applications for nine other inventions, including a centrifugal motor, a multi-radial wheel and a mechanical propulsion device, building his reputation as a 'black genius' and 'Australia's Leonardo.' He was particularly obsessed with discovering the secret of perpetual motion. Up into his nineties he continued to work on his theories, convinced that he was close to discovering the secret that had eluded scientists for centuries. He never found it. Survived by a son, David Unaipon died at Tailem Bend Hospital on February 7, 1967 and was buried in Point McLeay cemetery. Since his death he has been honoured with a number of awards, including his portrait on the $50 banknote.

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Geelong– 150 years ago this month THISTLES To the Editor of the Geelong Advertiser. “Sir,—It is encouraging to perceive that the Shire Councils are taking vigorous measures to put down the pest in the country districts; also, that the efforts of our own Council in past years have greatly decreased the evil in Geelong, which must be appar- ent to the most casual observer. But still, a little more patience and perseverance, and a little more vigilance on the part of the Inspector must be brought to bear before extermination results. . . If the money already spent is not to be thrown away, stricter supervision must be exercised on private property within the town limits. In Swanston-street north* may be seen a small paddock crowded with what will shortly be bristling giants. On both the eastern and western beach, and in Ashby, plenty of those sturdy and interesting plants may still be found. Trusting your insertion of this may lead to a fresh raid, I am, &c., THISTLETON.” (The Geelong Advertiser December 3, 1864 p.3) *In 1864, McKillop Street separated “Geelong North” from “Geelong South.”

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia. If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please contact us: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 Email: [email protected]

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1872

Source: Illustrated Australian News Sept 10, 1872 Dennys Lascelles Wool Store– SW Corner of Moorabool and Brougham Streets. Built from squared basalt blocks in 1872, the Dennys Lascelles Wool Store was the first building in Victoria planned to facilitate storage, inspection and marketing of wool in one operation. Upon completion it became the second largest wool store in the colony. The warehouse, which featured beautifully designed windows, and was lit by additional roof skylights, was a model for later wool-stores built throughout Australia and in London. Today, the building lies in the shadow of the larger TAC building next door, and houses Lambys Bar and Restaurant on the corner and the National Wool Museum inside its Moorabool Street entrance. See inside this issue for more details on Geelong’s Wool Stores.

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