International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION Vol. XXV No 1 2019 THE CRITICAL SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO MILITARY OPERATIONS Marin-Marian COMAN, Dorel BADEA “Nicolae Bălcescu” Land Forces Academy, Sibiu, Romania [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Actual scientific approaches related to critical infrastructure reveal its importance within many of the society's essential services that are necessary for day-to-day people's life. Besides other critical infrastructure systems, the emerging development of the space system results in the embedment of it within the critical space infrastructure concept that is based on its description related to the importance of the services provided to population, public or governing institutions, and industry. This paper intends to present the manner in which the space system services influence population's life and to emphasize the importance of the space infrastructure related to the process of planning and conducting military operations. The reliability and well functioning of the space system from the perspective as a critical infrastructure proves its paramount importance related to essential services provided to the population that results into social well-being. Nowadays, the majority of military operations depend on the development of space infrastructure and its reliability. Moreover, the military space operations are based on satellite control system architectures as well as the interconnected systems on surface and underground systems. From this side, the protection of critical space infrastructure and its resilience level should have a paramount value for all stakeholders that are using the space system services. Keywords: critical space infrastructure, essential services, military operations, resilience 1. Background information defined as an interrelated body of systems, Today, when the word “smart” is present assets and networks that has as the main task almost everywhere and is used in many its continued operations that are required for process definitions or technical concepts, ensuring the essential services and security embedded in a proper manner into actual of a nation, its economy, and the public’s emerging technologies, gadgets or tools, our health. modern society is mainly based on providing The United States Department of Homeland and receiving reliable essential services that Security (DHS) provides a relevant are indispensable for current life of the definition of critical infrastructure: “critical population. These essential services infrastructure describes the physical and necessary for social well-being, industry and cyber systems and assets that are so vital to economy are provided by the critical the United States that their incapacity or infrastructure (CI) that is specific and destruction would have a debilitating impact identified by each country. In brief, from the on our physical or economic security or perspective of the theory linked to a system public health or safety. The nation's critical of systems, a critical infrastructure could be infrastructure provides the essential services DOI: 10.2478/kbo-2019-0007 © 2015. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. 47 that underpin American society” [1]. DHS technology and communications; Water identifies the following 16 critical supply; Food; Health; National security; infrastructure sectors: Chemical; Administration; Transport; Chemical and Commercial facilities; Communications; nuclear industry; Space and research. Critical manufacturing; Dams; Defence The critical infrastructures have to be industrial base sector; Emergency services; protected because they are vulnerable to Energy; Financial services; Food and many threatening internal or external factors. agriculture; Government facilities; The quality of a critical infrastructure to Healthcare and public health; Information reduce vulnerabilities, to minimize the technology; Nuclear reactors, materials, and threats' consequences, to adapt, to accelerate waste sector; Transportation systems; Water response to any threat or to have less time and wastewater systems sector. The critical for recovering are part of a very fashionable infrastructure sectors usually contain concept named resilience. subsectors that are interdependent in The consequences that follow every providing essential services to population. destruction or disruption related to the The 2008 Directive on European Critical functioning of critical infrastructure that Infrastructures (ECI), as a key pillar of the could appear after each threat against it, have European Programme for Critical to be reduced quickly enough for Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP), reestablishing the proper operating establishes the procedure for identification, conditions of that critical infrastructure. designation, and a common approach for As a research framework for this article, assessing the need to improve European besides intuitive methods that were used for Critical Infrastructures protection. The referring to the novelty elements and Directive provides the following definition qualitative modifications, the exploratory of a critical infrastructure: “an asset, system methods that are based especially on or part thereof located in Member States contextual representations for knowing the which is essential for the maintenance of useful landmarks in the purpose of vital societal functions, health, safety, objectivizing the investigated field related to security, economic or social well-being of critical space infrastructure were also people, and the disruption or destruction of applied. which would have a significant impact in a Member State as a result of the failure to 2. From space infrastructure to critical maintain those functions” [2]. space infrastructure Generally, based on a nation’s resources, As it was previously presented in the needs, and economic development level, introduction part of the article, there is not a every country has its own procedure for steady total number of critical infrastructure deeming an infrastructure as being critical. sectors for each country and it depends on This is the reason why the number of the every country's policy and own procedure identified critical infrastructures vary from for identifying and designing a certain one country to another. infrastructure as being critical, based on the The ECI Directive identifies 11 critical essential services provided or on their infrastructure sectors: Energy; Nuclear implications into the well-being of the industry; Information, communication population. The Space system appears technologies ICT; Water; Food; Health; identified and defined as critical Financial; Transport; Chemical industry; infrastructure sector by the European Critical Space; Research facilities. Infrastructures Directive as “Space” or by The Annex 1 of the Government Emergency the Government Emergency Ordinance Ordinance 98/2010 of the Government of 98/2010 of the Government of Romania as Romania [3] identifies 10 critical “Space and research”. In addition, other infrastructure sectors: Energy; Information countries identify the space system as a 48 critical infrastructure sector. studied a new weapon type - the long- Based on the essential services provided by distance missile. The 200-mile-range V-2 the space system and its real influence on rockets were employed during World War II society's life, economic or defense sector, in for attacking some cities such as London. this subchapter we will emphasize the The V-2 rockets flew with roughly 3500 importance of the space infrastructure and miles per hour and had an arch over the define it as being a critical sector similar to English Channel of 60 miles high. Besides other critical infrastructure sectors that the real terror of using V-2 missiles during provide and interact with each other for the attacks, the German rockets proved a new well-being of the population's day-to-day successful technological advance at that time life. and an important step for conquering the Space systems have become key enablers of outer space was done. a wide variety of technologies and activities The discoveries related to rockets' building that are central to contemporary societies. and launching done by Germany during They provide communications, remote World War II were prerequisites for the sensing, positioning, navigation, Soviet Union and the United States to create synchronization, and other services, mainly their own space programs. The first satellite based on information, which then become in the world named Sputnik 1 was launched products like command-and-control by Soviets on October 4th, 1957. Then, the capabilities, coordination of supply chains, Russian space program evolved and Yuri as well as crisis and emergency situation Gagarin became the first man who flew in management [4]. the space on April 12th, 1961. The flight Nowadays the population is ever-more around the Earth with Vostok 1 was dependent on emergent technologies and the accomplished in 108 minutes and Gagarin's majority of the people are using the word spacecraft reached a maximum height of 203 “smart” when they have to discuss about a miles (327 kilometers). technological issue. World's population After the first artificial satellite successfully becomes more and more reliant on those launched in the space, a new face of Cold smart technologies that are enabled by space War named Space Race began and it was the systems. One of the great