THE MYTHIC SOCIETY ( Founded in 19,09) VOL. LXVll. NOS. 1-4
Ckafrman: Seereta,ij, : · · . K. Balasubramanyam, I.A.S. (Retd.) . Jalih4'th ·R3ipnroJ:tit THE Edit'ltt": Prof. S. K. RalDactianclra Rao QUARTERLY JOURNAL The Society proin.otes th~ study <;>f Archaeology; Anthrp polo,gy, Art, Architecture, Ethnology, Folklore, History, Mytho OF THE logy, Religion and other ailiecl subjects more particularly those t~t relate to Mysore and Karnataka and stimulates research in MYTHIC SOCIETY 'he above su~je~s. . . .
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Furtke.r details can b.e kad from : PUBLISHED BY THE MYTHIC SOCIETY THE DALY MEMORIAL HALL, NRUPATUNGA ROAD, BANGALORE-2 The Secret.-y : THE M,YTH\JiCl. ,S't,}Cl~1'Y =~~:=~0:~•:¥•!ll~~d Amerka $ 6-00 India Rs. 10..00 Other Countries £ l.50 THE CONTENTS QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE Vol. LXVII. Nos. 1-4 Pages MYTHIC SOCIETY Vol. LXVll] jan.-Dec. 1976 [Nos. 1-4 Ga1,1c,labherut;i<;la-Dr. Valen.tin.a Stache-Rosen 1-24 Sculptures in Aralitirtha, Badami GAt:~J?ABHER UNJ?A -Shrinivas V. Padigar 25-30 (On the tradition of the double-headed bird in South India) Uddalaka Aruni on 'Physiology of a Dying Person By -Chandogya Upanis:had VI DR. v ALENTINA STACHE-ROSEN -Dr. (Miss) r. K. Wadhvani 31-39 A Doubtful Coin-series of Haidar Ali The double-headed bird is the crest of Karnataka State. In Bangalore and Mysore, one may find this emblem on government -Sohanlal Sisodiya 40-43 offices and on palaces, on buses and even on autorikshaws. In Europe too, the double headed bird was often used on crests. It was the emblem of the Hanseatic League, of the Habsburg dynasty of Austria and of the Tsars of Russia.I In Europe, the double-headed bird is shown only with outspread. wings, whereas in South India the bird is shown also from the side, from the back or swooping down on its prey. Under the Hoysala and Vijayanagar kings the double-headed bird was often shown as a human being with two birds' heads, just as. Garµda, Vigm's vahana, is shown as a man with a bird's beak.2. In Europe, the double-headed bird is an eagle. In India his. nature is not fixed. The double-headed bird or the man with Edited by Dr. M. S. Nagaraja Rao, Editor, The Quanerly Journal two-birds' heads occasionally has traits of a bird of prey, but he of the Mythic Society. Printed by Sri D.S. Krishn·achar Proprietor may have heads of parrots or peacocks. Mostly the heads are Prabha Printing House 22-A Dr D G d ' R ' • ' · . v • un appa oad those of a ha7fZsa. It is therefore better to speak of double-headed Bangalore-4, and Published by Sri Jaithirth RaJ"purohi"t s ' Th M · . . , ecretary, birds and not of double-headed eagles. e yth1c Society, at the Mythic Society, Daly Memorial Hall Nrupatunga Road, Bangalore-2, in May 1978. ' The oldest double-headed bird on the Indian subcontinent is found at Taxila.3 On the base of a stiipa there are reliefs with tora'!Zas on which birds perch. One of these birds has two heads; it is shown in profile with one head looking ahead and one : '
GANDABHERUNDA 3 2 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE MYTHIC SOCIETY . . . . version, Dharma and Adharma, and the bird is a Jivarµjiva, a turned back. It has often been pointed out that this "double partridge.13 The Tibetan version of this story is found headed eagle" is of Scythian and Near Eastern origin.4 The in Kanjur, Vol. IV, 223-233.14 In the Pancatantra, the same Hittite double-headed eagles of Ala9a Hiiyiik and Yasilikaya, story is told about the BharatzrJa birds. The verse at the end of which have been mentioned in this context, are shown in front the story says : view. In Ala~a Hiiyilk the eagle holds a hare in each of its talons. A vase from Boghazkoy, however, has the shape of a ekodaral.z Ptthaggrivii anyonyaphalabhakiitzal.z I duck with two necks and two heads, both looking ahead.5 asarµhata vinava§yanti bharatzrfa iva pakiitzal.z II H. Frankfort traces the double headed-eagle with hares in its (The disunited will perish just like the Bharatztf,a birds, who talons to Mesopotamia, where this motif appears in the third have one stomach and two necks and took food one for the dynasty of Ur.6 other.)15 Another double-headed bird is found on a stupa railing at In one of the Pancatantra manuscripts these birds are called Bodh-Gaya.7 This bird is decidedly not an eagle but a harµsa. BheratzrJa. T. Benfey assumed that the real name was BherutzrJa, In his study on the origin, diffusion and significance of the and this is actually the name of the double-headed bird in South double-headed eagle, J. de Souza says the ha1fisa is invariably India.16 depicted in profile, for it is only in this pose that this bird can be In the Mahabharata, Bharutztf,as are mentioned. They have shown to the greatest advantage.8 That is probably why the strong beaks and bodies and bury the Uttarakurus in caves.1 7 double-headed bird came to be represented "passant" in Indian Bharu1Jtf-as, whom E. W. Hopkins takes to be the same as art. De Souza also thinks it possible that the double-headed bird Bharu1Jtf.as appear on the battlefield together with spirits and ''passant" came ready-made to India. He refers to a l\tfinoan demons.18 Further, the Mahabharata refers to BharutzrJa birds fresco from the caravanserai near the palace of Knossos, which which have human faces and sing with a beautiful voice. 19 In shows birds. "In this hoopoe frieze we see more than one pair the Vi~tzusmrti, certain hymns are called BharutzrJa. 20 In the of birds "passant" to left. Although their legs are distinctly Satrunjaya Mahatmyam, Bharutzefas are called khilapak~inal.z, which seen, the body of the one is partly concealed by the body of the A. Weber translates by ''birds of the desert" (Wiistenvi:igel). 21 other, and the head of the one is turned back so as to face in a In the Kalpasutra it is said that the Venerable Mahavira was direction opposite to that of the other bird. A representation of always watchful like the fabulous bird Bhii.ru1J¢a.22 In another this kind could well be the prototype of the Taxila bird. "9 Jaina text, the faithful are admonished: "Though others sleep, It is however also possible that the double-headed birds be thou awake ! Like a wise man trust nobody, but be always. from Taxila and Bodh-Gaya have been derived from literary or on the alert, for dangerous is the time and weak the body. Be oral sources.to A Buddhist legend mentions a bird with two always watchful like a BharuQQ.a bird. "23 heads.11 One of these heads was called GaruQ.a and the other Jaina narrative literature also refers to BharutzrJa birds. The UpagaruQ.a. They used to take turns in waking and sleeping. Kathakoia mentions Nagadatta, who climbed up a banyan tree One day when UpagaruQ.a was sleeping, GaruQ.a ate a delicious and struck a gong. The noice startled the giant Bhii.ru7JrJa birds, flower without informing UpagaruQ.a. When t~e latter woke up who set a stranded ship afloat by the flapping of their wings.24' and noticed what had happened, he got angry and decided to In another story, a blind prince happens to hear a conversation take revenge. He ate a poisonous flower, so that they both died. between two Bhii.rurJtf.a birds and thus learns about a remedy for A similar story is told in the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins.12 his affiiction.25 The two heads of the bird are called Ta-mo and A-ta-mo in this 4 QUARTERLr JOURNAL OF THE lvfrTHIC SOCIETr GAJY"J)ABHERUJY"f)A 5
In the Sivapurii'!la, Bheru'!l¢as belong to the retinue of Siva.26 stands at the foot of the pillar. There are several descriptions According to the Matsyapurii1;,1a, the sons of Jatiiyu, one of whom of the figure which originally stood on top of the pillar. In the is called Bheru1JiJa, are the ancestors of all birds.27 In the Mysore Ga,zetteer it is said that the human features and those ra1astilakacampu, Bheru1.1iJas are mentioned with other birds.2a of a bird of prey have been admirably combined.40 According In the Pariisarasmrti it is said that a person who has killed to the report of the Mysore Archaeological Department, the Bheru'!l¢as or other birds should fast for a day in order to atone Ga1;,1(1.abheruvef.a is about to devour lions.4J H. Cousens mentions for that sfo.29 the pillar and says the figure holds something in his hands. 42 In the Brahmapurii1.1a there is a long conversation between a He also refers to a tradition of the focal farmers, that this pillar king and the double-headed king of the birds, the Bheru1JiJa, had been erected in order to keep wild elephants away from the whose name is Ciccika. so Ciccika did penance at Ciccikatirtha and sugarcane fields. told the king about the evil deeds he had committed. Plate 2 shows the pillar and plate 3 the GaJJ The Chola ruler of Nidugal, Irunigonadevacholamahiiriija, is referred to in an inscription of 1259 as "a hero who cut off the heads of 66 ma'!l-¢alikas, a Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢a, a lord of warriors. "54 The Hoysalas had been vasi;als of the Chalukyas, they became independent in the 12th century. D. C. Derret assumes that the first leader of the Hoysalas already possessed the titles to which even the feeblest of his descendants clung tenaciously. These were awakened every morning by a recitation of their titles, which always included the following: maleparo! ga'!l-¢ar, ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢ar-champions among the hill kings, male bheru'!l-¢a.55 Inscription stones of the following Hoysala kings mention the title Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢a: Vi~J}uvardhana (1106-41),56 Vira Balliila II (1173-1207),57 Niirasirpha II (1220-33),58 Some8vara (1233- 54),59 Narasirpha III (1254-91)60 and Vi'ra Balliila III (1291- 1342).61 Under the Hoysalas, the Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢a was generally depicted together with a tiger. A memorial stone from Tippur from the reign of Vira Balla.Ia II shows two devotees sitting to the right and left of a Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢a, who puts his hands on their heads. A tiger approaches the group from the left, lifting his paw a9d his tail. Sun, moon and a triple umbrella have been sculptured on the top of the panel.62 An inscription stone from Varahanathakallahalli in Sriranga patna taluk dates from the reign of Vira Balliila II (Plate 5). Fig. 1-Relieffrom Fig. 2-Relief from A human Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-¢a approaches a tiger, who sits to the right the Chennakesava the Buchesvara of him lifting one paw. A big lamp and a vessel on a tripod are temple, Belur, temple, Koramailgala, seen to the left of the Ga'!l-¢abheru'!l-tfa. Although the Ga'!l-tfabheru'!l-rJa A.D. 1117 A.D. 1173 is considered to be an enemy of tigers, their relationship seems Two unusual sculptures of the Ga'!l-ef.abheru'!l-ef.a are found on to be quite friendly on this panel. the Ke8ava temple at Belur (A.D. 1117)65 (Fig. 1) and on the A Tamil inscription from Bannerghatta, Anekal talµk, shows Buchesvara temple at Koramailgala, Hassan taluk (1173 A.D.)66 that not only kings, but also their subjects, had the title Ga'!irJa (Fig. 2). A Bheru'!l-¢a bird attacks a Sarabha, which attacks a Ii.on, bheru1Jrja.63 This inscription of 1278 A.D. records a gift made which in its turn attacks an elephant, the latter seizing with its by the daJJ-1Jiiyaka of V!ra Narasirpha III for the success of his king. trunk a huge serpent which is in the act of swallowing a smaller 6 The general is called a Ga'!l-rJabheru'!l-rJa to his enemies. The two animal. 7 sculptors, Dasoja and his son ChavaJ}a, who worked on the A tripod of bronze is being kept in the Chennakesava temple Chennakesava temple at Belur, were referred to as Ga'!l-ef.abheru'!l-ifas at Belur. It was donated by a general ofVira,Balliila II-(Plate 6).68 to the rival sculptors, the tigers.64 This piece is one of the fe~ Hoysala bronzes that have become 2 lO QUARTERLr JOURNAL OF THE MrTHIC SOCIETr GANDABHEllUNDA. . . . 11 known and it shows that the art of casting bronze was as highly man with bird's heads together with tigers. In the Vijayanagar developed as the art of sculpture. A creeper winds round the period the Bheru1Jefa man and the Bheru1J<},a bird are shown with lions and floral ornaments that make up the legs of the tripod. elephants. This creeper ends on the upper part of the tripod between the An inscription in Tekal, Malur taluk, Kolar district, dated legs in the heads of two birds. 1431 A.D. records that a minister of Gopa Raya brought a Ga1J Fig. 7-Bherm.i<;la bird Fig. 8-BheruJJ.Qa bird in on a gold coin found profile on a gold coin found at Nilavagilu, Alur at Gowdoor, Shahpur tk., 1lI.· taluk; Hassan district. Gulbarga district. Diameter 5 mm. Diameter 5 mm. . ') Under Kpp.iadevaraya and Achyuta Raya coins with a Fig. (?-Bherm;u;lapa~i from the base of Bheru1J.efa bird were minted. The governors of the provinces the Chandranatha temple, Mudabidri had the right to mint coins, and a large number of coins were King Achyuta Raya (1530-42) of the Tuluva line seems to issued.85 On the gold coins, the Ga7J.efabheru1J. Many of the former vassals of the Vijayanagar empire became independent. Among these were the rulers of Mysore, who founded a kingdom of their own. They took over the emblem of the Ga1Jefabheru1J¢a from the Vijayanagara kings. The rulers of Nagar,91 Ikkeri,92 Tarikere,93 and Madurai94 had the same emblem. The Nayaks of Madurai minted coins with the Gal')qabherulJ.efa,95 and the Na.yaks of Ikkeri had it on their flag.96 A Bherul')qa bird is carved on the walls of the fort of Chitradurga. The title Gal')f/.abherul')t/.a was occasionally conferred for victories in athletic contests. , This was the cause when King Kantiravanarasaraja of Mysore (1638-59) defeated the court wrestler of Tiruchirapalli.97 Fig. 9-Ga1;u;labherut1Qa on the The Manual of the Pudukottai State records the visit of King · medallion on the big Nandi Sriranga Raya of the Aravidu dynasty.98 One of his elephants at Lepakshi got out of control and caused great havoc. A certain Avadai with its wings folded together, carrying elephants in beaks and Raghuniitha Tondaiman succeeded in catching the elephant and talons (Fig. 9). bringing it back to the king. He was a member of the tribe of Keladi near Sagar, Shimoga district, was the capital of the KaHars, who caught elephants and were often employed as Keladi Nayaks, vassals of the Vijayanagara kings in the 16th mahouts. Sriranga Raya gave him land and conferred the title century. The Virabhadra temple at Kdadi was built between Raya on him, and he was granted the privilege o.f having the 1530-40.89 A ceiling in the maJ}<;lapa of this temple has a large I Ga1Jefabheru1Jf/.a as emblem. Avadai Raghunatha Tondaiman relief representing the Gm:uJ,abheru'fJ,{ia in flight with tusker (1686-1730) was the first of the Pudukottai rulers. elephants in his two talons. Each of his two beaks hold by the Chikkadeva Raja of Mysore (1673-1704) is said to have got snout a lion< which is trampling on a trumpeting elephant90 t:he title Gal)f/.abheru1Jf/.a from Aurangzeb. Hanumantha Rao (Plate 7). assmpes that Aurangzeb only confirmed it.99 On a copperplate Other _sculptures of this period cannot be dated exactly. grant from Tonnur of 1723 the "incomparable Kg11Ja Raja" is A bird man on a relief from Kaveripakkam, North Arcot district, called "a GaJJ-Q.abheru:Q.Q.a to the elephants, the enemy kings."100 is now in the Government Museum, Madras. The Ga'IJ.¢abheru1Jefa The titles and insignia of the Mysore kings are further referred holds an elephant by its trunk with his left hand. The right to in a document of the Ahobala Mutt, Mysore of A.D. 1'825,101 hand, broken off, probably held another elephant. Feathers on in an inscription from Sravana Belgola of A.D. 1830,102 and on a the arms of this figure are a feature not found elsewhere. lotus-shaped copper document of A.D. 1860,103 A pictorial The Vijayanagar empire was defeated by a confederation of representation of the insignia conch (sankha), disc (cakra), Muslim rulers at Talikota in 1565. The seat of the government elephant hook. (kuthara), crocodile (makara), fish (matsya), was transferred to Penukonda. As we may gather from an Sarabha, vulture (Salva), Gal'){iabherul')tj,a, boar (dharal')ivariiha), inscription of Tirumala I of A.D. 1572 the title "a GaQ<;la Hanuman, GaruQ.a and lion is found in the Jaganmohan palace bherulJQ.a to the elephants, his enemies" was kept. in Mysore,104 The picture shows the procession on the occasion 16 QUARTERLr JOURNAL OF THE MrTHIC SOCIETr GAJil)ABHERU/il)A 17 of Vijayadasami, when these_ insignia were carried before the after having killed HiraQ.yakasipu that Siva had to fight him. Mahiiriija. After the fight, both gods uU:ited in the form of Ga7J. 6. Frankfort, H., The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, 22. SBE Vol. XXII, p. 261. second impression 1958, p. 127. The history of the double 23. Ibid., Vol. XLV, p. 19. headed eagle in the Near East is discussed in: Korn, J.E., Adler und Doppeladler, Ein Zeichen im Wandel der Geschichte, 24. Tawney, C. H., Somadeva's Kathiisaritsagara, ed. M. N. Dissertation, Goettingen 1969. Penzer, Reprint Delhi 1968, Vol. II, p. 219 .. note 2. 7. De Souza, J., 'The Symbol df the double-headed Eagle, Its 25. Ibid, Vol. III, p. 61. Origin, Diffusion and Significance', Journal of the University 26. SivapuriilJa 2.5.49.12. of Bombay, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 74, October 1969, p. 126. 27. MatsyapuriilJa 7 .36. 8. Ibid, p. 126. 28. rafatilakacampu 1.144.4. 9. Ibid, p. 127, fig. 5. 29. Parasarasmrti, Haridasa Saxpskrta Granthamala, Varanasi 10. Jairazbhoy, R. A., Foreign Influences in Ancient India, Bombay 1968, 6.8. 1963, p. 137, points out that a number of fabulous animals 30. Brahmapura7Ja, 164.3. were borrowed by Buddhists from classical sources purely for decorative purposes without attempting to explain them 31. Brahma1J 44. Devudu Narasimha Sastri, Bheru'IJ.efeivara. 65. R. Narasimhachar, The Kesava Temple at Belur, Mysore Archaeological Series, Architecture and Sculpture in Mysore, 45. EC VII, 1902, part 1, Skt 151. No. II, Bangalore 1919, p. 8. 46. Ibid., VII, 1902, part 1, Skt 152. 66. This sculpture is described in MAR, 1920, p. 5. 47. The desc;ription of this memorial stone in the Mysore 67. In Belur, this animal is said to be a rat, in Koramangala an Gazetteer creates the impression that there are three panels. antelope. Actually, there are only two. The man on the pillar and the man on the stakes are shown in one panel. 68. See MAR 1940, p. 61, for a detailed description of this tripod. . 48. lv!AR, 1929, p. 124 f. . 69. K. V. Raman, Hoysalas in Kiinchi, in.: The Hoysala Dynasty, 49. Tlie temples are described in MAR, 1931, pp. 58-62. ed. Sheikh Ali, B., Mysore 1972, p. 109. 50. De Souza, J., op. cit., p. 130. 70. EI, XXX, part 2, p. 96. 51. MAR, 1931, p. 197. 71. Hari Rao, V. N., Vestiges of Hoysala Rule in the Tamil 52. A ma'f}rf,alika was a vassal who ruled over a district mandala. Country, in: The Hoysala Dynasty, ed. B. Sheikh Ali, Mysore Sircar, p. C., Indian Epigraphical Dictionary, D~lhi, 1972, p. 242. Varanasi, Patna, 1966. 72. Narasimhachar, R. Archaeology in Mysore, Vol. I, Bangalore 53. MAR, 1931, p. 205 ff. 1973, p. 30. . 73. Narasimhachar, R., 'The Mysore Royal Insignia', QJMS, 54. Ibid., 1938, p. 218. x, 3, 1919/20, p. 273. . 55. Dun~an M., Derrett, The Hoysalas, A Medieval Indian Royal 74. El, VI, Calcutta 1900-01, p. 156. Fam_zly, 1'.:fadra~ 1957, p. 15. According to D. C. Sircar, Indzan Epigraphical Glossary, Delhi 1966, p. 110, ga'f}rj.a means 75. EC, X, Bangalore 1905, p. XXXVI and p. 155. a hero, probably from 'rhinoceros', cf. similar use of 76. This temple is described. in MAR, 1930, p. 8. vyiighra, sitµha etc. Ibid., p. 111 refers to Tamil gandan · 77. This temple is described in MAR. 1935~ p. 36. p. 65 it says, ga'IJ,rj,a in Kannada means "the husband · iord'. master," i.e. "one who can control or punish". ' · 78. This temple is described in MAR. 1941, p. 60. 79. This temple· is described in Percy Brown, Indian Architecture 56. Inscription in Dadaga, Bindiganavale hobli, MAR, 1940> p. 156. . . (Buddhist and Hindu), Bombay 1956, p. 161. 80. MAR, 1947-56, p. 163. 57. Inscription i:C: the Kariyamma temple, Halebld, MAR, 1940, 81. On the copper plates of Unamafijeri. Achyuta Raya is also P·. 151; H~hkal, T~ruvekere taluk, MAR, 1941, p. 218; T1ppur, Ch1kka-Aras1hakere hobli, MAR, 1947-56, p. 88. called GaI).<}abheruIJc;la. EI, III. 82. MAR, 1932, p. 93. 58. Inscription in Haltere, Madihalli hobli, MAR 1936. 83. Ibid., 1932, p. 95. 59. Inscription in Gandagere, Gandagere hobli MAR 1947-56 p. 102. ' ' ' 84. Ibid., 1932, p. 95. 60. Inscription in DolJipura, Chandakavadi hobli, MAR 1931> 85. Ibid.•. 1929, p. 29. D. C. Sircar, Indian Epigraphical Glossary, p. 146. Delhi 1966, p. 110 says: gal).rf,a in the monetary system of some areas of medieval and modern India is regarded as 61. Chennake8ava temple, Hale Alur, MAR 1947-56, p. 42. equal to four cowrie shells and l /20 of a pa'f}a; also a small 62. MAR, 1947-56, plate LXXII. area of land, twenty of whiCh make one kii'IJ,i. 63. R. Narasimhachar, Archaeology in Mysore, Bangalore 1973~ 86. A Catalogue of Vijayanagar coins of the Andhra Pradesh Vol. I, p. 45. r Government Museum, Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeo logical Series, No. 4, Hyderabad 1962. 64. M. Hanumantha Rao, Ga'IJ.efabherulJ.efa, in Savinenapu, Com memoration Volume for Prof. T. S. Venkannayya, Mysore 87. MAR, 1930 p. 78. Plate XX, No. 13 shows a copper coin with a GaQqabheruQqa in profile. I 1970, pp. 651-59. I t I .,,.'-'r, I~ ;'·( ·~ '.·· •..... ·...•. ·.. .. r: 24 QUARTERLY ]Ol:JR:}{AL OF THE MYTHIC SOCIETY ' 88. This temple is described in a monograph: Gop;;i.la Rao, A., i Lepakshi . . A Publication of the Andhra Pradesh Lalit Kala Academy, Hyderabad 19.6.9. The Nandi is depicted on I plate XIX. 89. MAR, 1932, p. 47: 90. EI XVI, 1921-22. 91. MAR, 1937,p. 6.1. 92. Ibid., 1930, p. 78, 93. Ibid., 1937, p. 6L 94. Ibid., 1930, p. 78. 95. Hanumantha Rao, M., op. cit.· 96. Devuc;lu Nasasimha Sastri, Bherw:ujdvara. 97. Ibid. 98. A Manual of the Pu.t/ukottai State,. Vo.I. II,-pt. I, 11.d., ff. 757. Plate 1-A painting from Pinguli showing gods riding on a 99. Hanumantha Rao, M., op. cit. double-headed bird watching Kp~i;ia cut Karna into two with a saw 1OB. Rice, .Tuew.is;. \Mysor.'i lnsvripfions, Bangalot~ 18179; p~ :3'17.; · ·· I ·; .. '. 101. MAR, 1930, p. 156. . ·- 102. EC, II, Bangalore 192S, p. 157. .,, i 103. MAR, i~-ss;jJ.'.:_r6~1; · I 104. Ibid., 1938, p. 47 ~,.; _ .. . . _ 105. Catalogue· dj 'the '.A1useuin of "A1it 'and Archaeology, Kannada Research Jnst#utc) Oha,f!W:ar, ,n:.d:~, p. cl9) . '' 106. This version i.s·me1iti0med'in:Vierikatesiiiac,' 'T'1',i;e·Romahce of the Mythical Eag~e';:.@jJMS~,1934... 35.;,\VoL XiX.'V,.p... 201. 107. MAR, 1937, p. 60. · ' '" I 08. Jbid., 193:0_, p~, 32.· , : · 109. A Gat;tc;labherul)c;la from the templiejeweller'f'o{tlre :Minak~i temple, Madurai, is shown .on pl~te. 131'. ·r:n.: F~. Bturiel, Jewellery of India, Five Thousand Teaft,S .of ·'Frratf,.ition, N~w Delhi, 1972. . . 110. Nandikesvara's 4b~inayadarpan,r;rµ,,, ..4 Af.o/llffll .. ~f :Gesture q~d· Posture u~ed. in Fli?4~.. I?ci~~ra~rJ pr~ma11 E:#,~~1is.~ fra:psi~t1on. Notes anc;l text c'.t~tiqalty ~·~htec;l for th,.~ fj.t:st ~lllle from the· original manuscript ·ijy·~aiiomb;ha·n·Glflo~n, Cal.cutta' 1957. According to' vtrs'esl T'2'f ahtt ,f12'2) tfie 'K5ip'iithQ, ha;n:d i~ .formed by putting the index''fii:iger'tl'ver the thumb while the other fingers are bent towaFds·the palm.· Plate 2-The Bherlll}<;la pillar ~.·· from Belgami Ii' I I' L ! ~--'·-::··1:,.··:.·~··,,,..,...... ,._.. ~-~,- -·c:~:= ~~ .:::~~-- ~ CJ:) I no* ~,.. '"!..., < 't:l 0 '< p. 0 C" ....., '< ..... ~~ ~o i:: ...... ::i~ 't:l •Q...... ~ 0 C" '"! P" :1>0 0 2 !3 ·t:l •Q.. ~~ '< :1> rn 0 ~ a ~ f... -- ~ - - .... ------' - ~------·--.----·- -·------· Plate 4-Memorial stone from Belgami showing Plate 5-lnscription stone from Varahanathakallahalli, the Bherui;i9a pillar Srirangapatna Taluk lt I' Plate 6-Bronze tripod from the Chennakesava Temple, Belur . I I I . i Plate 8-Bronze figure of a Ga1;11;labherm;11;la in the University Museum, Dharwar Plate 7-Ceiling in the Virabhadra Temple, Keladi '" rI Ii =---- -~ ::B l.O i* 'E·. Ill- -'"1 Ill..... (Jl Ill g.:::i ~ :::i :::i c:: ~'"1 (Jl ::i-"' §" 0 ~ .....tl ...... rn '"1..... (") ...... ---.- ---~ .-- .. ____ -.------...... -~ ------~-->"~ Plate l l-Ti be tan bronze showing a Plate I 0-Leather shadow figure of a Bherul)