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SUBSISTENCE PRODUCTION and EXCHANGE in the ILIAMNA LAKE REGION, SOUTHWEST ALASKA, 1982-1983 by Judith Marek Morris

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SUBSISTENCE PRODUCTION and EXCHANGE in the ILIAMNA LAKE REGION, SOUTHWEST ALASKA, 1982-1983 by Judith Marek Morris SUBSISTENCE PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE IN THE ILIAMNA LAKE REGION, SOUTHWEST ALASKA, 1982-1983 bY Judith Marek Morris Technical Paper Number 136 Division of Subsistence Alaska Department of Fish and Game Juneau, Alaska November 1986 ABSTRACT Harvest and use of natural resources by residents of the Lake Iliamna- Lake Clark area was the focus of a research project underataken by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence from 1982 to 1984. Included in the project were the communities of Igiugig, Kokhanok, Pedro Bay, Iliamna, Newhalen, Nondalton, Port Alsworth and isolated homesites located around Lake Clark. Information was collected through key informant interviews, structured survey instruments, field observations, and literature review. The area has a complex history involving the presence of three Alaskan Native groups (Athapaskan, Eskimo, and Aleut), Russians, and Euro- Americans. In the mid-1980s the majority of two communities, Nondalton and Pedro Bay, was Athapaskan. Most residents of Newhalen, Igiugig, and Kokhanok identified themselves as Aleut or Eskimo. Iliamna and Port Alsworth had large non-Native populations. Iliamna's (community) Native population included Aleuts, Eskimos, and Indians. After contact, indigenous residents earned a cash income trapping for Russian fur traders. In the 1900s commercial salmon fishing in Bristol Bay became the primary means of earning a wage income. Hunting, fishing, and trapping for household use continued to play an important role in the Iliamna region. Exchange and distribution of locally procurred natural resources figured significantly in life of the region's residents. A number of factors have contributed to changing patterns of resource harvest and use. However, data collected during the course of the project demonstrate that a wide range of resources continued to be used at significat levels throughout the area. In 1983 per capita harvests ranged from 361 pounds for the Lake Clark-Port Alsworth area to 1175 pounds in Nondalton. Salmon and caribou provided the greastest percentage by weight of the harvest. Further, it was shown that when compared to per capita resource harvest levels from 1973, those from 1982-1983 were remarkably similar, varying by approximately 20 pounds. Natural resources were shared and distributed within each community. They were also shared on a wider range, extending throughout the region as well as to other locations in the state. Greater amounts of sharing occured among communities having ethnic, religious, and kinship ties. Sharing and distribution of wild resources served to reaffirm social and cultural ties as well to contribute to the food supply of Lake Iliamna-Lake Clark households in 1982-1983 as it had in times past. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................. i LIST OF TABLES.................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................... 1 Purpose of Study ............................................ 1 Methodology ................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ILIAMNA REGION ......... 8 Geographical Features ....................................... 8 Plant and Animal Communities ................................ 10 Climate ..................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3. HISTORY OF THE LAKE ILIAMNA REGION ................ 13 Ethnographic Setting ........................................ 13 Traditional Resource.Harvesting Patterns .................... 17 History of the Iliamna Area Since Contact ................... 20 CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ............ 25 Demography .................................................. 25 Economic Characteristics .................................... 29 Community Descriptions ...................................... 36 Igiugig .................................................. 37 Iliamna .................................................. 38 Kokhanok ................................................. 39 Lake Clark ............................................... 40 Newhalen ................................................. 41 Nondalton ................................................ 42 Pedro Bay...........................: .................... 44 Port Alsworth ............................................ 46 CHAPTER 5. NATURAL RESOURCE PATTERNS IN THE ILIAMNA REGION ... 47 Regional Resource Harvest Levels ............................ 47 Seasonal Round .............................................. 52 Resource Use Areas .......................................... 57 Community Resource Use Characteristics ...................... 65 Igiugig .................................................. 66 Iliamna .................................................. 70 Kokhanok ................................................. 74 Lake Clark-Port Alsworth ................................. 78 Newhalen ................................................. 81 Nondalton ................................................ 86 Pedro Bay ................................................ 90 Differences in Community Resource Patterns .................. 94 Comparisons of Edible Resource Harvest, 1973-1983 ........... 98 i CHAPTER 6. RESOURCE HARVEST AND USE PATTERNS BY RESOURCE CATEGORY ................................. 104 Caribou.......................................~ ............. 104 Harvest Levels ........................................... 104 Regulations .............................................. 105 Moose ....................................................... 107 Regulations.................~ ............................ LO8 Harvest Levels ........................................... 111 Bear ........................................................ 111 Regulations .............................................. 112 Harvest and Use Patterns ................................. 112 Marine Mammals .............................................. 113 Regulations .............................................. 113 Harvest and Use Levels ................................... 113 Dall Sheep .................................................. 114 Regulations .............................................. 114 Small Game .................................................. 114 Harvest and Use Levels ................................... 115 Furbearers.................................~...~ ............ 115 Birds ....................................................... 116 Waterfowl ................................................ 116 Game Birds ............................................... 118 Bird Eggs ................................................ 119 Plants ...................................................... 119 Fish ........................................................ 120 Freshwater Fish .......................................... 121 Regulations ........................................... 121 Harvest ............................................... 124 Salmon ................................................... 125 Regulations ........................................... 126 Harvest Levels ........................................ 131 CHAPTER 7. DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE OF SUBSISTENCE RESOURCES AMONG ILIAMNA REGION COMMUNITIES .................. 135 Background .................................................. 135 The Iliamna Region .......................................... 137 CHAPTER 8. 147 REFERENCES CITED.................................................. 149 APPENDIX A SURVEY INSTRUMENT, PART A ............................. 153 APPENDIX B SURVEY INSTRUMENT, PART B ............................. 165 APPENDIX C. MAPPING METHODOLOGY .................................. 172 APPENDIX D. FISHING INCOME DATA.................................. 174 APPENDIX E. POPULATION PROFILES, BY COMMUNITY ILIAMNA REGION, 1983................................................. 175 ii APPEND.IX F. SUBSISTENCE SOCKEYE SALMON HARVESTS, BY VILLAGE, KVICHAK RIVER DRAINAGE. 1955-1985................... 184 APPENDIX G. INSHORE SOCKEKYE SALMON TOTAL RUN BY RIVER SYSTEM, NAKNEK-KVICHAK DISTRICT, BRISTOL BAY, 1965-84....... 185 APPENDIX H. CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DETERMINING USEABLE WEIGHTS OF RESOURCES USED IN ILIAMNA REGION DURING 1983..... 186 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS SURVEYED, BY COMMUNITY, ILIAMNA REGION, 1983................................... 6 TABLE 2. TIME PERIOD FOR DATA COLLECTION IN INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES, ILIAMNA REGION, 1983........... 6 TABLE 3. 20TH CENTURY COMMUNITIES, BY SUB-REGION, WHICH CONTAIN A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF RESIDENTS OF DENA'INA DESCENT.. 15 TABLE 4. ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF ILIAMNA LAKE COMMUNITIES, 1980... 18 TABLE 5. CENSUS POPULATION OF ILIAMNA LAKE REGION, 1880-1984.... 26 TABLE 6. PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY AGE CLASSES, BY COMMUNITY, ILIAMNA REGION, SURVEY HOUSEHOLDS, 1983................ 27 TABLE 7. AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF SURVEY GROUP, ILIAMNA REGION, 1983................................... 28 TABLE 8. AVERAGE TAXABLE INCOME, ILIAMNA REGION, 1978. 1981, 1982................................................... 30 TABLE 9. COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION, BRISTOL BAY SUBREGIONS, 1980 RESIDENT FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT......... 31 TABLE 10. WAGE EMPLOYMENT IN THE ILIAMNA REGION, BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF ALL JOBS, AS REPORTED BY SURVEY HOUSEHOLDS, 1983....................................... 33 TABLE 11. COMMUNITY-BASED BUSINESSES
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