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Migratory Pattern of Adult Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus Nerka, in Bristol Bay As Related to the Distribution of Their Home-River Waters

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U.S. Department of Commerce ~ational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National ~arine Fisheries Service Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory Auke Bay, Alaska MANUSCRIPT REPORT--FILE I~R-F No. 109 MIGRATORY PATTERN OF ADULT SOCKEYE SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA, IN BRISTOL BAY AS RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR HOME-RIVER WATERS By Richard R. Straty ' ' The Manuscript Report--File series was set up at the NMFS Auke Bay Lab­ oratory early in 1963 to provide a central depository for documents containing valuable data that have been or are being collected but that do not warrant formal publication. The series contains unedited drafts of both preliminary and completed research. Citations in the litel"a­ ture will require approval of the Laboratory Director. The copies are filed in the library at the Auke Bay Laboratory, and will be loaned to staff members upon request. A list of MR--F 1 S on file will be issued irregularly. February 1974 MIGRATORY PATTERN OF ADULT SOCKEYE SALMON, O~~CORHYNCHUS NERKA, IN BRISTOL BAY AS RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR HOME-RIVER WATERS By Richard R. Straty National Marine Fisheries Service Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory Auke Bay, AK 99821 Fishery Bulletin, U.S. Contents Introduction 4 The sockeye salmon fishery of Bristol Bay 9 The Bristol Bay environment 12 Climate 12 Current patterns 13 Determining the distribution of river waters 15 Salinity distribution 15 Area and method of coverage 15 Interpretation of salinity distribution 17 Tracking river waters with fluorescent dye tracer 18 Tracer release and detection 18 Paths of fluorescent dye 21 Plotting river waters from drift cards 24 Drift card release and recovery 24 Routes of drift cards 25 Synopsis of distribution of river waters 29 Tidal influence on distribution of river waters 33 Effects of wind on distribution of river waters 35 Determining the distribution and migratory pattern of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon 37 Offshore distribution 37 Exploratory fishing 38 Offshore tagging 42 Synopsis of offshore distribution 54 Inshore distribution 55 Capturing and tagging fish 56 Recovering the tags 57 Analysis of recovery data 58 Interpretation of tagging results 62 Synopsis of distribution and migratory routes of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon 81 Relation between distribution of major stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon and distribution of their home-river system waters 82 Summary 89 Literature cited 92 List of Figures Figure 1.--Principal sockeye salmon river systems in Bristol Bay. Figure 2.--Surface salinity at low tide, Bristol Bay, July and August 1966. Figure 3.--Surface salinity at high tide, Bristol Bay, July and August 1966. Figure 4.--General course of river waters in Bristol Bay during ebb tide as determined from course of dye, 1965 and 1966. Figure 5.--General course of river waters in Bristol Bay during flood tide as determine from course of dye, 1965 and 1966. Figure 6.--Recovery locations of drift cards released across the Kvichak River mouth, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 7.--Recovery locations of drift cards released across the Naknek River mouth, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure B.--Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Chicagof, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 9.--Recovery locations of drift cards released across the entrance to Egegik Bay, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 10.--Recovery locations of drift cards released along the 58° parallel of latitude, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 11.--Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Greig, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 12.--Recovery locations of drift cards released across the entrance to Ugashik Bay, Bristol Bay, 2 June 1967. Figure 13.--Recovery locations of drift cards released off Cape Menshikof, 2 June 1967. Figure 14.--Section lines in eastern Bering Sea and outer Bristol Bay where exploratory fishing was carried out in the 8 years of study to determine distribution of sockeye salmon. Figure 15.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon along approximately long. 170°W, 17-28 June 1958. Figure 16.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon along approximately long. 170°W, 27 June-3 July 1959. Figure 17.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon along approximately long. 170°W, 12-25 June 1961. Figure 18.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon between Cape Mordvinof and Pribilof Islands, 6 June-3 July 1940. Figure 19.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon between Pribilof Islands and Nunivak Island, 17-21 June 1940. Figure 20.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon between Cape Mordvinof and Nunivak Island, 7-11 July 1941. Figure 21.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon along approximately long. 16l 0 30'W, 24 June-6 July 1965 and 1966. Figure 22.--Gill net catches of sockeye salmon between Cape Seniavin and Cape Newenham, 27 June-23 July 1939. Figure 23.--Distribution of sockeye salmon in eastern Bering Sea and Bristol Bay during spawning migration. Figure 24.--Areas of tagging by United States and Japan in the 6 years selected for study to determine the distribution of sockeye salmon stocks in offshore area of Bristol Bay. Figure 25.--Distribution of tags recovered in catch and observed in escapements from sockeye salmon released at nine tagging sites in Naknek­ Kvichak and Egegik fishing districts in 1955. Figure 26.--Distribution of tags recovered in catch and observed in escapements from sockeye salmon released at 10 tagging sites in Nushagak and Naknek-Kvichak districts in 1956. Figure 27.--Distribution of tags recovered in catch and observed in escapements from sockeye salmon released at 10 tagging sites in Naknek­ Kvichak, Egegik, and Ugashik fishing districts in 1956. Figure 28.--Distribution of tags recovered in catch and observed in escapements from sockeye salmon released at two tagging sites in Naknek­ Kvichak fishing districts in 1957. Figure 29.--Distribution of tags recovered in catch and observed in escapements from sockeye salmon released at four tagging sites in Nushagak fishing district in 1959. Figure 30.--Distribution of tagged sockeye salmon in the Igushik, Wood, Kvichak, Naknek, and other Nushagak Bay river escapements, 1956 and 1959. Figure 31.--Distribution of tagged sockeye salmon in the Kvichak, Naknek, and Egegik River escapements, 1955 and 1956. Figure 32.--Distribution in the spawning escapement of 1.3 and 2.3 age groups of sockeye salmon tagged at seven sites in the Naknek-Kvichak and Egegik fishing districts in 1955. Figure 33.--Percentage distribution of recoveries within Nushagak fishery of sockeye salmon tagged at four sites in the Nushagak district. Figure 34.--General distribution of Bristol Bay stocks of sockeye salmon. List of Tables Table 1.--Dates of exploratory fishing or tagging and source of data used to show the distribution and migration route of sockeye salmon in the offshore area of Bristol Bay. Table 2.--Actual numbers and expected numbers of tags recovered in four Bristol Bay fishing districts from sockeye salmon released in the Bering Sea and Bristol Bay by the United States and Japan in 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961' 1964, 1965. Table 3.--Summary of chi-square analysis of recovery data for tags released in the eastern Bering Sea and outer Bristol Bay by the United States and Japan between 1957 and 1965. Table 4.--Number and percent of tagged sockeye salmon recovered in catch or observed in escapement from fish released at nine sites in Naknek­ Kvichak and Egegik districts in 1955. Table 5.--Number and percent of tagged sockeye salmon recovered in catch or observed in escapement from fish released at 20 sites in Nushagak, Naknek-Kvichak, Egegik, and Ugashik districts in 1956. Table 6.--Number of tagged sockeye salmon recovered in catch from fish released at two sites in Naknek-Kviceak fishing district in 1957. Table 7.--Number and percent of tagged sockeye salmon observed in escapement from fish released at two sites in Naknek-Kvichak fishing district in 1957. Table 8.--Number of tagged sockeye salmon recovered in catch from fish released at four sites in Nushagak fishing district in 1959. Table 9.--Number and percent of tagged sockeye salmon observed in escapement from fish released at four sites in Nushagak fishing district in 1959. Table 10.--Total run of sockeye salmon to four inshore fishing districts of Bristol Bay, 1955, 1956, 1957, and 1959, and ratio of Naknek-Kvichak district stocks to other district stocks. Table 11.--Percent age composition of sockeye salmon tagged at seven sites in Naknek-Kvichak and Egegik fishing districts in 1955. Table 12.--Percent age composition of sockeye salmon in escapements to the Naknek, Kvichak, and Egegik River systems in 1955. 2 ABSTRACT The stocks of sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay, Alaska, are produced in the lakes and streams of 10 major river systems, which discharge into the bay over a shoreline distance of 193 km. The hypothesis tested in this study was that the distribution of water masses from these river systems determines the distribution of the individual stocks of mature sockeye salmon in Bristol Bay. This hypothesis was based on the fact that mature sockeye salmon return to their river systems of origin to spawn and on the assumption that in doing so, they utilize recognizable characteristics of their home-river waters to guide them to its source. Hydrographic studies were carried out in upper Bristol Bay to determine the seaward course and distribution of the waters of major sockeye salmon-producing river systems draining into Bristol Bay. These studies included determination of the vertical and horizontal salinity distribution; tracking river waters which had been tagged with rhodamine B dye; and plotting the course of plastic drift cards. The distribution and migration routes of the individual stocks of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon were determined from earlier exploratory fishing and tagging studies.
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