DOCSLIB.ORG

The Use of Fish and Wildlife Resources by Residents of the Bristol Bay Borough, Alaska

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Use of Fish and Wildlife Resources by Residents of the Bristol Bay Borough, Alaska THE USE OF FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES BY RESIDENTS OF THE BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH, ALASKA BY Judith M. Morris Technical Paper Number 123 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence December 1985 ABSTRACT This report describes contemporary harvest and use patterns of wild fish and game resources of Bristol Bay Borough residents. Located on the Alaska Peninsula, the three borough communities of King Salmon, Naknek, and South Naknek are situated on the banks of the Naknek River. In 1980 the population of the borough was 879, excluding 375 active duty military personnel stationed at the King Salmon Air Force Station. Approximately half of the borough residents were Alaska Natives, most whom consider themselves Aleut. The extent of particpation and level of resource harvest and other socioeconomic data were collected by Division of Subsistence personnel. Data collection was conducted from May 1982 through April 1984. Research methods included participant-observation, mapping, literature review, and two systematic households surveys. Particular attention was focused on the local subsistence salmon fishery. Elements of the fishery, such as targarted species, harvest sites, processing and preservation methods, the composition of work groups and distribution networks were documented. Survey data collected for 1983 showed that sampled borough residents reported a mean per capita harvest of 215 pounds. Caribou and salmon made up 84 percent of the total harvest. It was found that salmon were obtained through harvests with set gill net subsistence gear, sport fishing with rod and reel gear, and fish retained from commercial catches. Many harvesting activities occurred within the Naknek River drainage. Other important areas, particularly for caribou hunting, were located further south on the Alaska Peninsula. The KepOKt describes each community separately, and then discusses the similarities and differences between them. Commercial fishermen lived mostly in Naknek and South Naknek. Government and transportation services dominated the employment scene in King Salmon. Data from the early 1980s showed that King Salmon consistently had the highest cash income levels. Wage earning opportunities were poorest in South Naknek. King Salmon had the greatest turnover in its year-round population; South Naknek had the least. Naknek exhibited a blending of the particular socioeconomic and sociocultural elements identified for King Salmon and South Naknek. Study findings indicate that the socioeconomic system of the Bristol Bay Borough best fits the regional center model previously described for Nome in northwest Alaska. A regional center contains subpopulations differing in terms of ethnicity, income, educational levels, and geographic background. The community's economic system is based on a combination of wage employment and relatively high harvests of locally available renewable resources. The three communities of the Bristol Bay Borough demonstrated these significant characteristics of a regional center. Subpopulations were identified by such variables as community residency, participation in the commercial salmon fishery, and ethnicity. Discrete resource harvest and use patterns could not be associated with any identified subpopulation in the borough. However, recognizing the characteristics of the regional center and the role resources play in the economic system of the Bristol Bay Borough will contribute to an understanding of fish, wildlife, and land use issues in Southwest Alaska. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ...................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................... Vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................... 1 Purpose of Study ............................................... 4 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY ............................................. 6 General Design ................................................. 6 Research Personnel ............................................. 8 Procedures ..................................................... 8 CHAPTER 3. THE BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH SETTING ........................ 12 Bristol Bay Region ............................................. 12 Naknek River Area .............................................. 12 Regional History ............................................. 12 Prehistoric Period ......................................... 12 Historic Period ............................................ 18 Contemporary Setting ........................................... 24 Bristol Bay Borough Communities .............................. 24 Naknek ....................................................... 25 King Salmon .................................................. 29 South Naknek ................................................. 37 Community Differences .......................................... 42 CHAPTER 4. THE NATURAL SETTING .................................... 51 Location ....................................................... 51 Geology ...................................................... 52 Climate ...................................................... 54 Vegetation ................................................... 57 Fauna ........................................................ 57 CHAPTER 5. RESOURCE USE ........................................... 59 Introduction ................................................... 59 Range of Resources Harvested and Harvest Quantities ............ 59 Geography of Harvesting Areas .................................. 66 Seasonal Round ................................................. 75 Large Land Mammals ............................................. 78 Caribou ...................................................... 78 Moose ........................................................ 86 Marine Mammals .................................................. 92 i Birds ......................................................... 94 Waterfowl ................................................... 94 Game Birds .................................................. 100 Small Mammals ................................................. 101 Furbearers .................................................... 101 Hare, Porcupine, and Squirrel ................................. 102 CHAPTER 6. FISH .................................................. 105 Freshwater Fish ............................................... 105 Freshwater Fishing - Commercial ............................. 106 Freshwater Fishing - Gill Nets .............................. 108 Freshwater Fishing - Rod and Reel ........................... 108 Anadromous Fish ............................................... 110 Smelt ...................................................... 112 Salmon Resource of the Naknek River ........................... 113 Salmon - Commercial Fishing ................................. 114 Salmon - Rod and Reel ....................................... 116 Salmon - Subsistence ........................................ 118 Subsistence Fishing Regulations ............................. 121 Subsistence Salmon Harvest Levels ........................... 131 Subsistence Salmon Fishing Methods .......................... 134 Subsistence Net Locations ................................... 135 Preferred Species ........................................... 142 Subsistence Salmon, Processing, Preservation, Preparation ..... 147 Processing Sites .......................................... 147 Parts of Salmon Used for Human Consumption ................ 148 Preservation Methods ...................................... 150 Fish Preparation .......................................... 156 Frequency of Salmon Use ................................... 158 Units of Production, Distrfbution and Consumption for Subsistence Salmon ...................................... 159 Permit Holders ............................................ 159 Production Groups ......................................... 162 Distribution Networks ..................................... 167 CHAPTER 7. DISCUSSION - FACTORS INFLUENCING CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCE USE IN THE BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH, 1983 ......... 174 Regional Centers in Alaska .................................... 174 The Bristol Bay Borough as a Regional Center .................. 175 Conclusions ................................................... 180 REFERENCES CITED .................................................... 183 APPENDIX A, Conversion Factors ..................................... 186 APPENDIX B, 1982 Survey Form ....................................... 188 APPENDIX C, 1984 Survey Form ....................................... 198 APPENDIX D, Important Plants in the Bristol Bay Region ............. 202 APPENDIX E, Important Animals in the Bristol Bay Region ............ 207 ii LIST OF TABLES Table SURVEY SAMPLES 1982 AND 1984 . ...*. 7 Table REGIONAL POPULATION TOTALS, 1980 . 14 Table GENERALIZED PREHISTORIC CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN THE NAKNEK RIVER REGION . ..*................ 17 Table 4 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF BRISTOL BAY COMMUNITIES, 1980 ~.~.~~~.~.~.~.~..~,x *..................... 20 Table 5 POPULATION, BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH AREA 1880 - 1981 . 23 Table 6 LIMITED ENTRY SALMON GILL-NET PERMITS MAILED TO BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH, ADDRESSES, 1984 . 30 Table 7 BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH SALMON FISHERMEN COSTS AND EARNINGS IN 1979 . 31 Table 8 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, BRISTOL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bristol Bay, Alaska
    EPA 910-R-14-001C | January 2014 An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska Volume 3 – Appendices E-J Region 10, Seattle, WA www.epa.gov/bristolbay EPA 910-R-14-001C January 2014 AN ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL MINING IMPACTS ON SALMON ECOSYSTEMS OF BRISTOL BAY, ALASKA VOLUME 3—APPENDICES E-J U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Seattle, WA CONTENTS VOLUME 1 An Assessment of Potential Mining Impacts on Salmon Ecosystems of Bristol Bay, Alaska VOLUME 2 APPENDIX A: Fishery Resources of the Bristol Bay Region APPENDIX B: Non-Salmon Freshwater Fishes of the Nushagak and Kvichak River Drainages APPENDIX C: Wildlife Resources of the Nushagak and Kvichak River Watersheds, Alaska APPENDIX D: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Characterization of the Indigenous Cultures of the Nushagak and Kvichak Watersheds, Alaska VOLUME 3 APPENDIX E: Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Ecosystem: Baseline Levels of Economic Activity and Values APPENDIX F: Biological Characterization: Bristol Bay Marine Estuarine Processes, Fish, and Marine Mammal Assemblages APPENDIX G: Foreseeable Environmental Impact of Potential Road and Pipeline Development on Water Quality and Freshwater Fishery Resources of Bristol Bay, Alaska APPENDIX H: Geologic and Environmental Characteristics of Porphyry Copper Deposits with Emphasis on Potential Future Development in the Bristol Bay Watershed, Alaska APPENDIX I: Conventional Water Quality Mitigation Practices for Mine Design, Construction, Operation, and Closure APPENDIX J: Compensatory Mitigation and Large-Scale Hardrock Mining in the Bristol Bay Watershed AN ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL MINING IMPACTS ON SALMON ECOSYSTEMS OF BRISTOL BAY, ALASKA VOLUME 3—APPENDICES E-J Appendix E: Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Ecosystem: Baseline Levels of Economic Activity and Values Bristol Bay Wild Salmon Ecosystem Baseline Levels of Economic Activity and Values John Duffield Chris Neher David Patterson Bioeconomics, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal 78 – 5 Aac 01.320
    PROPOSAL 78 – 5 AAC 01.320. Lawful gear and gear specifications. Change the boundaries, methods of harvest, and seasons for subsistence harvests of sockeye salmon in the Naknek River drainage, as follows: 5 AAC 01.320 is amended to read: From August 30 through DECEMBER 31 by spear, dipnet, gillnet, AND BEACH SEINE. Along a 100 yard length of shoreline near the outlet of Naknek River as marked by ADF&G regulatory markers; at Johnny’s Lake on the Northwestern side of Naknek Lake; at the outlet of Idavians Creek on the North side of Naknek Lake; at the mouth of Brooks River from September 18 through December 31. What is the issue you would like the board to address and why? Allow for beach seining to release non-targeted finfish species. Idavians Creek is a traditional location used by local residents. (At the mouth of Brooks River by spear, dipnet, gillnet, and beach seine from September 18 through December 31.) Separate season for Brooks River. Extend season to Dec 31 for said descriptions and include beach seine as additional method to harvest spawned out sockeye. The proposed seasons and methods will be in line with traditionally practiced subsistence practices of local residents. The 2014 forecast for Bristol Bay sockeye for the Naknek River portion is estimated to be 3.35 million and escapement at 1.10 million into the Naknek River drainage. Forecast for harvest is estimated at 2.25 million. The Naknek River portion estimate does not account for the South Peninsula. Spawned out sockeye have traditionally been harvested for personal (subsistence) use by the Katmai descendants.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Subsistence Bibliography Volume V Western & Southwestern
    REGIONAL SUBSISTENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY Volume V Western & Southwestern Alaska Number I BY David B. Andersen and Jan H. Overturf Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Technical Paper No. 111 Juneau. Alaska 1986 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................ .v Introduction ............................................... ..vi i . Abbreviations .............................................. ..Xl x Bibliographic citations .................................... ..l Keyword Index ................................................ 169 Author Index ................................................ 199 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have contributed time and reference material to help produce this publication. Reference collection work done in 1983 was was greatly assisted by Elizabeth Andrews, Steve Rehnke, John Wright, and Dr. Robert Wolfe who made their own collections of regional references available and offered useful suggestions regarding organiza- tion of the bibliography and additional sources. References collected in 1983 sat for over two years awaiting further work and funding, and. for a time it appeared that they would never make it into print. We have Jim Fall to thank for spearheading efforts to resurrect the project in 1986, offering suggestions for updating the collection with new material, reviewing citations and introductory text, and providing the funds for printing. Others contributing additional reference material to the updated collection include Elizaheth Andrews. Susan Georgette, Judy Morris. and Janet Schichnes. Thanks also to Dan Foster, who expertly prepared the maps appearing in the introduction. to Kathy Arndt, who painstakingly edited an early rough draft of the hihliography. and to Margie Yadlosky, who efficiently handled data entry and editing tasks on the data file. Cover artwork was the creation of Tim Sczawinski. Finally. special thanks go to Louis Brown for his programming wizardry which created the microcomputer version of the data base and the indexing routines.
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Peninsula Becharof National Wildlife Refuges
    Fishery Management Plan ALASKA PENINSULA BECHAROF NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES July 1994 Region 7 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Department of the Interior FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN ALASKA PENINSULA AND BECHAROF NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES Fiscal Years 1994 - 1998 Prepared By: King Salmon Fishery Resource Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service P.O. Box 277 King Salmon, Alaska 99613 May 1994 SUMMARY STATEMENT The Alaska Peninsula and Becharof National Wildlife Refuges Fishery Management Plan (Plan) provides the management direction necessary to ensure conservation of fishery resources and habitat. In addition, the Plan provides for continued use of fishery resources by subsistence, commercial, and recreational users consistent with the purposes for which the Alaska Peninsula and Becharof refuges (Complex) were established and are managed. The Complex's biological and physical environment is described and fishery resources, human use, management history, and major issues and concerns are discussed. This information was obtained from the Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plans, a literature search, and discussions with Alaska Department of Fish and Game personnel. Objectives and tasks are developed to address the issues and concerns. Federal tasks are assigned priorities and costs for each year of continuation. The Plan encompasses a five year period, at which time it will be revised. Major issues and concerns identified include the following: competition between user groups; incomplete salmon escapement data bases to refine management of the Complex fish populations; and inadequate fishery law enforcement. In some cases, concerns were identified because of the perception that they would develop into serious problems if current levels of use or consumption were allowed to continue or expand.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon Spawning Ground Surveys in the Bristol Bay Area, Alaska, 2001
    SALMON SPAWNING GROUND SURVEYS IN THE BRISTOL BAY AREA, ALASKA, 2001 By James Browning Steve Morstad Tim Sands Keith Weiland Regional Information Report1 No. 2A02-14 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Commercial Fisheries 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage, Alaska 99518-1599 March, 2002 1 The Regional Information Report Series was established in 1987 to provide an information access system for all unpublished divisional reports. These reports frequently serve diverse ad hoc informational purposes or archive basic un-interpreted data. To accommodate timely reporting of recently collected information, reports in this series undergo only limited internal review and may contain preliminary data; this information may be subsequently finalized and published in the formal literature. Consequently, these reports should not be cited without prior approval of the author or the Division of Commercial Fisheries. AUTHORS James Browning is the Nushagak Area Management Biologist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518. Steve Morstad is the Naknek/Kvichak Area Management Biologist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, P.O. Box 37, King Salmon, AK 99613. Tim Sands is the Togiak Area Management Biologist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, P.O. Box 230, Dillingham, AK 99576-0230. Keith A. Weiland is the Egegik and Ugashik Area Management Biologist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Division, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and the University of Washington, Fisheries Research Institute for equipment, personnel and funding they provided to help gather escapement data in 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • BRISTOL BAY Geography Bristol Bay Is Sockeye Salmon Country
    BRISTOL BAY Geography Bristol Bay is sockeye salmon country. The region is a land of great inland lakes, ideally suited to the juvenile life of sockeye salmon that are tied to lakes for growth and survival prior to migrating to the ocean (Hilborn et al. 2003). Variation within sockeye salmon leads to stability and options for all salmon lovers – from caddisflies to rainbow trout and brown bears to people around the world. Bristol Bay offers a pristine and intact ecosystem with a notable absence of mining and offshore oil and gas exploration in the region. Jared Kibele, Rachel Carlson, and Marie Johnson. 2018. Elevation per SASAP region and Hydrologic Unit (HUC8) boundary for Alaskan watersheds. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. doi:10.5063/F1D798QQ. SASAP | 1 Numerous networks of stream-connected lakes provide extraordinary sockeye salmon rearing habitat. The variety of lake and riverine spawning and rearing habitats in the region mean that the salmon runs in Bristol Bay are uniquely diverse, which contributes to the long-term sustainability of the salmon resource (Schindler et al. 2010). The long-proposed Pebble Mine, situated at the intersection between the Nushagak River and Kvichak River watersheds, would unquestionably and permanently change this salmon landscape. The landscape that features so prominently in Ellam yua [the Yup’ik belief system] is one of low coastal mountains that give way to rolling tundra. Early people and salmon systems The earliest record of human occupation in the Bristol Bay region dates to 10,000 years before present (Boraas and Knott 2014). Salmon use in the region by Yup’ik peoples has been occurring for at least 4,000 years, based on evidence collected from sites on the Kvichak River near salmon-bearing streams.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Observations at the Base of the Alaska Peninsula
    242 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS RECENT OBSERVATIONS AT THE The only other record was of three in Iliuk Arm, BASE OF THE ALASKA PENINSULA Naknek Lake, Katmai NM, 11 August 1968. Two of the latter were in breeding plumage. DANIEL D. GIBSON Whimbrel. Numenius phueopus. Gabrielson and Lincoln (1959) cite four records of the Whimbrel P.O. Box I.551 for the Bristol Bay area, and Cahalane (1944) records Fairbanks, Alaska 99701 the species once on Naknek River. The following ob- servations of transients on the Monument coast are During May-September 1966, February-September included: eight at Kashvik Bay on 6 May 1967, 1967, and May-September 1968, I was employed 11 at Katmai Bay on 9 May 1967, and 29 at Katmai by the National Park Service (NPS ), U.S. Depart- Bay on 11 May 1967 (one flock of 27). ment of Interior, at Katmai National Monument Lesser Yellowlegs. Totanus fZuvipes. The only (NM), Alaska. A number of significant occurrences previous record of the Lesser Yellowlegs for this of avian species were recorded during this time, de- region is that of Cahalane (1944) for Naknek River. tails of which are given below. All observations are I watched one on 1 July 1968 at Brooks River being my own unless otherwise indicated; no specimens were chased repeatedly by resident Greater Yellowlegs collected. (T. melunoleucus) that were defending several large Red-faced Cormorant. PhuZucrocor~x u&e. On 28 young. The Lesser Yellowlegs called once, and the June 1967 I found 10 pairs of Red-faced Cormorants size difference was noted. breeding among 80 pairs of Pelagic Cormorants (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Thermal Habitat Volume for Lake Trout in Selected Lakes of Southwest Alaska, 1994
    Fishery Data Series No. 95-26 Evaluation of the Thermal Habitat Volume for Lake Trout in Selected Lakes of Southwest Alaska, 1994 by Daniel Bosch, Lewis Coggins, and R. Eric Minard November 1995 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Sport Fish FISHERY DATA SERIES NO. 95-26 EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL HABITAT VOLUME FOR LAKE TROUT IN SELECTED LAKES OF SOUTHWEST ALASKA, 1994 Daniel Bosch, Division of Sport Fish, Anchorage Lewis Coggins and R. Eric Minard Division of Sport Fish, Dillingham Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, Alaska, 995 18- 1599 November 1995 This investigation was partially financed by the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act c(16 1J.S.C. 777-777K) under project F-10-10, Job No. R-2-9. The Fishery Data Series was established in 1987 for the publication of technically-oriented results for a single project or group of closely related projects. Fishery Data Series reports are intended for fishery and other technical professionals. Distribution is to state and local publication distribution centers, libraries and individuals and, on request, to other libraries, agencies, and individuals. This publication has undergone editorial and peer review. Daniel Bosch, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, 333 Raspberry Road, Anchorage, AK 99518-1599, USA, Lewis Coggins and R. Eric Minard, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish P.O. Box 230, Dillingham, AK 99737-0605, USA This document should be cited as: Bosch, Daniel, Lewis Coggins, and R.
    [Show full text]
  • Naknek River System, Including Na- Adopted by the Alaska Board of Fisheries
    Management The Naknek system currently receives the highest sport angler effort of any river in southwest Alaska, in part Bristol Bay The recreational fi sheries of the Bristol Bay area are because of its world-renowned rainbow trout and salmon Recreational Fishing Series managed by the Division of Sport Fish Dillingham of- fi shing, and in part because of its easy access. fi ce, 546 Kenny Wren Road, P.O. Box 230, 99576 (907) Southcentral Region Alaska Department of Fish and Game 842-2427. The Division manages fi sheries for sustain- Access and land ownership Division of Sport Fish ability and opportunity, often under management plans Most of the Naknek River system, including Na- adopted by the Alaska Board of Fisheries. Regulations knek Lake, is surrounded by the United States' Katmai may change by Emergency Order if the sustainability National Park and Preserve, which is also home to the Sport fi shing at the of a stock is at risk, or if additional fi shing opportunities Brooks River, a popular bear viewing destination ac- are available. cessible by boat and fl oat plane. For information about Brooks River and Brooks Camp contact the national park Naknek River Emergency Orders are sent to newspapers, radio and at their King Salmon offi ce at (907) 246-3305. television stations, other agencies, recorded on telephone hotlines, and posted right away on our web site. Call the Much of the rest of the land along the Naknek belongs offi ce, or the regulation hotline at (907) 842-7347, or to Native organizations and private individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Drainages of Bristol Bay
    BRISTOL BAY SALT AND FRESH WATER 12 Major Drainages of Bristol Bay k See the Northern ar Cl Alaska Sport Fish e Regulation Summary Lak Port Alsworth es ag in ra Iliamna D Wood River er age Togiak River iv rain Ungalikthluk Drainage R r D Drainage a ive River Drainage tn R Lake Iliamna a k h a lc h u ic M v / K k a g a Riv Dillingham gnak er Drain h Ala ag s e See the Southcentral u Alaska Sport Fish N Regulation Summary Cape Newenham King Salmon Naknek Rive r Dra B inag ris e to l Ege Ba gik y Ri S ver alt D wa ra te in rs a ge Cape Menshikof U ga sh ik R i Dr ve ain r ag Alaska Peninsula & e Kodiak Island Aleutian Islands See pages 24 - 28 Miles See pages 22 - 23 0 25 50 ARCTIC CHAR AND DOLLY VARDEN LINGCOD General Regulations - Bristol Bay • Season: June 8–October 31 . • No limit . • 3 per day, 3 in possession . ROCKFISH Inclusive waters: All fresh waters draining into Bristol Bay between Cape Menshikof and Cape Newenham, and • Season: November 1–June 7 . • No limit . all salt waters east of a line from Cape Newenham to • 10 per day, 10 in possession. KING CRAB Cape Menshikof . RAINBOW TROUT • Season: June 1–January 31 . The fishing season for all species is open year-round • Season: June 8–October 31 . • Males only: unless otherwise noted below. • 2 per day, 2 in possession, only 1 of which may • 6½ inches or more: 6 per day, 6 in possession.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.5 Recreation
    PEBBLE PROJECT CHAPTER 3: AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 3.5 RECREATION The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) analysis area for recreation is defined as the area from Lake Clark National Park and Preserve south to Katmai National Park and Preserve, and from the Nushagak River east to the western Kenai Peninsula (Figure 3.5-1). This area is mostly remote and undeveloped. These lands and waters support a wide variety of dispersed recreational activities, including sport hunting, hiking, camping, and snowmachining. Due to the economic importance of fishing and subsistence in this region, recreational and commercial fishing and subsistence are discussed in other sections (see Section 3.6, Commercial and Recreational Fisheries, and Section 3.9, Subsistence). 3.5.1 Recreation Management 3.5.1.1 State Lands Alaska Department of Fish and Game McNeil River State Game Sanctuary and Refuge The McNeil River State Game Sanctuary (Sanctuary) and Refuge (Refuge) are south of the Amakdedori port site and port access road. They extend north and east from Katmai National Park and Preserve to the shore of Kamishak Bay. The refuge is the northern portion of the unit. The Sanctuary hosts visitor facilities (campground, visitor support buildings, trails) and a brown bear viewing program, which primarily occurs at McNeil River, Mikfik Creek, and along the coast. The Refuge does not have any developed visitor facilities. Most bear-viewing activities in the refuge occur near Chenik Creek. Guided bear viewing and private visitor bear viewing occurs during the month of July. The boundary of the refuge would be within a mile of Alternative 1a and the Alternative 1 port access road (approximately 630 feet at its nearest point) and 2 miles from Amakdedori port.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance and Run Timing of Adult Pacific Salmon in Big Creek, Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, 2004 Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2005–12
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Abundance and Run Timing of Adult Pacific Salmon in Big Creek, Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, 2004 Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2005–12 King Salmon Fish and Wildlife Field Office King Salmon, Alaska September 2005 The Alaska Region Fisheries Program of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts fisheries monitoring and population assessment studies throughout many areas of Alaska. Dedicated professional staff located in Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks, Kenai, and King Salmon Fish and Wildlife Offices and the Anchorage Conservation Genetics Laboratory serve as the core of the Program’s fisheries management study efforts. Administrative and technical support is provided by staff in the Anchorage Regional Office. Our program works closely with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and other partners to conserve and restore Alaska’s fish populations and aquatic habitats. Additional information about the Fisheries Program and work conducted by our field offices can be obtained at: http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/index.htm The Alaska Region Fisheries Program reports its study findings through two regional publication series. The Alaska Fisheries Data Series was established to provide timely dissemination of data to local managers and for inclusion in agency databases. The Alaska Fisheries Technical Reports publishes scientific findings from single and multi-year studies that have undergone more extensive peer review and statistical testing. Additionally, some study results are published in a variety of professional fisheries journals. Disclaimer: The use of trade names of commercial products in this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the federal government. Alaska Fisheries Data Series Number 2005-12, September 2005 U.S.
    [Show full text]