JEFL OF EQN TECHNICALREPORT NUMBER67 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIESSTUDIE PROGRAM RR MINERALSMINERAL MANAGEMENT ICE AS OUTER NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELFSOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM BASELINE ANALYSISANALYSI FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT CONTRACT NO 1CTO ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIESSTUDIE PROGRAM NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF BASIN SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM ANALYSISANALYSI PREPAREDBY JAMESJAME PAYNE STEPHEN BRAUND JAMESJAME PAYNE AND ASSOCIATESASSOCIATE PREPAREDFOR MINERALSMINERAL MANAGEMENT SERVICE ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OFFICE NOVEMBER THISTHI DOCUMENT IS DISSEMINATED UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF THE US DEPARTMENTOF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF OCS OFFICE IN THE INTEREST OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE THE US GOVERNMENT ASSUMESASSUME NO LIABILITY FOR ITS CONTENT OR USE THEREOF ALASKA OCS SOCIOECONOMIC STUDIESSTUDIE PROGRAM NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF BASIN SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM ANALYSISANALYSI PREPAREDBY JAMESJAME PAYNE OF JAMESJAME PAYNE AND ASSOCIATESASSOCIATE STEPHEN BRAUND OF STEPHEN BRAUND AND ASSOCIATESASSOCIATE SUBCONTRACTOR NOVEMBER ABSTRACT THISTHI REPORTIS BASE LINE STATEMENT OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM OF THE BAY REGION IN IT IS ONE IN SERIESSERIE OF INTEGRATEDREPORTSREPORT THAT ADDRESSADDRES DIFFERENT PHYSICAL BIOLOGICALAND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENT OF THE REGION THESE REPORTSREPORT COLLECTIVELYFORM BACKGROUNDDATA FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATE MENT ON POTENTIALPETROLEUMDEVELOPMENTIN THE NORTH ALEUTIAN SHELF CHAPTERSCHAPTER AND PRESENTTHE INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGYCHAPTERSCHAPTER AND DISCUSSDISCUS THE PREHISTORYAND HISTORY OF THE REGION CHAPTER IS AN OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE OF THE REGION EEDH TOGETHERIN SEVEN SUBREGIONSSUBREGION THE SIMILARITIESSIMILARITIE THAT ALIGNTHESE COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE INTO SUBREGIONSSUBREGIONARE DISCUSSED AS WELL AS THE FACTORSFACTOR THAT DIFFERENTIATE THEM FROM EACH OTHER NOT ALL COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE ARE DESCRIBED RATHER SELECTED COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE WERE CHOSEN FOR FIELDWORK AND PRESENTED AS REPRESENTATIVESREPRESENTATIVE OF THE SUBREGIONSSUBREGION AS WHOLE DATA ON THESE COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE INCLUDE INFORMATION ON COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTUREECONOMICSECONOMIC AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNSPATTERN CHAPTERSCHAPTER AND VII ADDRESSADDRES THE TOPICSTOPIC OF LAND AND POLITICSPOLITIC AT THE REGIONALLEVEL WITH VILLAGEEXAMPLESEXAMPLE CHAPTERII DESCRIBESDESCRIBE THE SOCIAL HEALTH SYSTEMSSYSTEM IN THE REGION AND THE FINAL CHAPTERPRESENTSPRESENT SUMMARY AND SUGGESTSSUGGEST POSSIBLETRENDSTREND THC MAY BE EMERGING IN THE REGION EVEN BEFORE EUROPEANAND EUROAMERICAN CONTACT AND SETTLEMENT THE INHABI TANTSTANT OF BRISTOL BAY EXPERIENCEDCHANGESCHANGE WHICH ARE REVEALED IN THE ARCHAEOLO GICALRECORD RUSSIAN SETTLEMENT AND FUR TRADE INTERESTSINTEREST INTRODUCED NEW MATERIAL GOODSGOOD CONCEPTSCONCEPT OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONAND IDEASIDEA INTO THE REGIONTHAT INFLUENCED THE CULTURE OF THE INDIGENOUSINDIGENOU INHABITANTSINHABITANT EUROPEANDISEASESDISEASE ALSO WERE INTRODUCED THAT REACHED EPIDEMIC PROPORTIONSPROPORTION AND DEVASTED THE POPULATION COMMERCIAL SALMON FISHINGBEGAN IN THE REGION IN THE NO OTHER FACTOR HAS HAD SUCH MAJOREFFECT ON THE SOCIOCULTURAL PATTERNSPATTERN OF THE REGION THAN THISTHI INDUSTRY IT CONTINUESCONTINUE TO DOMINATE THE REGION THE YEARLYPRICE OF FISH MANAGEMENT PRACTICESPRACTICE LIMITED ENTRY THE 200 MILE LIMIT VESSEL LENGTH AND SEVERAL OTHER FACTORSFACTOR INFLUENCINGTHISTHI INDUSTRYARE QUITEINSTRUMENTAL IN AFFECTING OVERALL REGIONALECONOMIC AND LH PATTERNSPATTERN IN ADDITION TO THE SALMON FISHERY THE BRISTOL BAY REGION ALSO IS RICH IN OTHER NATURAL RESOURCESRESOURCE WHICH ARE ATTRACTINGTHE ATTENTION OF BOTH DEVELOPERSDEVELOPERAND RECREATIONCILISTSRECREATIONCILIST THE INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE WERE AUTONOMOUSAUTONOMOU ENTITIESENTITIE PRIORTO WHITE SETTLEMENT ONCE THE FISH CANNERIESCANNERIE WERE ESTABLISHED THEY TENDED TO OVERSHADOW AND DOMINATE THE NEARBYNATIVE COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE HOWEVER BECAUSE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTIN THE FISHINGSECTOR ANCSA STATE AND FEDERAL SUPPORTPROGRAMSPROGRAM AND SELFCONSCIOUSSELFCONSCIOU AWARENESSAWARENES OF NATIVE CULTURAL TRADITIONSTRADITION THESE COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIE ARE REGAININGTHEIR AUTONOMY MAJORASPECT OF THISTHI MOVEMENT WILL BE AN AGGRESSIVECLAIM OF SUBSISTENCE RIGHTSRIGHT SUBSISTENCE CURRENTLYPLAYSPLAY VITAL ROLE IN THE NUTRITIONAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM OF THE AREA INCREASED DEVELOPMENT AND THE INFLUX OF MORE NONLOCAL HUNTERSHUNTER AND FISHERMEN WILL CONFLICT WITH TRADITIONAL SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIESACTIVITIE OPPOSITIONHAS BEEN EXPRESSEDTOWARD ANY DEVELOPMENTOR ACTIVITY THAT WILL ADVERSELYAFFECT SUBSISTENCE ACTIVITIESACTIVITIE TABLE OF CONTENTSCONTENT ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE II LIST OF TABLESTABLE INTRODUCTION CONTEXT OF STUDY DESCRIPTIONOF STUDY RELATION OF STUDY TO ALASKA OCS PROGRAM SETTINGAND STUDYLOCATION TOPOGRAPHY CLIMATE VEGETATION MAMMALSMAMMAL BIRDSBIRD MARINE SPECIESSPECIE FRESHWATER FISH POPULATION STUDYLIMITATIONSLIMITATION 20 CONTENT RESTRICTIONSRESTRICTION LITERATURE SOURCESSOURCE AND FIELD TECHNIQUE GEOGRAPHYTIME MONEY AND DIVERSITY METHODOLOGY 23 THEORETICAL ORIENTATION 23 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 25 LITERATURE REVIEW 25 FIELD WORK 27 CATEGORIESCATEGORIE 29 29 ECONOMIC SYSTEMSSYSTEM SUBSISTENCE AND CASH ECONOMIESECONOMIE 30 POLITICAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM SOCIAL HEALTH SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 32 LAND AND ENVIRONMENT 33 ILL ISTOR TRADITIONAL ADAPTATIONSADAPTATION 35 ARCHAEOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONSINVESTIGATION 35 TERRITORIAL ETHNIC AND LINGUISTICBOUNDARIESBOUNDARIE 38 EARLYSETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE PATTERNSPATTERN SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATION 47 IV HISTORICAL PERIOD 49 EARLYEXPLORATIONAND SETTLEMENT 49 EPIDEMICSEPIDEMIC SI FORMATIVE YEARSYEAR OF COMMERCIAL FISHING 53 WORLD WAR CONTEMPORARY SUBREGIONAL PROFILE 63 COMMUNITY CLUSTERSCLUSTER SUBREGIONSSUBREGION 63 NORTHERN ALASKA PENINSULA SUBREGION 67 INTRODUCTION 67 PORT HEIDEN LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE 71 ECONOMICSECONOMIC 77 SUBSISTENCE RANGE 82 EXCHANGE 82 USE PATTERNSPATTERN 83 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 84 PILOT POINT 85 LOCATION COMMUNITY LI AND INFRASTRUCTURE 85 ECONOMICSECONOMIC 90 SUBSISTENCE 94 RANGE 95 EXCHANGE 95 USE PATTERNSPATTERN 96 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 97 KVICHAK BAY SUBREGION 98 INTRODUCTION 98 SOUTH NAKNEK NAKNEK AND ING SALMON 100 LOCATION COMMUNITY LI AND INFRASTRUCTURE 100 ECONOMICSECONOMIC 107 SUBSISTENCE RANGE EXCHANGE 13 USE PATTERNSPATTERN 113 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 14 EGEGIK 117 LOCATION COMMUNITY LI AND INFRASTRUCTURE 117 ECONOMICSECONOMIC 120 SUBSISTENCE RANGE EXCHANGE USE PATTERNSPATTERN 123 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 123 SOUTHERN ALASKA PENINSULA SUBREGION 123 INTRODUCTION 123 CHIGNIK LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ECONOMICSECONOMIC 37 SUBSISTENCE RANGE 141 EXCHANGE 141 USE PATTERNSPATTERN 141 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN RELATIONSRELATION WITH BRISTOL BAY TOGIAK BAY KULUKAK BAY SUBREGION 45 INTRODUCTION TOGIAK LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 50 ECONOMICSECONOMIC ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN SUBSISTENCE RANGE EXCHANGE USE PATTERNSPATTERN ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN MANOKOTAK LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 163 ECONOMICSECONOMIC ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN SUBSISTENCE RANGE EXCHANGE USE PATTERNSPATTERN ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN NUSHAGAKRIVER SUBREGION 169 INTRODUCTION NEW STUYAHOK LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN ECONOMICSECONOMIC 174 SUBSISTENCE 176 RANGE EXCHANGE 177 USE PATTERNSPATTERN 77 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN NUSHOGAKBAY SUBREGION INTRODUCTION 179 CLARKSCLARK POINT LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE 181 ECONOMICSECONOMIC SUBSISTENCE 189 RANGE 190 EXCHANGE 190 USE PATTERNSPATTERN ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN LLI 192 LOCATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE 192 SUBECONOMIC OVERVIEW ECONOMY LAND USE 195 COMMUNITY SERVICESSERVICE AND FACILITIESFACILITIE LOCAL GOVERNMENT 197 SEASONALITYAND COMMUNITY LIFE 198 ISSUESISSUE OF CONCERN 201 PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT OTHER CONCERNSCONCERN 203 LI LAKE SUBREGION 204 INTRODUCTION 204 LLIAMNA NEWHALEN AND NONDALTON 208 LOCATION COMMUNITY LIFE AND INFRASTRUCTURE 208 ECONOMICSECONOMIC 211 SUBSISTENCE 212 RANGE 213 EXCHANGE 14 ISSUESISSUE AND CONCERNSCONCERN 214 LAND INTRODUCTION 17 NATIVE ALLOTMENTSALLOTMENT NATIVE TOWNSITESTOWNSITE 234 ANCSA LANDSLAND 245 VILLAGESELECTIONSSELECTION 245 USE CONFLICTSCONFLICT IN ANCSA LANDSLAND 249 EASEMENTSEASEMENT 252 ANCSA SECTION 254 ANCSA SECTION 260 PLANNING 266 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT 268 STATE LANDSLAND 273 WETLANDSWETLAND 275 NATIONAL PARK SYSTEMAND NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM LANDSLAND 276 SHORE FISHERYLEASESLEASE FISHING SITESSITE 286 POLITICAL SYSTEMSSYSTEM 291 INTRODUCTION REGIONALGOVERNMENTAL OR QUASIGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATION 294 BRISTOL BAY NATIVE ASSOCIATION BBNA 294 BRISTOL BAY NATIVE CORPORATIONBBNC 301 REAASREAA AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE UNORGANIZED BOROUGH 308 BRISTOL BAY BOROUGH 315 LOCAL COMMUNITY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATION 18 SECOND CLASSCLAS CITIESCITIE 320 TRADITIONAL COUNCILSCOUNCIL 323 VILLAGECORPORATIONSCORPORATION 333 RESPONSECAPACITY 342 SOCIAL HEALTH SYSTEM 349 PHYSICALHEALTH CARE SYSTEMSSYSTEM 349 MENTAL HEALTH CARE 350 ALCOHOLISM HEALTH CARE 352 CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 354 SOCIAL SERVICESSERVICE 355 ETHNIC RELATIONSRELATION 357 SUMMARY AND TRENDSTREND 361 REGIONALOVERVIEW 36 TRENDSTREND IN FISHING 367 SUBSISTENCE 377 VALUESVALUE AND COMMUNITY LIFE REFERENCESREFERENCE CITED 385 LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE FIGURE MAP OF BRISTOL BAY FIGURE NATIONAL PARKSPARK PRESERVESPRESERVE