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A Revision of the New World Mealybugs of the Genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

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A Revision of the New World Mealybugs of the Genus Rhizoecus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) ,,~ .~. ~ . :),,1 .• , 1 I I I 'j I f ' ! ~w 1.0 :; w W .LO ~ W .~ w " ~W ~ t"~ 2.2 a.:: ~ ,a.::1j£ •iii •.~ iii· 1:.1 ~ &0. • : ~ ""' . ...III&..: ....'" - 1.1 , , ... , .! '. 11111.8 "'" 1.1 '"' il~11.25 '111.4 11.6 "",1.25" :1~iI1.4 1!11I1.6·· " ." ..... >,' MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART , HAllONAL BUR~U or STANOARDS-1963-A NATIONAL BUR~U Of STANDARDS-1963-A , ,; '" I' , ,j .~·f ; .,' •..~. ,I , '" ~ 1" .. ~ ;£ C'36 REFERENCE i,{)T \ v( I)Y-/ 00 OAN RiS~~ REVISION. OF THE NEW WORLD MEALYBUGS. OF THE GENUS RmzOECUS (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) t:' ro..... .c >­ to 0::: t- -' o 0) c.. I- .-­ ::2:l Ci5 ,:J 0 0­ m LL-I C >-c::( -Co.' bI ~ o::r:s:::: (I) o Technrcal Bulletin No. 1522 Agricultural Research. Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE \ 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is greatly indebted to the following individuals and insti­ tutions for the loan of type and other specimens: George W. Dekle, Bureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agri­ culture, Gainesville; Roberto H. Gonzalez, Plant Protection Service. Plant Production and Protection Division, F AO, Rome; Michael Kosztarab, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Unt1lersity, Blacksburg; Raul MacGregor, Instituto de Biologia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F.; Sueo Nakahara, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, BeIt.sville, Md.; Robert 0. Schustel', University of California, Davis; Hamlin H. Tippins, Division of EntomOlogy, Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga.; Richard F. Wilkey, Arthropod-Stith'! Mounts, Bluffton, Ind. ; and Douglas J. Williams, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, British Museum (Natural His­ tory), London. Special thanks are extended to Douglass R. Miller and Louise M. Russell, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Serv­ ice, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md., for their cooperation and assistance during these studies. CONTENTS Page Economic importance -_______________________________________ 1 lIistory -----------__________________________________________ 2 lIost plant relationships -----__________________________ ______ 2 Terminology and distinguishing characters _____________________ 3 Genus Rhizoecu:; KUnckel d'lIerculais __________________________ 6 Key to the New World species of RhizoeC1.ts _____________________ 6 Descriptions of species ------_________________________________ 10 Surpmary --------------------_____________________________ .__ 5;4 Literature cited ----------------_____________________________ 54 Index to host plants --------------___________________________ 55 Index to mealybugs ----------------__________________________ 58 A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD MEALYBUGS OF THE GENUS RHIZOECUS (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) By EDSON J. HAMBLETON, coopel'ating scientist, Systematic Entomology Labol·c.tol·Y, N01·titeastel"'1t Region, Agricultm'al Research Service Rhizoecus Kiinckel d'Herculais is a cosmo­ In the illustrations certain body structures politan genus occurring most commonly in are portrayed in detai1. The dorsal and ventral tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate halves of the body are not shown, because areas. Distribution records for the Americas large outline illustrations of Rhizoeclls lack indicate the presence of the Rhizoecu.s species sufficient detail to be practical in identifying from southern Canada southward into the species. West Indies and South America. By far the All illustrations were prepared with the use largest number of species is repm.'ced from of an ocular grid and squared paper. The an­ Mexico, California, and Florida, where exten­ tennal segments, anal ring, and claws are of sive collecting has been done in recent years. approximately the same magnification for all Elsewhere in the United States no more than species, each about X 1,200; the cephalic plate 5 species are known to occur in any of 20 ad­ and rostrum, each about X 600; the circuli, ditional States. cerores, eyes, tubular ducts, and other struc­ This study began when I was attempting tures are not always drawn to scale. to make a key to the Rhizoecu.s species of Types are located in collections of the fol­ Florida. As a result of this study it was appar­ lowing institutions hereafter abbreviated as ent that a reexamination of all North Ameri­ shown: British Museum (Natural History), can species would be desirable. Because of a London (BM) ; California Academy of considerable amount of undescribed material, Sciences, Stanford (CAS); California State it was thought that a revision of the genus Department of Agriculture, Sacramento for the "\Vestern Hemisphere would be useful. (CDA); Florida State Collection of Arthro­ Descriptions and illustrations have been pods, Gainesville (FSCA); Instituto de Bio­ prepared for 52 species, of which 12 are de­ logia, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico (IBM); scribed as new. Certain morphological char­ acters generally omitted by workers greatly University of California at Davis (UCD); facilitate the separation of species and are in­ University of Georgia, Experiment (UG); cluded here. This bulletin gives a key to the National Collection of Coccoic1ea, U.S. Na­ Am.c;rican species of RhizoeclIs and records tional Museum, Washington, D.C. (USNM); their host plants and distribution. The study Hnd Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacks·· is based entirely on adult femaJes. burg (VPI). ECONOMIC IlUPORTANCE Mealybugs have long been important as loruia, has been well summarized by McKen­ pests of farm crops and greenhouse, nursery, zie (1967).1 and ornamental plants. Their destructive role t The year in italic nfter an author's name indicates in American agriculture, particularly in Cali- the reference in Literature Cited, p. 5·1. 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1522, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE The soil-inhabiting mealybugs that feed on strawberries, and prunes in California, the the roots of plants, although less well known only State in which it has been recorded. than those feeding above ground, damage a The three most important species of Rhi­ wide variety of commercially grown, subtropi­ zoecus in Florida are arne1'icanu,s, {to1'idamLS, cal, ornamental plants. Consequently, much and sirnplex, all widely distributed and eco­ effort has been made in California and Flor­ nomically important on a variety of nursery ida to determine the presence of subterranean and greenhouse ornamentals. R. mitcha1'di, mealybugs, their host plants, and the extent originally known only from California, is of injury they cause. Several species belong to present in Florida, in five additional States, the genus RhizoeC'lLS. In the United States, and in Canada. It is chiefly a greenhouse pest four of the six most injurious species of Rhi­ causing serious injury to African violets. ZOeC'llS are of foreign origin. They are falcife1' One of the important factors affecting coffee Kiinckel d'Herculais, 7condonis Kuwana, arne1'i­ production in several countries of Central canus (Hambleton), and simplea.: (Hambleton). America and South America is directly re­ The remaining two, {to1'idanus Hambleton and lated to the feeding of Rhizoecus and related mitchanli McKenzie, are considered endemic mealybugs. Several species also have been re­ to Florida and California, respectively. ported attacking other important crops, such Of the 15 species now recognized in Cali­ as cacao, citrus. cotton, and bananas. Problems on the biology and control of fornia, falcife·J' and 7condonis are the best mealybugs are complex and warrant further known. The former is a widely distributed investigation. Although some control of Rhi­ pest capable of inflicting serious damage to zoeCll.') species has resulted from applying in­ many kinds of garden, nursery, and green­ secticides in sprays or drenching, the nature house plants. Its distribution in the United of the mealybug habitat and lack of perti­ States is probably more widespread than rec­ nent data on their bionomics undoubtedly ords indicate. R. lwndonis also has demon­ have limited progress in developing effective strated its potential as a pest of alfalfa, control procedures. HISTORY Cockerell (1894) described the first United Hambleton, Ri}Jen;iella, and Rhizoecll'). Ferris States hypogeic mealybug of the tribe Rhizoe­ (1.').';3) synonymized Cocciclella with Rhizoe­ cini and named it Ripersia maritima. J. D. CllS, transferred 12 North American species Tinsley (in Cockerell, 1899) transferred this from Cocciclella and Ripel'siella to Rhizoec1ls, species to Ripersiella Tinsley, and Cockerell and described 2 new species from California. (1901) described a second species, Ri]Jersiella McKenzie (1.%0-67) in a series of papers lellcosoma. For the next 45 years no addi­ synonymized one of Ferris' species, and he tional Rhizoecini taxa were reported in North described 13 new species from Arizona, Cali­ America except two introduced species, Rhi­ fornia, and Mexico, 3 of which are here con­ zoeCllS falcifet· KUnckel d'Herculais from sidered synonyms. Miller and McKenzie Europe and R. konclonis Kuwana from Japan. (1.971) added a single new species from Mex­ I (1946cL) published the first comprehensive ko. Hambleton (1.')73) described a new spe­ paper on mealybugs of the Rhizoeclls complex cies from Florida and Georgia, transferred of genera. This article treated 22 New World two species from Ripersiella to RhizoeC1.IS, species and 12 from Africa, Asia, and Europe and (U)74) synonymized RipersiellcL with that were included in 3 genera, Cocciclella Rhizoeclls.
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