DOCSLIB.ORG

History of Biology and Physiology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History of Biology and Physiology 1 Daniel Liu’s History of Biology Prelim List, rev. 30 Oct. 2011 DISCLAIMER: SEVERAL BOOKS WERE OMITTED AND ADDED TO THIS LIST AD HOC. A. General Survey and the Problems of Life 4 B. e Order of Life: Morphology, Evolution, and Systematics 5 1. Classification & Systematics 5 2. Natural History & Romantic Biology 5 3. Evolution before Genes 6 a. in General (including recent trends) 6 b. Before Darwin 6 c. Darwin 6 d. Darwinism in the 19th century 6 e. The Lost Years? Neo-Larmarkianism, Controversies until the Modern Synthesis 7 4.Botany, Ecology, Biogeography, and Imperial Life Sciences 7 5.Morphology & Anatomy 8 C. e Functions of Life 9 1. Physiology after Johannes Müller 9 2. Vitalisms & Mechanisms 9 3. Modern Plant Physiology 10 4. Cell eory and Bacteriology 10 5. Physico-Chemical Aspirations & Alliances 10 D. Modern Syntheses: Crossing Over Between Form & Function 12 1. General Biology, General Physiology, and their Relatives 12 2. Genetics Revolutions 12 a. Genes, the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, and Twentieth Century Systematics 12 b. What is Life? DNA and Theories of Molecular Life 13 c. Origin of Life Theories, Synthetic Biology, and Astrobiology 13 3. Models and Model Organisms 14 E. Biology, Society, and Politics 15 1. Museums, Pedagogy, and Popular Biology 15 2. Biotechnology 15 3. Analogues to Biology in the Social and Political Sciences 15 2 A. General Survey and the Problems of Life [1] Allen, Garland E. Life Science in the Twentieth Century. New York: Wiley, 1975. [1] Coleman, William. Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation. New York: Wiley, 1971. [2] Farber, Paul Lawrence. Finding Order in Nature: e Naturalist Tradition From Linnaeus to E.O. Wilson. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. [2] Guerrini, Anna. Experimenting With Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. [1] Johnson, Kristin. “e Return of the Phoenix: e 1963 International Congress of Zoology and American Zoologists in the Twentieth Century.” Journal of the History of Biology 42 (2009): 417-56. [3] Mayr, Ernst. e Growth of Biological ought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1982. [1] Morange, Michel. Life Explained. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. [1] Sapp, Jan. Genesis: e Evolution of Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. [3, selected essays] Bowler, Peter J., and John V. Pickstone, (eds.) Modern Life and Earth Sciences. Vol. 6, e Cambridge History of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 3 B. The Order of Life: Morphology, Evolution, and Systematics 1. Classification & Systematics […]Roger, Jacques. Buffon. BIG BUFFON SCHOLAR OF THE 80S AND 90S [3] Farris, J.S., and Platnick, N.I. “Lord of the Flies: e Systematist as Study Animal.” Cladistics 5 (1989): 295-310. [2] Hull, David L. Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. [2] Koerner, Lisbet. Linnaeus: Nature and Nation. Cambridge: Harvard Universtiy Press, 1999. [3] Larson, James L. Reason and Experience: e Representation of Natural Order in the Work of Carl Von Linné. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971. [3] Linnaeus' Philosophia Botanica. Translated by Stephen Freer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. [2] Lyon, John, and Phillip Sloan. From Natural History to the History of Nature: Readings From Buffon and His Critics. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, 1981. [1] Sloan, Phillip R. “e Buffon-Linnaeus Controversy.” Isis 67 (1976): 356-75. [1] Sloan, Phillip R. “Natural History, 1670-1802.” In 67, edited by Robert C. Olby, 356-75. New York: Routledge, 1990. [3] Stevens, Peter F. e Development of Biological Systematics: Antoine-Laurent De Jussieu, Nature, and the Natural System. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 2. Natural History & Romantic Biology [select articles to read] Jardine, Nicholas, James A. Secord, and E.C. Spary. Cultures of Natural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. [1, chs. 1-2] Jardine, Nicholas. e Scenes of Inquiry: On the Reality of Questions in the Sciences. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. [3] Paley, William. Natural eology. London: Wilks and Taylor, 1802. [1] Phillips, Denise. Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770-1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012. [1] Richards, Robert J. e Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. START WITH APPENDIX TO THE HAECKEL BOOK 4 3. Evolution before Genes a) in General (including recent trends) [2] Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: e History of an Idea, 25th Anniversary Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. [3] Gould, Stephen Jay. e Structure of Evolutionary eory. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2002. [3] Greene, John C. Science, Ideology, and World View: Essays in the History of Evolutionary Ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. [2] Ruse, Michael. e Darwinian Revolution : Science Red in Tooth and Claw. 2nd ed. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. b) Before Darwin [2] Corsi, Pietro. e Age of Lamarck. [1] Desmond, Adrian J. e Politics of Evolution : Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. [2] Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de. Zoological Philosophy : An Exposition With Regard to the Natural History of Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 [2] Rupke, Nicolaas A. Richard Owen: Biology Without Darwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. [1] Secord, James A. Victorian Sensation: e Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. c) Darwin [2-3] Browne, E.J. Charles Darwin: A Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995. [1] Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London: John Murray, 1859. [1] Darwin, Charles. Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray, 1871. [1] Ospovat, Dov. e Development of Darwin’s eory: Natural History, Natural eology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. 5 d) Darwinism in the 19th century [1] Desmond, Adrian J. Huxley: Evolution’s High Priest. London: Penguin, 1997. [3] Donald, Diana, and Jane Munro, (eds.) Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, Natural Science, and the Visual Arts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. [2] Endersby, Jim. Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. [1] Gliboff, Sander. H.G. Bronn, Ernst Haeckel, and the Origins of German Darwinism: A Study in Translation and Transformation. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008. [1] Richards, Robert J. e Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle Over Evolutionary ought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. [3] Rudwick, M.J.S. e Meaning of Fossils: Episodes in the History of Palaeontology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. [2] Todes, Daniel. “Darwin’s Malthusian Metaphor and Russian Revolutionary ought.” Isis 78 (1987): 537-51. e) The Lost Years? Neo-Larmarkianism and Controversies until the Modern Synthesis [2] Bowler, Peter J. e Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution eories in the Decades Around 1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983. [1] Bowler, Peter J. “Revisiting the Eclipse of Darwinism.” Journal of the History of Biology 38 (2005): 19-32. [1] Gayon, Jean. Darwinism’s Struggle for Survival: Heredity and the Hypothesis of Natural Selection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 4. Botany, Ecology, Biogeography, and Imperial Life Sciences [3] Brockway, Lucile H. Science and Colonial Expansion: e Role of the British Royal Botanical Gardens. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. [1] Hagen, Joel Bartholemew. An Entangled Bank: e Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992. [1] Kingsland, Sharon E. e Evolution of American Ecology, 1890-2000. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. 6 [2] Schiebinger, Londa. Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. [3] Tilley, Helen. Africa as a Living Laboratory: Empire, Development, and the Problem of Scientific Knowledge, 1870-1950. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. 5. Morphology & Anatomy [1] Appel, Toby A. e Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades Before Darwin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. [2] Maienschein, Jane. Transforming Traditions in American Biology, 1880-1915. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. [1] Nyhart, Lynn K. Biology Takes Form: Animal Morphology and the German Universities, 1800-1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. [3] Russell, E.S. Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology. London: J. Murray, 1916. 7 C. The Functions of Life 1. Physiology after Johannes Müller [1] Coleman, William, and Frederic Lawrence Holmes, (eds.) e Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth-Century Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. [1] Geison, Gerald L. Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: e Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. [1] Geison, Gerald L., (ed.) Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940. Bethesda,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aristotle's Essentialism Revisited
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses Graduate Works 4-15-2013 Accommodating Species Evolution: Aristotle’s Essentialism Revisited Yin Zhang University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Zhang, Yin, "Accommodating Species Evolution: Aristotle’s Essentialism Revisited" (2013). Theses. 192. http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Accommodating Species Evolution: Aristotle’s Essentialism Revisited by Yin Zhang B.A., Philosophy, Peking University, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Philosophy May 2013 Advisory Committee Jon D. McGinnis, Ph.D. Chairperson Andrew G. Black, Ph.D. Berit O. Brogaard, Ph.D. Zhang, Yin, UMSL, 2013, p. i PREFACE In the fall of 2008 when I was a junior at Peking University, I attended a lecture series directed by Dr. Melville Y. Stewart on science and religion. Guest lecturers Dr. Alvin Plantinga, Dr. William L. Craig and Dr. Bruce Reichenbach have influenced my thinking on the relation between evolution and faith. In the fall of 2010 when I became a one-year visiting student at Calvin College in Michigan, I took a seminar directed by Dr. Kelly J. Clark on evolution and ethics. Having thought about evolution/faith and evolution/ethics, I signed up for Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting the History of Evolutionary Biology Through a Kuhnian Prism: Sense Or Nonsense?
    Interpreting the History of Evolutionary Biology through a Kuhnian Prism: Sense or Nonsense? Koen B. Tanghe Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Belgium Lieven Pauwels Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Universiteit Gent, Belgium Alexis De Tiège Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Belgium Johan Braeckman Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Universiteit Gent, Belgium Traditionally, Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is largely identified with his analysis of the structure of scientific revo- lutions. Here, we contribute to a minority tradition in the Kuhn literature by interpreting the history of evolutionary biology through the prism of the entire historical developmental model of sciences that he elaborates in The Structure. This research not only reveals a certain match between this model and the history of evolutionary biology but, more importantly, also sheds new light on several episodes in that history, and particularly on the publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859), the construction of the modern evolutionary synthesis, the chronic discontent with it, and the latest expression of that discon- tent, called the extended evolutionary synthesis. Lastly, we also explain why this kind of analysis hasn’t been done before. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive review, as well as the editor Alex Levine. Perspectives on Science 2021, vol. 29, no. 1 © 2021 by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology https://doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00359 1 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/posc_a_00359 by guest on 30 September 2021 2 Evolutionary Biology through a Kuhnian Prism 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chem 352 - Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemistry
    Chem 352 - Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemistry Question for the Day: What characteristics distinguishes living systems from non-living systems? Introduction ✦ Biochemistry involves the study of biological system at the molecular level. ✦ What biological systems should we study? Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants. -Jacques Monod Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 2 Introduction InQuestion: this introduction we will consider What✦ History is a polymer of biochemistry? ✦ Molecules • Families of organic molecules and the functional groups that define them • Polymers (Macromolecules) ✦ Energy ✦ Cells and cellular structures Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 3 A brief history of Biochemistry Biochemistry, as with all the sciences, is a human endeavor. • It is worth recognizing some of the early contributors to biochemistry. Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 4 A brief history of Biochemistry •ClickerProblemFredrich Question:: Wöhler BasedDraw theon itsLewis chemical dot structure structure, for do urea, you expectand predict urea itsto be (1800-1882)watermolecular soluble? geometry, polarity, and ability to form hydrogen bonds✦ Demonstrated with itself and that water urea, a compound that had only been associated with living cells, could be synthesized from an inorganic compound outside of a living cell. A. Yes. O ✦ ∆ This led to the recognition that NH (OCN) H N C NH B. No. 4 2 2 the chemistry that takes place ammonium urea cyanate inside a living cell is the same chemistry that takes place outside of the cell. Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 5 A brief history of Biochemistry •Eduard Buchner (1860-1917) ✦ Showed that the fermentation of sugars by yeast, a process that occurs when making beer, wine and bread, could be carried out with the cell extracts from yeast cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology
    Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology HORACE FREELAND JUDSON SURELY the time has come to stop applying the word revolution to the rise of new scientific research programmes. Our century has seen many upheavals in scientific ideas--so many and so varied that the notion of scientific revolution has been stretched out of shape and can no longer be made to cover the processes of change characteristic of most sciences these past hundred years. By general consent, two great research pro- grammes arising in this century stand om from the others. The first, of course, was the one in physics that began at the turn of the century with quantum theory and relativity and ran through the working out, by about 1930, of quantum mechanics in its relativistic form. The trans- formation in physics appears to be thoroughly documented. Memoirs and biographies of the physicists have been written. Interviewswith survivors have been recorded and transcribed. The history has been told at every level of detail and difficulty. The second great programme is the one in biology that had its origins in the mid-1930s and that by 1970 had reached, if not a conclusion, a kind of cadence--a pause to regroup. This is the transformation that created molecular biology and latter-day biochemistry. The writing of its history has only recently started and is beset with problems. Accounting for the rise of molecular biology began with brief, partial, fugitive essays by participants. Biographies have been written of two, of the less understood figures in the science, who died even as the field was ripening, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin; other scientists have wri:tten their memoirs.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva<Br> from The
    826 CHIMIA 2009, 63, No. 12 THE 450TH ANNIVERSARYOFTHE ACADÉMIE ET UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE doi:10.2533/chimia.2009.826 Chimia 63 (2009) 826–829 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft History of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva From the Boulevard des Philosophes to Quai Ernest-Ansermet Jacques Deshusses and Howard Riezman* Abstract: A brief account of the developments in biochemistry at the Faculty of Science of the University of Ge- neva is given from its emergence from organic chemistry at the Ancienne Ecole de chimie to today’s Department of Biochemistry at the Section de chimie et biochimie. Keywords: Biochemistry at the University of Geneva Introduction Techniques also changed greatly with 1937) who dedicated a small amount of his time. As long as the interests were basic lecture time to chemical biology, toxicol- Biochemistry is a science that slowly analyses of the major components of living ogy and pharmacology. emerged from the field of organic chemis- materials, the methodology was inspired The history of biochemistry in Geneva try and initially focused on the chemistry from the chemistry of complex mixtures of really is tightly linked to the Ancienne of molecules isolated from living material. organic substances. Isolation and charac- Ecole de Chimie, which was located on the At this stage it was called biological chem- terization techniques were fundamental to Boulevard des Philosophes. This venerable istry. However, once the major components this process. More refined techniques com- building, inaugurated in 1877, housed sev- were analysed chemically, the scientific ing from molecular biology later appeared eral internationally renowned scientists. interest turned to their transformation, in gradually in the different departments, Chemistry was highly oriented towards what turned out to be enzymatic reactions, including various types of spectroscopy.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins of the Myth of Social Darwinism: the Ambiguous Legacy of Richard Hofstadter’S Social Darwinism in American Thought
    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71 (2009) 37–51 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jebo Origins of the myth of social Darwinism: The ambiguous legacy of Richard Hofstadter’s Social Darwinism in American Thought Thomas C. Leonard Department of Economics, Princeton University, Fisher Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States article info abstract Article history: The term “social Darwinism” owes its currency and many of its connotations to Richard Received 19 February 2007 Hofstadter’s influential Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (SDAT). The post- Accepted 8 November 2007 SDAT meanings of “social Darwinism” are the product of an unresolved Whiggish tension in Available online 6 March 2009 SDAT: Hofstadter championed economic reform over free markets, but he also condemned biology in social science, this while many progressive social scientists surveyed in SDAT JEL classification: offered biological justifications for economic reform. As a consequence, there are, in effect, B15 B31 two Hofstadters in SDAT. The first (call him Hofstadter1) disparaged as “social Darwinism” B12 biological justification of laissez-faire, for this was, in his view, doubly wrong. The sec- ond Hofstadter (call him Hofstadter2) documented, however incompletely, the underside Keywords: of progressive reform: racism, eugenics and imperialism, and even devised a term for it, Social Darwinism “Darwinian collectivism.” This essay documents and explains Hofstadter’s ambivalence in Evolution SDAT, especially where, as with Progressive Era eugenics, the “two Hofstadters” were at odds Progressive Era economics Malthus with each other. It explores the historiographic and semantic consequences of Hofstadter’s ambivalence, including its connection with the Left’s longstanding mistrust of Darwinism as apology for Malthusian political economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwin's Influence on Mendel: Evidence from a New Translation Of
    | PERSPECTIVES Darwin’sInfluence on Mendel: Evidence from a New Translation of Mendel’s Paper Daniel J. Fairbanks*,1 and Scott Abbott† *Department of Biology and †Department of Integrated Studies, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah 84058 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7422-0549 (D.J.F.) ABSTRACT Gregor Mendel’s classic paper, Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybrids), was published in 1866, hence 2016 is its sesquicentennial. Mendel completed his experiments in 1863 and shortly thereafter began compiling the results and writing his paper, which he presented in meetings of the Natural Science Society in Brünn in February and March of 1865. Mendel owned a personal copy of Darwin’s Origin of Species, a German translation published in 1863, and it contains his marginalia. Its publication date indicates that Mendel’s study of Darwin’s book could have had no influence while he was conducting his experiments but its publication date coincided with the period of time when he was preparing his paper, making it possible that Darwin’s writings influenced Mendel’s interpretations and theory. Based on this premise, we prepared a Darwinized English translation of Mendel’s paper by comparing German terms Mendel employed with the same terms in the German translation of Origin of Species in his possession, then using Darwin’s counterpart English words and phrases as much as possible in our translation. We found a substantially higher use of these terms in the final two (10th and 11th) sections of Mendel’s paper, particularly in one key paragraph, where Mendel reflects on evolutionary issues, providing strong evidence of Darwin’sinfluence on Mendel.
    [Show full text]
  • Longue Durée’ Mean for the History of Modern Sciences? Mathias Grote
    What could the ’longue durée’ mean for the history of modern sciences? Mathias Grote To cite this version: Mathias Grote. What could the ’longue durée’ mean for the history of modern sciences?. 2015. halshs-01171257 HAL Id: halshs-01171257 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01171257 Preprint submitted on 8 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Bourses DAAD FMSH What could the ‘longue durée’ mean for the history of modern sciences? Mathias Grote N°98 | june 2015 Fernand Braudel’s concept of the longue durée is easy at hands when historians of science take into view extended periods of time. But what is exactly meant when we speak of a longue durée history of an object, instrument, concept or research field? Here, a revised meaning of the concept is proposed, which takes into account the historical observer and the background, which in the case of recent science is provided mostly by developmental narratives. Thus, a perceived longue durée could refer to historical episodes marked by continuity in the sense of a “contemporary of the non- contemporary” (Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen, R. Koselleck).
    [Show full text]
  • Darwinism and the Law: Can Non-Naturalistic Scientific Theories Survive Constitutional Challenge?
    DARWINISM AND THE LAW: CAN NON-NATURALISTIC SCIENTIFIC THEORIES SURVIVE CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE? H. Wayne House* The entrance of Charles Darwin’s1 The Origin of Species2 changed the world. This is not because belief in evolution was a new and exciting theory unconsidered before this time, for indeed a variation of the view existed in many ancient cultures.3 In addition, several scientists already *H. Wayne House is distinguished professor of biblical studies and apologetics at Faith Seminary, Tacoma, WA, and a professor of law at Trinity Law School, California campus, of Trinity International University. He holds a J.D. from Regent University School of Law; Th.D., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis; M.Div., Th.M., Western Seminary; M.A., Abilene Christian University; B.A., Hardin-Simmons University. He has published over twenty books and scores of articles in the subjects of theology, law and ethics. I wish to thank James Stambaugh, librarian at Michigan Theological Seminary, for providing documentation. Also much appreciation to Eddie Colanter, Eric Rice, and Sean Choi, for their assistance in checking footnotes and/or providing sources for this article. 1 Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was a British scientist who laid the foundation for modern evolutionary theory through his concept of the development of all forms of life through the gradual process of natural selection. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England on February 12, 1809. Darwin originally went to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh but then dropped out in 1827 to prepare for becoming a clergyman in the Church of England by studying at the University of Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Biochemical Kinds And
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Biochemical Kinds and Selective Naturalism A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy (Science Studies) by Joyce Catherine Havstad Committee in charge: Professor William Bechtel, Chair Professor Craig Callender Professor Nancy Cartwright Professor Cathy Gere Professor James Griesemer 2014 © Joyce Catherine Havstad, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Joyce Catherine Havstad is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii DEDICATION for my parents iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………….. iii Dedication…………………………………………………………………………. iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. v List of Figures……………………………………………………………………... viii Vita………………………………………………………………………………… x Abstract of the Dissertation………………………………………………………... xi Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 1 References……………………………………………………………………... 7 Chapter 1: Messy Chemical Kinds………………………………………………… 8 Section 1: Introduction………………………………………………………… 8 Section 2: Microstructuralism about Chemical Kinds………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemistry: from Atoms to Molecules to Cells
    c01_001-035v2 8/26/05 3:04 PM Page 1 CHAPTER 1 The most pressing and widespread medical problems in the world today are caused by malnutrition, defined as inadequate or improper nourishment. Malnutrition comes in many forms and is present in both poor and rich nations. In less affluent, developing countries, the most significant nutritional problem among young children is the scarcity of proper foods, which leads to the development of marasmus, also called “wasting disease” (caused by starvation), and the disease kwashiorkor (protein inadequacy). In affluent, developed countries, the nutritional problem is the opposite extreme, with excess food consumption leading to obesity and its related diseases (see Biochemistry in the Clinic 1). Biochemists for many years have been busy studying the molecular consequences of all forms of malnutrition in their search for medical treatments and agricultural remedies for relief of the problem. (© Liba Taylor/CORBIS.) Biochemistry: From Atoms to Molecules to Cells 1.1 The Roots of Biochemistry 1.4 Organelles, Cells, and 1.5 Storage and Transfer of Early History of Biochemistry Organisms Biological Information— The Road to Modern Biochemistry Viruses A Preview 1.2 All Living Matter Contains C, Living Cells Biological Information H, O, N, P, and S Prokaryotic Cells The DNA Molecule Chemical Elements in Biomolecules Eukaryotic Cells DNA S DNA Combining Elements into Compounds DNA S RNA S 1.3 Biological Macromolecules mRNA Proteins The Genetic Code Cellular Reactions Eukaryotic DNA: Exons and Introns DNA Mutations 1 c01_001-035v2 8/26/05 3:04 PM Page 2 2 Chapter 1 Biochemistry: From Atoms to Molecules to Cells Welcome to biochemistry! This subject is not entirely new because you have gained some biochemical understanding in prerequisite biology and chemistry classes.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Natural History of My Inward Self”: Sensing Character in George Eliot’S Impressions of Theophrastus Such S
    129.1 ] “The Natural History of My Inward Self”: Sensing Character in George Eliot’s Impressions of Theophrastus Such s. pearl brilmyer Attempts at description are stupid: who can all at once describe a human be- ing? Even when he is presented to us we only begin that knowledge of his ap- pearance which must be completed by innumerable impressions under differing circumstances. We recognize the alphabet; we are not sure of the language. —George Eliot, Daniel Deronda (160) ILL NOT A TINY spECK VERY CLOSE TO OUR VISION BLOT Out “ the glory of the world, and leave only a margin by Wwhich we see the blot?” asks the narrator of Middle- march (1874). Indeed it will, comes the answer, and in this regard there is “no speck so troublesome as self” (392). Metaphors of sen- sory failure in Eliot seem to capture the self- absorption of characters who discount empirical knowledge in favor of their own straitened worldviews. In Middlemarch Casaubon’s shortsightedness is tied to his egocentric attempts to “understand the higher inward life” (21). Dorothea, who marries Casaubon in an effort to attain this kind of understanding, is correspondingly “unable to see” the right con- clusion (29), can “never see what is quite plain” (34), “does not see things” (52), and is “no judge” of visual art, which is composed in “a language [she does] not understand” (73). When Eliot describes obstacles to sensation, however, she does more than provide a critique of egoism in which the corrective is sympathetic exchange. More basically, Eliot’s fascination with the S.
    [Show full text]