Biochemistry: from Atoms to Molecules to Cells
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Chem 352 - Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemistry
Chem 352 - Lecture 1 Introduction to Biochemistry Question for the Day: What characteristics distinguishes living systems from non-living systems? Introduction ✦ Biochemistry involves the study of biological system at the molecular level. ✦ What biological systems should we study? Anything found to be true of E. coli must also be true of elephants. -Jacques Monod Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 2 Introduction InQuestion: this introduction we will consider What✦ History is a polymer of biochemistry? ✦ Molecules • Families of organic molecules and the functional groups that define them • Polymers (Macromolecules) ✦ Energy ✦ Cells and cellular structures Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 3 A brief history of Biochemistry Biochemistry, as with all the sciences, is a human endeavor. • It is worth recognizing some of the early contributors to biochemistry. Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 4 A brief history of Biochemistry •ClickerProblemFredrich Question:: Wöhler BasedDraw theon itsLewis chemical dot structure structure, for do urea, you expectand predict urea itsto be (1800-1882)watermolecular soluble? geometry, polarity, and ability to form hydrogen bonds✦ Demonstrated with itself and that water urea, a compound that had only been associated with living cells, could be synthesized from an inorganic compound outside of a living cell. A. Yes. O ✦ ∆ This led to the recognition that NH (OCN) H N C NH B. No. 4 2 2 the chemistry that takes place ammonium urea cyanate inside a living cell is the same chemistry that takes place outside of the cell. Chem 352, Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry 5 A brief history of Biochemistry •Eduard Buchner (1860-1917) ✦ Showed that the fermentation of sugars by yeast, a process that occurs when making beer, wine and bread, could be carried out with the cell extracts from yeast cells. -
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology HORACE FREELAND JUDSON SURELY the time has come to stop applying the word revolution to the rise of new scientific research programmes. Our century has seen many upheavals in scientific ideas--so many and so varied that the notion of scientific revolution has been stretched out of shape and can no longer be made to cover the processes of change characteristic of most sciences these past hundred years. By general consent, two great research pro- grammes arising in this century stand om from the others. The first, of course, was the one in physics that began at the turn of the century with quantum theory and relativity and ran through the working out, by about 1930, of quantum mechanics in its relativistic form. The trans- formation in physics appears to be thoroughly documented. Memoirs and biographies of the physicists have been written. Interviewswith survivors have been recorded and transcribed. The history has been told at every level of detail and difficulty. The second great programme is the one in biology that had its origins in the mid-1930s and that by 1970 had reached, if not a conclusion, a kind of cadence--a pause to regroup. This is the transformation that created molecular biology and latter-day biochemistry. The writing of its history has only recently started and is beset with problems. Accounting for the rise of molecular biology began with brief, partial, fugitive essays by participants. Biographies have been written of two, of the less understood figures in the science, who died even as the field was ripening, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin; other scientists have wri:tten their memoirs. -
Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations Giuliano Ciarimboli Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected] This editorial summarizes the 13 scientific papers published in the Special Issue “Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations” of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. In this Special Issue, the readers will find integrative information on transporters for organic cations. Besides reviews on physi- ology, pharmacology, and toxicology of these transporters [1–3], which offer a concise overview of the field, the readers will find original research work focusing on specific transporter aspects. Specifically, the review “Organic Cation Transporters in Human Physiology, Phar- macology, and Toxicology” by Samodelov et al. [1] summarizes well the general as- pects of physiology, pharmacology, and toxicology of transporter for organic cations. The other review “Organic Cation Transporters in the Lung—Current and Emerging (Patho)Physiological and Pharmacological Concepts” by Ali Selo et al. [2] focuses on these aspects of transporters for organic cations in the lung, an important but often ne- glected field. In the paper “Systems Biology Analysis Reveals Eight SLC22 Transporter Subgroups, Including OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs”, by performing a system biology analysis of SLC22 transporters, Engelhart et al. [4] suggest the existence of a transporter–metabolite network. They propose that, in this network, mono-, oligo-, and multi-specific SLC22 transporters Citation: Ciarimboli, G. Physiology, interact to regulate concentrations and fluxes of many metabolites and signaling molecules. Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of In particular, the organic cation transporters (OCT) subgroup seems to be associated with Transporters for Organic Cations. -
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR the Biochemistry Major Is Offered Through the Department of Chemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY MAJOR The Biochemistry major is offered through the Department of Chemistry. This sequence is recommended for students planning entry into graduate school in Biochemistry, Pharmacology, or related subjects. It is also strongly recommend for those desiring to pursue medical or dental school. NOTE: This course sequence may be modified to include a Senior Capstone Experience. FIRST YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits General Chemistry I for Majors (CHE111) 3 General Chemistry II for Majors (CHE112) 3 General Chemistry I Lab for Majors (CHE111L) 1 General Chemistry II Lab for Majors (CHE112L) 1 General Chemistry I Récitation (CHE111R) 0 General Chemistry II Récitation (CHE112R) 0 Precalculus (MAT116 or MAT120) 3-4 Calculus I (MAT231) 4 First Year Composition (ENG103) 4 Foreign Language (FL201) 4 African Diaspora/World I (ADW111) 4 African Diaspora/World II (ADW112) 4 First Year Experience (FYE 101-Chemistry) 1 First Year Experience (FYE 102-Chemistry) 1 First Year Seminar in Chemistry (CHE101) 0 Big Questions Colloquia (BQC) 1 TOTAL HOURS 16-17 TOTAL HOURS 18 SOPHOMORE YEAR Fall Semester Credits Spring Semester Credits Organic Chemistry I for Majors (CHE231) 4 Organic Chemistry II for Majors (CHE232) 4 Organic Chemistry I Lab (CHE233L) 1 Organic Chemistry II Lab (CHE234L) 1 Organic Chemistry I Récitation (CHE233R) 0 Organic Chemistry II Récitation (CHE234R) 0 Biology of the Cell (BIO120) 4 Organismal Form and Function(BIO115) 4 Calculus II (MAT 232) 4 Physics I: Mechanics & Lab (PHY151) 4 Foreign Language (FL202) -
Carbohydrates: Occurrence, Structures and Chemistry
Carbohydrates: Occurrence, Structures and Chemistry FRIEDER W. LICHTENTHALER, Clemens-Schopf-Institut€ fur€ Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany 1. Introduction..................... 1 6.3. Isomerization .................. 17 2. Monosaccharides ................. 2 6.4. Decomposition ................. 18 2.1. Structure and Configuration ...... 2 7. Reactions at the Carbonyl Group . 18 2.2. Ring Forms of Sugars: Cyclic 7.1. Glycosides .................... 18 Hemiacetals ................... 3 7.2. Thioacetals and Thioglycosides .... 19 2.3. Conformation of Pyranoses and 7.3. Glycosylamines, Hydrazones, and Furanoses..................... 4 Osazones ..................... 19 2.4. Structural Variations of 7.4. Chain Extension................ 20 Monosaccharides ............... 6 7.5. Chain Degradation. ........... 21 3. Oligosaccharides ................. 7 7.6. Reductions to Alditols ........... 21 3.1. Common Disaccharides .......... 7 7.7. Oxidation .................... 23 3.2. Cyclodextrins .................. 10 8. Reactions at the Hydroxyl Groups. 23 4. Polysaccharides ................. 11 8.1. Ethers ....................... 23 5. Nomenclature .................. 15 8.2. Esters of Inorganic Acids......... 24 6. General Reactions . ............ 16 8.3. Esters of Organic Acids .......... 25 6.1. Hydrolysis .................... 16 8.4. Acylated Glycosyl Halides ........ 25 6.2. Dehydration ................... 16 8.5. Acetals ....................... 26 1. Introduction replacement of one or more hydroxyl group (s) by a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a thiol Terrestrial biomass constitutes a multifaceted group, or similar heteroatomic groups. A simi- conglomeration of low and high molecular mass larly broad meaning applies to the word ‘sugar’, products, exemplified by sugars, hydroxy and which is often used as a synonym for amino acids, lipids, and biopolymers such as ‘monosaccharide’, but may also be applied to cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin, starch, lignin simple compounds containing more than one and proteins. -
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
School of Life Sciences / Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Revealing how life works Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Oregon State University 2011 Agriculture and Life Sciences Building Corvallis, OR 97331 OSUBB 541-737-4511 biochem.oregonstate.edu College of Science Oregon State University 128 Kidder Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 541-737-4811 science.oregonstate.edu This publication will be made available in an accessible alternative format upon request. Please contact the College COLLEGE OF SCIENCE of Science at 541-737-4811 or [email protected]. ACADEMIC BROCHURE / 2020 Highlights • Solve problems at the What will you discover? intersection of biological and physical sciences with our The Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics offers nationally accredited program world-class faculty, a tradition of interdisciplinary in biochemistry, molecular and research, teaching excellence and extraordinary cellular biology, chemistry, laboratories to facilitate undergraduate learning. molecular genetics, physics and statistics. The department ranks high nationally and internationally in many research areas, including signal transduction, gene • Tailor your education to expression, epigenetics, metabolic regulation, structural specific career goals with three biology, and genetic code expansion technology. different options. The department offers two Bachelor of Science degrees, • Thrive in a smaller, supportive both accredited by the American Society for Biochemistry department within a world-class and Molecular Biology (ASBMB): research university. • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) with • Pursue interdisciplinary research options in Advanced Molecular Biology, Computational projects with faculty across OSU. Molecular Biology, and Pre-medicine; • Participate in the Biochemistry • Biochemistry and Biophysics (BB) with options in Club for community, leadership Advanced Biophysics, Neuroscience, and Pre-medicine. -
AP Biology Summer Assignment Holy Spirit Prep 2019
AP Biology Summer Assignment Holy Spirit Prep 2019 Textbook: “Principle of Life” 2nd edition, for the AP course 2018 Chapters 1-3 (pages 1-59) This summer assignment will cover the introduction to biology, chemistry of life, and essential macromolecules for life. The concepts covered in these chapters are either review from previous classes or relatively easy enough to allow you to work through them on your own. The more complex connections between these chapters will be discussed during the first two weeks of the school year. Biozone Workbook: “AP Biology 1” Student edition, 2nd edition 2017 and Biozone Workbook: “AP Biology 2” Student edition, 2nd edition 2017 Read each chapter in the text book, answer all the questions listed below, and complete the corresponding pages in the biozone workbooks covering those topics. The answers can be typed or handwritten for the questions below and written in the workbook for the biozone pages listed. Do not tear out the biozone workbook pages. I will check your answers directly from the workbook. This assignment will be due on Wednesday, Aug 21, 2019. We will have a test over the material during the second week of the school year. For questions, contact Mr. Harrison at [email protected] Chapter 1: Principles of Life Answer the following: 1. Organisms share many conserved biological, chemical, and structural characteristics. Briefly outline the 8 distinctive characteristics of life shared by all living organisms. 2. How do the shared characteristics on your list (in #1) provide evidence for evolution? 3. There are several competing hypotheses about the evolution of early life on Earth, but as life evolved, all cells clearly had requirements for raw materials and energy transfers. -
And Even-Length, Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Plants (Amino Adds/Elongtin) ANTOANETA B
Proc. Nadl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 11437-11441, November 1994 Biochemistry A pathway for the biosynthesis of straight and branched, odd- and even-length, medium-chain fatty acids in plants (amino adds/elongtin) ANTOANETA B. KROUMOVA, ZHIYI XIE, AND GEORGE J. WAGNER* Plant Physiology/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology Program, Agronomy Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 Communicated by Martin Gibbs, July 25, 1994 ABSTRACT Pathways and enzymes offatty acid synthase- and even-length scFAs are synthesized via modified mediated, long-even-chain (generally C16-C20) fatty add syn- branched-chain amino acid (bcAA) metabolism in tobacco thesis are well studied, and general metabolism involved in trichome glands (6, 7). It is possible that at least branched and short-chain (Cs-C7) fatty acid biosynthesis is also understood. odd-length mcFAs are formed in this tissue similarly. Alter- In contrast, mechanism of medinm-chain (C#-C14) fatty acid natively, primers derived from bcAA metabolism may be synthesis are unclear. Recent work suggests involvement of elongated by fatty acid synthase (FAS), as suggested for chain-elongation-terminating thloesterases in medium-chain tomato trichomes (8) and tobacco epidermis (9). fatty acid formation in oilseeds and animals. We have shown The classical pathway for bcAA (Val, Leu, Ileu) biosyn- that iso- and anteiso-branched and straigbt, odd- and even- thesis in microorganisms (and largely by inference in plants, length, short-chain fatty adds esterifled in plant-trichome- ref. 10) is shown in the shaded areas of Fig. 1. Key activities gland-produced sucrose esters are synthesized by using carbon involved in branched-chain formation (reactions 1, 1A, and 2) skeletons provided by modified branched-chain amino acid are those catalyzing leucine biosynthesis in all organisms and metabolism/catablis. -
Biochemistry Major University of Michigan - Department of Chemistry Effective 9/2017 ______
Biochemistry Major University of Michigan - Department of Chemistry Effective 9/2017 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Biochemistry is, literally the chemistry of life. Biochemists seek to understand the chemical principles that underpin all living organisms. Biochemistry is central to medical science as almost all diseases and drugs act to change the body’s chemistry. Advances in biochemistry directly impact the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceutical science, agriculture and environmental science, among many others. The B.S. major in Biochemistry is for those are interested in learning about life from a chemical perspective. Students will be well equipped for graduate studies in biochemistry, chemical biology, and many other fields of inquiry in the life sciences. The degree will also provide excellent preparation for students intending to pursue professional careers in industry and medicine. Prerequisites Course # Course Description Term Term Credits Completed Typically Offered CHEM 210 Structure and Reactivity I F, W, Sp 4 CHEM 211 Investigations in Chemistry: Laboratory F, W, Sp 1 CHEM 215 Structure and Reactivity II F, W, Sp 3 BIO 171 Introductory Biology: Ecology and Evolution F, W, Sp, Su 4 BIO 172 Introductory Biology: Molecular Cellular and Developmental F, W, Sp 4 MATH 115 Calculus I F, W, Sp, Su 4 MATH 116 Calculus II F, W, Sp, Su 4 One of the Following: CHEM 262 Mathematical Methods for Chemists F, W 4 OR MATH 215 Calculus III F, W, Sp, Su 4 One of the Following -
Aerospace Medicine & Biology Space Medicine & Biology Aero 9
Aerospace Medicine NASA SP-7011 (232) and Biology May 1982 IWNSA A Continuing Bibliography with Indexes (NASA-SP-701 1 (232) ) AT. CE MEDICINE AND N82-2898U BIOLOGY: A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES (SUPPLEMENT 232) (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 137 p Unclas Hc <7.QQ CSCL Ofa£ 00/52 25483 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aerospace Medicine & Biology space Medicine & Biology Aero 9 Medicine & Biology Aerospao dicine & Biology Aerospace M ne & Biology AerosjatoiMedici Biology Aerospace Medicine & gy Aerospace Medicine & Biolo 3rospace Medicine & Biology / pace Medicine & Biology Aeros Medicine & Biology Aerospace cine & Biology Aerospace Med & Biology Aerospace Medicine < ACCESSION NUMBER RANGES Accession numbers cited in this Supplement fall within the following ranges. STAR (N-10000 Series) N82-16040 - N82-18118 IAA (A-10000 Series) A82-18840 - A82-22250 This bibliography was prepared by the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility operated for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration by PRC Government Information Systems. NASA SP-7011(232) AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY A CONTINUING BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH INDEXES (Supplement 232) A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information sys- tem and announced in April 1982 in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) International Aerospace Abstracts (IA A). Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1982 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC NASA SP-7011 and its supplements are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Questions on the availability of the predecessor publications, Aerospace Medicine and Biology (Volumes I - XI) should be directed to NTIS. This supplement is available as NTISUB/123/093 from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161 at the price of $7.00 domestic; $14.00 foreign. -
History of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva<Br> from The
826 CHIMIA 2009, 63, No. 12 THE 450TH ANNIVERSARYOFTHE ACADÉMIE ET UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE doi:10.2533/chimia.2009.826 Chimia 63 (2009) 826–829 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft History of Biochemistry at the University of Geneva From the Boulevard des Philosophes to Quai Ernest-Ansermet Jacques Deshusses and Howard Riezman* Abstract: A brief account of the developments in biochemistry at the Faculty of Science of the University of Ge- neva is given from its emergence from organic chemistry at the Ancienne Ecole de chimie to today’s Department of Biochemistry at the Section de chimie et biochimie. Keywords: Biochemistry at the University of Geneva Introduction Techniques also changed greatly with 1937) who dedicated a small amount of his time. As long as the interests were basic lecture time to chemical biology, toxicol- Biochemistry is a science that slowly analyses of the major components of living ogy and pharmacology. emerged from the field of organic chemis- materials, the methodology was inspired The history of biochemistry in Geneva try and initially focused on the chemistry from the chemistry of complex mixtures of really is tightly linked to the Ancienne of molecules isolated from living material. organic substances. Isolation and charac- Ecole de Chimie, which was located on the At this stage it was called biological chem- terization techniques were fundamental to Boulevard des Philosophes. This venerable istry. However, once the major components this process. More refined techniques com- building, inaugurated in 1877, housed sev- were analysed chemically, the scientific ing from molecular biology later appeared eral internationally renowned scientists. interest turned to their transformation, in gradually in the different departments, Chemistry was highly oriented towards what turned out to be enzymatic reactions, including various types of spectroscopy. -
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) 1
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB) 1 BMB 372. Advanced Molecular Biology. (3 h) BIOCHEMISTRY AND Presents molecular mechanisms by which stored genetic information is expressed including the mechanisms for and regulation of gene MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (BMB) expression, protein synthesis, and genome editing. Emphasizes analysis and interpretation of experimental data from the primary literature. Also Interdisciplinary Major listed as BIO 372. P-BIO 213 and 214 and BIO 370/BMB 370/CHM 370 or BIO 265 and BIO 370/BMB 370/CHM 370. This interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science major, jointly offered by the Departments of Biology and Chemistry, provides a strong foundation BMB 372L. Advanced Molecular Biology Laboratory. (1.5 h) in biological chemistry and molecular biology, and related topics at Introduces modern methods of molecular biology to analyze and the interface of these two disciplines. The major is designed to build manipulate expression of genes and function of gene products. Also conceptual understanding and practical and critical thinking skills to listed as BIO 372L. P or C-BIO 372/CHM 372 or BMB 373/CHM 373. address current biological, biochemical, and biomedical challenges. A BMB 373. Biochemistry II. (3 h) required research experience spanning multiple semesters, culminating Examines the structure, function, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic in a senior project, will give students strong experimental skills and acids and includes advanced topics in biochemistry including catalytic provide insight into biochemical and molecular biological experimental mechanisms of enzymes and ribozymes, use of sequence and structure approaches and results that demonstrate the function of biological databases, and molecular basis of disease and drug action.