Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis

CMCA | 2012 – 2013

Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis The University of Western Australia M010, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Tel: +61 8 6488 2770 Fax: +61 8 6488 1087 COVER IMAGE / PROPELLER SEED IMAGED USING THE Email: [email protected] XRM. ACQUIRED BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR JEREMY cmca.uwa.edu.au SHAW AT CMCA

CRICOS Provider Code: 00126G UniPrint 114989 IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF CA IN GARNET ACQUIRED AT ON From the Director Feature Story A JEOL 8530L HYPERPROBE AT CMCA BY DR MALCOLM ROBERTS. p1 p6

Affiliations Research Highlights p2 p8 IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF AL DISTRIBUTION IN A CHONDRITIC METEORITE ACQUIRED BY M ROBERTS ON Techniques Biological and A JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE. SAMPLE FROM G BENEDIX p4 Biomedical Sciences (CURTIN UNIVERSITY). p9 We will endure because it is From increasingly recognised that specialist facilities require specialists to run the Director them and that cost effectiveness requires sharing amongst the largest Although not always evident, possible research community. universities are surprisingly turbulent Go8 universities, in particular, are places. Restructuring and reinvention continuing to consolidate and are an ongoing part of the fabric – so organise their infrastructure to it is rare for organisations within it improve its standard and improve IMAGE / CMCA DIRECTOR – WINTHROP to last for 50 years. 2013 was the access – and the NCRIS scheme PROFESSOR DAVID SAMPSON CMCA’s 50th anniversary year, a interconnects these facilities In 2013, we received $770,000 major milestone in the University’s nationally. Excellence and access from the ARC to renew our nuclear 100th year. have been embraced nationally by magnetic resonance spectroscopy the NCRIS capabilities, particularly facility, supported by academic The Centre’s first instrument was by the Australian Microscopy & champions such as Professor George acquired in 1963 – a high‐resolution Microanalysis Research Facility and Koutsantonis. And supported by Tim transmission electron microscope; the National Imaging Facility. Both Shanahan and the UWA Energy and the JEOL JEM‐6A to be precise. subscribe to a flagship model in Minerals Institute, CMCA will be a To this day, the Centre continues which leading instrument platforms major beneficiary of a $12.4 million to make use of JEOL instruments. are provided locally and made Science and Industry Endowment Two of the Centre’s honorary staff available nationally. Around the Fund grant to create the Advanced members, John Kuo and former world, many groups are now looking Resource Characterisation Facility, Director Andrew Johnson, joined the to emulate how Australian science a joint initiative of the CSIRO, Curtin CMCA in 1978 and 1983, respectively infrastructure is organised, notably University and UWA, and forming a – it seems longevity is a characteristic the European Union’s Eurobioimaging cornerstone of the National Resource in the Characterisation field. So why consortium that includes microscopy Sciences Precinct currently being have we endured, and will we last the and preclinical and medical imaging. established in WA. CMCA will add next 50 years? a new NanoSIMS50L to its existing We will endure because the CMCA’s AMMRF Flagship Ion Probe Facility We have endured because a core staff are some of the most committed – a quantum leap in its capacity to facility providing leading instruments members of the University community support resource geosciences in WA, and run well by experts has always – people who love what they do, and extending its global leadership in represented an exceptional value who want to share their skills, and this field. proposition: the capacity to perform who won’t settle for second best. research at an international level of People who approach the task of As we go to press, the Federal excellence – the competitive edge. helping researchers produce their Government has shown its faith and As a University, we are indebted to best science with honesty, integrity belief in research infrastructure by the succession of CMCA Directors and rigour. These values and their continuing to support NCRIS in the who believed in this and strived passion are what has led to CMCA 2014 Federal Budget. As CMCA to grow its capacity, and to the contributing to more than 207 papers embarks upon its next 50 years, it will executive decision makers who published in 2013, including in some seek to repay that faith by delivering supported them. of the world’s top journals, such more great outcomes to the as Nature. research community.

Earth and Research Training, Industry and Impact Centre Highlights Conferences Environmental Teaching and Usage p17 p21 and Visits Sciences p16 p30 p12 Research Highlights Staff p18 p26 Journal Papers Physical Sciences p32 p14

The University of Western Australia | 01 Affiliations The CMCA is a focus for Western Australian microscopy and microanalysis Centre for Microscopy Australian Microscopy activities across Western (WACM) and Microanalysis Australia and, through strong Together The University of Research Facility links and collaborations, Western Australia, Murdoch (AMMRF) has both a national and University, Curtin University, Established under the international reputation. and Edith Cowan University Commonwealth Government’s form the Western Australian National Collaborative Established in 1963 as a Centre for Microscopy Research Infrastructure science infrastructure facility (WACM). These four publicly Strategy (NCRIS), AMMRF within The University of funded universities have is Australia’s peak research Western Australia to support a very strong and long facility for the characterisation research activity, the Centre collaborative history in regard of materials through advanced has a long and distinguished to electron microscopy and microscopy and microanalysis. record of collaboration with related facilities, which is The AMMRF facilitates access researchers, industry and presently defined by the for all Australian researchers government agencies in 2010-2014 Memorandum to world-class equipment, the provision of research of Understanding (MoU). instrumentation and expertise expertise and technology. This agreement between through a national grid of the partner institutions sees nodes with varying microscopy Its world-class facilities, with CMCA acting as the hub capabilities and an array of a replacement cost of $50M, for microscopy activities in flagship instrument platforms at comprise an extensive range the State, and strong cross- the international cutting edge. of microscopy, microanalysis institutional support for and imaging instruments infrastructure acquisition and The CMCA is the West across six sites. management. The basis of Australian node of the AMMRF the WACM MoU is that major and features the flagship ion capital infrastructure must probe capabilities, which be shared to achieve the consist of the NanoSIMS50 most cost-efficient utilisation. and IMS 1280. Each of these Under the terms of the MoU, instruments is unique to the researchers from all of the Southern Hemisphere. partner universities can access the grouped facilities of WACM The CMCA also collaborates without discrimination. with the John de Laeter Centre, which enjoys linked laboratory status in the AMMRF, in the management and operation of Western Australia’s ion probe facilities.

IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF AL DISTRIBUTION IN A CHONDRITIC METEORITE ACQUIRED BY MALCOLM ROBERTS ON A JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE. SAMPLE FROM G BENEDIX (CURTIN UNIVERSITY)

02 | cmca.uwa.edu.au National Imaging Facility (NIF) Established under NCRIS and expanded under the Commonwealth Government’s National Resource Education Investment Fund Sciences Precinct (EIF), the National Imaging The National Resource Facility provides state-of-the-art Sciences Precinct (NRSP) imaging capability of animals, is a collaboration between plants and materials for the CSIRO, Curtin University and Australian research community. The University of Western Australian National Australia (UWA) to connect In 2009, CMCA became the Fabrication Facility the world’s best researchers Western Australian node of the (ANFF) with industry and government facility, the first organisation to Established under NCRIS, the to tackle some of the most host two NCRIS capabilities. Australian National Fabrication complex challenges facing the The facility features leading- Facility (ANFF) provides resources industry. The Federal edge imaging capabilities for researchers and industry with Minister for Industry, the Hon Western Australia including in access to state-of-the-art Ian Macfarlane MP, officially vivo micro-CT, multispectral fabrication facilities. launched the National Resource imaging, and X-ray microscopy, Sciences Precinct on Tuesday 8 as well as the flagship 30cm The capability provided April, 2014. bore 9.4 T MRI located at the by ANFF enables users to QEII Medical centre. process hard materials (metals, CMCA’s role within the NRSP composites and ceramics) and will be to help establish soft materials (polymers and the Advanced Resources polymer-biological moieties) and Characterisation Facility transform these into structures (ARCF). Funded by CSIRO’s AuScope that have application in sensors, Science and Industry medical devices, nanophotonics Endowment Fund (SIEF), the AuScope is a characterisation and nanoelectronics. ARCF will install and operate capability funded through the state-of-the-art analytical National Collaborative Research The CMCA houses the instrumentation for high-end Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) Panalytical Empyrean powder research in the resources with a focus on establishing diffractometer. industry. CMCA will augment its world-class research world-class Ion Probe Facility infrastructure to characterise with a new NanoSIMS 50L. the structure and evolution of Curtin University will install a the Australian continent in a LEAP 4000 for atom probe global context from surface to tomography, while CSIRO will core in space and time. develop its Maia mapper XRF detector to operate with the In partnership with the AMMRF, need for synchrotron radiation. the Government of Western CMCA’s new NanoSIMS will Australia and UWA, AuScope arrive in mid-2015. enabled the establishment of the world-class Ion Microprobe Facility at CMCA, for the benefit of all Australian researchers.

The University of Western Australia | 03 Techniques

The CMCA provides the capabilities to characterise the continuum from atoms to small animals.

Scanning Electron Microsopy ÌÌ Secondary and Scanning Probe backscattered Microscopy electron imaging ÌÌ Confocal Raman ÌÌ X-ray microanalysis Biological Mass microscopy Spectrometry ÌÌ Atomic Force ÌÌ Electron and microscopy Nuclear Magnetic chemical ionisation X-ray Diffraction ÌÌ Nanoindentation Resonance ÌÌ Fast atom Transmission ÌÌ Charge density Spectroscopy bombardment Electron measurement ÌÌ Multi dimensional Microscopy ÌÌ Powder X-ray spectra ÌÌ Analytical diffraction ÌÌ Multinuclear spectroscopy ÌÌ Small molecule spectra ÌÌ Diffraction structure ÌÌ Solid state spectra ÌÌ Element mapping determination ÌÌ Imaging ÌÌ Thin film analysis, ÌÌ Tomography XRD phase analysis, rocking curve analysis

04 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Visualisation and Simulation ÌÌ Data analysis ÌÌ Image processing and reconstruction Specimen Preparation ÌÌ Biological sciences ÌÌ Cryogenic preparation NIF Bioimaging ÌÌ Physical sciences Facility ÌÌ NIF Flagship MRI ÌÌ Multi spectral imaging Flow ÌÌ X-ray micro- Cytometry computed ÌÌ Cell sorting tomography ÌÌ Population analysis

X-ray microscopy ÌÌ Microscale ÌÌ In vivo

Optical and Confocal Microscopy ÌÌ Confocal, multiphoton and fluoresence microscopy AMMRF Flagship ÌÌ Laser microdissection Ion Probe Facility ÌÌ Live cell imaging ÌÌ Nanoscale mass ÌÌ spectrometry Automated digital histology ÌÌ High-precision isotope ratios

The University of Western Australia | 05 Feature Story CMCA celebrates 50 years

IMAGE / DAVID SAMPSON RECEIVES CMCA'S 5OTH ANNIVERSARY PLAQUE FROM AMMRF EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR IMAGE / CUTTING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY & CEO, PROF. SIMON P. RINGER ‘TEM’ CAKE The Centre celebrated its fiftieth As part of the festivities, CMCA What values have characterised birthday on 6th December 2013. hosted a group of students from the CMCA’s first 50 years? Duncraig Primary School for a The history of the Centre dates treasure hunt. The students brought Commitment: By the University back to 1963 when it was decided items to examine using the optical, to operate a core facility, and by all to purchase a high-resolution electron and X-ray microscopes at the staff, to making microscopes (transmission) electron microscope the Centre. Dr Simon Carroll from work – not just function, but work (JEOL JEM-6A). Although the Scitech kindly awarded prizes to the superbly well. electron microscope was housed students. The event concluded with in the Physics Department, it was the cutting of a stunningly realistic Excellence: Of so many clever emphasised from inception that it TEM cake! people all not accepting second best was to be the nucleus for a central – purists aiming to hit the high notes facility available to the whole In the evening, a dinner was held. of Science. university. The Centre was managed Bernie Hobbs, ABC Science part-time by Dr Lloyd Lucas of the Broadcaster, was the MC for the Honesty and integrity: Of the Physics Department from 1964 evening introducing speakers with CMCA’s staff, scientists, technical and became known as the Electron some highly entertaining reflections. and administrative alike, and with an Microscope Centre from 1965. Over fifty guests, including the honest, direct and decent approach Chief Scientist of Western Australia, to helping people and to doing their In 1967, a second electron Professor Lyn Beazley, the Director best. microscope was commissioned. of the Australian Microscopy & During the ensuing years the Centre’s Microanalysis Research Facility, These values will undoubtedly state-of-the-art facilities and staff Professor Simon Ringer, a number underpin the CMCA’s next 50 years have played a prominent role in the of guests from interstate and current as it evolves to meet the needs of provision of the nation’s microscopy and past staff members, including five the next generation of scientists infrastructure. past Directors, enjoyed the evening and researchers. which celebrated past achievements and current excellence.

06 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Milestones

1963 Centre founded with high-resolution electron microscope 1964 Dr Lloyd Lucas becomes the first Director 1965 First named the Electron Microscope Centre 1967 The second electron microsope is acquired 1974 First electron microprobe commissioned Mr John Hillyer appointed as microprobe operator 1978 Dr John Kuo appointed as lecturer to support biological microscopy First TEM courses commenced 1983 EMC staff and facilities consolidated to single site in Physics East Wing Dr Andrew Johnson appointed Director 1984 Philips 430 TEM & Philips SEM 505 installed with UWA funding 1986 Dr Brendan Griffin appointed as SEM and EPMA academic 1990 EMC renamed Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM) 1993 First confocal laser scanning microscope commissioned 1996 Professor Bernard Moulden appointed Director 1998 Professor Paul McCormick appointed Director Western Australian Centre for Microscopy (WACM) formed through MoU between UWA, Curtin, Murdoch and Edith Cowan universities WACM awarded WA Government Centre of Excellence funding 1999 University review of CMM 2000 CMM moved to customized site in Physics North Wing (current CMCA@Physics site) First microdissector commissioned (first in Southern Hemisphere) 2001 Professor Syd Hall appointed Director Nanostructural Analysis Network Organisation (NANO) – Major National Research Facility (MNRF) funded CMM becomes WA node of NANO NANO (WA) awarded WA Government Centre of Excellence funding 2003 Associate Professor Brendan Griffin appointed Director Cameca NanoSIMS 50 installed as NANO-MNRF flagship facility Dr Martin Saunders appointed Deputy Director CMM 2004 WACM MoU renewed for second 5-year term First UV confocal commissioned (first in Southern Hemisphere) 2005 Nanoscale Characterisation Centre (NCC) (WA) funded as WA Government CoE University Review of CMM undertaken 2006 Professor Craig Atkins appointed Director CMM merges with Biomedical Imaging & Analysis Facility (now CMCA@QEII) to form CMCA 2007 Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility (AMMRF) established through National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) CMCA becomes WA node of AMMRF CMCA’s third location established with flow cytometer relocated to the MRF building at Royal Perth Hospital in July 2008 Winthrop Professor David Sampson appointed Director Technique and Application Groups formed in the CMCA PhD students can enrol directly through the CMCA for the first time from November 2009 Cameca IMS1280 ion probe installed in April as part of the AMMRF Flagship Ion Probe Facility and launched in August First full-time Centre Manager appointed in July Flow cytometry facility from the successful 2009 LIEF grant establishes CMCA@Murdoch (FACS Canto II installed at Murdoch University) 2010 CMCA becomes the WA node of National Imaging Facility (NIF) in May NIF awarded Education Infrastructure Fund (EIF) Round III funding enabling CMCA to purchase first research micro-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) instrument in WA WACM MoU renewed for a further 5-year term 2011 Bayliss Building infrastructure and staff transferred to CMCA management (forming CMCA@Bayliss) on 1 July 2011 Biomedical Imaging Facility launched at CMCA@QEII in December – a collaboration with UWA Animal Care Services 2012 CMCA@LifeSciences established by installation of confocal/AFM facility in UWA Large Animal Facility First Technical Operations Manager appointed in July The CMCA becomes the first university member of the IAEA’s Network of Analytical Laboratories in October 2013 CMCA joins the Advanced Resources Characterisation Facility and plans for acquisition of a new NanoSIMS CMCA turns 50! Today CMCA is a nationally leading core facility that provides more than 45 instrument platforms on five sites utilized by more than 450 researchers in all areas of science and engineering across academia and industry in WA, Australia and beyond

The University of Western Australia | 07 IMAGE / 3D VISUALISATION OF A SOIL CORE IMAGED Research Highlights USING X-RAY MICROSCOPY. APPROXIMATE FIELD OF VIEW 5 MM. IMAGE ACQUIRED AT CMCA BY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR JEREMY SHAW Biological and Earth and Physical Biomedical Environmental Sciences Sciences Sciences p14 p9 p12

08 | cmca.uwa.edu.au IMAGE / ACROPORAL CORAL. IMAGE ACQUIRED BY JEAN-BAPTISTE RAINA

Biological and Biomedical Sciences

Coral makes clouds to keep It is the first time that an animal The GBR is the largest biological climate sweet: experts (the coral host) has been identified structure on the planet and the as a DMSP producer. Previously release of these particles along its Coral reefs have more than one trick it was assumed that the large 2600 km length could constitute a up their sleeve to cope with warming concentrations of DMSP emitted from major source of cloud condensation oceans according to Australian coral reefs come solely from their nuclei. Considering declining researchers. symbiotic algae. trends in coral cover and predicted increases in coral mortality worldwide Associate Professor Peta Clode The characteristic smell of the ocean caused by anthropogenic stressors, from The University of Western was is derived from this compound, the associated decline in sulphur one of the team whose findings are indicating how abundant the molecule aerosol production from coral reefs published online in Nature. is in the marine environment. may further destabilise local climate regulation and accelerate degradation They discovered that coral – which is However, scientists have warned that of this globally important and an animal – produces an important if coral numbers decline, there could diverse ecosystem. sulphur molecule with many be a major decrease in production of properties. These range from cellular these vital sulphur molecules (DMSP), The team, led by researchers from protection in times of temperature and this will in turn, impede cloud the Australian Institute of Marine stress, to local climate-cooling formation. These sulphur molecules Science, also included Associate through helping to form clouds in the are also important as they serve Professor Clode at UWA, and sky above the ocean. as nuclei for the formation of water researchers from the Australian droplets in the atmosphere – and Research Council Centre of Associate Professor Clode hence help to create clouds. Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and her fellow researchers at James Cook University, Murdoch revealed that the molecule, Cloud production, especially in the University, and the Australian dimethylsulphoniopropionate tropics, is an important regulator National University. (DMSP), and its production increases of climate – because clouds shade when corals are subjected to water the Earth and reflect much of the J-B. Raina, D.M. Tapiolas, S. Forêt, A. Lutz, D. Abrego, J. Ceh, F.O. Seneca, temperatures causing thermal stress. sun’s heat back into space. If fewer P.L. Clode, D.G. Bourne, B.L. Willis and clouds are produced, less heat will be C.A. Motti. DMSP by an DMSP and its breakdown products reflected – which ultimately will lead animal and its role in coral thermal stress response. Nature, 502: 677–680, 2013 act as antioxidants, protecting coral to warmer sea surface temperatures. tissues from environmental stress, including the high solar radiation that Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (GBR) corals experience. is a major hotspot for the emission of sulphur aerosol particles, the scientists suggest in the paper.

The University of Western Australia | 09 New organelle discovered

A magnetic sense has been demonstrated behaviourally for a wide range of animal species. However, the cellular basis of this sixth sense awaits discovery and remains an elusive goal in biology despite more than 60 years of research. Currently, the field of magnetoreception is undergoing a renaissance owing to the application of modern, cutting-edge instrumentation and techniques.

Recently, electrophysiology and IMAGE 1 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF IMAGE 2 BRIGHT FIELD TEM IMAGE AND molecular methods have assisted in A HAIR CELL SHOWING THE POSITION OF THE ASSOCIATED ENERGY FILTERED TEM IRON MAP OF CUTICULOSOME (BLUE) WITHIN THE CUTICULAR A CUTICULOSOME (TOP) AND ELECTRON ENERGY identifying regions of the brain that PLATE BENEATH THE STEREOCILIA LOSS SPECTRUM SHOWING THE PRESENCE OF IRON are activated by magnetic stimulation (BOTTOM) in pigeons. These regions are linked to the inner ear, which has sparked approach drastically changed opinion It is hoped that further research, a hunt for magnetoreceptive cells in in the field of magnetoreception based on multidisciplinary and this organ. An international team, led following their publication in the multimodal approaches to by Dr David Keays from the Institute journal Nature. imaging and analysis, will lead of Molecular Pathology in Vienna, has to new discoveries in the field of meticulously studied the inner ear in The exact function of the magnetoreception and uncover pigeons and have made a curious cuticulosome remains unknown, but the mechanistic basis of this finding. A single iron-rich spherical a number of possibilities have been sensory system. organelle was found in the cuticular proposed. It may simply be a store of plate of hair cells in the inner ear of excess iron, although it would seem In memory of Mattias Lauwers the pigeon. Notably, the organelle unusual that a solitary iron containing 1988-2014. was found in a wide range of bird organelle would be stored in a species, but was not observed in sensory neuron. It’s confinement to Reference fish, rodents or humans. Dubbed the birds is also conspicuous, and it may cuticulosome, PhD student Mattias be that the presence of this dense M. Lauwers, P. Pichler, N.B. Edelman, G.P. Resch, L. Ushakova, M.C. Salzer, Lauwers, who made the discovery, structure beneath the stereocilia in D. Heyers, M. Saunders, J.A. Shaw and surprised researchers who had been the cuticular plate acts as type of D.A. Keays, An iron-rich organelle in the studying these very cells for decades. intracellular pendulum, moderating cuticular plate of avian hair cells, Current Biology 23: 924-929, 2013 the cells ability to perceive low- CMCA staff members, Assistant frequency sound. The idea that the Professor Jeremy Shaw and cuticulosome forms the basis of a Professor Martin Saunders, magnetic sensory system is tempting contributed their expertise in given its position within the recently analytical electron microscopy identified target area linked to the to characterise the elemental brain. However, analytical microscopy and mineral composition of the revealed that the iron present within cuticulosome at high resolution. the cuticulosome was not in a The molecular based approach form consistent with what would taken by the Keays Group and the be considered magnetically advanced microscopy capabilities suitable for forming the basis of of the CMCA has proven to be a a magnetic sense. powerful collaborative combination, with this being the second high profile publication produced by the team. In 2012, a similar multimodal imaging

10 | cmca.uwa.edu.au The emerging role of platelets in health and disease

Platelets are blood elements outcomes of heart disease. Mice that platelet function is similar in that control blood clotting. While were injected with different flavonols children and adults, and highlights important in limiting bleeding before an injury was inflicted to the that characterisation of monocyte- following an injury, excessive platelet carotid artery, simulating a heart platelet interactions in children, who activation increases the risk of heart attack or stroke. The animals treated are often under-represented in clinical attack and stroke. CMCA’s Dr Linden with flavonols showed significantly studies, is necessary before the role with colleagues from RMIT University reduced vessel occlusion. of platelets in disease can investigated the combined effects of Furthermore, by inducing diabetes be understood. brief bouts of high intensity exercise in mice, the researchers found and caffeine on platelet function that flavonols were able to reverse M.D.Linden, Platelet flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 992: 241-262, 2013 using flow cytometry. A single bout platelet hyper-activation associated of intense exercise resulted in a with diabetes. Flavonols therefore J.P.Whittaker, M.D. Linden, and V.G. Coffey, 60 to 90 minute spike in platelet represent a promising preventative Effect of aerobic interval training and caffeine on blood platelet function, Med Sci activation, which corresponds with for heart attack and stroke, with the Sports Exerc, 45: 342-350, 2013 the increased risk of heart attack and potential to avoid negative effects stroke that occurs during and briefly associated with other antiplatelet S. Mosawy, D.E. Jackson, O.L.Woodman, and M.D. Linden, Inhibition of after intense exercise, especially therapies. platelet-mediated arterial thrombosis in sedentary individuals. However, and platelet granule exocytosis by while caffeine is often anecdotally Platelets are also known to bind 3’,4’-dihydroxyflavonol and quercetin, Platelets, 24: 594-604, 2013 associated with sudden stroke, to blood monocytes and, in doing especially in the context of energy so, drive a change in monocyte S. Mosawy, D.E.Jackson, O.L.Woodman drinks, Dr Linden and colleagues phenotype. This is thought to be and M.D. Linden, Treatment with quercetin and 3’,4’-dihydroxyflavonol inhibits platelet found no exacerbation of the exercise important in the early, subclinical function and reduces thrombus formation effect with caffeine use. changes (that often occur in in vivo, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 36: 50-57, childhood), which drive the formation 2013

In related research, Dr Linden of an atherosclerotic plaque. C. Yip, V. Ignjatovic, C. Attard, P. Monagle and colleagues investigated the Dr Linden and colleagues showed and M.D. Linden, First report of elevated potential for flavonols to inhibit that blood monocytes in children monocyte-platelet aggregates in healthy children. Public Library of Science One, platelet activation in health and were nearly ten times more likely 8: e67416, 2013 disease. Flavonols are molecules to have platelets bound to them widely found in fruits and vegetables than monocytes from adults. This and are reported to improve the questions the clinical assumption

IMAGE / LEUKOCYTES, INCLUDING MONOCYTES IMAGE / THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MONOCYTE-PLATELET (COLOURED VIOLET) INTERACT WITH PLATELETS AGGREGATES (MPAs) ARE VISUALISED USING IMAGING FLOW (COLOURED RED) INTERACT IN WHOLE BLOOD THROUGH CYTOMETRY* THE ACTION OF THE ADHESION MOLECULE P-SELECTIN (COLOURED GREEN) FOLLOWING ACTIVATION

* Imaging flow cytometry was performed at the School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UWA.

The University of Western Australia | 11 Earth and Environmental Sciences Snapshot of primitive organisms eating each other

The first-ever snapshot of primitive They used a battery of new Dr Wacey said recent geochemical organisms eating each other techniques and found that Gunflintia analyses had shown that the sulfur- has been found in ancient fossils was more perforated after death based activities of bacteria could examined by a team of scientists at than other kinds of fossils, consistent likely be traced back 3500 million The University of Western Australia. with them having been eaten by years or so - a finding reported by his bacteria. In some places many of group in Nature Geoscience in 2011. The fossils, preserved in 1900 million- the tiny fossils had been partially or year-old Gunflint chert from Lake entirely replaced with iron sulfide “But until now it has proved more Superior, Canada, capture ancient (‘fool’s gold’) a waste product of difficult finding ancient fossil evidence microbes in the act of feasting on heterotrophic sulfate-reducing for this heterotrophic mode of a cyanobacterium-like fossil called bacteria that is also a highly feeding. Whilst the Gunflint fossils are Gunflintia - with the perforated visible marker. only about half as old, they confirm sheaths of Gunflintia being the that such bacteria were indeed discarded leftovers of this early meal. The team also found that these flourishing by 1900 million years ago. Gunflintia fossils carried clusters They were also highly particular about UWA postdoctoral research fellow of even smaller (around 1 micron) what they chose to eat, appearing and study leader Dr David Wacey spherical and rod-shaped bacteria to prefer to snack on Gunflintia as said instead of absorbing carbon that were seemingly in the process a ‘tasty morsel’ in preference to dioxide, the microbes were eating of consuming their hosts. Similar another bacterium (Huroniospora).” previously formed organic matter and processes of heterotrophic The study was carried out using breaking it down, much as humans consumption are still happening the Australian Microscopy and do after dinner, in a manner of today and can often be detected Microanalysis Research Facility at feeding called hetertrophy. by the smells they emit, such as the UWA and UNSW. rotten egg smell of hydrogen sulfide. The research, published in D. Wacey, N. McLoughlin, M.R. Kilburn, M. Saunders, J.B. Cliff, C. Kong, M. E. Barley, Proceedings of the National Academy and M.D. Brasier, Proceedings of the of Sciences, provides both physical National Academy of Sciences, 110 and chemical clues to primitive (20): 8020, 2013 heterotrophy. Dr Wacey and UWA colleagues from the ARC Centre of Excellence in Core to Crust Fluid Systems, the Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis and the Centre for Exploration Targeting, and researchers from the University of NSW, Oxford University and Bergen University in Norway, analysed the microscopic fossils, ranging from about 3-15 microns in diameter.

IMAGE / THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION AND VISUALIZATION OF THE PYRITIC GUNFLINT BIOTA (RECONSTRUCTED FROM~80 INDIVIDUAL FIB-SEM IMAGES SPACED 75 NM APART). MICROMETER-SIZED PYRITIC SPHERES/ELLIPSES (ORANGE) ARE ATTACHED TO OR EMBEDDED WITHIN PYRITIZED GUNFLINTIA SHEATHS AND ARE INTERPRETED HERE AS PROKARYOTIC, SAPROPHYTIC HETEROTROPHS. OTHER PYRITIC MATERIAL (YELLOW) IS ATTACHED OR OCCURS CLOSE TO GUNFLINTIA SHEATHS. IMAGE PROVIDED BY DAVID WACEY AT CMCA

12 | cmca.uwa.edu.au IMAGE (L-R) CULTURED ALVEOLUS TAKEN ON THE FALSE-COLOURED CONVERGENT BEAM ELECTRON SEVERAL DIFFERENT BACTERIAL SPECIES IN A SINGLE BIOPSY NIKON FLUORESCENT CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE AT DIFFRACTION PATTERN FROM STRONTIUM TITANATE FROM A CHILD WITH OTITIS MEDIA. IMAGE ACQUIRED BY RUTH CMCA. ACQUIRED BY FIONA PIXLEY (SRT10) NEAR THE 001 ZONE AXIS. ACQUIRED BY ANDREW THORNTON JOHNSON, CMCA

Ion probe reveals ancient environments

A paper recently published in the millimetres they would have been Proceedings of the National Academy impossible to analyse separately of Sciences showcases the power using conventional techniques. Their of ion probe analyses, used in results lead the group to hypothesise conjunction with other techniques, that two oceanic sulfur pools, soluble to shed light on ancient paleo- sulfate and atmospherically derived environments. Although evidence elemental sulfur, were responsible for exists for the presence of sulfate- generating the two types of pyrite. reducing microorganisms at more Although the research is ongoing, than 3.4 billion years ago, the sulfur implications include the likelihood that isotopic signatures typical of this there were more widely distributed IMAGE ABOVE/ LIGHT MICROGRAPH OF A populations of sulfate-reducing POLISHED SAMPLE OF A ~2.6 BILLION YEAR OLD type of metabolism have largely SEDIMENTARY ROCK SHOWING TWO DIFFERENT been absent from samples from the bacteria than previously thought PYRITE MORPHOLOGIES; FRAMBOIDAL (OBLONG) AND EUHEDRAL (SQUARE) GRAINS ARE EVIDENT IN Neoarchean era (2.8 to 2.5 billion and perhaps higher ocean sulfate CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ONE ANOTHER years ago). One possible explanation concentration than was compatible raised for this anomaly has been that with the previous limited evidence.

sulfate was not present in the Earth’s IMAGE BELOW / SCATTER PLOT OF SULFUR oceans at sufficient concentration J. Farquhar, J. Cliff, A. L. Zerkle, A. ISOTOPE DATA FROM THE SAMPLE SHOWN Kamyshny, S. W. Poulton, M. Claire, D. IN FIGURE 1. ION PROBE DATA FROM THE at that time for the signatures to Adams, and B. Harms, Pathways for FRAMBOIDAL GRAINS IS PLOTTED IN RED, ION PROBE DATA FROM THE EUHEDRAL GRAINS develop. Last year, Prof. James Neoarchean pyrite formation constrained IS PLOTTED IN BLUE, AND DATA FROM BULK Farquhar from the University of by mass-independent sulfur isotopes, ANALYSIS IS PLOTTED IN GREY. CLEARLY Chemistry and Applications in Nature of SPATIALLY RESOLVED DATA OPEN NEW Maryland spent several months in the Mass Independent Isotope Effects Special AVENUES OF INTERPRETATION NOT EVIDENT AMMRF at the University of Western Feature, 17638-17643, 2013 WITH BULK SCALE ANALYSES Australia (UWA) as a Senior Gledden Fellow, hosted by Dr John Cliff. Working with Dr David Adams and collaborators from the UK and Israel they published their paper.

The group used the flagship 1280 ion microprobe, supported by electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, to look at multiple sulfur isotope variations in pyrite (iron sulphide) grains within well- preserved sedimentary rocks dating to more than 2.5 billion years. Two morphologically distinct pyrite types in close proximity were analysed and found to have two distinct sulfur signatures (blue and red in the image). Being separated by only

The University of Western Australia | 13 Physical Sciences

Microscopy helps to find a way to reduce diesel pollution Diesel-powered vehicles and equipment are increasingly used due to their high fuel efficiency and durability. The downside of diesel engines is they emit soot or particulate matter. The soot is created during the incomplete combustion of diesel fuel. Particulate W/Prof Dongke Zhang and his matter varies in size from coarse research team have used a range of particulates (less than 10 microns) to electron microscopy techniques to ultrafine particulates (less than 100 study the morphology and structure nanometers). Ultrafine particulates, of diesel soot from fuels with and which are small enough to penetrate without the catalyst treatments. the cells of the lungs, make up 90% This has provided an improved of diesel soot pollution. The public- understanding of the effect of the health problems associated with catalyst on soot formation processes. diesel emissions have intensified With this work, the researchers have scientific efforts to develop solutions demonstrated that the combustion IMAGE / TEM IMAGE OF SOOT FROM for reducing these emissions. in diesel engines is substantially THE CATALYST TREATED DIESEL AT LOW MAGNIFICATION improved by the catalyst, leading Understanding the mechanisms to less fuel consumption and a of diesel soot formation during significant reduction in the overall combustion holds a key to the control soot emission. The research findings and elimination of particulate matter have been published in Proceedings emissions from diesel engines. of the Combustion Institute: Researchers at UWA Centre for Energy (CFE) are studying the effect D. Zhang, Y. Ma and M. Zhu, Nanostructure and oxidative properties of soot from a and mechanism of a ferrous picrate compression ignition engine: the effect based homogeneous combustion of a homogeneous combustion catalyst, catalyst in an attempt to improve fuel Proceedings of Combustion Institute, 34: (1) 1869–1876, 2013 efficiency and reduce soot emissions IMAGE / HRTEM IMAGE OF SOOT FROM using a single-cylinder laboratory THE CATALYST TREATED DIESEL AT HIGH MAGNIFICATION diesel engine and an industrial scale engine testing facility. The research was funded by the Australian Research Council under the ARC Linkage Projects Scheme with Fuel Technology Pty Ltd and BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd as the partner organisations.

14 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Anchoring Metal noble metal nanoparticles that are Nanoparticles on 2D devoid of surfactants on the surface Materials for Nanosensors of inorganic two-dimensional (2D) The development of a template for materials, such as graphene and metal nanoparticle-semiconductor hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). and metal nanoparticle-graphene These materials offer high specific composites is an important milestone surface area, flexible structure, toward the development of 2-D excellent mechanical strength, and nanostructured catalyst and sensor overall chemical stability. systems. For such applications, much work has been devoted to maximizing In this work, Professor Colin Raston the active surface area and and his team, have demonstrated a IMAGE / HRTEM IMAGE OF PALLADIUM controlling the size and morphology relatively simple and green approach NANOPARTICLES ANCHORED of the nanoparticles. for decorating graphene and h-BN nanosheets with ultrafine palladium In new work at the Centre for and platinum nanoparticles. Strategic Nano-Fabrication, School This approach involved using of Chemistry and Biochemistry, p-phosphonic acid as a the scientists have succeeded versatile surfactant for non-covalently in dispersing two different types stabilizing graphene and h-BN in of nanoparticles – platinum and water followed by direct reduction palladium – on a graphene and boron of the noble metal species with nitride 2D platforms. hydrogen. Transmission electron

microscopy at CMCA@physics was IMAGE / HRTEM IMAGE OF PALLADIUM Typical chemical approaches for used to characterize the prepared NANOPARTICLES BARON ANCHORED ON h-NITRATE preparing noble metal nanoparticles noble metal-graphene/BN hybrid involve treating appropriate metal materials. It was found that the salts with reducing agents in the average particle size of the decorating X. Chen, W. Zang, K. Vimalanathan, K. presence of stabilizers. The stabilizers noble metal nanoparticles was Swaminathan Iyer and C. L. Raston, A versatile approach for decorating 2D nanomaterials inhibit aggregation and growth of approximately 5 nm. High resolution with Pd or Pt nanoparticles, Chemical the nanoparticles. However, the transmission electron microscopy Communications, 49: 1160, 2013 stabilizers can be detrimental to (HRTEM), together with fast Fourier their performance due to coverage transform, was also applied to identify of the nanoparticle surfaces. This the lattice ‘fingerprint’ for palladium can be overcome by dispersing and platinum nanoparticles.

The University of Western Australia | 15 14000 2013

12000 160 2013 2012 140 10000 2012 120 8000 100 6000 80

4000 60

2000 Research Usage and Training40

0 20 A B C D E F G H I J K CMCA 2012 & 2013 Usage per Technique CMCA0 2012 & 2013 Users per Technique

14000 160 Year 2012 2012 140 Year 2013 12000 2013 120 10000 100 8000

Total Hours Total 80 6000 Users 60 4000 40

2000 20

0 0 MS XRD MS SEM SPM TEM XRM NMR SEM SPM TEM XRD XRM NMR Probes Probes roscopy roscopy BioImaging BioImaging

Flow Cytometry Flow Cytometry Optical Mic Optical Mic

CMCA 2012 & 2013 Training Courses

100 Student -UG 90 Student -PG 80 Student -PG 70 Other 60 50

Participants 40 Usage 2012 2013 30 Users 477 468 20 10 Hours 56,197 53,195 0

2012 MS2013 MS 2012 EDS2013 EDS 2012 Flow2013 Flow 2012 SEM2013 SEM 2012 TEM2013 TEM 2012 XRD2013 XRD 2012-12013-1 to 1 to 1 2012 Conf/opt2013 Conf/opt

Specialist Workshops 2012 2013 TOTAL Preparing Images 41 - 41 Selected Area Diffraction 11 16 27 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy 15 - 15 Energy-Filtered TEM 13 - 13 High Resolution TEM 9 16 25 Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy - 15 15 Total 89 47 136

CMCA usage across the board has remained strong over 2012-2013, with >56,000 hours of usage recorded in 2012 and >53,000 hours usage in 2013. New and developing areas (e.g. bioimaging, XRM) show a positive trend toward increased uptake and usage. Some reduction in hours in 2013 (e.g. SEM, SPM, TEM) reflects older instruments moving toward retirement (new SEM, TEM and SPM facilities to be installed 2014) and some downtime due to significant repairs for some instruments. User numbers are similarly strong across techniques, with <4% change in user numbers across 2012-2013. Training courses remain consistently well attended by all user groups.

16 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Industry and Impact

CMCA has a long history of partnering with industry from small scale analysis, instrument hire and training of individuals, to large scale consulting and complex research contracts worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. The industry partners listed below illustrate the direct relationships with CMCA, but the Centre has a much broader engagement agenda through a multitude of partnerships based on industry collaborating with CMCA’s 400+ researcher user base.

Access is tailored to the needs of your organisation or project and we welcome enquiries on how we can apply our expertise and world- class instrumentation to your problem solving initiatives.

During 2012-13, CMCA directly served the needs of the following partners through Phase Analytics — mineralogical data. Mining and industry engagement: Advanced minerals mineral processing companies that analysis for improved would have previously only analysed orebody knowledge. tens of samples by XRD, if any, A major issue facing mining can now analyse hundreds or even Energy and Minerals companies is the differences in thousands of samples and apply ÌÌ Alcoa World Alumina their produced ores which may data analysis techniques to predict ÌÌ Atlas Iron have substantial knock-on adverse properties. ÌÌ CSIRO Earth Science & Resource effects for their plant operations. Engineering Phase Analytics carries out contract Through a planned collaboration ÌÌ Geological Survey of WA research and advanced minerals with Phase Analytics, access to the ÌÌ Geological Survey NT characterisation which is used to advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD) ÌÌ Oilfield Production Technologies inform producers and as such, instrumentation at the CMCA was ÌÌ Paladin Resources optimise plant operations. critical to determining quantitative ÌÌ Pterodia mineralogy by Rietveld Analysis, ÌÌ Thundelarra Exploration Many of the ores now being mined particle size, substitution and defects ÌÌ Phase Analytics may be unpredictably difficult across large numbers of samples. or costly to process or handle. The additional ability to immediately Environmental and As natural samples they can confirm observations from unusual Engineering be complicated, have multiple samples using co-located electron ÌÌ Analytical Reference Laboratories phases, with variations in particle microscopy (SEM, TEM and EDS) ÌÌ Botanic Gardens and Parks size, substitution, disorder and allowed rapid confirmation of outliers Authority morphology or contain trace phases and timely and successful completion ÌÌ Matrix Composites & Engineering that often have effects greater than of these projects. ÌÌ Site Environmental & Remediation their proportion in the materials Services would suggest. These industry service contracts ÌÌ SLR Consulting Australia also allowed automated sample ÌÌ TSW Analytical Until recently, many of these materials loading and technique specific would have been examined only on sample preparation equipment to Biomedical and the basis of their chemistry, usually be acquired. This equipment in turn Miscellaneous by XRF or ICP-OES. The evolution led to additional technique capability ÌÌ Antaria of better and more flexible X-ray in the CMCA and the availability of ÌÌ Fertility Specialists of WA diffractometers, especially faster overnight runs for the larger ÌÌ Pivet detectors and more robust analysis research user base at the Centre. ÌÌ Proteomics International programs, has greatly reduced the A true example of industry and UWA instrument time and analyst time working together for mutual gain and International required and subsequently the progress in applied research. ÌÌ International Atomic Energy cost of obtaining good quantitative Agency (IAEA)

The University of Western Australia | 17 IMAGE / PYRITE. ACQUIRED AT CMCA BY DR JANET MUHLING

Research Highlights

Grants p19 Success

18 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Grants Success

CMCA Successful Mel Ziman, Matthew Sharman, Understanding The Behaviour Grants — 2012 Elin Gray, Richard Thompson, Una Of Bioactive Nanoparticles In Ryan, Philip Stumbles. Expanding Physiological Media And Cells. ARC Linkage, Infrastructure, Capability in WA Flow Cytometry for $12,000. Equipment & Facilities: David Earth, Oceans, Environmental and Sampson, Lorenzo Faraone, Yinong Biomedical Science: State-of-the-Art Externally Led Liu, Colin Raston, Martin Saunders, Four Laser and 12 Colour Analysis. Craig Buckley, Deeptangshu $160,000. ARC Linkage, Infrastructure, Chaudhary, Birger Rasmussen, Arie Equipment & Facilities: Mark van Riessen, Zonghan Xie, Manickam NHMRC Equipment: David Ogden, Colin Raston, San Ping Minakshi, Chun-Yang Yin, Ravinder Sampson, Aperio ScanScope. Jiang, Mariusz Martyniuk, Damien Anand, Robert Hough. Returning $ 247,625. Arrigan, Debbie Silvester, Martin Western Australian Characterisation Saunders, Craig Buckley, Xiaozhi Capabilities To The Cutting ARC DECRA: Jeremy Shaw. The Hu, Hui Tong Chua, David Dewhurst, Edge: High Resolution Analytical Secret Of Bee Navigation: Magnetic Claudio Delle Piane, Rudi Appels. A Transmission Electron Microscopy. Field Sensitive Cells In The Honeybee Facility for the Nanoscale Imaging $980,000. Apis mellifera. $375,000. and Characterisation of Materials. $670,000. ARC Linkage, Infrastructure, NHMRC: Anthony Kicic, Stephen Equipment & Facilities: David Stick, Darly Knight, Paul Rigby. ARC Linkage: Birger Rasmussen, Sampson, Peta Clode, Kingsley Defective Cell Migration As A Daniel Dunkley, Janet Muhling, Dixon, Daniel Murphy, Killugudi Mechanism Of Dysregulated Simon Johnson, Alan Thorne, Fawna Swaminatha-Iyer, Richard Thompson, Asthmatic Airway Repair. $595,430. Korhonen, Christoher Kirkland, Zonghan Xie, Chun-Yang Yin, Michael Wingate. Chronostratigraphic Dongke Zhang. A World Class, ARC Discovery: Hans Lambers, Peta and tectonothermal history of High Resolution Scanning Electron Clode, John Hammond, Philip White. the northern Capricorn Orogen: Microscopy Facility For West Does Calcium Toxicity Explain The Constructing a geological framework Australian Researchers. $470,000. Absence Of Most Proteaceae From for understanding mineral systems. Calcareous Habitats $345,000. $510,000. ARC Linkage, Infrastructure, Equipment & Facilities: Shaun Collin, UWA Research Collaboration Carlos Duarte, William Erskine, Award: Martin Saunders, Tim St Barry Marshall, Kathryn Heel, Pierre, Swaminatha Iyer. Turning Nanoparticles Into Naomedicines:

The University of Western Australia | 19 IMAGE / FRAMBOID: FALSE-COLOURED BACKSCATTERED ELECTRON IMAGE (BSE) OF PYRITE IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF FE IN A CALC-SILICATE SKARN FROM FRAMBOIDS IN METASEDIMENTARY ROCK. IMAGE ACQUIRED AT CMCA BY DR JANET MUHLING NAMAQUALAND, SOUTH AFRICA, ACQUIRED ON THE JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE BY DR MALCOLM ROBERTS

CMCA Successful Perpetual Philanthropy Services: Externally Led Grants — 2013 Matthew Linden. Fluorescent Cell Sorting Of Rare Populations For ARC Linkage, Infrastructure, CRIS/NCRIS: David Sampson. Scientific And Medical Research. Equipment & Facilities: Brent AMMRF $776,500 ARC Linkage, $65,000. McInnes, Arie van Riessen, Philip Infrastructure, Equipment & Bland, Stefan Iglauer, Jacobus Facilities: David Sampson, George Core to Crust Fluid Systems Pilot Eksteen, Anthony Kemp, Janet Koutsantonis, Michael Johns, Dongke Projects 2013-2015: Matt Kilburn. Muhling, Marco Fiorentini, Nicolas Zhang, Killugudi Swaminatha-Iyer, How To Make The Invisible Visible: Thebaud, Michael Wingate, Robert Trengove, Richard Oliver, Exploring The Use Of Isotopic Christopher Kirkland, Gamini Mark Ogden, Garth Maker, Giuseppe Labelling For The Visualization Senanayake, Aleksandar Nikoloski. Verdile, Chris Abbiss, Kar-Chun Of Fluid/Rock Interaction In A Digital Mineralogy & Materials Tan, Ian Godfrey. Nuclear Magnetic Experimental And Natural Samples. Characterisation Hub for Petrology, Resonance Spectroscopy: Advanced $41,988. Mineralogy, Exploration, Metallurgy Cutting-Edge Chemical, Biological, and Reservoir Characterisation Energy And Materials Research. Ian Potter Foundation: Matthew Research. $700,000. $771,000. Linden. Expanding Capability In Flow Cytometry For Medical Research: NHMRC Equipment: Matthew State-Of-The-Art High Throughput Linden, David Sampson, Paul Analysis. $25,000. Rigby, Wendy Erber. Expanding Multiparameter Flow Cytometry To Core to Crust Fluid Systems Pilot Meet Medical Researcher Demands Projects 2013-2015: Laure Martin. At QEII Medical Centre. $50,000. Fluid Fluxes And Architecture In Subduction Zones: Insight From Carbon Farming Futures Filling O And H Isotopes In Lawsonite. the Research Gap, DAFF: Deirdre $24,394. Gleeson, Frances Hoyle, Mark Sweetingham, Lynne Macdonald, UWA Research Collaboration Michael Battaglia, Clayton Butterly, Award: Michael Stat. Comparative Mark Clisby, Peta Clode. Managing Analysis Of Nutrient Uptake By Coral Biological, Physical And Chemical Endosymbionts Under Ambient Constraints To Soil Carbon Storage. Conditions And Thermal Stress. $1,216,388. $12,000.

20 | cmca.uwa.edu.au IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF SI IN SHERGOTITE ACQUIRED BY DR MALCOLM ROBERTS ON A JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE. SAMPLE FROM DR GRETCHEN BENEDIX (CURTIN UNIVERSITY)

Centre Highlights

New Staff Staff p26 p28

The University of Western Australia | 21 the project were included in a new publication called One Moment in Time. This book was launched at Lotterywest’s 80th anniversary in June 2013 by Premier Colin Barnett.

The CMCA was chosen to share its story, which focussed on Lotterywest’s support of medical research excellence. In the 1990s Lotterywest provided three grants totalling over $2 million towards the purchase of specialist scientific equipment. The CMCA purchased a confocal microscope that has been used by many WA researchers over IMAGE / NEW INSTRUMENTS BEING DELIVERED TO CMCA PHYSICS the years to progress their research in so many different areas.

Centre News The National Resource Sciences World accolades continue Precinct already hosts more than 900 for microscope-in-a-needle National Resource research staff and is supported by scientist Sciences Precinct — research infrastructure worth more The University of Western Australia’s Positioning Perth as a than $700 million. UWA’s CMCA Director of the Centre for Microscopy, global research base operates more than 45 instruments Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia with a value of almost $50 million. Winthrop Professor David Sampson, has doubled its capacity to help find The instruments, as well as academic has been elected a Fellow of the new mineral ore deposits through research and technical support, are prestigious international society for funding for a new NanoSIMS imaging made available to more than 450 optics and photonics, SPIE. and analysis facility announced by users based locally, interstate and the then Federal Innovation, Industry internationally. Professor Sampson and his team at Science and Research Minister the Optical+Biomedical Engineering Kim Carr. Lotterywest’s Social Value Laboratory have been working at the Analysis Project forefront of breakthrough technology The equipment is part of a new In the first half of 2013, Lotterywest which is perfecting microscopic Advanced Resource Characterisation conducted a Social Value Analysis resolution to aid surgical intervention Facility (ARCF) in Perth, which will Project. Using the Most Significant - by putting a microscope inside receive a grant of $12.4 million from Change story telling technique, a standard hypodermic needle to the Science and Industry Endowment over 90 people (including retailers, enable 3-D scanning. In principal, Fund (SIEF). community organisations, it should allow surgeons to locate Lotterywest government partners and very small tumour elements, avoiding The new facility is being developed former board members) were asked the need for further surgery and as part of the National Resource to talk about the impact Lotterywest improving the prognosis of Sciences Precinct, a partnership had on them, their organisation or the patient. between UWA, CSIRO and Curtin the community. They were asked University that aims to position Perth to describe what they saw as the SPIE recognised Professor as a global centre for minerals and most significant change Lotterywest Sampson’s accomplishments as energy research. The SIEF grant, support had helped bring about. playing a critical role in advancing made jointly to the collaborators, will optical coherence tomography support the installation of three new Story selection workshops were held (OCT) technologies, particularly pieces of equipment: the NanoSIMS with Lotterywest staff, community for the anatomic imaging of airway to be located at UWA, a Maia Mapper representatives, board members diseases and intraoperative surgical at CSIRO and a Geosciences Atom and retailers to discuss and evaluate guidance in breast cancer. SPIE also Probe at Curtin University. which ‘stories of change’ were highlighted Professor Sampson’s perceived as ‘most significant’. Eighty effective collaborations and of the stories of change collected for productive leadership skills in the field.

22 | cmca.uwa.edu.au CMCA takes delivery of sample with chemical sensitivity. The new instruments co-localisation of AFM and confocal A number of new instruments have Raman microscopy in one instrument been installed at CMCA during allows the detailed investigation 2012/2013 including: Hysitron TI 950 of samples with respect to their Triboindenter; Aperio slidescanner; topography, mechanical properties FEI Verios 460 XHR; FEI Titan G2 80- and chemical composition. 200 with ChemiSTEM Technology; WiTEC Alpha 300 AFM/Raman; Optical and Confocal Zeiss Xradia VERSA XRM 520; and a We have added to the Optical IMAGE / MICROSCOPE IN A NEEDLE BRUKER MRI 9.4T Biospec. Microscopy facilities, installing a Leica (Aperio) Scanscope Oil Immersion X-ray microscopy (XRM) Digital Slide Scanner (50x and 100x) In August 2013 the CMCA took in early 2013. SPIE is the international society for delivery of a new Xradia Versa 520 optics and photonics, a not-for-profit X-Ray microscope (XRM). This organisation founded in 1955 to instrument is the latest generation advance light-based technologies of 3D XRM imaging solutions and has 225,000 members in for undertaking non-destructive 150 countries. micro-computed tomography. The instrument is highly versatile, Professor John Kuo - operating over a wide range of Outstanding Paper for 2013 voltages on millimetre to centimetre John Kuo and fellow authors were sized samples, permitting awarded a joint first prize for the applications across the biological, Systematics and Biodiversity material and geological sciences. Outstanding papers for 2013 as With sub-micrometre resolution selected by the Associate Editors, the possible, the Versa XRM will facilitate Editorial Board and Editor-in-Chief. fine scale structural imaging in 3D and will underpin correlative The paper was noted as being a approaches to characterisation using comprehensive phylogenetic analysis alternative imaging and analytical of an economically important but platforms. taxonomically difficult group of marine IMAGE / MRI BEING HOISTED INTO HARRY PERKINS angiosperms, and perfect because of Scanning probe INSTITUTE BUILDING TAKEN BY PAUL RIGBY its approach, both global (all species microscopy of Zosteraceae), both hemispheres, The centre now has a new Scanning Magnetic Resonance and four loci. Probe Microscopy facility with the Imaging introduction of a Hysitron Ti 950 CMCA was delighted to take During 2013, the journal received TriboIndenter and a WITec alpha delivery of a Bruker Biospec 9.4T 93 manuscript submissions and the 300RA+ combined atomic force MRI on Sunday 16 March 2014. The acceptance rate was 52%. Clearly, microscope (AFM)/confocal Raman instrument was hoisted by crane onto John‘s paper set a very high standard microscope. The Hysitron Ti 950 the third floor of the Harry Perkins for research quality. allows nano-indentation and wear Institute on the QEII site. testing of a sample to determine J.A. Coyer, G. Hoarau, J. Kuo, A. Tronholm, its mechanical properties such as This is a high performance multi- J. Veldsink, & J.L. Olsen,. Phylogeny and temporal divergence of the seagrass elastic modulus and wear resistance. nuclear system for non-invasive high- family Zosteraceae using one nuclear and Atomic force microscopy enables resolution imaging and spectroscopy three chloroplast loci. Systematics and 3-dimensional imaging at the in preclinical, preserved sample, plant Biodiversity Vol.11(3): 271-284.2013 nanometer scale by scanning a and materials research. very sharp tip across the sample surface, which can be carried out This instrument has the latest in air or in-situ. Confocal Raman generation of parallel receive microscopy facilitates mapping of a and transmit hardware to decrease experiment time without compromising image resolution or contrast.

The University of Western Australia | 23 With his new knowledge and UWA News articles: improved tool-kit in biological October 2012: NanoSIMS, Prof. Kilburn will be in ARC Future Fellow Daniel Murphy. UWA News: October 2012. There’s a bear in there a strong position to support users — but he won’t stop the work. from the biomedical sciences in their experiments. April 2013: David Wacey’s paper The first-ever snapshot of primitive Electron Microscopy organisms eating each other has been The CMCA’s electron microscopy found in ancient fossils examined by a team facilities received a major boost in of scientists at The University of Western Australia. 2013 with the funding of new flagship scanning and transmission electron April 2013: microscopes. With substantial Jeremy Shaw’s paper: support from the Australian Research Every year millions of birds make heroic migratory journeys across oceans and Council backed up by significant continents guided by the Earth’s magnetic IMAGE / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR KIRK FEINDEL investment from UWA and the other field. How they detect those magnetic fields LOOKING THROUGH THE NEW MRI. IMAGE BY partner institutions, the CMCA was has puzzled scientists for decades. PAUL RIGBY able to secure two world-class June 2013: New skills from Harvard instruments, both of which are the The University of Western Australia’s first of their kind in Australia. The two Director of the Centre for Microscopy, microscopes, FEI Titan G2 80-200 Characterisation and Analysis, Winthrop Professor David Sampson, has been elected TEM with ChemiSTEM Technology a Fellow of the prestigious international and FEI Verios XHR SEM, arrived in society for optics and photonics, SPIE. March 2014 and have been installed into customized laboratory space August 2013: Dr Ruth Thornton of UWA’s School of within the CMCA’s facility within the Paediatrics and Child Health is part of a UWA Physics Building. team whose findings could reduce the need for antibiotics and surgery, and help tackle hearing loss in Indigenous communities. Featured on Channel 7’s Today Tonight programme, 9th August.

Professor Matt Kilburn, the August 2013: For the second year in a row, Winthrop NanoSIMS Flagship Engineer in Professor David Sampson, Research AMMRF and CMCA’s SIMS group Associate Professor Robert McLaughlin and leader recently returned from a Top press picks Winthrop Professor Christobel Saunders “DMSP biosynthesis by an animal have been selected as finalists for the six-month sabbatical with Professor ANSTO Eureka Prize for Innovative Use Claude Lechene at Harvard Medical and its role in coral thermal stress of Technology. Microscope in a Needle: School. This lab has been key in response” published in Nature in featured on ABC News. developing techniques for applying October 2013. CMCA’s Associate Professor Peta August 2013: NanoSIMS to biomedical research, The University of Western Australia has primarily in the use of stable isotope Clode was one of the team whose doubled its capacity to help find new mineral labelling to identify new cell growth. paper on DMSP production by ore deposits through funding for a new corals was published in Nature. The NanoSIMS imaging and analysis facility Prof. Kilburn was involved in projects announced yesterday by Federal Innovation, to identify new cell generation in the paper attracted worldwide media Industry Science and Research Minister brain, the intestines and in human fat attention - being highlighted in more Kim Carr. cells. He said “Working in another lab than 35 web pages, newspaper articles, newsletters, and reports, November 2013: in anopther country is an enlightening Evidence of complex microbial ecosystems experience on many levels. Not only including Science Daily, ABC Online, dating back almost 3.5 billion years has does it give one the opportunity to NASA, Discovery News, and The been found in Western Australia’s Pilbara Daily Telegraph. Since publication, region by an international team including learn something new and interact with UWA Research Assistant Professor David different people, but it also provides the paper has received almost Wacey. Dave Wacey’s latest publication insights into how other organisations 5000 views. (in collaboration with colleagues in the US) is hitting the media in a big way. story. conduct research and how research Featured: ABC radio news13 November is funded, and for me has reaffirmed 2013. ABC TV crew came to the Centre to the relative stability we still enjoy here film Dave Wacey. in Australia.”

24 | cmca.uwa.edu.au CMCA Student news ÌÌ Gerard Ricardo: The impacts of both successful in obtaining UPA + CMCA staff co-supervise post- dredging on the early life histories top up PhD scholarships in 2013. graduate students with colleagues of corals off Western Australia’s Pia began her PhD at CMCA in in a number of UWA schools and coastline. August 2013 looking at the effects centres, and collaborators at other ÌÌ Ivan Lozic: Targeted of dredging on corals and is based institutions, e.g. Murdoch University. nanotechnology based therapies at AIMS Townsville, working as part A list of the CMCA’s co-supervised for oxidative stress following of the WAMSI dredging node team. students is given below. partial injury to the central nervous Pia’s supervisors are Peta Clode, system. Ross Jones (AIMS Perth), Andrew Having been given special permission ÌÌ Liza Roger: Response Negri, and Alan Duckworth (AIMS by the University in 2009 to directly of calcareous pteropods Townsville). Crystal, a Masters accept students through the CMCA, (Euthecosomata) to environmental student at CMCA in 2012-3, will begin the CMCA-enrolled student cohort change. her PhD in 2014 and will work on has now grown to five. In a notable ÌÌ Luke Thomas: Resilience of a high trypanosome parasites in Australian milestone, the first of this group latitude coral reef system. marsupials in close collaboration of PhD students, Rahi Varsani, ÌÌ Patrick Hayes: Does calcium with the Murdoch Parasitology submitted his thesis in December toxicity explain the absence of group. Crystals’s supervisors are 2013 and will become the CMCA’s most Proteaceae from calcareous Peta Clode, Chris Peacock (UWA), first completion in 2014. habitats?. and Andy Thompson (Murdoch ÌÌ Pia Bessell-Browne: Lethal and University). CMCA Students sub-lethal impacts of dredge Students who are supervised by related pressures on corals. CMCA staff: ÌÌ Rahi Varsani: Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticle chain ÌÌ Abbie Creamer: Immune formation and its effects on mechanisms of anaphylaxis. transverse proton relaxation rates. ÌÌ Alaa Munshi: Developing hybrid ÌÌ Sapha Mosawy (RMIT): The effect noble metal nanoparticles for of the flavonols quercetin and 3’, applications in , sensing 4’ dihydroxyflavonol on platelet and imaging. function in vitro and in vivo. ÌÌ Alastair Boyd: The identification ÌÌ Taryn Foster: Potential impacts of and characterisation of magnetic higher ocean acidity and warmer iron in the honey bee Apis water temperatures on Abrolhos mellifera. Island corals. ÌÌ Andrew Haynes: The effect of distinct modalities of acute CMCA PhD exercise and exercise training on scholarship success markers of platelet activation in CMCA-enrolled PhD students Patrick humans. Hayes and Gerard Ricardo, who both ÌÌ Caio Guilherme Pereira: Genetic began their PhD in August 2013, were IMAGE / PhD STUDENT PATRICK HAYES mechanisms governing the cellular awarded APA + top up scholarships. compartmentation of calcium in Patrick who is jointly enrolled in Plant Proteaceae species. Biology, is investigating calcium ÌÌ Christina Yip (University of toxicity in Proteaceae plants. His Melbourne): Characterisation of supervisors are Hans Lambers and the age-specific differences in Peta Clode (UWA). Gerard, who is platelet physiology and function. based at AIMS Townsville, is looking ÌÌ Crystal Cooper: Identification of an at the effects of dredging on coral unknown acoel flatworm (Acoela) larval stages, as part of the WAMSI from Rottnest Island, Western dredging node team. Gerard’s Australia. supervisors are Peta Clode, Ross ÌÌ Genie Burchall (RMIT): Jones (AIMS Perth), and Andrew Haemostasis in polycystic Negri (AIMS Townsville). Additionally, ovarian syndrome. CMCA-enrolled students Pia Bessell- Browne and Crystal Cooper were

The University of Western Australia | 25 IMAGE / CAPEWEED (ARCTOTHECA CALENDULA) – FLOWER STAMEN AND POLLEN

New Staff

Thomas Becker Diana Engineer Irma Larma- Thomas joined the Diana completed Cornwall CMCA in January her Masters in Ms Irma Larma- 2013 to support Science (2012) Cornwall the Scanning from the University joined CMCA Probe Microscopy of Technology in September at UWA. He Sydney and 2013 as a Senior also provides joined CMCA as a Graduate Research Officer, where she works assistance for the nano-mechanical Research Assistant in July 2013, closely with the flow cytometry testing equipment and the newly providing assistance in the Bio- technique group. She has 10 years acquired combined AFM/confocal Imaging area and to provide back- of experience in cytometry research, Raman system at the CMCA. up support in Flow Cytometry. with 4 years of flow cytometry She has been actively involved in facility operation and management. Thomas studied Physics at the user trainings on the in-vivo Micro Initially working on molecular University of Ulm in Germany and CT-Skyscan 1176 and the X-Ray autoimmunity, particularly Lupus, completed his PhD at the University Microscope Versa 520 Micro CT Irma refocused her research into of Twente (The Netherlands) in 2005. which includes training them on data tumour immunology, therapy and viral processing and analysis softwares. vaccines before joining WAIMR four Since August 2005 Thomas has She continues to be a technical years ago where she worked as both managed the SPM facility of the point of contact for the Micro CT researcher and the flow cytometry Nanochemistry Research Institute applications specialists and the users, facilities operator/manager. She has at Curtin University and provides developing a better understanding extensive experience in cell sorting; instrument training and support for across the various Bio-imaging including single cell sorting, four- new and experienced SPM users and modalities at CMCA. way sorting, sorting onto slides and is involved in many projects from a sorting for down-stream applications broad spectrum of research. such as adoptive transfers, PCR and microarrays across a diverse range of fields. Irma’s experience in user training, data analysis and interpretation and development of a wide variety of staining and sorting protocols is a valuable asset at CMCA.

26 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Malcolm Roberts Paul Guagliardo Aaron Dodd Malcolm Paul completed Since graduating joined CMCA his PhD in the from UWA in in November School of Physics 2003 with a 2013 as Senior at UWA in 2011, PhD in Materials Research Officer with a thesis Engineering, (Electron Beam entitled “Positron Aaron has Microanalysis). He did his first degree annihilation studies of solids and worked as a research scientist with in geology at the University of Wales, surfaces”. His research involved nanotechnology start-ups Antaria Ltd Cardiff, and completed his PhD in studies of the interactions between and iCeutica Ltd, both of which were 1995 at University of Manchester, UK, low energy positrons and surfaces, spun-out from UWA. He has also specialising in the petrogenesis of as well as positron annihilation worked as a post-doc in the Centre granitoid magmas under the auspices investigations of a range of materials for Microscopy, Characterisation and of John Clemens. Following a post- including engineering alloys, oxide Analysis at UWA and in the Electron doc at Universitaet Salzburg, Austria, semiconductors, cementitious Microscope Unit at UNSW. Aaron’s studying granulite-facies rocks in materials, mesoporous silicates main research interests relate to the Bohemian Massif, he moved to and polymer and clay particles for the synthesis and characterisation Rhodes University, South Africa to drug delivery. After working for two of nanoparticulate powders, lecture and manage their (aging JEOL years in the School of Physics as a including oxide semiconductors and 733) electron microprobe, before Research Associate involved in the pharmaceuticals. Aaron joined CMCA joining the Council for Geoscience in development of a positron beam in December 2013. 2003. From 2007, Malcolm worked as line and a coincidence Doppler principal geologist for a Perth-based broadening spectrometer, Paul exploration company operating in the joined CMCA in December 2013 as a PNG highlands. His research interests Research Officer with the SIMS team. revolve around the petrogenesis of high-grade metamorphic rocks and their relationship to granitoid magmatism.

The University of Western Australia | 27 IMAGE (L-R) X-RAY MAP OF CA IN GARNET, ACQUIRED THE CYTOSKELETAL ARCHITECTURE OF A MOUSE HIPPOCAMPUS ACQUIRED BY ELEANOR DRUMMOND ON A JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE BY DR MALCOLM MULTINUCLEATED OSTEOCLAST. IMAGE ACQUIRED BY ON LEICA MPC AT CMCA ROBERTS NATHAN PAVLOS, AT CMCA Staff

Kirk Feindel Hava Zhang Peter King Kirk Feindel has Hava Zhang has Peter has joined joined CMCA joined the CMCA the CMCA as a Research as Administrative as Technical Associate Officer. Hava Operations Professor to obtained a Manager. Peter oversee the Master of obtained a PhD development of research programs Professional Accounting at UWA in Biochemistry from the University on our flagship 9.4 T Bruker BioSpec Business School in 2011. She also of Bristol, UK and then moved into MRI scanner. He has significant gained a B.A. in English-Chinese the commercial sector developing experience in the development Translation/Interpretation and a analytical instrumentation and of multidisciplinary collaborative Diploma of Accounting from Sichuan software. As R&D manager and research projects in academic and International Studies University in Technical Director of an instrument government research labs, and 2006 at Chongqing, the largest manufacturer in the UK, Peter led teaching hospitals. He completed direct-controlled municipality in the development of a series of high a postdoctoral fellowship in rheo- China. Before moving to Australia, performance UV-Vis spectrometers NMR with Prof. Sir Paul Callaghan, Hava worked in Beijing for several for studying reaction kinetics and following his PhD studies in solid- consulting and trading companies for polarised light spectroscopy state NMR of quadrupolar nuclei as secretary as well as translator/ including fluorescence anisotropy and MRI of hydrogen fuel cells with interpreter. She also previously and circular dichroism. Peter was Prof. Roderick Wasylishen. Kirk’s worked at the Centre for Exploration also lead software developer of a primary research interest is in the Targeting at UWA before becoming series of innovative multivariate data development of improved MRI part of the administrative team analysis software applications. Since contrast based on endogenous at CMCA. migrating to Australia in 2007 Peter structural and biochemical has worked in the Biotechnology mechanisms. investment sector and has also provided business development and project management consulting for a Perth based electronic product design company.

28 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Staff Promotions

Matt Kilburn Matt originally took charge of the Jeremy Shaw promoted to NanoSIMS laboratory, and since promoted Professor his arrival in 2006, it has become to Research Matt’s primary one of the most productive in the Assistant role is to provide community. Professor leadership within Jeremy is a the Ion Probe A key activity now involves performing research associate Facility and the nuclear forensic services for the with a PhD in marine and biological SIMS technique group. This includes International Atomic Energy Agency sciences. His principal research developing high-quality research (IAEA). From October 2012 the interests involve the elucidation around the two ion probes, managing CMCA was inducted into the IAEA’s of the cellular and organic matrix the day-to-day operation of the Network of Analytical Laboratories driven processes of invertebrate laboratory, and providing a seamless (NWAL) after a two-year qualification biomineralisation. Dr Shaw’s main and expedient user experience. process. Matt was also instrumental field of expertise is in electron The SIMS technique explores the in ensuring that the Ion Probe microscopy (TEM and SEM), coupled chemical and isotopic variations in Facility was included in Macquarie with analytical techniques such materials at the micron to sub-micron University’s application to become an as energy-filtered TEM and X-ray scale, across a range of disciplines. ARC Centre of Excellence. microanalysis (EDS).

Staff List 2013 ÌÌ W/Prof. David Sampson ÌÌ Assoc/Prof. Kirk Feindel ÌÌ Asst/Prof. Jeremy Shaw (Director) ÌÌ Dr Paul Guagliardo ÌÌ Dr Brian Skelton ÌÌ Prof. Martin Saunders (Deputy ÌÌ Prof. Brendan Griffin (Honorary) ÌÌ Asst/Prof. Michael Stat Director) ÌÌ Jeanette Hatch ÌÌ Asst/Prof. Alexandra Suvorova ÌÌ Sean Webb (Centre Manager) ÌÌ Assoc/Prof. Andrew Johnson ÌÌ Dr David Wacey (joint appointment ÌÌ Steve Parry (Laboratory (Honorary) with UWA School of Earth and Manager) ÌÌ Prof. Matt Kilburn Environment) ÌÌ Dr Tamara Abel ÌÌ Dr Peter King ÌÌ Hava Zhang ÌÌ Liz Albert ÌÌ Lyn Kirilak ÌÌ Assistant Prof Thomas Becker ÌÌ Prof. John Kuo (Honorary) ÌÌ Alysia Buckley ÌÌ Irma Larma ÌÌ Dr Lindsay Byrne ÌÌ Assoc/Prof. Matthew Linden ÌÌ Asst/Prof. John Cliff ÌÌ Asst/Prof. Laure Martin ÌÌ Assoc/Prof. Peta Clode ÌÌ Asst/Prof. Janet Muhling ÌÌ Dana Crisan ÌÌ John Murphy ÌÌ Dr Aaron Dodd ÌÌ Dr Anthony Reeder ÌÌ Peter Duncan ÌÌ Assoc/Prof. Paul Rigby ÌÌ Diana Engineer ÌÌ Dr Malcolm Roberts

The University of Western Australia | 29 Conferences and Visits

IMAGE / X-RAY MAP OF FE IN SPINEL ACQUIRED ON A JEOL 8530F HYPERPROBE BY DR MALCOLM ROBERTS. SAMPLE FROM JULIANA DA SILVA (CENTRE FOR EXPLORATION TARGETING, UWA)

30 | cmca.uwa.edu.au Visitor Associate Professor Peta CMCA Director is Clode visits the Red Sea Conference Chair Highlights Research Centre David Sampson, director of Red Sea Research: Peta Clode the Centre for Microscopy, met with Red Sea Research Centre Characterisation and Analsyis March 2013 — WA Health Director Professor Xabier Irigoyen (CMCA) and also of the Optical and Department who was visiting UWA. He was Biomedical Engineering Lab at The In March 2013 the CMCA hosted a impressed with Peta’s knowledge of University of Western Australia (UWA), visit from the Chief Medical Officer of the operations of CMCA and invited chaired the Australian and New WA, Professor Gary Geelhoed, and her to visit the Red Sea Research Zealand Conference on Optics and senior managers from the WA Health Centre at the King Abdullah University Photonics (ANZCOP) in Fremantle, in Department. of Science and Technology, Saudi December 2013. Arabia to share her knowledge March 2013 — Department of and experience of working within a Commerce centralised University facility. The University hosted two visitors from the Department of Commerce: Michele Clement, Director Science Joan was recently awarded 2nd in the Vicky is a research assistant in the & Innovation, and Chris Hill, General Nature category of World Press Photo department of haematology at the Manager. As part of the visit 2012 for a zooplankton image of the University of Melbourne. He and Matt they walked through the Centre Malaspina Expedition. Linden collaborate on a research accompanied by Steven Smith from project characterising platelet Chemistry & Bio Chemistry. April 2013 — Leadership WA function in children. As part of this In April 2013 The University of research, Vicky visited CMCA@ March 2013 — Major General Western Australia hosted a group of QEII in order to learn some flow Michael Jeffrey visits 45 members of Leadership Western cytometry techniques for platelet Major General Michael Jeffrey AO Australia. The CMCA was chosen to immunophenotyping that Matt has (Mil), CVO, MC (Retd), previous show part of the group around the developed. Governor General of Australia, Centre. Leadership WA’s program recently paid an impromptu visit to participants are high-potential December 2013 — The the flagship NanoSIMS instrument leaders, having already achieved International Society for Optics in the AMMRF at the University of significantly in their own field with and Photonics (SPIE) Western Australia (UWA). a demonstrated commitment to SPIE’s Andrew Brown, and 2013 community engagement. President Elect Phil Stahl enjoyed a Major General Jeffrey has a strong tour of CMCA, following the ANZCOP interest in landscape regeneration April 2013 — Herbert Siegmund conference in December 2013. and soils and has been appointed as (IAEA) a National Advocate for Soil Health Mr Herbert Siegmund from the Mass by the prime minister. He was visiting Spectrometry Unit of the Safeguards UWA to learn more about future Analysis Laboratory of International directions in soil health and was Atomic Energy Agency in Seibersdorf pleased to see our sophisticated spent a few days at the CMCA in technology applied to improving April. Mr Siegmund spent his time scientific understanding of soil with CMCA’s Assistant Professor ecosystems. John Cliff sharing technical expertise between labs. April 2013 — Mr Joan Costa The CMCA was fortunate to have a October 2013 — Vicky Karlaftis visit from Joan Costa, a professional from Haematology at the photographer who was also visiting University of Melbourne the Oceans Institute. Joan undertook Vicky Karlaftis visited Associate IMAGE / MAJOR GENERAL MICHAEL JEFFREY VISITS a small imaging project within CMCA, Professor Matt Linden’s lab at and also took some professional CMCA@QEII in October 2013. images of our microscopes in use.

The University of Western Australia | 31 IMAGE / SPECIES OF CHITON (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) IMAGED USING X-RAY MICROSCOPY (VERSA 520), SHOWING SHELL PLATES, SPICULES AND RADULA. IMAGE COURTESY OF JEREMY SHAW UWA AND KEVIN KOCOT UQ

Journal Papers

2012 2013 p33 p40

2010 2011 p25 p30

32 | cmca.uwa.edu.au 2012 Journal Papers

2012 Total 203 Book Chapters Biological/biomedical sciences 100 1. D. Wacey, In situ, high spatial resolution Physical sciences 63 techniques in the search for the origin Environmental/geosciences 40 of life, In: Seckbach, J. (Ed.) Genesis – In the Beginning. Precursors of Life, Chemical Models and Early Biological Evolution. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology v22, (804 pages), Part 2: 391-411, 2012 5. J.-P. Bacik, G.E. Whitworth, K.A. 13. M. D. Brown, R. van der Most, J.B. Stubbs, D.J. Vocadlo and B.L. Mark , Vivian, R.A. Lake, I. Larma, B.W. 2. J. Cliff, Elemental Signatures for Microbial Active site plasticity within the glycoside Robinson and A.J. Currie, Loss of Forensics, In: Cliff, J.B., Kreuzer, H.W., hydrolase NagZ underlies a dynamic antigen cross-presentation after Ehrhyardt, C.J. and Wunschel, D.S. mechanism of substrate distortion, complete tumor resection is associated (Eds.) Chemical and Physical Signatures Chemistry and Biology, 19(11): 1471- with the generation of protective for Microbial Forensics, (138 pages), 1482, 2012 tumor-specific CD8(+) T-cell immunity, Chapter 6: 71-88, 2012 OncoImmunology, 1:1(7): 1084-1094, 6. K.A. Bates, V.W. Clark, B.P. Meloni, 2012 3. L.R. Brooker and J. Shaw, Chiton S.A. Dunlop and J. Rodger, Short-term Radula: A Unique Model for low intensity PMF does not improve 14. M.I. Bruce, A. Burgun, G. Grelaud, Biomineralisation Studies, In: Seto, J. functional or histological outcomes in C. Lapinte, B.W. Skelton and Advanced Topics in Biomineralization, a rat model of transient focal cerebral N.N. Zaitseva, Reactions of (164 pages), Chapter 4: 65-84, 2012 ischemia, Brain Research, 1458: 76-85, 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane 2012 (TCNQ) with Alkynyl-Iron- and 4. M. Stat, A.C. Baker, D.G. Baker, D.G. -Ruthenium Complexes: Synthesis Bourne, A.M.S. Correa, Z. Forsman, 7. R.J. Betts, T.S. Mann and P.J. Henry, of Ru{C≡CC(CN)=C6H4=C(CN)2} M.J. Huggett, X. Pochon, D. Skillings, Inhibitory influence of the hexapeptidic (PPh3)2Cp, a New Donor-Acceptor R.J. Toonen, M.J.H. van Oppen and R.D. sequence SLIGRL on influenza A Molecular Array, Australian Journal of Gates, Molecular delineation of species virus infection in mice, The Journal Chemistry, 65: 763-772, 2012 in the coral holobiont, In: Lesser, M.P. of Pharmacology and Experimental (Ed.) Advances in Marine Biology, v63 Therapeutics, 343: 725-735, 2012 15. M.I. Bruce, N.N. Zaitseva, B.W. Skelton, (253 pages), Chapter 1: 1-46, 2012 Reactions of Ru(C≡CPh)(PPh3)2Cp 8. B. Bohman, l. Jeffares, G. Flematti, with silver(I): Molecular structure of Journal Publications L.T. Byrne, B.W. Skelton, R.D. Phillips, [Ag{h2-PhC2[Ru(PPh3)2Cp]}2]PF6 and 1. T. Alam, P.J. Felfera, M. Chaturvedi, K.W. Dixon, R. Peakall and R.A. Barrow, synthesis of a bis(vinylidene) complex, L.T. Stephenson, M.R. Kilburn and J.M. Discovery of tetrasubstituted pyrazines Journal of , Cairney, Segregation of B, P and C in as semiochemicals in a sexually 716: 281-284, 2012 the Ni-based superalloy, Inconel 718, deceptive orchid, Journal of Natural Metallurgical and Materials Transactions Products, 75(9): 1589-1594, 2012 16. M.I. Bruce, A. Burgun, B.K. Nicholson, A, 43: 2183-2191, 2012 C.R. Parker, B.W. Skelton and A.H. 9. B. Bohman, L. Jeffares, G. Flematti, White, Polarized complexes obtained by 2. T. Angerer, S.G. Hagemann and L.V. R.D. Phillips, K.W. Dixon, R. Peakall regiospecific substitution of a CN group Danyushevsky, Geochemical Evolution and R.A. Barrow, The discovery of in Ru{CCC(CN)=C(CN)2}(dppe)Cp* (Cp* of the Banded Iron Formation-Hosted 2-Hydroxymethyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)-5- = -C5Me5), Organometallics, 31: 4174- High-Grade Iron Ore System in the methylpyrazine: A semiochemical in 4181, 2012 Koolyanobbing Greenstone Belt, orchid pollination, Organic Letters, 14: Western Australia, Economic Geology, 2576-2578, 2012 17. M.I. Bruce, A. Burgun, G. Grelaud, C. 107: 599-644, 2012 Lapinte, C.R. Parker, T. Roisnel, B.W. 10. J.H. Bowie, M.I. Bruce, M.A. Buntine, Skelton and N.N. Zaitseva, Reactions of 3. E.S.M. Ang, N.J. Pavlos, S.M. Chim, A.S. Gentleman, D.C. Graham, P.J. Low, 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane with H.T. Feng, R.M. Scaife, J.H. Steer, G.F. Metha, C. Mitchell, C.R. Parker, poly-ynyl ruthenium and iron complexes, M.H. Zheng and J. Xu, Paclitaxel B.W. Skelton and A.H. White, Facile Organometallics, 31: 6623-6634, 2012 Inhibits Osteoclast Formation and decarboxylation of propiolic acid on a Bone Resorption Via Influencing Mitotic ruthenium center and related chemistry, 18. M.I. Bruce, B.W. Skelton and N.N. Cell Cycle Arrest and RANKL-Induced Organometallics, 31: 5262-5273, 2012 Zaitseva, A Ruthenated [3]Dendralene from Phenylethyne and an n3- Activation of NF-kB and ERK, Journal 11. G.A. Bowmaker, J.V. Hanna, R.D. Hart, of Cellular Biochemistry: 113, 946-955, Butadienyl−Ruthenium Complex, P.C. Healy, S.P. King, F. Marchetti, C. Organometallics, 31: 5034-5038, 2012 2012 Pettinari, B.W. Skelton, A. Tabacaruf 4. A. Arulpragasam, A.L. Magno, E. and A.H. Whitec, Mechanochemical and 19. M.I. Bruce, M.A. Fox, P.J. Low, Ingley, S.J. Brown, A.D. Conigrave, T. solution synthesis, X-ray structure and IR B.K. Nicholson, C.R. Parker, W.C. Ratajczak and B.K. Ward, The adaptor and 31P solid state NMR spectroscopic Patalinghug, B.W. Skelton and A.H. protein 14-3-3 binds to the calcium- studies of copper(I) thiocyanate adducts White, Substitution of tetracyanoethene sensing receptor and attenuates with bulky monodentate tertiary by ethynyl−metal complexes gives receptor-mediated Rho kinase signalling, phosphine ligands, Dalton Transactions, tricyanovinylethynyl (Tricyanobutenynyl) Biochemical Journal, 441: 995-1006, 41: 7513-7525, 2012 derivatives: syntheses, protonation, and 2012 addition of metal−ligand fragments, 12. M.D. Brasier and D. Wacey, Fossils Organometallics, 31: 2639-2657, 2012 and astrobiology: new protocols for cell evolution in deep time, International Journal of Astrobiology, 11(4): 217-228, 2012

The University of Western Australia | 33 20. E.A. Buvaylo, V.N. Kokozay, O.Yu. 30. P.A. Christin, M.J. Wallace, H. Clayton, 39. S. Dev, P. Prabhakaran, L. Filgueira, Vassilyeva and B.W. Skelton, E.J. Edwards, R.T. Furbank, P.W. K.S. Iyer and C.L. Raston, Microfluidic [2-(Dimethylamino)ethanol-k2N,O] Hattersley, R.F. Sage, T.D. MacFarlane fabrication of cationic curcumin [2-(dimethylamino)-ethanolatok2N,O] and M. Ludwig, Multiple photosynthetic nanoparticles as an anti-cancer agent, iodidocopper(II), Acta Crystallographic transitions, polyploidy, and lateral Nanoscale, 4(8): 2575-2579, 2012 Section E, E68: m419-m420, 2012 gene transfer in the grass subtribe 40. E.S. Drummond, R.N. Martins, D.J. Neurachninae, Journal of Experimental 21. O.V. Kozachuk, V.N. Kokozay, Handelsman and A.R. Harvey, Altered Botany, 63(17): 6267-6308, 2012 O.Y. Vassilyeva and B.W. Skelton, expression of alzheimers disease relation Bis[(cyanido- C)bis(1,10-phenanthroline- 31. J.E. Collins, S.J. Barnes, S.G. proteins in male hypogonadal mice, 2N,N)copper(II)] pentakis(cyanido- C) Hagemann, T.C. McCuaig and K.M. Neuroendocrinology, 153(6): 2789-2799, nitrosoferrate(II) dimethylformamide Frost, Postmagmatic Variability in ore 2012 monosolvate, Acta Crystallographic composition and mineralogy in the T4 41. X. Du, A.W. Rate and M.A.M. Gee, Section E, E68: m1218-m1219, 2012 and T5 ore shoots at the high-grade Redistribution and mobilization of Flying Fox Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit, Yilgarn 22. E.A. Buvaylo, O.V. Nesterova, V.N. titanium, zirconium and thorium in an Craton, Western Australia, Economic Kokozay, O.Yu. Vassilyeva, B.W. Skelton, intenselyweathered lateritic profile in Geology, 107: 859–879, 2012 R. Boča and D.S. Nesterov, Discussion Western Australia, Chemical Geology, of planarity of molecular structures using 32. A. Curatolo, R.A. McLaughlin, B.C. 330-331: 101-115, 2012 novel pentanuclear Cu/Ni complexes as Quirk, R.W. Kirk, A.G. Bourke, B.A. 42. D’Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, Lee- an example, Crystal Growth and Design, Wood, P. Robbins, C.M. Saunders and Pullen TF, Metcalfe J, Holt BJ, et al. 16. , 12: 3200-3208, 2012 D.D. Sampson, Ultrasound-guided Fish oil supplementation in early infancy optical coherence tomography needle 23. B.C.Y. Chan, X. Wang, L.K.W. Lam, J.M. modulates developing infant immune probe for the assessment of breast Gordon, D. Feuermann, C.L. Raston and responses, Clinical and Experimental cancer tumor margins, American Journal H.T. Chua, Light-driven high-temperature Allergy, 42(8): 1206-1216, 2012 of Roentgenology, 199(4): 520-522, continuous-flow synthesis of TiO2 nano- 2012 anatase, Chemical Engineering Journal, 43. N. D’Vaz, Y. Ma, J.A. Dunstan, T.F. Lee-Pullen, C. Hii, S. Meldrum, G. 211-212: 195-199, 2012 33. D. D’Alessio, L.E. Karagiannidis, B.W. Zhang, J. Metcalfe, A. Ferrante and Skelton, M. Massi and M.I. Ogden, 24. J.C. Clements, J. Wilson, M.W. S.L. Prescott, Neonatal protein kinase Hydrated lanthanoid complexes of Sweetingham, J. Quealy and G. Francis, C zeta expression determines the 5-(2’-Pyridyl)tetrazole formed in the Male sterility in three crop Lupinus neonatal T-Cell cytokine phenotype presence of Dimethyl Sulfoxide*, species, Plant Breeding, 131(1): 155- and predicts the development and Australian Journal of Chemistry, 65: 819- 163, 2012 severity of infant allergic disease, Allergy: 822, 2012 European Journal of Allergy and Clinical 25. X.Chen, R.A. Boulos, P.K. Eggers 34. D.D. D’Alessio, S. Muzzzioli, B.W. Immunology, 67(12): 1511-1518, 2012 and C.L. Raston, p-Phosphonic acid Skelton, S. Stagni, M. Massi and calix[8]arene assisted exfoliation and 44. L.G. Dyer, K.W. Chapman, P. English, M. M.I. Ogden, Luminescent lanthanoid 2D materials in waterstabilization of, Saunders and W.R. Richmond, Insights complexes of a tetrazole-functionalised Chemical Communications, 48: 11407- into the crystal and aggregate structure calix[4]arene, Dalton Transactions, 41: 11409, 2012 of Fe3+ oxide/silica co-precipitates, 4736-4739, 2012 American Mineralogist, 97: 63-69, 2012 26. X. Chen, J.F. Dobson and C.L 35. T. Darunsontaya, A. Suddhiprakarn, I. Raston, Vortex fluidic exfoliation of 45. H. Edwards, R.C.A. Thompson, W.H. Kheoruenromne, N. Prakongkep and graphite and boron nitride, Chemical Koh and P.L. Clode, Labeling surface R.J. Gilkes, The forms and availability Communications, 48(31): 3703-3705, epitopes to identify Cryptosporidium to plants of soil potassium as related 2012 life stages using a scanning electron to mineralogy for upland Oxisols and microscopy-based immunogold Ultisols from Thailand, Geoderma, 170: 27. C.J. Chernicoff, E.O. Zappettini, J.O.S. approach, Molecular and Cellular 11-24, 2012 Santos, M.C. Godeas, E. Belousova Probes, 26: 21-28, 2012 and N.J. McNaughton, Identification 36. D. De Santis, B. Foley, C.S. Witt and F.T. and isotopic studies of early Cambrian 46. P.K. Eggers, T. Becker, M.K. Melvin, Christiansen, The detection of NK cell magmatism (El Carancho Igneous R.A. Boulos, E. James, N. Morellini, A.R. alloreactivity by flow cytometric CD107a Complex) at the boundary between Harvey, S.A. Dunlop, M. Fitzgerald, K.A. assay, Methods in Molecular Biology, Pampia terrane and the Río de la Plata Stubbs and C.L. Raston, Composite 882: 477-489, 2012. craton, La Pampa province, Argentina, fluorescent vesicles based on ionic and Gondwana Research, 21: 378-393, 37. A.W. Debowski , C. Carnoy, P. cationic ampiphilic calix[4]arenes, RSC 2012 Verbrugghe, H.O. Nilsson, J.C. Advances, 2(15): 6250-6257, 2012 Gauntlett, A. Fulurija, T. Camilleri, D.E. 28. H.R. Chinnery, S. McLenachan, N. Binz, 47. E. Eroglu, V. Agarwal, M. Bradshaw, Berg, B.J. Marshall and M. Benghezal, Y. Sun, J.V. Forrester, M.A. Degli-Esposti, X. Chen, S.M. Smith, C.L. Raston and Xer recombinase and genome integrity in E. Pearlman and P.G. McMenamin, K.S. Iyer, Nitrate removal from liquid Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen without TLR9 Ligand CpG-ODN Applied to the effluents using microalgae immobilized topoisomerase IV, PLoS ONE, 7(4): Injured Mouse Cornea Elicits Retinal on chitosan nanofiber mats, Green e33310, 2012 Inflammation, American Journal of Chemistry, 14(10): 2682-2685, 2012. Pathology, 180(1): 209-220, 2012 38. R.D. Delima, A.C. Chua, J.E. Tirnitz- 48. S. Etemad, R.M. Zamin, M.J. Ruitenberg Parker, E.K. Gan, K.D. Croft, R.M. 29. H.R. Chinnery, S. McLenachan, and L. Filgueira, A novel in vitro human Graham, J.K. Olynyk and D. Trinder, T. Humphries, J.M. Kezic, X. microglia model: characterization of Disruption of hemochromatosis protein Chen, M.J. 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34 | cmca.uwa.edu.au 49. C. Evans, M.J. Latter, D. Ho, S.A.M.A. 60. B.S. Gully, J. Zou, G. Cadby, D.M. 70. N. Hondow, J. Harrowfield, G. Peerzade, T.D. Clemons, M. Fitzgerald, Passon, K. Swaminathan Iyer and Koutsantonis, G. Nealon and M. S.A. Dunlop and K.S. Iyer, Multimodal C.S. Bond, Colloidal graphenes as Saunders, Metallosurfactants in the and multifunctional stealth polymer heterogeneous additives to enhance preparation of mesoporous silicas, nanospheres for sustained drug delivery, protein crystal yield, Nanoscale, 4(17): Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, New Journal of Chemistry, 36: 1457- 5321-5324, 2012 151: 264-270, 2012 1462, 2012 61. C. Jackaman and D.J. Nelson, 71. H. Husin, Y-K. Leong and J. Liu, The 50. N.S. Fabina, H.M. Putnam, E.C. Franklin, Intratumoral interleukin-2/agonist CD40 effects of benzoic acid compounds in M. Stat and R.D. Gates, Transmission antibody drives CD4 +-independent -Al2O3 dispersions: Additional attractive mode predicts specificity and interaction resolution of treated-tumors and CD4 forces of particle bridging and precipitate patterns in coral-Symbiodinium +-dependent systemic and memory bridging, Colloids and Surfaces A: networks, PLoS ONE, 7(9): e44970., responses, Cancer, Immunology, Physicochemical and Engineering 2012 Immunotherapy, 61(4): 549-60, 2012 Aspects, 402: 159-167, 2012

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The University of Western Australia | 35 80. B. F. Kennedy, M. Wojtkowski, M. 90. Z-W. Lan and Z-Q. Chen, Scanning 100. S. Lionetto, A. Little, G. Moriceau, Szkulmowski, K.M. Kennedy, K. electron microscopic imaging and nano- D. Heymann, M. Decurtins, M. Karnowski and D.D. Sampson, Improved secondary ion microprobe analyses Plecko, L. Filgueira and D. Cadosch, measurement of vibration amplitude in of bacteria-like nanoball structures in Pharmacological blocking of the dynamic optical coherence elastography, oncoids from the Ediacaran Boonall osteoclastic biocorrosion of surgical Biomedical Optics Express, 3(12): 3138- Dolomite of Kimberley, northwestern stainless steel in vitro, Journal of 3152, 2012 Australia: testing their biogenicity, Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Carbonates Evaporites, 27: 33-41, 2012 101(4): 991-997, 2012 81. B.F. Kennedy, S.H. Koh, R.A. McLaughlin, K.M. Kennedy, P.R.T. Munro 91. Z-W. Lan and Z-Q. Chen, Exceptionally 101. J.W. Loh, M. Saunders and L-Y. 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The University of Western Australia | 45 159. S.F. Stone, G.K. Isbister, S. Shahmy, 168. M. Tonkin, L.F. Yeap, E.K. Bartle and 178. Z. Vukmanovic, S.J. Barnes, S.M. Reddy, F. Mohamed, C. Abeysinghe, H. A. Reeder, The effect of environmental B. Godel and M.L. Fiorentini, Morphology Karunathilake, A. Ariaratnam, T.E. conditions on the persistence of and microstructure of chromite crystals Jacoby-Alner, C.L. Cotterell, S.G.A. common lubricants on skin for cases in chromitites from the Merensky Reef Brown, Immune response to snake of sexual assault investigation, Journal (Bushveld Complex, South Africa), envenoming and treatment with Forensic Science, 58(S1): S26-33, 2013 Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology, antivenom; Complement activation, 165: 1031-1050, 2013 cytokine production and mast cell 169. J. Toster, K.S. Iyer, W. Xiang, F. Rosei, degranulation, PLOS Neglected Tropical L. Spicciac and C.L. Raston, Diatom 179. D. Wacey, N. McLoughlin, M.R. 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Massi, The of goethite in nickel laterite ore from and abnormal coordination modes, photochemistry of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl Western Australia. Part I. The relationship Organometallics, 32: 1913-1923, 2013 N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, between goethite morphologies and acid 165. R.B. Thornton, S.P. Wiertsema, L.A. Dalton Transactions, 42: 14100-14114, leaching performance, Hydrometallurgy, Kirkham, P.J. Rigby, S. Vijayasekaran, 2013 140: 48-58, 2013 H.L. Coates and P.C. Redmond, 176. F. Vinale, M. Nigro, K. Sivasithamparam, Neutrophil extracellular traps and G. Flematti, E.L. Ghisalberti, M. Ruocco, bacterial biofilms in middle ear effusion of R. Varlese, R. Marra, S. Lanzuise, A. Eid, children with recurrent acute otitis media S.L. Woo and M. Lorito, Harzianic acid: – A potential treatment target, PLoS a novel siderophore fromTrichoderma One, 8(2): e53837 (1-10), 2013 harzianum, FEMS Microbiology Letters, 166. E.S. Tjandra, R.A. Boulos, P.C. Duncan 347: 123-129, 2013 and C.L. 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46 | cmca.uwa.edu.au 186. C. Wanty, A. Anandan, S. Piek, J. 194. J.Z. Yang, R. Sultana, P. Ichim, X.Z. 203. Q. Zeng, N.J. Evans, B.I.A. McInnes, Walshe, J. Ganguly, R.W. Carlson, Hu, Z.H. Huang, W. Yi, B. Jiang and Y. G.E Batt, C.T. McCuaig, L. Bagas K.A. Stubbs, C.M. Kahler and Xu, Micro-porous calcium phosphate and E. Tohver, Geological and A. Vrielink, The structure of the coatings on load-bearing zirconia thermochronological studies of the neisserial lipooligosaccharide substrate: Processing, property and Dashui gold deposit, West Qinling phosphoethanolamine transferase application, Ceramics International, 39: Orogen, Central China, Mineralium A (LptA) required for resistance to 6533-9542, 2013 Deposita, 48: 397-412, 2013 polymyxin, Journal of Molecular Biology, 425(18): 3389-3402, 2013 195. X. Yang, L.X. Chin, B.R. Klyen, T. 204. D. Zhang, Y. Ma and M. Zhu, Shavlakadze, R.A. McLaughlin, Nanostructure and oxidative properties 187. S.R. Warrier, N. Haridas, S. M.D. Grounds and D.D. 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