Part I Before the Arrival of Japanese

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Part I Before the Arrival of Japanese Part I before the arrIval of JaPanese Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 1. the lInGUIstIC hIstorY of the bonIn IslanDs It is a little known linguistic fact that among a group of Western Pacific islands English is maintained as a community lan- guage of the indigenous population. These are the Bonin Islands. Today, these islands (also called the Ogasawara Islands) are part of Japan and their population, Japanese citizens, but the English language has survived there, as both a tool of communication and a marker of their unique identity. This book attempts to provide an outline of the English of the Bonin Islands in its various forms and incarnations from 1830 to the present. I begin in chapter 1 with a sketch of the islands’ history. Throughout their history, English has existed on the islands as a language system unto itself and as a contributing portion of other language systems. I outline these language varieties in chapter 2. Chapter 3 examines historical and social factors behind the evolu- tion of the pidginized English that served as the local lingua franca among early-nineteenth-century settlers and proposes that a creo- loid developed from this unstable pidgin into the first language of island-born speakers. Chapters 4 and 5 examine varieties of English used on the Bonins in the late nineteenth century subsequent to the arrival of the Japanese language on the islands. In the former, I exam- ine the historical state and social role of the creoloid English that evolved during this period and came to be used diglossically with Japanese as bilingualism progressed. The latter chapter presents a linguistic analysis of late-nineteenth-century Bonin English in the form of a case study. Chapters 6 and 7 parallel these chapters, with the former providing an examination of the sociohistorical issues behind Bonin varieties of English in the early twentieth century, as Japanese began to usurp the role of English in one domain after another, and the latter coordinating the available information con- cerning linguistic features of the English of this period. Chapters 8–10 deal with the U.S. Navy Era. I begin this section with an over- 3 Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 4 pads 91: english on the bonin islands view of the historical and social background of the era. Chapter 9 provides a description of the English of speakers raised during this period. Chapter 10 analyzes the processes by which the English of the twentieth-century Bonins became intertwined with Japanese to form a mixed language. Chapter 11 looks at English and other island language varieties following the reversion. Finally, chapter 12 puts the Bonins in context by comparing and contrasting them with other island language communities. 1.1. languaGe ContaCt termInology Before starting our examination of the Bonin Islands, let us clar- ify the meanings of several terms used in the study of language contact: pidgin, pidginized, creole, creoloid, and abrupt cre- olization. 1.1.1. pidginization and pidgin. A pidgin is a language system that evolves when speakers of two, three, or more languages come into contact with each other and cannot understand one anoth- er’s language. Typically, the language of the people with “power” (through economics, technology, warfare, sheer numbers, etc.) is learned imperfectly by the other groups. These groups acquire lexical morphemes from the powerful lexifier (or superstrate) language, but their understanding of grammatical morphemes and syntax (the way words are joined together to make meaningful sentences) is influenced by their various native languages (thesub - strate languages). Their misinterpretations (reinterpretations) of the grammar of the target language result in the grammatical simplification and restructuring of the language. In the early stages of pidginization, differences are seen among speakers of different native languages. For example, in Hawaii a Tagalog speaker (think- ing in verb-initial syntax) might say Work hard des people ‘These peo- ple work hard’, while a Korean or Japanese speaker may tend to put the verb at the end of a sentence as their native languages dictate, as in Name me no like ‘I don’t like the name” (Carr 1972; Bickerton and Odo 1976; Bickerton 1981). As pidgins develop, they become more homogeneous with less drastic variation among users; a pro- Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Linguistic History of the Bonin Islands 5 cess that Thomason (2001, 169) terms “crystallization.” Thus, pid- gins come to have definable grammatical rules. As Sebba (1997, 15) says, “They have vocabulary and grammatical structures, how- ever basic, which are accepted by their speakers. It is not the case that ‘anything goes.’” Some scholars (e.g., Sebba 1997) use the term “stable pidgin” for pidgins that have achieved some degree of homogeneity, while other scholars (e.g., Winford 2003) avoid this redundant terminol- ogy. Some researchers use terms like “prepidgin” or “jargon” to distinguish early unstable contact varieties. Holm (2000, 5) writes: “Although individuals can simplify and reduce their language on an ad-hoc basis (for example New Yorkers buying sunglasses in Lis- bon), this results not in a pidgin but a jargon with no fixed norms.” However, these distinctions are not always clear, and Holm (2000, 69) and other contact linguists speak of “prepidgin continua.” Hymes’s (1971, 84) archetypal definition is still current (as evidenced by its inclusion in Winford 2003, 270): “Pidginization is that complex process of sociolinguistic change comprising reduc- tion in inner form, with convergence, in the context of restriction of use. A pidgin is the result of such a process that has achieved autonomy as a norm.” In this book I speak of the development of a simplified variety of English through its long-term use by a com- munity of largely nonnative speakers as “pidginization” following Hymes’s usage. There is no evidence that the Bonin contact variety of English reached the level of stable pidgin before it began to be nativized. However, it is clear that the Bonins community fulfilled one of the central criteria for the development of a simple jargon into a sta- ble pidgin: tertiary hybridization (Holm 1988, 5; Sebba 1997, 103). This means, in short, that the pidginized English was used not just by nonnatives and native English speakers to communicate but as a third-party means of communication between two differ- ent nonnative language groups as a form of communication. (This is discussed at length in section 3.2.) I refer to that contact variety throughout this book as “Bonin Pidgin English.” I am not claiming that there was a stable pidgin and in this sense the label may be misleading; “Bonin Early Pidgin Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 6 pads 91: english on the bonin islands English” or “Bonin Unstable Pidgin English” might have served equally well, but the fact is that there is little information on which to base specific labeling anyway. One thing contact linguists do agree upon is that pidgins have no native speakers. A user of a pidgin is by definition a native speaker of some other language. A nativized pidgin is a creole. When speakers use a pidgin to communicate, there may be many complex relationships that the speaker can conceive of (in her mind, in her native language) but cannot verbalize in the pidgin due to its grammatically limited nature. Pidgins are good at expressing ideas like ‘I’m tired and hungry’ or ‘Shut up and work! I’ll hit you!’ but when the pidgin user conceives of a complex thought like ‘Hey, do you think he would threaten to hit me even if I were to tell him I was too hungry to lift these anymore?’ she may just have to continue working in silence. 1.1.2. creole, creoloid, and abrupt creolization. This gap between what a person can think and what she can say does not exist for children who have acquired a pidgin as their native (and often only) language. They expand the grammar of the pidgin and recycle its parts, changing simple words into complex grammati- cal features, so that, for example, s’pose becomes the grammati- cal feature to make conditional sentences (where the superstrate language English would have used if ). This developing complex- ity (not as the result of borrowing from some other language but within the heads of the children) is termed “noncontact induced expansion,” (Trudgill 2002, 69–70). Creolization is expansion through the nativization of a pidgin, and the creole language that the children create is a full-fledged language in which there are grammatical structures to express the cognitive relationships that their minds come up with. In the past, much attention was focused on children nativizing a stable pidgin (a process that has come to be known as “gradual creolization”), but recently another scenario has received much attention. Sebba (1997, 134) writes: “just as we know that children are likely to be born into a settled community where a stable or expanded pidgin is spoken, we can also be sure that children will not wait to be born until a rudimentary pidgin has become a sta- Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/article-pdf/91/1/3/452327/PADS91.01.pdf by guest on 26 September 2021 Linguistic History of the Bonin Islands 7 ble one.
Recommended publications
  • Seabirds in the Stomach Contents of Black Rats Rattus Rattus on Higashijima, the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan
    Yabe et al.: Seabirds in stomachs of Black Rats 293 SEABIRDS IN THE STOMACH CONTENTS OF BLACK RATS RATTUS RATTUS ON HIGASHIJIMA, THE OGASAWARA (BONIN) ISLANDS, JAPAN TATSUO YABE1,2, TAKUMA HASHIMOTO3, MASAAKI TAKIGUCHI3, MASANARI AOKI3 & KAZUTO KAWAKAMI4 1Rat Control Consulting, 1380–6 Fukuda, Yamato, Kanagawa, 242-0024, Japan ([email protected]) 2Tropical Rat Control Committee, c/o Overseas Agricultural Development Association, 8-10-32 Akasaka, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan 3Japan Wildlife Research Center, 3-10-10 Shitaya, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, 110-8676, Japan 4Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan Received 11 September 2008, accepted 7 July 2009 Eradication programs for invasive rodents have accelerated since On Higashijima, Ogasawara Islands, rats are threatening the island pioneering efforts by New Zealand biologists in the 1970s to species. Seabirds such as Bulwer’s Petrels Bulweria bulwerii conserve not only seabird populations but also island ecosystems and Tristram’s Storm-Petrels are threatened by Black Rats. Ten (Howald et al. 2007, Rauzon 2007). In Japan, Black Rat Rattus carcasses of Bulwer’s Petrels were found for the first time on the rattus eradication programs have been carried out recently in the island in July 2005 (K. Horikoshi pers. comm.). Pictures taken Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (Hashimoto 2009, Makino 2009). The during the period between June and October 2006 with automatic Ogasawara Islands are known to be a sanctuary for birds, including cameras (and the amount of rat tooth marks on bones) suggested several indigenous or endangered species such as Columba janthina that Black Rats preyed on more than 1000 Bulwer’s Petrels and their nitens, Apalopteron familiare, Tristram’s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma eggs, and that they also ate Tristram’s Storm-Petrels (Horikoshi et tristrami, Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel O.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonisation of the Mariana Islands: New Evidence and Implications for Human Movements V 479
    1 New evidence and implications ' for human movements in the Western Pacific John L. Craib Archaeologist Introduction Within the last five years, archaeological investigations on Saipan, ?inian and Guam has changed our understanding of the early period of human occupation in the Mariana Islands (Figure l). This work has not only extended the antiquity of human presence in these islands, it has provided a more detailed sample of the cultural assemblage asso- ciated with this early settlement. While increasing our knowledge of the prehistory of the Marianas, these new data, at the same time, offer important implications for human movement in the western Pacific. This paper provides a brief overview of recent fin- dings and discusses possible origins of the founding population in the Marianas and the implications this has for general movement within the western Pacific. Early sites in the Mariana Islands Two sites on Saipan, Chalan Piao and Achugao, are now dated to between 3000- 3600 cal BP; the calibrated age range at Unai Chulu, on Tinian, straddles 3000 BP. The assemblage recovered from these three sites include finely made pottery, much of it red- 478 V Le Pacifique de 5000 A 2000 avant le present /The Pacific from 5000 to 2000 BP I Figure 1 Mariana Islands in the Western Pacific. J. L. CRAIB- Colonisation of the Mariana Islands: New evidence and implications for human movements V 479 slipped, with a small percentage of sherds exhibiting finely incised and stamped deco- rations. Also presents in these deposits are a variety of shell ornaments manufactured almost entirely from Conus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Molluscs from the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia
    Nat. Hist. Res., Special Issue, No. I: I I 3-119. March 1994. Land Molluscs from the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia Taiji Kurozumi Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba 955-2 Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260, Japan Abstract More than twenty-four species of land molluscs, belonging to 13 families and 20 genera were collected from the 9 islands of the northern Mariana Islands, and 22 species are recorded for the first time from the islands. Six introduced species were recognized, including Achatina fulica and its predators, Euglandina rosea and Gonaxis kibweziensis. Almost all of the genera are widely distributed on Micronesian islands. Only one species, Ptychalaea sp., may show dispersal from the northern area to the northern Marianas. Key words: Land molluscs, Ptychalaea, Achatina fulica, northern Mariana Islands. The northern Mariana Islands are located in survey routes (see Asakura et al., 1994). Land the western Pacific between 16°22' and snails were collected from litter layers, tree 20°32 'N. Only two species of land molluscs, trunks, underside of leaves and among mosses. Partula gibba and "Succinea" sp., have so far In one to four sites on one island, a quadrat was been reported from the northern Mariana Is­ set on the forest floor, and soil-dwelling snails lands (Kondo, 1970; Eldredge et al., 1977). From were picked up by hand-sorting. May to June 1992, an expedition to the north­ A tentative list of collected specimens is ern Mariana Islands was conducted by the Nat­ given. Data on the materials are as follows; ural History Museum and Institute, Chiba island, number of specimens, registration (NHMIC) in cooperation with the Division of number of NHMIC with code CBM-ZM, collec­ Fish and Wildlife, Department of Natural Re­ tion site, collector and date in 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Ogasawara) Archipelago, Japan, and Its Identification Using Molecular Sequences from a Herbarium Specimen Collected More Than 100 Years Ago
    ISSN 1346-7565 Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 70 (3): 149–158 (2019) doi: 10.18942/apg.201901 Rediscovery of Liparis hostifolia (Orchidaceae) on Minami-iwo-to Island in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Archipelago, Japan, and its Identification Using Molecular Sequences from a Herbarium Specimen Collected more than 100 Years Ago 1,† 2,† 3 4 Koji TaKayama , Chie TsuTsumi , Dairo KawaguChi , hiDeToshi KaTo anD 2,* Tomohisa yuKawa 1Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 2 Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305- 0005, Japan. *[email protected] (author for correspondence); 3 Ogasawara Islands Branch Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Nishimachi, Chichi-jima, Ogasawara-mura, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan; 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan. † These authors contributed equally to this work Liparis hostifolia (Orchidaceae) on Minami-iwo-to Island in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Archipelago was rediscovered for the first time in 79 years during a field survey in 2017. Its identity was confirmed by morphological comparison and DNA extractions from herbarium specimens collected between 1914 and 1938. Results from the molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that L. hostifolia belongs to the L. makinoana complex. In comparison with other members of the L. makinoana complex, the broadly ovate labellum, short dormancy period, and flowering from November to March are unique characteristics of L. hostifolia. Results from the molecular phylogenetic analyses also suggested that L. hostifolia has had a long-isolated history in the Bonin Archipelago and probably migrated from temperate East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Structures, Composition, and Distribution on a Pacific Island, with Reference to Ecological Release and Speciation!
    Pacific Science (1991), vol. 45, no. 1: 28-49 © 1991 by University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Forest Structures, Composition, and Distribution on a Pacific Island, with Reference to Ecological Release and Speciation! YOSHIKAZU SHIMIZU2 AND HIDEO TABATA 3 ABSTRACT: Native forest and scrub of Chichijima, the largest island in the Bonins, were classified into five types based on structural features: Elaeocarpus­ Ardisia mesic forest, 13-16 m high, dominated by Elaeocarpus photiniaefolius and Ardisia sieboldii; Pinus-Schima mesic forest, 12-16 m high, consisting of Schima mertensiana and an introduced pine , Pinus lutchuensis; Rhaphiolepis­ Livistonia dry forest, 2-6 m high, mainly occupied by Rhaphiolepis indica v. integerrima; Distylium-Schima dry forest, 3-8 m high, dominated by Distylium lepidotum and Schima mertensiana; and Distylium-Pouteria dry scrub, 0.3­ 1.5 m high, mainly composed of Distylium lepidotum. A vegetation map based on this classification was developed. Species composition and structural features of each type were analyzed in terms of habitat condition and mechanisms of regeneration. A group of species such as Pouteria obovata, Syzgygium buxifo­ lium, Hibiscus glaber, Rhaphiolepis indica v. integerrima, and Pandanus boninen­ sis, all with different growth forms from large trees to stunted shrubs, was subdominant in all vegetation types. Schima mertensiana , an endemic pioneer tree, occurred in both secondary forests and climax forests as a dominant canopy species and may be an indication of "ecological release," a characteristic of oceanic islands with poor floras and little competitive pressure. Some taxonomic groups (Callicarpa, Symplocos, Pittosporum, etc.) have speciated in the under­ story of Distylium-Schima dry forest and Distylium-Pouteria dry scrub.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Land Snail Fauna (Mollusca) on a Remote Peninsula in the Ogasawara Archipelago, Northwestern Pacific1
    Endemic Land Snail Fauna (Mollusca) on a Remote Peninsula in the Ogasawara Archipelago, Northwestern Pacific1 Satoshi Chiba2,3, Angus Davison,4 and Hideaki Mori3 Abstract: Historically, the Ogasawara Archipelago harbored more than 90 na- tive land snail species, 90% of which were endemic. Unfortunately, about 40% of the species have already gone extinct across the entire archipelago. On Haha- jima, the second-largest island and the one on which the greatest number of species was recorded, more than 50% of species are thought to have been lost. We report here the results of a recent survey of the snails of a remote peninsula, Higashizaki, on the eastern coast of Hahajima. Although the peninsula is small (@0.3 km2) and only part is covered by forest (<0.1 km2), we found 12 land snail species, all of which are endemic to Ogasawara. Among these species, five had been thought to already be extinct on Hahajima, including Ogasawarana yoshi- warana and Hirasea acutissima. Of the former, there has been no record since its original description in 1902. Except for the much larger island of Anijima and the main part of Hahajima, no single region on the Ogasawara Archipelago maintains as great a number of native land snail species. It is probable that the land snail fauna of the Higashizaki Peninsula is exceptionally well preserved be- cause of a lack of anthropogenic disturbance and introduced species. In some circumstances, even an extremely small area can be an important and effective refuge for threatened land snail faunas. The native land snail fauna of the Pacific one such example: of 95 recorded species, islands is one of the most seriously endan- more than 90% are endemic (Kuroda 1930, gered faunas in the world (e.g., Murray et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Abundance of the Ogasawara Buzzard on Chichijima, the Pacific Ocean
    SEPTEMBER 2000 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 241 DE LA PLEA,M.R. 1985. Guia de AvesArgentinas, Falcon- NAROSKY, T. AND A.G. DI GIACOMO. 1993. Las Aves de la iformes. Edici6n del antor, Santa F6, Argentina. Provinciade BuenosAires: distribuci6n y estatus.Aso- DEEHoYo, J., A. ELLIOTT,ANDJ. SARGATAL.lEDS.]. 1994. ciaci6n Ornitol6gica del Plata, Vazquez Mazzini Ed y Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 2. New L.O.L.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina. World vultures to guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barce- --AND D. YZURIETA. 1973. Nidificaci6n de dos circi- lona, Spain. dos en la zona de San Vicente (Pcia. de Buenos A•- FIORA,A. 1933. E1peso de las aves.Hornero 5:174-188. res). Hornero 11:172-176. GONZ3•LEZLOPEZ, J.L. 1991. E1 Aguilucho Lagunero Cir- --AND --. 1987. Gu/a para la identificaci6nde cusaeruginosus (L., 1748) en Espafia.Situaci6n, Biol- las Aves de Argentina y UruguayßAsoc. Ornitol6g•ca ogia de la Reproducci6n, Alimentaci6n y Conserva- del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. ci6n. ICONA-•C.S.I.C, Madrid, Espafia. SAGGESE,M.D. AND E.R. DE LUCCA.1995. Reproducci6n GROSSMAN,M.L. ANDJ. HAMLET.1964. Birds of prey of del Gavilan Ceniciento Circuscinereus en la patagoma the world. Bonanza Books, New York, NY U.S.A. argentina. Hornero14: 21-26. HUMPHREY, P.S., D. BRIDGE, P.W. REYNOLDS,AND R.T. PE- S^LVADOR,S.A. 1988. Datos de peso de avesArgentinas. TERSON.1970. Birds of Isla Grande (Tierra del Fue- Hornero 13:78-83. go). Preliminary Smithsonian Manual. Smithsonian ß 1990. Datos de pesosde avesArgentinas 2. Hor- Inst., Washington,DC U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Differences in Vocalizations of Japanese Bush Warblers on Chichijima and Hahajima in the Ogasawara Islands
    Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 44(4), pp. 125–132, November 22, 2018 Differences in Vocalizations of Japanese Bush Warblers on Chichijima and Hahajima in the Ogasawara Islands Shoji Hamao Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305–0005 Japan E-mail: [email protected] (Received 4 August 2018; accepted 26 September 2018) Abstract Bird songs play an important role in species recognition in reproductive behaviors. Therefore, geographic variation in the songs of a given species affects gene flow and reproductive isolation. A previous study showed that Japanese bush warblers, Cettia diphone, on Hahajima in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands sing songs with a simpler acoustic structure than those of C. diphone in mainland Japan. I investigated whether the acoustic structure of songs differs between the populations on two neighboring islands, Chichijima and Hahajima. In type-H songs, the maxi- mum frequency was lower, the minimum frequency was higher, and the frequency range was, therefore, narrower on Hahajima than on Chichijima. In type-L songs, the maximum and minimum frequencies were lower and the frequency range was narrower on Hahajima than on Chichijima. A possible factor giving rise to the narrower frequency range on Hahajima is the sound transmission properties of the habitat, although further studies are needed to explore this hypothesis. Loose iso- lation among populations could produce differences in song structure because birdsong is a cultur- ally transmitted trait. Key words: acoustic structure, Cettia diphone, geographic variation, Japanese bush warbler, Ogasawara Islands, song Parus major, within a habitat, suggesting that Introduction blue tits use species-specific songs (i.e., songs Like morphological traits, bird songs have with a trill) to reduce aggressive interactions evolved under various selection pressures from with great tits, whose songs never include trills ecological and social factors (Kroodsma and (Doutrelant and Lambrechts, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Iwo Jima: a Family Waits for News, 1945
    The Battle of Iwo Jima: A family waits for news, 1945 Introduction As part of the effort to secure land close enough to Japan to launch attacks against the mainland, the US Army and Navy began bombing the Bonin Islands of Iwo Jima, Hajajima and Chichijima, in June 1944. Army and Navy bombers hit Iwo Jima for over eight months, culminating in seventy-four straight days of continuous airstrikes. Thirty-three of Lieutenant Bob Stone’s forty bombing missions were flown in the Iwo Jima campaign. The amphibious assault on the island began on February 19 and continued for 36 days. The United States suffered casualties of more than 6,800 dead and 20,000 wounded. Of the 20,000 Japanese soldiers defending Iwo Jima, only 1,083 survived. For the Stone family, Iwo Jima must have been particularly nerve-wracking. Four of the five Stone sons were involved in the invasion, including Bob and his stepbrother Barry Marks. Barry, a Marine, was stationed on Guam at a base near Bob’s. The brothers were able to visit each other frequently and share family news. Almost a month after the invasion of Iwo Jima began, Bob informed his parents that Barry was a part of the invasion. Excerpt from Robert L. Stone to Jacob Stone and Beatrice Stone, March 4, 1945. GLC09620.164 Until now I was unable to discuss the whereabouts of Barry’s outfit because it hadn’t come out in the newscasts or the papers. When I returned from rest leave, [on February 9th], he left me a note saying “when you next bomb Iwo be careful you don’t hit me” so of course I knew the 3rd marines were Iwo bound.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrology and Geochemistry of Boninite Series Volcanic Rocks, Chichi-Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan
    PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF BONINITE SERIES VOLCANIC ROCKS, CHICHI-JIMA, BONIN ISLANDS, JAPAN P.F. Dobson Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 S. Maruyama Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan J.G. Blank Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, 515 N. Whisman Road, Mountain View, California 94043 J.G. Liou Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Abstract An Eocene submarine boninite series volcanic center is exposed on the island of Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan. Five rock types, boninite, bronzite andesite, dacite, quartz dacite, and rhyolite, were distinguished within the boninite volcanic sequence on the basis of petrographic and geochemical observations. Boninite lavas contain high magnesium, nickel, and chromium contents indicative of primitive melts, but have high silica contents relative to other mantle- derived magmas. All boninite series lavas contain very low incompatible element concentrations, and concentrations of high-field strength elements in primitive boninite lavas are less than half of those found in depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts. Abundances of large-ion lithophile elements are relatively high in boninite series lavas, similar to the enrichments observed in many island arc lavas. Trends for both major and trace element data suggest that the more evolved lavas of the boninite magma series were derived primarily through high-level fractional crystallization of boninite. Textural features, such as resorption and glomeroporphyrocrysts, and reverse chemical zonations suggest that magma mixing contributed to the development of the quartz dacite lavas. Introduction A well exposed sequence of Eocene boninite series volcanic rocks are found on Chichi-jima (Figure 1), the type locality for boninites (Peterson, 1891).
    [Show full text]
  • 24. Paleomagnetic Evidence for Northward Drift and Clockwise Rotation of the Izu-Bonin Forearc Since the Early Oligocene1
    Taylor, B., Fujioka, K., et al., 1992 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 126 24. PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE FOR NORTHWARD DRIFT AND CLOCKWISE ROTATION OF THE IZU-BONIN FOREARC SINCE THE EARLY OLIGOCENE1 Masato Koyama,2 Stanley M. Cisowski,3 and Philippe Pezard4 ABSTRACT A paleomagnetic study was made on the deep-marine sediments and volcanic rocks drilled by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 126 in the Izu-Bonin forearc region (Sites 787, 792, and 793). This study evaluates the sense and amount of the tectonic drift and rotation associated with the evolution of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Izu-Bonin Arc. Alternating-field and thermal demagnetization experiments show that most of the samples have stable remanence and are suitable for paleomagnetic studies. Paleomagnetic declinations were recovered by two methods of core orientation, one of which uses a secondary viscous magnetization vector of each specimen as an orientation standard, and the other of which is based on the data of downhole microresistivity measurement obtained by using a formation microscanner. Oligocene to early Miocene samples show 10° to 14° shallower paleolatitudes than those of the present. Middle Miocene to early Oligocene samples show progressive clockwise deflections (up to ~80°) in declination with time. These results suggest large northward drift and clockwise rotation of the Izu-Bonin forearc region since early Oligocene time. Considering previous paleomagnetic results from the other regions in the Philippine Sea, this motion may reflect large clockwise rotation of the whole Philippine Sea Plate over the past 40 m.y. INTRODUCTION several tectonic models have been proposed, a common consensus has not yet been achieved.
    [Show full text]
  • 발행국명 코드 지시 Abu Dhabi → United Arab Emirates [Ts] Abu Zaby
    발행국명 코드 지시 Abu Dhabi → United Arab Emirates [ts] Abu Zaby → United Arab Emirates [ts] Aden → Yemen [ye] Aden (Protectorate) → Yemen [ye] Admiralty Islands → Papua New Guinea [pp] Aegean Islands → Greece [gr] Afars → Djibouti [ft] Afghanistan af Agalega Islands → Mauritius [mf] Agrihan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Aguijan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Ahvenanmaa → Finland [fi] Ailinglapalap Atoll → Marshall Islands [xe] Ajman → United Arab Emirates [ts] Alamagan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Aland Islands → Finland [fi] Albania aa Aldabra Islands → Seychelles [se] Algeria ae Alofi → Wallis and Futuna [wf] Alphonse Island → Seychelles [se] American Samoa as Amindivi Islands → India [ii] Amirante Isles → Seychelles [se] Amsterdam Island → Terres australes et antarctiques francaises [fs] Anatahan Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Andaman Islands → India [ii] Andorra an Anegada → British Virgin Islands [vb] Angaur Island → Palau [pw] Angola ao Anguilla am Code changed from [ai] to [am] Anjouan Island → Comoros [cq] Annobon → Equatorial Guinea [eg] Antarctica ay Antigua → Antigua and Barbuda [aq] Antigua and Barbuda aq Arab Republic of Egypt → Egypt [ua] Arab Republic of Yemen → Yemen [ye] Archipielago de Colon → Ecuador [ec] Argentina ag Armenia (Republic) ai Arno (Atoll) → Marshall Islands [xe] Arquipelago dos Bijagos → Guinea-Bissau [pg] 발행국명 코드 지시 Aruba aw Ascension Island (Atlantic Ocean) → Saint Helena [xj] Ascension Island (Micronesia) → Micronesia (Federated States) [fm] Ashanti → Ghana [gh] Ashmore and Cartier Islands ⓧ ac → Australia [at] Asuncion Island → Northern Mariana Islands [nw] Atafu Atoll → Tokelau [tl] Atauro, Ilha de → Indonesia [io] Austral Islands → French Polynesia [fp] Australia at Austria au Azerbaijan aj Azores → Portugal [po] Babelthuap Island → Palau [pw] Bahamas bf Bahrain ba Bahrein → Bahrain [ba] Baker Island → United States Misc.
    [Show full text]