INDEX

Abrahamic religion, 244 from conceptual deficiency, 29–31 Account of Virtue (More), 127 Confucius’s view of, 50 Adams, Robert, 101n4 from partiality, 28–29, 31 Affirmation: that prompt belief revision, 254 of life, 144–145 in Zhuangzi philosophy, 25, 26, 31–34 of the self, 149, 150, 153 Ariew, Roger, 100 Agapeic way of life, 141–153 Aristophanes, 162n12 and Nietzsche on the will to Aristotle: power, 143–145 on actions vs. arguments, 50n8 and Spinoza’s conatus, 143 on arts vs. virtuous actions, 236 and Unamuno on natural appetite for Bruni on, 73–75 endless existence, 146–152 in mapping desires exercise, 301 Agrippa’s trilemma, 27n6 on moral virtues, 296, 303 Alanen, Lilli, 90n7 on motivation by virtues, 304 Alexander historians, 17–20 on performing actions, 239–240 Alexander of Aphrodisias, 179n12 on Persian Magi, 11 Alexander the Great, 7, 9, 17, 18 Petrarch on, 70–73 Alexis, 9 on philosophia, 8 American Chemical Society, 277 Pico della Mirandola’s view of, 77 Amor fati (innermost nature), 206–207 political advice from, 13 The Analects (Confucius), 45, 46, 50, 52, 53 on true virtue, 233 , 13 Aristotelian tradition, 54, 55, 70 Angle, Stephen, 2, 294 Arrian, 10, 11, 12n13, 12n16 Ansell-Pearson, Keith, 207 Art of living (well), 75 The Antichrist (Nietzsche), 145 Bruni on, 73–75 Antirealist constructivism, 215–217. See also Foucault on, 231 Metaethical constructivism Petrarch on, 72–73 Antognazza, Maria Rosa, 100 philosophy as an, 234–238 (See also Apetrei, Sarah, 127 Philosophical way of life) Apology (), 73–74, 214 progressing in, 235–236 Argument(s). See also Dispute/disputation; in Stoic philosophy, 49–50 Reason COPYRIGHTEDand reasoning Ascesis, MATERIAL of Astell, 126 Aristotle on actions vs., 50n8 Assessment-based models of learning, 1 in conceptions of philosophy as a way Assessment of students, in philosophy of life, 31 courses, 306–307 Philosophy as a Way of Life: Historical, Contemporary, and Pedagogical Perspectives. Edited by James M. Ambury, Tushar Irani, and Kathleen Wallace. Chapters and book compilation © 2021 Metaphilosophy LLC and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Association principle, in Descartes’s Brennan, Tad, 178n10, 182n25 philosophy, 90–91 Brent, Doug, 283 Astell, Mary, 117 Brisson, Luc, 69n17 background and works of, 118–119 Broad, Jacqueline, 123, 133 on care of the self, 120–122, 124 Brucker, Jacob, 67 and feminism, 133–136 Bruni, Leonardo, 73–75, 77 and Foucault’s philosophical Buddhism: framework, 120 Chinese and Indian, 297 on marriage, 133–134 and practice of philosophy as a way of and philosophy as critique, 130–131 life, 241–243, 250, 252, 254, 260 and philosophy as feminist spirituality and Burnyeat, Myles, 156, 168 critical practice, 117–137 and philosophy as freedom Calanus, 14, 17, 18 practice, 132–133 Calculation (logismos), 157 and philosophy as practice, 123–124 Cambridge Platonists, 127 and philosophy as spirituality, 125–129 Care of the self, 120–122, 124–125 philosophy of, 118 Cartesian philosophy, 83–95 Attachment: and Astell’s method for proper Descartes on, 85–86 thinking, 127 to loved ones, 39–40 conception of knowledge in, 83–84 Augustine, 71, 73 concept of noble souls in, 87–88 Authoritarianism, 56 Descartes’s four metaphysical Autonomy, 133, 176, 189 truths, 85–87 primacy of ethics for, 88–92 Backus, Irene, 110n11 problems put forth against ethics of, 94–95 Baier, Annette, 92 role of temporality in ethics of, 92–94 Bar-Kochva, Bezalel, 19n27 spiritual nature of ethics of, 84–88 Belief(s): Case of Concealment, 45, 46, 52–60 changed by engagement with Case of Evasion, 45, 46, 52–60 philosophy, 256–257 CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), 261, 303 consistency of, in Stoic telos, 183–186 Celenza, Christopher, 67–69 justification of, 223 Challenges, as initiators of deliberation, 221 philosophical examination of, 213–215 Change: of professional ethicists, 255–256 for its own sake, in poetic self-examination of, 223 discourse, 161–167 in Socratic model, 218 of mind and will, in Stoic telos, 177–181 tension between actions and, 230 from philosophical reasoning and Best life, in poetry vs. in philosophy, 155. See reflection, 253, 255–259 also The good life through philosophical reasoning, 258–259 Bian, primary senses of, 26 in will, 174–176 (See also Stultitia) Bios(-i), 7 Chang Wuzi, 38 personal-level aspects of, 14–16 Charity: philosophia as, 7–8, 11, 13 (See also in effective altruism, 262–263 Philosophia and philosophoi) in Leibniz’s philosophy, 111 Body: Unamuno on, 150–151 Astell on, 123–124 Chase, Michael, 197–198, 202, 209 Descartes’s conception of, 83–85, 87, 95 Cheng Hao, 58 and Descartes’s provisional Chengxin (completed heart), 28–29 morality, 88–92 Chinese philosophy: and imagination, 91 esoteric Confucianism, 45–60 and moral development of soul, 91–92 Zhuangzi on the good life, 25–41 Rorty on, 91–92 Christianity: union of soul and, 83–85, 90–91 and Leibniz’s philosophy, 100–102 value placed by women on, 136–137 Petrarch’s identification with, 71 Brachmanes, 15–17 as philosophical way of life, 100–101

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Platonist framework for, 127 on global claims about philosophy, way of life in (see Agapeic way of life) 68n16 The Christian Religion as Profess’d by a on the good life, 203 Daughter of the Church of England on Hadot’s approach, 196–198, 201 (Astell), 118 on philosophy as a way of life, 31, Cicero, 9, 71, 74, 178n9 196–200, 208, 232–233 , 179n16 and teaching philosophy as a way Clement of Alexandria, 10, 11 of life, 295 Clutter Avoidance principle, 223n18 on wisdom, 214 Codex Juris Gentium (Leibniz), 109 Cosmos: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 261, 303 Brachmanes’ belief about, 15 Coherentism, 216–219, 223 Confucius on, 51 Collective action, Astell on, 134–135 Descartes’s view of, 85, 86 Commitment to a worldview, 238–240, 245 Egyptians’ view of, 20 Communal engagement, 261–263 Leibniz on, 109 Complete achievement, in conceptions of serious contemplation of, 239 philosophical way of life, 230–232 Zhuangzi’s view of, 38–39 Completed heart (chengxin), 28–29 Credences, 253–254 Completion, 28–30 Critique(s): Conatus (striving), 141, 143 of change and variety for their own sake, in Nietzsche on the will to power, 143–145 poetic discourse, 161–167 Unamuno on natural appetite for endless philosophy as, 129–131 existence, 146–152 Crito (), 74 Conceptual deficiency, argument from, 29–31 Ctesias of Cnidus, 10n7 Conflicts: , 19 as initiators of deliberation, 222 between life we want and current life, 230 Dandanis, 18 Confucius and Confucianism, 45–60 Dao, see The Way (Dao) Case of Concealment, 45, 46, 52–60 Davidson, Arnold, 104 Case of Evasion, 45, 46, 52–60 Death: esoteric interpretation of literature of, 46 Brachmanes’ perspective on, 15 esotericism in teaching of, 49–52 eternal perspective on, 160 ethics of, 47–49 and natural appetite for endless and filial piety, 45, 48, 52–60 existence, 146–152 Mohist dispute with, 27–28 revision of judgments of, 181n20 in Zhuangzi, 33 Zhuangzi on coping with, 37–40 Constructivism, 217. See also Metaethical Debate(s): constructivism at introductory course level, 280, Context: 282–283 and change through philosophical in philosophical schools, 296 reasoning, 258 Deficiency, conceptual, 29–31 and communal engagement, 262 Deliberation, 219–223 Contextualism, 30n9 Del sentimiento trágico de la vida en los Contingent causes, in , 178–181 hombres y en los pueblos “Conversation Between Father Emery the (Unamuno), 146 Hermit and the Marquis of Pinese, Descartes, René, 83–95 Minister of Savoy, Which Has Yielded a conception of knowledge by, 83–84 Remarkable Change in the Minister’s four metaphysical truths of, 85–87, 95 Life, or Dialogue About the Application Hadot on, 204 One Must Have for One’s Salvation” noble souls concept of, 87–88 (Leibniz), 113 on preservation of health, 94 Cooper, John, 3 primacy of ethics for, 88–92 on , 238 on principal utility of moral on defense of living a philosophic philosophy, 93 life, 169n17 on rationalizing desire, 93–94

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Desire(s): Leibniz’s philosophy, 97–114 Buddhist view of, 252 Education, 1. See also Learning; Pedagogy compiling inventory of desires, 299–301 considerations for academic practice, 209 conatus as, 143 Hadot on traits of universities, 203–204 Descartes on, 89, 93–94 impact of ethics classes on behavior, 257 mapping, 301–302 poetry in, 167–168 in poetic discourse, 165 Effective altruism, 262–263 rationalizing, 93–94 Elisabeth, Princess, 85–86, 91, 93–95 reflections upon, 299–302, 304–306 Eloquence, Pico della Mirandola on, 76–77 Socrates on, 164 Emotional attachment, to loved ones, 39–40 Detachment: Emotional detachment, in Zhuangist life, 37 from frameworks of thinking, 129 Emotions: from mental states, 223–224 Cicero on, 179n17 in metaphysical speculation, 95 discourse of, 158–160 in Zhuangist life, 37 negative, Descartes on, 94n8 De tranquilitate (Seneca), 174 in poetic discourse, 165 Dichotomies, oversimplification with, 30 Socrates on, 164 Dilation, in Leibniz’s philosophy, 109–110 , 13 Dilemmas, as initiators of deliberation, 222. Endless existence, natural appetite for, 146– See also Moral dilemmas 152. See also Immortality Diodorus Siculus, 10, 11, 12n16, 20 Enlightenment, 109–110 Diogenes Laertius, 20, 67, 75, 231 Entailment, 216 Diogenes of Sinope, 19 , 185n29, 187–188, Dionysus, 14 233–235, 259, 260 Disciplinarian, thinking like a, 284–285 Epicureans, 236–237, 242, 296 Discourse. See also Philosophical discourse , 73, 266 connection between life and, 161–167 Epistemology: of emotions and of theoretically oriented, 68 measurement, 157–161 university courses in, 99–100 poetic vs. philosophic, 160–168 Esotericism: Discourse on Method (Descartes), 88 in Confucianism, 49–52, 56–60 (See also Discourses (Epictetus), 233 Confucius and Confucianism) Discriminate/distinction, as sense of bian, 26 in interpreting Confucian literature, 46 Dispute/disputation: Strauss on, 47 and argument from conceptual Ethicists, beliefs vs. actions of, 255–256 deficiency, 29–31 Ethics: and argument from partiality, 28–29 of Astell, 121–122 as defining mode/characteristic of of care of the self, 124 philosophy, 26 Cartesian, 84–95 real right and wrong in, 27–31 Confucian, 47–49, 52–60 and unresolvability and undecidability Cooper on, 199 arguments, 27–28, 31 of Descartes, 84 Zhuangzi as philosophy beyond, 31–35 Foucault on, 120–121, 132 Zhuangzi’s criticisms of, 27–31, 37 impact of classes in, 257 Dissertation on the Combinatorial Art in Leibniz’s philosophy, 100, 111 (Leibniz), 106 living, 103 Domanski, Juliusz, 68 Philosophy as a Way of Life courses as Dualism, Astell on, 123–124 courses in, 286–287 Du Fu, 59 and political and theoretical philosophy, 99 Early modern period: Stoic, 182–183 Astell’s concept of philosophy as feminist Ethics (Spinoza), 141, 143 spirituality and critical Ethics and the Discovery of the Unconscious practice, 117–137 (Riker), 304–305 Cartesian philosophy as spiritual “The Ethics of the Concern of the Self as a practice, 83–95 Practice of Freedom” (Foucault), 119

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Existentialism, Leibniz’s philosophy and, 99 Hadot on, 108 Exoteric approaches: in poetic life vs. in philosophic Confucius’s use of, 51–52 life, 156, 165 in interpreting Confucian literature, 46 Socrates on pursuit of, 166–167 Freedom practice, philosophy as, Faith. See also Belief(s) 132–133 Leibniz on relation between rea- Free will, Descartes on, 86, 87 son and, 105 Friedman, Marilyn, 133 religious (see Religious faith/life) Fay, Brian, 294 Garber, Daniel, 100 Feedback to students, in philosophy Garin, Eugenio, 65n1, 66 courses, 307 Garmanes, 15–16 Fei, 27–30, 35–37, 41 The Gay Science (Nietzsche), 206 Feminism, philosophy and, 133–136 Gender, philosophy as way of life and, 117, Feminist spirituality and critical 118, 133–136 practice, 117–137 General introductory philosophy Astell’s background courses, 273–289 and works, 118–119 benefits of philosophy-as-a-way-of-life- and care of the self, 120–122 based introduction, 279–285 gender and philosophy as way of life, 117, challenges in teaching, 274 118, 133–136 concerns about philosophy-as-a-way-of-life key elements of Foucault’s model of basis for, 285–288 philosophy, 119–120, 122, 124–125, high-impact practices for, 282–283 129–130, 132 need for traditional philosophy philosophical practices/ways of life as in, 287–288 feminist tools, 133–136 philosophy as a way of life vs. standard philosophy as critique, 129–131 operating procedure philosophy philosophy as freedom practice, 132–133 in, 273–274, 282 philosophy as practice, 122–124 reframed to philosophy-as-a-way-of-life- philosophy as spirituality, 124–125 based courses, 278–279 and relationship between Hadot and scope of, 274–276 Foucault, 119–120 structure of, 275–276, 283 Ficino, Marsilio, 65–66, 69 student skills and background knowledge Filial piety, in Confucianism, 45, 48, 52–60 in, 276–277 Foucault, Michel, 117 success criteria for, 277 and ancient philosophers, 208 Giving What We Can, 262–263 on care of the self, 120–121, 124 Go along with things (yinshi), 36 on contemporary use of ancient God. See also Christianity; morality, 136 Religious faith/life key elements in philosophy model Astell on, 124 of, 119–120 contemplative reunion with, 127 on making life a work of art, 231 Descartes on, 85 on philosophy as critique, 129–130 introductory philosophy on philosophy as freedom course discussions of, practice, 132 286, 287 on philosophy as practice, 122 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 101–102, on philosophy as spirituality, 124–125, 128 107–108, 111, 112 reconceptualized Nietzsche on, 145 philosophy of, 119–120 Spee on, 110 relationship between Hadot and, 119–120 Unamuno on, 146, 147 on Stoic telos, 173–184, 186–189 Godlovitch, Roslind, 251 on transformation of life, 206n6 González Urbano, Eulalia, 142 understandings of The good. See also Virtue(s) philosophy of, 119 Bruni on, 74 Fraser, Chris, 30 Descartes on, 85, 86, 93–94 Freedom: Shapiro on, 88

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The good life: on effects of sound, 58n22 connection between truth and, 199 and Leibniz’s philosophy, 98–99, Cooper on, 199, 200, 203 102–104, 108–110 entering a community sharing your on philosophy, 31 view of, 238 on philosophy as a way of life, 67–68, exposing students to conceptions 87–88, 102–104, 108–110, 196–197, of, 282–283 200–206, 208 Hadot on, 201 on philosophy as the art of living, 40–50 irreducible normative component on reason and philosophical of, 266–267 discourse, 259 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 100 relationship between Foucault in Nietzsche’s philosophy, 207–208 and, 119–120 philosophy as way of life and broader on spiritual exercises, 46, 104, 110–111, themes of, 273 201, 259, 294–295 in poetry vs. in philosophy, 155–156 and teaching philosophy as a way of Sellars on, 203 life, 295–296 Socrates’ vision of, 163–164 Halliwell, Stephen, 162n11, 166n15, 166n16 students’ visions of, 273 Happiness: Zhuangzi’s conception of, 25, 35–37, 39 Bruni on, 75 (Plato), 301, 303 Cooper on, 200, 203 Grading, in philosophy courses, 306–308 irreducible normative component Graham, Angus, 28 of, 266–267 Greeks, ancient: Leibniz on, 105–106, 108, 111, 112 as equivalent to Indian , 19 Petrarch on, 71 non-Greek influences on philoso- as pleasure of the soul, 85n1 phy of, 10n9 as retreat from suffering, 21 philosophia as distinctive bios for, 7–8 in Socratic model, 214 (See also Philosophia and philosophoi) Harman, Gilbert, 223n18 philosophical schools and Health: communities of, 261 in art of living, 237 poets of, 162n12 Descartes on, 93 unresolvability and undecidability noble soul as form of, 94 arguments of skeptics, 27 in philosophy as art of living, 238 Grimm, Stephen, 2, 273, 278, 280–281, 287 Rorty on, 92 Güldenes Tugend-Buch (Spee), 110 Heart-mind, 28–29 Gymnosophists, 7, 17 Hecataeus of Abdera, 19–20 Hedonism, 165–166 Habits: /schools, 9 and change through philosophical Bruni on, 74 reasoning, 258–259 Hadot on, 102–103, 202–203 Descartes on, 90–91 Petrarch on, 72 Morgan on, 91 Heracles, 14 in philosophy as art of living, 237 The Hermeneutics of the Subject reinforcing or restructuring, 260–261 (Foucault), 119, 188–189 Hadot, Pierre, 1, 3 Herodorus, 21 on ancient philosophers, 249 , 177 books of, 294 Higher education, 1. See also General on Christianity, 100–101, 264n10 introductory philosophy courses; on communal engagement, 261 Teaching courses in philosophy as a and contemporary philosophical way of life debate, 195–196 Hills, Alison, 225–226 Cooper’s criticism of, 68n16, 196–198, 201 Historiography of philosophy, 67 on dialogues of Plato, 46, 50n10, 60 The History of Sexuality (Foucault), 120 and discourse about philosophy vs. Hoffman, Paul, 87 philosophy itself, 103–104, 106 Holiday, Ryan, 114

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Humanism. See also Renaissance humanism Justification: Garin on, 66 for actions, 218–222 historiography of, 65–70 of beliefs, 223 Kristeller on, 66 coherentism model of, 223 Humanities, scientification of, 1 for normative judgments, 224 Hylobioi, 15 for set of values, 223

Ideal(s): Kant, Immanuel, 1 in Nietzsche’s philosophy, 206–207 Katalêptic impressions, 179–181, 185 in poetry vs. in philosophy, 163 Keightley, David, 48n5 Socrates’ model as, 214–215 Keshen, Richard, 251 Ideal way of life. See also The good life Kierkegaard, Søren, 99, 162n11, 204, 208 for Socrates, 163 Knowledge: in Zhuangzi’s philosophy, 35 Astell on, 125–127 Imagination, Descartes on, 91, 95 and change through philosophical Immortality: reasoning, 258 Descartes on, 85 in communities, 261–262 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 101 Cooper on, 199, 200 Petrarch’s belief in, 71 Descartes’s conception of, 83–84, 93–94 philosophoi view of, 15 in Foucauldian spirituality, 125 Unamuno on natural appetite for, 146–152 and imagination, 91 India: in Leibniz’s philosophy, 112 Alexander historians in, 17–20 in metaethical constructivism, 224–225 philosophia and philosophoi in, 7–21 metaphysical, 85 Indica (Arrian), 17 passion/desire for, 93–94 Indica (Megasthenes), 9–16 philosophoi areas of, 12–13 Inefficacy of philosophy: practical, 55n17 mitigating, 259–263 in Socratic model, 214 in understanding how to live, 255–258 in Stoicism, 184n26, 186 Inert discovery view, 257 and strength of soul, 90 Innermost nature (amor fati), 206–207 of students in general introductory Integrity, maintained through philosophy courses, 276–277 time, 163–164, 166 theoretical, 74 Intellectual endeavors/speculation: of use of a thing, 162 Descartes on, 84–87, 90–92, 94–95 Kolbrener, William, 123 and philosophizing as bios, 10 Korsgaard, Christine M., 216–217 of philosophoi, 21 Kraut, Richard, 214n4, 214n5 of sophistai, 17 Kraye, Jill, 77–78 Intellectual error, Descartes on, 86–87 Kristeller, Paul Oskar, 65–66, Intention, 239–240 67n11, 68–69, 77 Interpersonal relationships, Kuh, George, 283 see Relationships Kwong Yiu-Fai, 45n3 Introduction to Moral Philosophy (Bruni), 74 Inventory of desires, 299–301 Land, Ray, 284 Inwood, Brad, 182n22 Law: Irani, Tushar, 294 and poetic vs. philosophic dis- Isocrates, 21 course, 160–161, 168 seeking freedom from, 164 Jesus: in Socrates’ vision of the and Leibniz’s philosophy, 101 good life, 163 Unamuno on, 148, 149 Learning. See also Education Joy, Leibniz on, 105, 106, 111 assessment-based models of, 1 Judgment internalism, 216 Confucian approach to, 49–50 Junius Rusticus, 261 using sound in, 58–59 Justice, Leibniz on, 107, 109–111 Learning communities, 282, 283

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Lectures on the Philosophical Matter, Leibniz on, 107 Encyclopedia (Kant), 1 Maurya, Chandragupta, 9 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. See also Leibniz’s McEvilly, Thomas, 11n12 philosophy McWhorter, Ladelle, 119–120 Hadot on, 204 Measurement (logismos), discourse on nature of philosophy, 104–106 of, 157–158 on philosophy distinguished from Meditation: philosophical discourse, 106–108 Astell on, 123, 126, 127 Leibniz and the Two Sophies (Strickland), 97 Buddhist, 243, 244, 260 Leibniz on God and Religion (Strickland), 111 loving-kindness, 260–261 Leibniz’s philosophy, 97–114 mindfulness, 250, 261 common conceptions of, 99–102 (Descartes), 86, 91 and Hadot’s conception of philosophy as a Megasthenes: way of life, 102–104, 108–110 bios-relevant material from, 11 and nature of philosophy, 104–106 division of philosophoi by, 14–15 philosophy distinguished from philosophi- Indica, 9–16 cal discourse in, 106–108 influence of Alexander histori- spiritual exercises in, 104, 110–113 ans on, 17–20 as a way of life, 98–99 naming of philosophoi by, 13 Letters Concerning the Love of God (Astell and and philosophical ways of life, 14–16 Norris), 118, 127 on Syrian Jews, 19–20 Levin, Susan B., 156 Mencius, 45–48, 52, 53 Li Chenyang, 49n7 Metaethical constructivism, 215–217 Liji, 48n6 and coherentism model of Lines, David, 68, 77 justification, 223 Liu Qingping, 45, 46, 52–53, 54n16, 56 and justification for actions, 218–219 Live Like a Stoic Week, 294, 305 knowledge in, 224–225 Living well: practical reflection in, 217 art of (see Art of living (well)) self-examination in, 219, 223, 225 being mistaken about, 251 Metaphilosophical skepticism, of meaning of, 250–251 Zhuangzi, 26–31. See also Zhuangzi Locke, John, 118 (Zhuangzi) “Lodged words” (yuyan), 32–33, 38 Metaphysics: Lodging in the ordinary (yu zhu yong), 35 and Cartesian ethics, 94–95 Logic: living, 103 humanists’ interest in, 68 theoretically oriented, 68 living, 103 university courses in, 99–100 in Stoicism, 184–185 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 72, 75, 77 university courses in, 99–100 Meyer, Jan, 284 Logismos (calculation or measurement), 157 Mimicry, by students, 284–285 Logos, 156, 157n4 Mind. See also Thinking Long Middle Ages idea, 66 Astell on, 123–124 Love of wisdom: changes of, 177–178, 253 (See also Hadot on, 102 Stultitia) as a lived exercise, 1 katalêptic and non-katalêptic impressions philosophia as, 8 in, 179–181, 185 and philosophy as a way of life, 2 self-understanding of, 86 Loving-kindness meditation, 260–261 and sensory perceptions, 92 Lyssy, Ansgar, 106–107 Stoics on movement of, 180n19 Mindfulness, 299–301 MacAskill, Will, 262 Mindfulness meditation, 250, 261 Malebranche, Nicolas, 127–128, 204 Ming, 28 Mandanis, 18–19 Misleading impressions, in Stoicism, 179–181 Marenbon, John, 55 Mohists, Confucian dispute with, 27–28 Masham, Damaris, 118, 135 Monadology (Leibniz), 101

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Montaigne, Michel de, 208 Natural philosophy: Moral conduct, Leibniz on, 109 Bruni’s dismissal of, 74 Moral dilemmas: humanists’ interest in, 68, 77 in Cases of Concealment and Nature: Evasion, 52–60 concerted discussions about, 10, 11 in Confucian teaching, 45–46, 55, 56 gymnosophists’ life in, 17 defined, 55 predictions about effect of natural events on pedagogical use of, 54–55 people, 14 Moral dimension, in argument from in Stoicism, 181–182 partiality, 29 Nauta, Lodi, 68 Morality(-ies): Nearchus, 11, 17–18 ancient, contemporary use of, 136 , 259–260 Christian, 151 Nehamas, Alexander, 203n4 in Foucault’s philosophy, 120–121 Nemesius, 179n15 provisional, 88–92 Neoconfucianism, 296, 297 Moral philosophy(-ies). See also Philosophical , 9, 297 way(s) of life; Philosophy as a way of life; New Essays on Human Understanding Practicing philosophy as a way of life (Leibniz), 100, 107, 112 as art of living well, 73 “New System” (Leibniz), 105 Bruni on, 73–74 Ni, Peimin, 49n7 Descartes on principal utility of, 93 Nicomachean Ethics humanists’ interest in, 66 (Aristotle), 71–74, 301, 303 moral behavior of, 255–256 Nietzsche, Friedrich: Petrarch on, 72 on critiques of philosophy, 195 and practical reflection, 213–226 Hadot on, 204 Moral psychology, 293–294, 303 on life as a philosopher’s Moral reasoning, 257–258 product, 230–231 Moral understanding, 225–226 reinvention of philosophy as a way of life Moral virtues, 296, 303 by, 204–208 Moran, Richard, 224n19 on ressentiment, 57n20 More, Henry, 127 Unamuno and, 142, 150–153 Morgan, Vance G.: on the will to power, 143–145 on activity of the soul, 86n3 Noble souls, 87–88, 94, 95 on Cartesian philosophy, 83, 88n4 Non-katalêptic impressions, 179–181 on Descartes’s ethics, 84 Normative judgments, 215–216, 224 on habits, 91 Norris, John, 118, 127, 128 on qualities of the soul, 87 Motivation: Olberding, Amy, 51n12, 52n13 and change through philosophical O’Leary, Timothy, 82 reasoning, 258, 259 Oneness of time, 164 communal engagement for, 262 Onesicritus, 11, 18–19 from thinking like a disciplinarian, 285 On His Own Ignorance (Petrarch), 70 through loving-kindness “On the Egyptian Philosophy” meditation, 261 (Hecataeus), 20 Motivation internalism, 216 On the Genealogy of Morals Murdoch, Iris, 243 (Nietzsche), 144, 145 Murray, Penelope, 158n8 On the Special Laws (Philo of Musonius Rufus, 76 Alexandria), 102 Myers, Joanne, 135 On the Study of Literature (Bruni), 73, 74 Mysticism, Astell’s philosophical spiritual- “On the Things in Hades,” 13 ity and, 129 “On the True Mystical Theology” Myth of the Fall, 18 (Leibniz), 85 “On Wisdom” (Leibniz), 105, 106 National Endowment for the Humanities Ord, Toby, 262 Summer Institute (2018), 2 Oxyrhynchus papyrus, 9

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Pains. See also Suffering in teaching courses in philosophy as a way acceptance of, 159 of life, 294–297 experience of, 158–159 as tool for women, 136–137 and poetic vs. philosophic Philosophical schools: discourse, 160–161 ancient, approach to philosophical ways of in Socrates’ vision of the good life, 163 life in, 233 Parfit, Derek, 252 challenges to Western schools, 304–305 Parkinson, G. H. R., 100 combined elements of, 297 , 13 and community, 261, 296 Partiality, argument from, 28–29, 31 competition among, 297 Pasnau, Robert, 66 as empirical or experimental Passions, Descartes on, 87–93 traditions, 296 The Passions of the Soul (Descartes), 93 exercises applying interpretive lenses Patrick, Simon, 127 of, 302–303 Pedagogy. See also General introductory Hellenistic, 9, 72, 74, 102–103, 202–203 philosophy courses; Teaching courses in theory and practice in, 296 philosophy as a way of life Philosophical way(s) of life, 229–246, 296. of moral dilemmas, 54–55 See also Philosophy as a way of life and philosophy as a way of life, 2 as an art of living, 234–238 Stoic, 174–175 ancient philosophical schools’ way-of-life experiments in, 1 approach to, 233 Persecution and the Art of Writing complete achievement conceptions (Strauss), 47 of, 230–232 Personal improvement, 21, 50–51 conditions for, 238–245 Petrarch, 9, 65, 70–73, 77 and criterion of being philosophical, 8–9 Philo of Alexandria, 102 Hadot on, 103–104 Philosophia and philosophoi, 7–21 as introductory philosophy course Alexander historians’ perspec- topic, 287 tives on, 17–20 meaning of, 229–230 areas of philosophoi knowledge, 12–13 moderate approach to, 232–234 as bios, 7–8 (See also Bios(-i)) as reflective, 296 Brachmanes, 15–17 Philosophoi, 7, 21. See also Philosophia and Garmanes, 15–16 philosophoi Greeks’ identification of, 8 Philosophy: Megasthenes’ Indica and, 9–16 ancient and contemporary, 198–200, personal-level aspects of bios of, 14–16 208, 249–250 social class and skills of philosophoi, 9–14 connection between one’s own life Philosophical discourse: and, 280–281 defense of, 250–255 connotations of, 108 Hadot on, 202, 259 defense of intrinsic value of, 279–280 and inefficacy of philosophy, 255–258 as a discipline, 2 philosophy itself distinguished from, 103– distinguished from philosophical dis- 104, 106–108, 202 course, 103–104, 106–108, 202 poetic discourse contrasted with, 160–168 maintaining significance of, 1–2 “Philosophical Discourse as Spiritual reliability of, 253–255 Exercises” (Hadot interview), 104 “Philosophy and Philosophical Discourse” Philosophical doctrines, ancient Greeks’ (Hadot), 104 acquisition of, 10 Philosophy as a way of life, 2, 195–210. See Philosophical reasoning, 251–259, 265. See also Philosophical way(s) of life also Philosophical discourse in the ancient world, 2, 249, 259 Philosophical reflection. See also Practical Chase on, 197–198 reflection; Reflection competing conceptions of, 31, 34–35 growing demand for, 209–210 Cooper on, 31, 196–200 limiting, against philosophy as a way of and gender, 117, 133–136 (See also life, 213–226 Feminist spirituality and critical practice)

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Hadot’s conception of, 31, 67–68, , 9, 127, 231, 243 102–104, 196, 200–206, 208 Plutarch, 20n30 limiting practical reflection Poetry and philosophy, 155–170 against, 213–226 critiques of change and variety for their Nietzsche’s reinvention of, 204–208 own sake in poetic discourse, 161–167 philosophies as ways of life vs., 296 discourse of emotions and discourse of practice vs. theory in, 201–203, 205–206 measurement, 157–161 reasons for practicing (see Practicing division of, 65 philosophy as a way of life) and inner need of philosophy for Reviving Philosophy as a Way of Life poetry, 167–169 (Summer Institute), 2–3 Political action, Astell on, 134–135 robust, 264–265 Political authoritarianism, 56 Sellars on, 196, 198 Porphyry, 231 Socratic style of, 213–215 Port-Royal Logic, 127 as spectrum of behaviors and Power: actions, 263–264 of community, 262–263 Philosophy as a Way of Life (Hadot), 98, poets’ pride in, 162 201, 294, 295 will to, 143–147, 151 Philosophy as a way of life (PWOL) Practical reflection, 213–226. See also courses, 273–274, 294–295. See also Philosophical reflection; Reflection General introductory philosophy courses; defined, 215n8 Teaching courses in philosophy as a extending, 220–222 way of life limiting, 217–220 Philosophies as ways of life, philosophy as a in metaethical constructivism, 217 way of life vs., 296 and problems with full analysis, 222–226 Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks Socratic style of, 213–215 (Nietzsche), 205 Practical wisdom, 234 Physics: Practice, philosophy as, 122–124. See also of Descartes, 94–95 Philosophy as a way of life humanists’ interest in, 77 Practicing philosophy as a way of Stoic, 181–183 life, 249–267 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 75–77 clarifications about, 263–266 Plato: and defense of philosophical Hadot on dialogues of, 46, 50n10, 60 discourse, 250–255 in mapping desires exercise, 301 and inefficacy of philosophy, 255–258 Petrarch on, 71 and mitigation of philosophy’s and philosophy as a way of life, 9 inefficacy, 259–263 on poetry and philosophy, 155–170 Preferences, 243 political advice from, 13 Prejudices: Strauss on, 51n11 Astell on, 126 and tripartite theory of the Descartes on, 87, 90 , 303–304 Prescribing value, 239 on virtues, 296 Principles of Philosophy (Descartes), 83 Platonists, 127 Problem solving, 2 Pleasure(s): “Profession” of philosophy, 297 acceptance of, 159 , 13 Buddhism on pursuit of, 252 Provisional morality, of Descartes, 88–92 deceptive, 159 Purpose of life, Astell on, 126 experience of, 158–159 Pursuits of Wisdom (Cooper), 196– in Leibniz’s philosophy, 105, 111 198, 232, 295 and poetic vs. philosophic PWOL courses, see Philosophy as a way of discourse, 160–161 life courses Socrates on, 157–158, 167 Pyrrhonian skepticism, 26n3 in Socrates’ vision of the good life, 163 , 13, 19, 77 of the soul, happiness as, 85n1 Pythagoreans, 296

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Rational argument, 26. See also Dispute/ by Renaissance humanists, 69–70, 78 disputation on teaching and philosophy as a way of Rationalization, 257 life, 294–297 Rawls, John, 99n2 upon desire, exercises involving, 299– Reason and reasoning. See also Argument(s) 302, 304–306 in conceptions of philosophy as a way Reflections upon Marriage (Astell), 130 of life, 31 Reflective Wisdom Account, 224 Cooper on, 199, 200, 232, 295 Regret: Descartes on, 85, 90, 93–94 Descartes on, 89 in identifying mistakes, 252 and Stoic telos, 178, 180–181 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 105, 109–110 Relational virtues, in in living well, 250–251 Confucianism, 47–48, 56 by the majority of humanity, 264 Relationships: moral, 257–258 Astell on friendship between women, 135 philosophical, 251–259, 265 in Confucianism, 47–49, 57 in philosophic discourse, 164 death as transformation of, 40 in philosophy as art of living, 237 Descartes on embodied nature of, 87 Plato on, 304 filial piety, 45, 48, 52–60 and poetic vs. philosophic dis- moral status of, 46 course, 160–161, 168 of self to self, 176 poetry and ability to, 157–161 Relativism, 30n9 in practicing philosophy as a way Religious faith/life. See also Christianity; God; of life, 250 Spiritual practice/exercises reliability of, 255 components of philosophy in, 264 in Socrates’ vision of the good life, 163 guidance from literature on, 73 in Socratic model, 214 philosophical life as aid to, 72 in Stoicism, 182 prayer in Abrahamic religion, 244 in truth-directed practice, 244 Unamuno on, 141, 142, 146–152 Reasons: Renaissance: for acting, 213 metaphilosophical pluralism in, 68 in moral understanding, 225, 226 value of philosophy during, 65–67 as motivation for agents, 216 Renaissance humanism, 65–78 philosophical examination of, 213–215 Bruni, 73–75 for practicing philosophy as a way of life historiography of, 65–70 (see Practicing philosophy as a negative assessments of, 65–69 way of life) Petrarch, 70–73 in reflective decision making, 218–223 Pico della Mirandola, 75–77 Reckless words (wangyan), 38 Renan, Ernst, 65 Reflection. See also Philosophical reflection; Republic (Plato), 155–156, 301, 303–304. See Practical reflection also Poetry and philosophy by ancient Greeks, 9 Resistance: Astell on, 124, 132–133 Astell on spiritual practices as, 128–129 to change understanding of our lives, 253 and philosophy as freedom in Christian asceticism, 121 practice, 132–133 on conduct, in Confucian ethics, 49 Ressentiment, 57n20 on death, 39 Reviving Philosophy as a Way of Life (Summer as goal in Zhuangzi, 26, 32, 41 Institute), 2–3 interaction between practice and, 296 Right: by the majority of humanity, 264 change in our views about, 253 as one kind of philosophical as moral necessity for Leibniz, 109 reasoning, 253 right-wrong dichotomy, 27–31, 35–37 in philosophical way of life, 8, 237–238 Riker, John, 304–305 by philosophoi, 15 Rites and rituals: in practicing philosophy as a way communal, 262 of life, 250 in Confucian ethics, 48–49

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of philosophoi, 12–13, 16, 21 Sellars, John, 196, 202, 203, 231 of Pythagoreans, 296 Seneca: Robust philosophy as a way of life, 264–265 Foucault’s reference to, 174, 175, Roller, Duane, 9n5, 11n10, 12 176n5, 189 Roman philosophy, Hadot on, 102–103 on obstacles, 181n21 Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg, 91–92 and Renaissance humanism, 69, 71, 78 Russell, C. W., 100 and Stoic beliefs, 260 Rust, Joshua, 255–257 Sensation: and certainty of truth, 85 San Manuel Bueno, mártir (Unamuno), 148 Descartes on, 84, 91–92, 95 S´āntideva, 252n6 A Serious Proposal to the Ladies Sarkissian, Hagop, 56n18 (Astell), 118–126, 128–132, 135 Scanlon, Thomas M., 213n1 Shapiro, Lisa, 88 Scholarship: Shenjiao (teaching through deeds), 50 challenges in, 1–2 Shi, 27–30, 35–37, 41 Confucius on, 49 Sima Guang, 58 Scholastic philosophy, 70, 75–76 Singer, Peter, 251, 254, 255, 262 Schönegger, Philipp, 256 Singer, Renata, 251, 255 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 204, 205, 208 Skepticism: Schopenhauer as Educator challenge to bian of, 26 (Nietzsche), 205, 207 in coping with death, 37–40 Schwitzgebel, Eric, 34n14, 255–257 metaphilosophical, of Zhuangzi, 25, 26 Scientification of the humanities, 1 (See also Zhuangzi (Zhuangzi)) Seaford, Richard, 11n12 Pyrrhonian, 26n3 The Search After Truth Skills development, in general introductory (Malebranche), 127–128 philosophy courses, 276, 283–284 Seidler, Michael, 112–113 Slingerland, Edward, 50n9 Seleucus I Nicator, 9 Sliwa, Paulina, 226n24 Self: “Small completion,” 28–29 Astell’s conception of, 135 Smith, Steven B., 51n11, 58n23 Buddhist view of, 252, 254 Social class: care of the, 120–122, 124–125 of Brachmanes and Garmanes, 15–16 Foucault on practice of the, 122 of philosophoi, 9–14 relationship of self to, 176 Social cues, 258, 259 seeking knowledge of, 225n21 Socrates, 298 Unamuno on affirming, 149 Bruni on, 73–74 Self-cultivation, Nietzsche on, 207 and constructivist model, 217, 218, 222 Self-examination: on democracy and tyranny, 165–167 in metaethical constructiv- Epictetus on, 235 ism, 219, 223, 225 as equivalent to Indian sophists, 19 and normative judgments, 216 ideal life for, 163–164 Socrates on, 214 on inner need of philosophy for Self-improvement, 21, 50–51 poetry, 167–169 Self-preservation, 144, 146 on innovation and change for their Self-transformation: own sake, 163 ascesis for, 126 Petrarch influenced by, 71–72 Astell on, 123, 126, 128 philosophers inspired by, 297 Chase on, 197 and philosophy as a in Foucauldian spirituality, 125 way of life, 213–215 as goal of philosophy, 103 Pico della Mirandola on, 77 Hadot on, 202–203 on poetry, 157–164, 166–169 Nietzsche on, 207–208 and practical wisdom, 234 Petrarch’s focus on, 72 on pursuit of freedom, 166–167 philosophy as route to, 128 on studying ways of life, 168–169 Sellars on, 202 on weaknesses in mythology, 15n22

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Some Reflections upon Marriage Standard operating procedure (SOPP) (Astell), 118, 133–134 philosophy courses, 273–276, Sophia Charlotte, Queen, 97, 111 280–281, 287–288 Sophia of Hanover, Electress, 97, 111 Stobaeus, 185–186 Sophism, 301 Stoicism, 173–190 Sophistai (sophists), 11n10, 17–19, 21 and art of living, 236, 237 SOPP courses, see Standard operating Bruni on, 74 procedure philosophy courses and consistency of will as highest Soul(s): end, 183–187 Aristotle on, 71n24 contemporary, 250 body and moral development of, 91–92 and Foucault on the Descartes’s conception of, 83–85, 87–88, telos, 173–184, 186–189 91, 94, 95 guides to, 114 Egyptian beliefs about, 20 negative visualization by, 259–260 Hoffman on strengths of, 87 and philosophical way of life, 233–234 immortality of, 15, 71, 85 philosophy as exercise in art of living Morgan on, 87 for, 49–50 noble, 87–88, 94, 95 physics of, 180n18, 181–183 Petrarch on, 71, 73n34 spiritual exercises in, 261 philosophoi view of, 12, 15, 18 Stoneman, Richard, 9n5, 11n12 Plato on, 157n5 Strabo, 10, 12n15, 14–15, 17 poetry’s effect on, 159–160, 165–168 Straightness (zhi), 55–57 and reason, 161 Strauss, Leo, 46, 47, 51n11, 58n23 in Socrates’ vision of the good life, 163 Street, Sharon, 215 strength of, 90 Strickland, Lloyd, 97, 111 and time sense, 93 Striving, see Conatus union of body and, 83–85, 90–91 Structuring life around your Sound, in studying or reading, 58n22 worldview, 238–242, 245 Sowaal, Alice, 123, 130 Stuart Low Trust Philosophy forum, 137 Spee, Friedrich von, 110 Stultitia: Spinoza, Benedictus: defined, 176, 181 and ancient philosophers, 208 as disorder of will, 174–176 conatus of, 141, 143 (See also Conatus) moral and intellectual faults in, 186 Hadot on, 204 Stoic telos as removal of, 176–183, 188 Nietzsche on, 144–145 Substances, Leibniz on, 107, 109, 111 Spirituality: Suffering. See also Pains of Descartes, 85, 86 Buddhist view of, 252 in Foucault’s philosophy, 124–125 happiness as retreat from, 21 philosophy as, 124–125, 128 Unamuno on, 147–150 Spiritual practice/exercises. See also Religious Sullivan, Meghan, 2 faith/life Svoboda, Toby, 253n7 of ancient philosophers, 249, 259 Syrian Jews, 19–20 to apply philosophy to our lives, 260–261 Cartesian philosophy as, 83–95 Teaching courses in philosophy as a way of Descartes on, 95 life, 293–308. See also General in Eastern philosophical traditions, 260 introductory philosophy courses evidence for effectiveness of, 261 compiling inventory of in Hadot’s work, 46, 104, 110–111, 201, desires in, 299–301 259, 294, 295 depth and breadth issues in, 298 intellectual theorizing as, 86 finding unifying strand in, 298–299 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 104, 110–113 foundational activity in, 299–301 in Nietzsche’s work, 206–207 further exercises in, 302–305 in philosophy as a way of life, 263 grading, assessment, and feedback and philosophy as bios, 13 in, 305–308 in Zhuangzi philosophy, 31, 35 issues in course design, 297–298

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mapping desires and empirical engagement Zhuangzi’s view of, 29 with texts and theories in, 301–302 Truth-directed practices, 238–239, 242–245 orienting reflections on, 294–297 Teaching style, of Confucius, 50–51, 58 “Uebermensch” (Unamuno), 151–152 Teaching through deeds (shenjiao), 50 Unamuno, Miguel de: Teaching through words (yanjiao), 50 on natural appetite for endless exist- Telos: ence, 143, 146–152 consistency of will as, 183–187 Nietzsche and, 142, 150–153 description of, 182 Uncertainty, Descartes’s provisional morality Foucault on, 173–184, 186–189 and, 88, 89 and stultitia, 174–176, 188 Undecidability argument, 27 Zeno’s definition of, 177n6 Understanding: Thales, 13 changed by philosophical reasoning and Theodicy (Leibniz), 97, 101–102, reflection, 253 105, 107–108 moral, 225–226 “’Theoria cum Praxi’ Revisited” of world and our place in it, 232 (Lyssy), 106–107 Unfashionable Observations Thinking: (Nietzsche), 230–231 Astell on, 130–132 Union of soul and body, Descartes’s Foucault on, 130n3 conception of, 83–85, 90–91 like a disciplinarian, 284–285 Uniting strand, in teaching philosophical, 280 philosophy, 298–299 Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 144, 153 Unity, maintained through time, 163–164 Tiberius, Valerie, 224 Unresolvability argument, 27, 31 Time: Untimely Meditations (Nietzsche), 195 oneness of, 164 Uprightness, 52, 54, 57 sense of, 92–93 unity and integrity maintained Vacillation prior to action, Stoic telos through, 163, 166 and, 178, 180–181 Traversari, Ambrogio, 75 Value: Truth: of actions, 237–238 Astell on, 125–127, 130 in feminist practice of Cambridge Platonists on, 127 philosophy, 136–137 certainty of, 85 of knowledge, 224–225 Confucius’s view of, 50 of moral understanding, 225–226 connection between the good life and, 199 of philosophy, defense of, 279–280 Cooper on, 199, 200 prescribing, 239 Descartes on, 84, 85, 88, 90 Values: and Descartes’s four metaphysical behaviors reflecting, 234 truths, 85–87, 95 in Confucianism, 56 discovery of, 26 Descartes on, 90–92 esoteric view of, 47 gap between action and, 257 in Foucault’s philosophy, 125, 130 in moral dilemmas, 55 and freedom, 132 in Nietzsche’s philosophy, 207 Hadot on, 201 and nobility of souls, 87 in philosophical way of life, 242–244 normative judgments Pico della Mirandola on, 76–77 made from, 216 in poetic vs. philosophic dis- in poetry vs. in philosophy, 163 course, 164, 165 self-examination of, 219, 223 Scholastic philosophers’ in Socratic model, 214, 218 commitment to, 76 in structuring life around your Shapiro on, 88 worldview, 240–242 in Socrates’ vision of the good life, 163 tensions within, 230 in Socratic model, 214 Van Norden, Bryan W., 53 through philosophical reasoning, 253–254 Varela, Francisco J., 55n17

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Variety for its own sake, in poetic to power, 143–147, 151 discourse, 161–167 in Stoicism, 175–190 Velleman, J. David, 213n1, 218–219 Williams, Bernard, 224n20 Vice, in Stoicism, 178, 184, 185 Willpower, strength of soul and, 87, 88 Virtue(s): Wirtz, Wiebke, 142 Aristotle on, 233, 296, 303, 304 Wisdom. See also Love of wisdom Astell on, 121 of communities, 261 in Confucianism, 45, 47–48, 57–58 Cooper on, 199, 200, 214 definitions of, 177n7 Descartes on, 84 Descartes on, 89, 90 eloquence unguided by, 76–77 and experience of poetry, 159 in the good life, 163 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 109, 111, 112 Hadot on, 103, 201 in Nicomachean Ethics, 71 in Leibniz’s philosophy, 105, 109–111 Petrarch on, 72 practical, 234 Plato on, 296 in Socratic model, 214 in poetry, 161–162, 168 of sophists, 18, 19 relational, 47–48, 56 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 204 in Socratic model, 214 Wolff, Christian, 111 in Stoicism, 178, 184–186 Wonder, Descartes on, 93–94 Vlastos, Gregory, 217n11 Wong, David, 34n12 Worldview: Wagner, Johannes, 256 commitment to a, 238–240, 245 Wangyan (reckless words), 38 structuring life around your, 238–242, 245 Watson, Gary, 218n13 Wrong: The Way (Dao). See also Philosophy as a avoiding, to live well, 250 way of life change in our views about, 253 Confucian/Mohist dispute over, 27–28 right-wrong dichotomy, 27–31, 35–37 pivot of, 35 in Zhuangzi’s philosophy, 35–37 Xin, 28–29 Way(s) of life. See also Art of living (well) Xunzi, 304 ambiguity in concept of, 14 in ancient philosophy, Cooper on, 198–200 Yanjiao (teaching through words), 50 Christian (see Agapeic way of life) Yinshi (go along with things), 36 demands of, 230 Yuyan (lodged words), 32–33, 38 as introductory philosophy course Yu zhu yong (lodging in the ordinary), 35 topic, 287 philosophical (see Philosophical Zeno, 73, 177n6 way(s) of life) Zhao Qi, 59n26 philosophy as (see Philosophy as a Zhi, 55–57 way of life) Zhi (straightness), 55–57 Pico della Mirandola on, 76, 77 Zhigong, 52 poetry bound up with, 156 Zhuangzi (Zhuangzi), 25–41, 25n1 and poetry vs. philosophy, 161 on coping with death, 37–40 practicing, 229–230 metaphilosophical skepticism in, 25–31 Socratic, 213–215 new conception of philosophy in, 32–35 Stoic telos directing, 173–183 philosophical stance of, 25 Weil, Simone, 243 and philosophy as a way of life, 31–32 Western esotericism, 47 as philosophy beyond disputation, 31–35 Western schools, challenges to, 304–305 stylistic diversity and complexity of, 32–34 What Is Ancient Philosophy? (Hadot), 1, 104 and unresolvability and undecidability Will: arguments, 27–28 Astell on, 126, 133 way of life presented in, 35–37 as contingent on impressions, 180–181 Zhu Xi, 47, 58–59 Descartes on, 86, 87, 90, 91 Zixia, 49

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