2020-4049-AJHA
1 Reintroducing a vanished Romance Language 2 Linguistic analysis of a Medieval manuscript has revealed a hitherto unknown 3 Romance language that was a hybrid of two linguistic cultures coming together 4 on a Mediterranean island due to territorial conquest in the 15th century. 5 6 7 This paper presents a complete palaeographic study of a page of text from a 8 Medieval manuscript. Analysis demonstrates that the language used for the 9 manuscript is a unique lingua franca, combining a form of Iberian-Romance with 10 a form of Graeco-Latin. The writing system of the manuscript also uses a unique 11 set of alphabet symbols and grammar structure that required elucidating. Both 12 the language and the writing system lasted for only a short while in the 15th 13 century but, with this manuscript as a surviving record, it has been possible to 14 reintroduce them to the world of Romance linguistics. 15 16 Keywords: Iberian-Romance, Graeco-Latin, Ischia Manuscript, Medieval 17 Linguistics, Lingua Franca 18 19 20 Initial translations and related research of a Medieval manuscript, filed as 21 Beinecke MS 408 but here named the Ischia Manuscript, revealed sufficient 22 information to date its creation to 1443-45 and it place of origin as Castello 23 Aragonese, Ischia1. It has also been possible to determine that it was written as 24 an aide memoire and medicinal almanac for the noblewomen of the court of 25 Castello Aragonese, Ischia. Alfonso V, King of the Crown of Aragon (1396- 26 1458), had declared Ischia an Aragonese colony in 1438 and was using the 27 castle as a refuge for his female court whilst he dealt with Angevin uprisings, 28 having recently conquered the Kingdom of Naples,1442-32. Ischia is nineteen 29 miles from the city of Naples, so it was a useful maritime safehouse. 30 The Crown of Aragon (1137-1469) was a Medieval kingdom that extended 31 across the Mediterranean from eastern Iberia to southern Italy and Sicily, 32 including the Balearics, Sardinia, Corsica and the islands of the southern 33 Tyrrhenian Sea. 34 The Ischia Manuscript may have been created specifically for Alfonso’ 35 wife Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon (1401-58), although he also had a 36 mistress, Giraldona Carlino (1401-68), who was the mother of his daughters 37 Leonor d’Aragon (b.1421-married off. 1444) and Mary d’Aragon (b.1425- 38 married off. 1444). A second mistress was Lucrezia d’Alagno (1430-79). 39 Alfonso also had a daughter-in-law, Isabella of Clermont (1424-65) by his son 40 Ferdinand I of Naples (1423-94), married 1444. Thus, a number of 41 noblewomen are likely to have been present at court in Castello Aragonese 42 whilst the Ischia Manuscript was in the process of being created and might 43 have benefitted from its store of information and guidance. 44 As the Ischia Manuscript was intended for female eyes, its contents are 45 largely concerned with Medieval women’s issues, such as attraction, seduction, 46 sex, pregnancy, abortion, miscarriage, labour, gynaecological matters, 47 childbirth, parenting, ageing, illness, mortality and beliefs. Among the 204
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1 pages of text there are many illustrations, including images of the noblewomen 2 themselves and over 120 medicinal plants. It has therefore been possible to 3 cross reference text translations with these plant images and associated 4 research, in order to verify their meaning and begin assembling a lexicon for 5 the Ischia Manuscript language. 6 Many of the translated words were found to be self-evident as they are 7 Classical Latin3. Also, the Crown of Aragon spoke a vernacular form of 8 Romance most similar to Galician-Portuguese, so it was initially possible to 9 translate enough of the text to acquire a reasonable understanding of what was 10 being discussed or described. The next stage, therefore, was to perfect the 11 process in order to translate all words and so reveal the finer details. This was 12 achieved by considering historical linguistic factors about the Tyrrhenian Sea, 13 in which Ischia is located. 14 The southern region of the Tyrrhenian Sea, including the Aeolian islands, 15 Sicily, and the western coast of Italy as far north as Ischia and Naples, had 16 been settled by Ionian Greek diasporic populations since antiquity, as part of 17 Magna Graecia (Greater Greece). In addition, the citadel of Ischia included a 18 Basilian monastery and nunnery, which was based on the Greek Orthodox 19 church. It was therefore logical and likely that the Ischia Manuscript language 20 was a lingua franca, a common language, combining the Ibero-Latin language 21 of the Aragonese newcomers and the Graeco-Latin language of the natives. As 22 Ischia had been occupied by the Crown of Aragon since 1438, sufficient time 23 had passed to allow the two languages to merge before the Ischia Manuscript 24 was written. In fact, Alfonso had married-off the wives and daughters of the 25 expelled islanders to the men of his own garrison, so effective communication 26 would have evolved rather rapidly through necessity. 27 The supposition of Greek linguistic ancestry proved to be correct, as the 28 inclusion of Graeco-Latin immediately enabled translation of the remaining 29 words that had previously been elusive. Thus, the translation technique was 30 perfected as it now became possible to identify and define all of the words and 31 so reveal the textual information in its entirety. 32 Presented here is the complete translation of a sample medicinal plant page 33 as a demonstration of the translation technique and applied linguistics in 34 revealing some of the valuable information contained by the Ischia Manuscript, 35 which has lain hidden in plain sight since the document was last read in the 36 15th century, prior to its language and those who spoke it disappearing from the 37 linguistical landscape of the Mediterranean. The sample page is listed as MS 38 408: Portfolio 2, Left. 39 Palaeography often requires a certain level of educated intuition and 40 instinct because handwriting can be difficult to interpret, but here the symbols 41 are written individually and clearly, with an excellent state of preservation, so 42 there is no likelihood of error in that regard. 43
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1 2 Beinecke Library 3 4 Iberian Nightshade (Atropa baetica). The Ischia Manuscript, Portfolio 2. 5 Left. Showing the ten lines of translated text and the plant illustration. 6 It is apparent that the spoken version of the Ischia Manuscript language 7 was highly enclitic, which means that little vocal emphasis was made on clear 8 pronunciation of the words, as is quite common in the Romance language
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1 family. This usually results in many consonants becoming either phonetically 2 silent or junctural between syllables, and so absent in speech but still included 3 in writing. However, the writing system of the Ischia Manuscript imitated 4 speech faithfully, so the words are spelled entirely phonetically, leaving the 5 reader to insert the missing consonants. 6 In addition, the writing system uses no formal framework of grammar: it 7 has no punctuation marks, it has no upper and lowercase letters, and many set- 8 phrases have their words conjoined or abbreviated to initial letters. Also, the 9 symbols for the alphabet are a mix of familiar quasi-Italic forms and 10 idiosyncratic forms4. The symbol key is provided below. The result is text that, 11 although clearly written, does require considered transcription and editing 12 before translation and paraphrasing into English, or any other modern language. 13 The medicinal plant species illustrated on the sample page is known as 14 Iberian Nightshade (Atropa baetica), which belongs to the same genus as 15 Deadly Nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and replaces it on the Iberian 16 Peninsula with some hybridization where their populations overlap. Due to the 17 presence of volatile toxins, nightshade berries are very well documented in 18 European Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts and books for their use as 19 poison, for their use as a beautifying cosmetic of the eyes, and for their use as 20 an abortifacient: i.e. for inducing the abortion of unwanted pregnancies by 21 causing the uterus to reject the foetus. 22 These historical pharmaceutical peculiarities served to provide the exact 23 frame of reference necessary for precisely translating the ten lines of text 24 accompanying the illustration of Iberian Nightshade. 25 Analysis of the lexicon assembled for the sample page shows that the 26 Ischia Manuscript language comprises Ibero-Latin (Galician-Portuguese) and 27 Graeco-Latin (Latinized Greek) words in a ratio of about 3:15,6. There are also 28 a few Classical Latin words and abbreviations, and one Latinized Arabic 29 word7,8. The lexicon is provided below. 30 Thus, the evidence shows that the language of the Ischia Manuscript was 31 indeed a lingua franca. It would have lasted only a short while though, as 32 Ischia remained an Aragonese colony only until the death of Alfonso, in 1458. 33 The aforementioned mistress Lucrezia d’Alagno remained on Ischia and died 34 there in 1479. She may have been the last person able to read the Ischia 35 Manuscript for 540 years. 36 The term Galician-Portuguese is used by historians of linguistics to 37 describe Medieval versions of Galician and Portuguese which predominated in 38 Iberia at that time and were virtually alike. In the modern day, they survive in 39 the west of Iberia, in Portugal and in Galicia, having largely been replaced in 40 central and eastern Iberia by Castilian (Spanish) and Valencian (Catalan) due 41 to political, cultural, commercial, religious and linguistic flux. Of course, the 42 four languages are somewhat similar anyway as they are all Iberian Romance 43 languages. 44 Two Italian enclaves still speak a form of Graeco-Latin, known as Griko, 45 or Italiot Greek. They are on the southernmost peninsulas of mainland Italy, in 46 Salento and Calabria, and the languages remain for the greater part Ionian
4 2020-4049-AJHA – 14 DEC 2020
1 Greek, not least due to continued contact with Greece across the Ionian Sea. As 2 such, they share little with the Ischia Manuscript language of the Tyrrhenian 3 Sea, although they do demonstrate commonality in the roots of the Latinized 4 Greek words.
5 6 Julián Fuentes Carretero 7 8 A wild specimen of Iberian Nightshade (Atropa baetica) growing in Iberia and 9 bearing ripe berries, 10
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1 2 3 The Latinized Greek na’us (gnathus), means to eat or to consume. Latin 4 has the more familiar word mando (to eat, to consume) which relates to 5 mandibula (jawbone). In this instance gnathus is the Latinized version of 6 gnáthos [to eat, to chew] from the Greek γνάθος (jawbone). Thus, na’us is an 7 enclitic spelling of gnathus with a silent ‘g’ and a junctural ‘th’. The word 8 survives in scientific nomenclature such as eurygnathus (wide-jawed). Both 9 mando and gnathus therefore mean to eat or to consume (literally ‘to jaw’) 10 using the same linguistic model but different linguistic root. The Latinized 11 Greek word ormé (hormé) is also notable. It means to rush forwards, attack 12 swiftly, rapidly assault and derives from ορμή (hormi). 13
14 15 16 The Galician-Portuguese word metia (insert, put in) derives from the Latin 17 to ‘measure out’ or ‘give a dose’. Another interesting Galician-Portuguese 18 word is lona. In literal translation it means sail or sailcloth, but it is also used as 19 a euphemism for ageing: i.e. to age like a weatherworn sail. In line 4 the word 20 lona is used again, but this time in the literal sense to mean a piece of sailcloth: 21 a rag. 22
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1 2 3 Perhaps the most interesting word is the Arabic nar, which means fire, nar). Here in line three, and in line ten, the) نار hellfire or hell and derives from 4 5 word nar is used synonymously with extreme suffering and unpleasantness: i.e. 6 as if being tortured and burned in hell. The Latinized Greek word æa (aia) 7 refers to the herbal medicine provided by the nightshade. The word derives 8 from Αἰαία, the name of a mythical Tyrrhenian Sea island which was home to 9 Circe, the Greek goddess of herbal medicine. The Latin words for boys (illeo) 10 and girls (illea) are masculine and feminine variants of ille, which means ‘those 11 ones’. This is because children were not socially qualified as people until they 12 reached reproductive age, largely due to high infant mortality in the Medieval. 13 So we have, ‘those ones male’ and ‘those ones female’. The Latinized Greek 14 word mélos (μέλος) means body parts, members, components, organs, etc. 15
16 17 18 Here, the most revealing word is the Portuguese éoli’o (éolico) meaning 19 Aeolian, as it associates the manuscript with the volcanic islands of the 20 southern Tyrrhenian Sea and with the Portuguese language brought there by 21 the Crown of Aragon. Ischia was formerly under Sicilian governance along 22 with the Aeolian Islands. The Latinized Greek word éia (evacuate) is used
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1 three times in the ten lines from this page, in reference to the evacuation of the 2 foetus from the uterus when stimulated by the nightshade toxins. The word éia 3 derives from the Greek εἴᾱ (abandon, neglect, dismiss). 4 The Galician-Portuguese word nasa (snare-trap) derives from the Latin 5 nassa, which refers to various forms of trap for catching fish in particular. As 6 the foetus develops within amniotic fluid, then we can appreciate the parallel in 7 Medieval thought, as the foetus is snatched away from its waters. 8
9 10 11 The most intriguing word is the Latinized Greek æor (æora), which refered 12 to a physical form of therapy, where the body was contorted and jostled up and 13 down to treat internal complaints. Here, it is used to refer to the physical 14 reaction in the abdomen caused by the nightshade. The Greek is αιώρα 15 (hammock, swing, seesaw) in allusion to the abrupt physical movement. The 16 Latin equivalent word is gestatio, from which we have the English word 17 gestation, due to the carrying of a child and the physicality of movement 18 during labour and childbirth. 19 The Galician-Portuguese word mona (vagina) is a slang euphemism, 20 which literally means monkey, just as the English language has the word pussy 21 (vagina), which literally means cat. The Latinized Greek word homosaus (as 22 one, unified) derives from ὁμόςως (as alike) and is where we get the English 23 homologous (the same). Here it refers to the aborted matter as a mass of similar 24 looking, bloody substance.
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1 2 3 The Latin word lar (Lar) refers to a Roman domestic spirit that was 4 believed to bring protection in the bedroom or in the home generally. Here, Lar 5 was believed to offer protection by undertaking the dangerous process of using 6 the nightshade to abort the pregnancy, which might otherwise end in death. 7 The Galician-Portuguese words emito and emita both mean to emit (send, give), 8 but the former means to receive (send, give inwardly) and the latter means to 9 eject (send, give outwardly). 10
11 12 13 The Galician-Portuguese word noro refers to the northwest (noroeste) of 14 Iberia, otherwise known as Galicia. Off the Atlantic coast of Galicia there is an 15 island named Islote Noro (Northwest Island), which may have been a specific 16 location for harvesting the plant, as it lies northwest of Pontevedra, which was 17 an important religious, commercial and maritime city in the Medieval period. 18 The Galician-Portuguese word iect (hunted) derives from the Latin iecto, jecto,
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1 which relate to the random scattering and descrying of the nightshade plants. 2 The plant was once found sporadically over much of Iberia and the Balearic 3 Islands, but is now endangered due to overharvesting for the medicinal uses 4 described in this text. 5
6 7 8 The Latinized Greek word ésor is used three times in line 8. It derives 9 from the Greek εσώρ, which variously means inside, inward, internal, interior, 10 within, under, beneath, etc. Thus, the specific definition differs with each use 11 of the word. The Latinized Greek word liéta derives from the Greek λύεται 12 (lyetai), which means to release, set free, untie, solve, deal with, resolve, etc. 13 Here, the Latinized Greek word na’us (gnathus) refers to the medicine being 14 consumed by the mouth of the vagina. In line 1 the same word refers to the 15 medicine being consumed by the mouth of the face. 16
17 18 19 The Latinized Greek word néoç (νέος) means to renew, refresh, replace, 20 rectify, replenish, etc. Thus, the nightshade was used to remove the foetus and 21 then believed to encourage the reproductive organs to recover.
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1 2 3 The Galician-Portuguese and Latin word malos means badness, evils, 4 unpleasantness, nastiness, painfulness, distress, etc, in allusion to the spasms of 5 aches and pains brought about by the nightshade. The Galician-Portuguese and 6 Latin word média means reduce, moderate, even out, mediate, average, etc. 7 The Latinized Greek word porta (πόρτα) has become ubiquitous among the 8 Romance languages, meaning doorway, gateway, way in, way out, exit, 9 entrance, passageway. 10 11 The text in summary. 12 Paragraph One (Lines 1-4). 13 It is lethal when consumed, as immediately a rapid assault for those therefore 14 to death. To measure doses for which it is the newest cure for those ageing 15 eyes, it is good. Of this I announce: for boys and girls the herbal magic is not 16 allowed, as from it will be sent the body parts in hellfire. The normal Aeolian 17 Islands foetus snare-trap to entirely evacuate it is to a cloth. 18 19 Paragraph Two (Lines 5-10). 20 Berries agitate the foetus and encourage it to evacuate the vagina as one, 21 aided by the herbal magic. The agitation remedy is inserted, and it is Lar’s 22 work to evacuate the baby spirit, ejected as bloody discharge. It is normal to 23 search for it when ripe, usually harvested from the northwest lands, from 24 where usually it is good. Of those that agitate, they are released inside beneath, 25 where it is pushed inside and consumed. There are normally pains regarding 26 the inside, as here their agitation renews the body parts where it is at. The pain 27 it is moderated, the hellfire it is at the finish, and the door is opened for them to 28 leave. 29 30 31 Conclusion 32 33 The first paragraph describes the use of Iberian Nightshade as a cosmetic 34 for ageing eyes and as an abortifacient, whilst warning that it is lethal when 35 eaten and especially dangerous to children.
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1 The second paragraph describes the abortion procedure, the unpleasant 2 internal effects and convalescence, as well as the acquisition of the berries for 3 the purpose. In addition the text explains their belief that the domestic 4 protective spirit Lar was responsible for overseeing the process safely from 5 administration to recovery. 6
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1 Lexicon for Iberian Nightshade (Atropa baetica). Portfolio 2. Left. 2
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1 References 2 3 Cheshire, G. Linguistically dating and locating the origin of manuscript MS408. 2018. 4 https://www.academia.edu/35769087/Linguistically_Dating_and_Locating_the 5 _Origin_of_Manuscript_MS408_Ischia_1444> 6 Russel, J., Cohn, R. Alfonso V of Aragon. 2012. Bookvika Publishing. ISBN: 97855 7 12785577 8 Cheshire, G. Romance Studies, Journal. The language and writing system of MS408 9 explained. 2019. Volume 37. Issue 1. pp. 30-67. 10 Cheshire, G. Linguistic missing links. 2017.
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