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Philosophical Readings PHILOSOPHICAL READINGS ONLINE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY Editor: Marco Sgarbi Volume VIII – Issue 2 – 2016 ISSN 2036-4989 ARTICLES Aristotele per artigiani, ingegneri e architetti Marco Sgarbi....................................................................................................................... 67 Il ruolo delle humanae litterae nella riflessione di Bernardino Tomitano Maria Teresa Girardi.......................................................................................................... 79 Il piacere delle lacrime: il diletto oblico nella Spositione all’Inferno di Lodovico Castelvetro Vera Ribaudo....................................................................................................................... 83 Le regole per governare di Francesco Sansovino, poliedrico volgarizzatore e lettore di Aristotele Valentina Lepri .................................................................................................................... 89 Istruzioni per l’uso e dichiarazioni di metodo nei volgarizzamenti aristotelici del Rinascimento (I) Laura Refe............................................................................................................................ 95 Astrazione e violenza. La non-critica di Schiller alla morale kantiana Laura Anna Macor ............................................................................................................ 107 Das Dionysische bei Hölderlin. Die kommende Gemeinschaft zwischen Humanität und Natur Nuria Sánchez Madrid..................................................................................................... 113 REVIEWS Enrico Garavelli, Lodovico Castelvetro. Lettere, Rime, Carmina (Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2015). Vera Ribaudo..................................................................................................................... 119 Meredith K. Ray, Daughters of Alchemy. Women and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015). Maria Vittoria Comacchi.................................................................................................. 121 Luana Rizzo, Il pensiero di Matteo Tafuri nella tradizione del Rinascimento meridionale (Roma: Aracne, 2014). Giacomo Fronzi................................................................................................................. 124 Henry E. Allison, Kant’s Transcendental Deduction: an Analytical-Historical Commentary (Oxford: University Press 2015). Rita Pilotti .......................................................................................................................... 125 philosophicalreadings.org DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.169637 PHILOSOPHICAL READINGS ONLINE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophical Readings, ISSN 2036-4989, features articles, discussions, translations, reviews, and bibliographical information on all philosophical disciplines. Philosophical Readings is devoted to the promotion of competent and definitive contributions to philosophical knowledge. Not associated with any school or group, not the organ of any association or institution, it is interested in persistent and resolute inquiries into root questions, regardless of the writer’s affiliation. The journal welcomes also works that fall into various disciplines: religion, history, literature, law, political science, computer science, economics, and empirical sciences that deal with philosophical problems. Philosophical Readings uses a policy of blind review by at least two consultants to evaluate articles accepted for serious consideration. Philosophical Readings promotes special issues on particular topics of special relevance in the philosophical debates. Philosophical Readings occasionally has opportunities for Guest Editors for special issues of the journal. Anyone who has an idea for a special issue and would like that idea to be considered, should contact the editor. Submissions should be made to the Editor. An abstract of not more than seventy words should accompany the submission. Since Philosophical Readings has adopted a policy of blind review, information identify the author should only appear on a separate page. Most reviews are invited. However, colleagues wishing to write a review should contact the Executive editor. Books to be reviewed, should be sent to the review editor. EDITOR Marco Sgarbi Università Ca’ Foscari ASSOCIATE EDITOR Eva Del Soldato University of Pennsylvania ASSISTANT EDITOR Valerio Rocco Lozano Universidad Autónoma de Madrid REVIEW EDITOR Laura Anna Macor Università degli Studi di Firenze EDITORIAL BOARD Raphael Ebgi, Freie Universität Berlin Andrea Sangiacomo, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Luca Gili, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Alberto Vanzo, University of Warwick Paolo Maffezioli, Università di Torino Francesco Verde, Università “La Sapienza” di Roma Eugenio Refini, The Johns Hopkins University Antonio Vernacotola, Università di Padova EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Francesco Berto, Universiteit van Amsterdam Seung-Kee Lee, Drew University Gianluca Briguglia, Université de Strasbourg Sandro Mancini, Università di Palermo Laura Boella, Università Statale di Milano Massimo Marassi, Università Cattolica di Milano Elio Franzini, Università Statale di Milano Roberto Mordacci, Università San Raffaele di Milano Alessandro Ghisalberti, Università Cattolica di Milano Ugo Perone, Università del Piemonte Orientale Piergiorgio Grassi, Università di Urbino Riccardo Pozzo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Margarita Kranz, Freie Universität Berlin José Manuel Sevilla Fernández, Universidad de Sevilla Aristotele per artigiani, ingegneri e architetti Marco Sgarbi Abstract: The Pseudo-Aristotelian Mechanical Problems to giustamente ricordato, per occuparsi di scienza, e in is the oldest treatise on mechanics that has survived from particolare di meccanica, non era necessario conoscere il the antiquity. It had a pivotal role in the development of latino, né la matematica e nemmeno avere una cattedra early-modern physics, especially during the Scientific universitaria.7 Di fatto, a parte qualche rara eccezione co- Revolution when it gained a new momentum with a con- stituita da Leon Battista Alberti,8 gli artigiani di questo spicuous number of Latin commentaries and translations. periodo avevano un’origine popolare ed erano privi di Besides the Latin theoretical production, various Italian un’educazione classica e, quand’anche dimostravano una vernacular commentaries, expositions and translations certa familiarità con il latino, gli argomenti da loro inda- were produced for very practical purposes. Works such gati erano tali che si rivolgevano per lo più a un pubblico those of Oreste Biringucci, Antonio Guarino, Nicolò con un basso livello di istruzione.9 Ciò non significa che Tartaglia and Giuseppe Moletti were addressed primarily questi artigiani fossero incolti, piuttosto i loro studi rien- to engineers, architects and bombardiers. The paper trano in quella categoria che è stata definita come “artisa- examines the intended public of these writings and their nal literacy”.10 impact on the new scientific mentality. I modelli culturali e d’istruzione fra artigiani e profes- sori universitari erano assai diversi, uno più pratico e uno Keywords: vernacular Aristotelianism, mechanics, Aris- più teorico.11 È però un errore avanzare una decisa con- totle, artisans, engineers, architects, Tartaglia, Moletti, trapposizione fra loro, infatti numerosi artigiani si occu- Piccolomini, Biringucci pavano di problemi teorici e numerosi professori si occu- pavano di problemi pratici.12 Una netta distinzione non è possibile se non per mezzo di un’affrettata generalizza- 1. Meccanica e meccanici nel Rinascimento zione. Gli studi comunque dimostrato che nel Rinasci- mento crebbe e si diffuse l’idea che gli approcci “artigia- La conoscenza della filosofia aristotelica fu per lungo nali”, capaci di intervenire direttamente sulla natura e go- tempo di dominio esclusivo di filosofi e teologi e, con vernarla, giovavano di più alla conoscenza della realtà qualche più rara eccezione, di letterati. Con l’avvento rispetto a quelle dottrine epistemologiche che risolvevano dell’Umanesimo, invece, le opere aristoteliche comincia- tutto il sapere all’interno della teoria, spesso basata sulla rono a diffondersi e ad essere conosciute da un più vasto lettura dei libri delle autorità.13 Insomma s’impose l’idea pubblico. Nuovi destinatari delle opere aristoteliche furo- che la metodologia applicata degli artigiani, degli inge- no ingegneri, mercanti, architetti e artiglieri e nuove furo- gneri e dei tecnici portava a un effettivo progresso del sa- no le trading zones e i centri di produzione del sapere pere, talvolta molto più delle varie epistemologie aristote- (botteghe artigiane, corti, arsenali, stamperie, miniere, liche sviluppate alla fine del Medioevo nelle aule univer- farmacie).1 L’accesso al sapere aristotelico da parte di sitarie. D’altra parte, come recenti studi hanno dimostrato, questi gruppi professionali, ancora prevalentemente con- solo un terzo degli “scienziati”, cioè di chi si occupava di siderati come artigiani,2 rappresenta una novità nel pano- astronomia, meccanica, matematica, etc., lavorava in uni- rama della cultura del Rinascimento e costituì un fenome- versità e tutto ciò veniva a rafforzare l’idea di una filoso- no significativo per le origini della scienza, non solo in fia universitaria stagnante e una filosofia extra- Italia, ma in tutta Europa.3 universitaria più vivace e attenta nei confronti degli svi- Nel Medioevo, come
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