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Gaillardia Pulchella Foug

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Gaillardia Pulchella Foug Marigold, China Aster and UNIT 2 GAILLARDIA (GAILLARDIA Jasmine PULCHELLA) Structure 2.0 Objectives 2.1 Background 2.2 Introduction 2.2.1 Origin 2.2.2 Scope of its Cultivation 2.3 Importance and Uses 2.3.1 Importance in Landscaping 2.3.2 Description of Plants and Flowers 2.4 Species and Varieties 2.4.1 Species Description 2.5 Cultural Practices 2.5.1 Soil 2.5.2 Climate Requirement 2.5.3 Propagation 2.5.4 Seed rate, Season of Sowing and Spacing 2.5.5 Manures and Nutrient Requirement 2.5.6 Irrigation, Weeding and Hoeing 2.6 Harvesting and Yield 2.6.1 Harvesting Method 2.6.2 Yield 2.7 Seed Production in Gaillardia 2.7.1 Harvesting Seed 2.7.2 Postharvest Drying 2.7.3 Cleaning Seed 2.7.4 Seed Storage 2.8 Plant Protection 2.8.1 Major Pests of Gaillardia and its Management 2.8.2 Major Diseases of Gaillardia and its Management 2.9 Let Us Sum Up 2.10 Key Words 2.11 Further References 2.12 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 2.0 OBJECTIVES To impart knowledge to the students on the latest production techniques, seed production and protection of gaillardia. 31 Loose Flowers 2.1 BACKGROUND The common name may refer to the resemblance of the inflorescence to the brightly patterned blankets made by Native Americans, or to the ability of wild taxa to blanket the ground with colonies. Many cultivars have been bred for ornamental use. 2.2 INTRODUCTION 2.2.1 Origin Gaillardia is native to North and South America. 2.2.2 Scope of Its Cultivation Gaillardia flourishes well in any garden soil and can withstand high light intensities, high temperature and drought better than most of the flowering plants. It is also tolerant to salinity. In landscaping, they are useful for filling up any odd corners, large open areas or wide perennial or herbaceous borders. They are also used for interior decorations apart from religious purposes as cut flowers. Besides its utility in landscape and cut flower, gaillardia is useful in reducing erosion in coastal dune areas. 2.3 IMPORTANCE AND USES 2.3.1 Importance in landscaping Grown in herbaceous borders and beds. Suitable for cut flowers. Besides its utility in landscape, useful in reducing erosion in coastal dune areas. It is grown in summer and rainy season when there is a scarcity of flowers for decoration and cut flower. 2.3.2 Description of Plants and Flowers It was named after an M. Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18thcentury French magistrate who was a patron of botany. Gaillardia is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae and the chromosome number is 2n = 24. These are annual or perennial herbs or sub herbs, sometimes with rhizomes. The stem is usually branching and erects to a maximum height around 80 cm (31.5 inches). The leaves are alternatively arranged. Some taxa have only basal leaves. They vary in shape. Flowers are borne in solitary, usually showy heads, the ray-florets yellow and red, 3 to 5 toothed the disc florets purple and fertile. Flower colour comprises of bright yellow, purple, cream yellow or orange, scarlet, copper or bronze, very attractive and durable. 32 Gaillardia 2.4 SPECIES AND VARIETIES 2.4.1 Species Description There are 12 species, out of which G. pulchella and G. aristata are of horticultural importance being annual and perennial forms, respectively. The cultivars of G. pulchella have single or double flowers, in different colours, red, yellow tipped red and others. G. aristata has more number of strains and cultivars than in G. pulchella, the height varying between 35-75 cm and that range of colour includes yellow, coppery scarlet, orange-brown golden yellow, orange, crimson-banded yellow. Some of the varieties are described below: DGS-1 released by UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. It is grown in all the seasons Red Plume : Bright red flowers are produced on plants about 60 cm tall. Baby Cole : A dwarf plant only 20 cm tall bearing red flowers with yellow margins. Dazzler : The flowers are yellow with maroon centres. The plant is 40 cm tall. Goblin : Red flowers with yellow margins on a 30 cm plant. Golden : Goblin: Golden-yellow flowers on a plant 37.5 cm tall. Kobold : Plants about 20 cm tall with spread 45 cm and bear red flowers with yellow margins. Monarch Strain : Flowers are yellow to dark red and some may be a combination of two colours. The Sun : A plant 37.5 cm tall produces golden yellow flowers. Tokajer : Yellow flowers with red at the base of the petals and dark centers, 75 cm tall. Some of the hybrids are : Burgundy : Wine red flowers and plant height up to 60 cm. Copper beauty, having orange and maroon flowers and plant height 75 cm. Ipswich Beauty : Flowers orange and maroon-red, 75 cm plant height. Mrs. H. Longsten : Golden-yellow with red centered flowers and plant height 75 cm. Nana Nieske : Flower colour yellow and red, short plant of 37.5 cm. The King : Yellow and crimson flower colour and 75 cm plant height. 33 Loose Flowers 2.5 CULTURAL PRACTICES 2.5.1 Soil It prefers well drained sandy loam, neutral to alkaline soils (pH 7.1 to 8.5). It has good tolerance of saline and drought conditions. Medium fertility status of the soil is successful for cultivation. 2.5.2 Climate Requirement It grows best in areas with full sunlight and moderate. 2.5.3 Propagation The annual gaillardia is propagated there seeds. The perennial forms can be propagated by cutting or seeds Plants should be spaced 30-40 cm apart. The seeds are sown either in pot or in raised nursery beds from January to October to obtain flowers almost throughout the year. Seeds propagated plants G. aristata produced economic flowers upto 3 years 2.5.4 Seed Rate, Season of Sowing and Spacing Gaillardia commercially propagated through seeds. Seed rate is 2-2.5 kg/ha. Season of sowing is June to July. Basically, seeds are used for sowing in nursery beds. Transplanting of seedlings is done after 25 days in the field prepared for this purpose. Seedlings to be transplanted should have a well-developed root system but not be root bound. Seedlings have to be planted 1 to 13 foot on either side as row planting in zig-zag method. Seedlings require frequent watering for the first few weeks. 2.5.5 Manures and Nutrient Requirement Apply FYM @ 15 tonnes/ha is applied before planting. NPK @ 150:80:60 kg/ ha. Fertilizers and manures have to be applied as per flower crop production in the field. Since blanketflower has a long flowering season, apply fertilizers in 2 to 3 splits. Drip irrigation and fertigation will be more ideal for uniform distribution of nutrients to the crop. 2.5.6 Irrigation, Weeding and Hoeing If economical, use supplemental irrigation to ensure that plants receive at least 1 inch of water per week. When irrigating the crop, apply at least ¾ inch each time to encourage a deeper root system.The cultural operations like weeding and hoeing etc should be practiced as and when required. Direct sowing is much less expensive than using transplanting of seedlings. But currently no labelled herbicides are available for use (as post emergence) in seed production. Hence, expensive hand weeding has to be followed. In transplanting method, pre emergence herbicides can be used. 34 Gaillardia 2.6 HARVESTING AND YIELD 2.6.1 Harvesting Method Flowering commences after about 3 to 4 months of sowing. In order to improve flowering, liquid fertilizers are to be given when the plants have started bearing flowers. Removal of wilted flower prolongs the flowering period. Fully open flowers which long stem are harvested for cut-flowers which remain fresh for 5- 6 days in vase. After 10-12 weeks, gaillardia is ready for harvesting then we gets the flowers up to 2 months 2.6.2 Yield An average yield of gaillardia is about 15-35 t/ha. 2.7 SEED PRODUCTION IN GAILLARDIA 2.7.1 Harvesting Seed The mature seed head resembles a light gray, fuzzy ball. Each seed is actually an individual fruit called an achene. Blanketflower achenes strongly resemble the “birdie” or shuttlecock used in badminton, with the black seed buried deep at the tip. Many of the ripe achenes will drop off the seed head on their own. However, those that are retained must be dislodged at harvesting or after the drying process. Seed can be dislodged from dried seed heads using a hammer mill. For small quantities of seed, a food processor with the blades wrapped in duct tape can be used. Using a handheld seed stripper allows for more selective harvesting. Manually harvesting with pruning shears is the most selective method because seed heads comprised of mostly ripe seed can be harvested. When seed heads are being harvested from a small plot for increasing seed or for seed packets, harvesting by hand is strongly recommended. Hand harvesting, while labor intensive, will maximize yield. Moreover, since only ripe seed heads are being harvested, plants will continuously flower throughout the growing season, thereby maximizing seed production. A combine is most cost efficient when harvesting field crops of 10 acres or more. A combine will harvest the whole crop, whether the seed is mature or not. Plants should reflower, allowing at least a second harvest. An alternative method to harvest seed from field plantings is a modified leaf vacuum pulled by a tractor.
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