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Trachycarpus a Nepalese Population in the Wild of Trachycarpus Martianus and in Cultivation

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Trachycarpus a Nepalese Population in the Wild of Trachycarpus Martianus and in Cultivation Trachycarpus A Nepalese population in the wild of Trachycarpus martianus and in cultivation rachycarpus is a genus artin ibbons weeks at a time on plant-hunting of nine species of fan palm. M G expeditions. Their reports are T In the wild they grow in a and toby spanner fascinating and provided valuable band along the lower Himalayas clues on our subsequent searches from north India, then eastwards have seen the in the same areas. through Nepal, northeast India, majority of species in Burma, China, and then down The species to north Thailand and into the wild, giving them Seed shape provides a natural north Vietnam. a privileged insight subdivision of the genus. The All species are single-stemmed, following have reniform (kidney- dioecious, and small or medium- into how to grow shaped) seeds: T. fortunei, sized compared to other palms. these palms T. geminisectus, T. nanus, T. oreophilus, Their chief attraction for gardeners T. princeps, T. takil, T. ukhrulensis and and palm enthusiasts is their cold Nepal and Burma were British T. wagnerianus. The other two hardiness and ease and speed of colonies and it was common for species have ovoid, grooved seeds growth. Some of the new species army officers stationed there to (shaped rather like a coffee bean): could even be described as beautiful. study the local fauna and flora. T. latisectus and T. martianus. In this The genus for the most part is They would disappear into the hills account the species are dealt with historically well-documented. India, with a party of 20 or 30 locals for alphabetically. 100 June 2013 PlantsmanThe Trachycarpus fortunei planted in temperate and warm- This, the most familiar species, temperate countries worldwide. Its was introduced into Europe cold hardiness is legendary and, like (Holland) from Japan in 1830, other Trachycarpus, it does not need and subsequently into England. summer heat to grow well, as do so However, the most famous many other cold-hardy palms. The introductions to the UK were by main enemy is high winds which Robert Fortune some 20 years later. will soon damage the leaves. In a He had seen the palm in China and sheltered spot, or in less windy sent some seeds back from the island climates, they look their best and of Chusan (now Zhoushan) off the are an easy way of bringing a tropical east coast. These seeds would have look to the temperate garden. been from cultivated trees. The The seeds germinate without Chusan palm’s hardiness was not bottom heat in 8–12 weeks and realized for a long time and indeed seedling growth is comparatively the first specimen was grown for fast. Grow them in tubs or, better, many years in the Palm House at plant them out in a wind-free spot Kew because it was considered when the roots fill an 20 or 25cm pot. tropical. They appreciate a rich soil, plenty of The Chusan palm is considered fertilizer, and additional water to be a native of central and eastern especially in dry areas or seasons. China, but has been so widely This can make a huge difference to cultivated there for thousands of the speed at which they grow. years, that its precise origins have In favoured localities, with regular been obscured. It is possible that watering, the Chusan palm can no truly wild trees exist anymore. produce 30cm of trunk a year and Trachycarpus fortunei is well known for its hardiness Its popularity in China is due to the reports of twice this growth rate are Spanner Martin Gibbons and Toby by All photographs usefulness of the trunk fibres which probably not exaggerated. are cut from the tree and used for Interestingly, growth is fastest at temperate garden. Additionally, a variety of purposes. We have seen night, and in hot climates T. fortunei it is incredibly beautiful – neat, tidy, brushes, brooms and doormats, tends to sulk in the summer, waiting upright and jaunty. even a crude kind of rain cape, for cooler weather in which to grow. Although there is speculation as to uncomfortably heavy when wet, The only maintenance it requires is whether Wagner’s palm might still but still commonly seen in perhaps an annual removal of dead exist in the wild somewhere, in Japan country districts. leaves which, if left in place, can perhaps, hidden on some remote The tree is so well known it hardly form a ‘skirt’ in the manner of mountain top, curiously it has never needs any description. Suffice it to Washingtonia palms. been found. If wild populations ever say that it has a trunk to about 25cm What has previously been referred existed they are probably extinct. in diameter, reaching 10–12m in to as T. wagnerianus is now regarded The original introductions to the height, covered (outside of China as a synonym of T. fortunei. However, West arrived in Italy in the early anyway) with fibrous old leaf bases. Wagner’s palm is quite distinctive in 1900s. This was when a Mr Winter The crown is around 1m in diameter appearance and does need to be bought the entire stock imported and bears dark green, fan-shaped distinguished for horticultural from Japan by the German leaves, usually glaucous beneath, purposes. Indeed, it is unmistakable, horticulturist Albert Wagner, after each with 40–50 very irregularly split especially when young. It has small, whom the species was named. segments. The flowers are yellow stiff leaves, less than 75cm across, Slow-growing and with irregular and on female trees produce the leaf segments edged with white shaped leaves when young, after 3 to hundreds of seeds, blue-black with a woolly fibres. The leaves are so stiff 4 years Wagner’s palm explodes into white bloom, which hang down in that even strong winds have no effect growth and beauty. If given rich soil bunches like tiny deformed grapes. on them. Thus it is the most suitable and watering it can double its size Trachycarpus fortunei is widely palm for windy sites in the every year for a few years, ➤ June 2013 101 collections Trachycarpus latisectus Only described in 1997, the Windamere palm is almost extinct in the wild. It was named for the Windamere Hotel in Darjeeling, India, where two grow at a side entrance. The name refers to the broad leaf segments, one of its distinguishing characteristics. These are around 5cm wide, very glossy, and of which there are around 70 in total, forming a very large and leathery leaf. It has a bare trunk and its seeds resemble those of T. martianus, though slightly larger. It remains in the wild in just one tiny, heavily degraded location in the Sikkim Himalayas in northeast India. This population is immediately threatened with destruction, but it is cultivated in the From Vietnam and adjacent China, Trachycarpus Highly endangered in the wild, Trachycarpus geminisectus is a low-altitude species towns of Kalimpong and Darjeeling. latisectus is confined to one small population In cultivation outside of India it eventually reaching 3–6m in height, has made quite an impression with but well-drained soil. Young plants and always retaining those small, palm enthusiasts. It is the only are best grown under some shade. unique leaves. Just as hardy and as species in the genus which, owing to easy to cultivate as T. fortunei, the its wide altitude range of 1,200– Trachycarpus martianus added benefit of wind resistance will 2,400m, will adapt well to hotter This species is held in a few botanic ensure its popularity, now that it is regions. As with other Trachycarpus, gardens and private collections. The more widely available. T. latisectus excels in a rich, loamy identifying characteristics are the Trachycarpus geminisectus This is the only Trachycarpus to grow in Vietnam. It was discovered in 2003 in Ha Giang province, close to the Chinese border, across which it apparently also grows. It is almost certainly at the easternmost end of the range of the genus and grows at lower altitude than most. It is shorter than other species and its leaf segments are fused along their length into pairs, hence the name, meaning ‘twin segments’. The seedling leaves are very tough and leathery and in this respect are quite distinctive. Cultivation experience is limited but young plants grow well and its needs seem to be as for other Trachycarpus. Low-growing and virtually trunkless, Trachycarpus nanus is threatened by goats in its native habitat 102 June 2013 PlantsmanThe very regular splits in the leaves, the provides a tasty morsel for these leaf segments numbering 65 to 75, pests. This prevents the plants from occasionally up to 80, the bare trunk reproducing because they never and, of course, the seed shape. grow above the danger level. It is distributed in two far apart This interesting small palm areas, one along the Himalayas in remained in almost total obscurity Nepal and into Sikkim, and one in from 1887, when it was first reported Meghalaya province and further east by Pierre Delavay, until 1992 when in India. These areas are separated we mounted a special expedition to by several hundred kilometres of relocate it. Seeds have since come tropical lowlands in Assam. At one out of China and it is now in time the two populations were cultivation in Europe and the US. thought to be separate species. It is a pretty species, with deeply The eastern population was cut, sometimes green, sometimes originally described as T. khasyanus, blue leaves, their segments number- but, though there are some subtle ing not more than 30. Growing at differences, they seem basically the 1,800–2,300m, it is very hardy to same.
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