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Celtic From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The is a compilation of pre-Christian Celtic systems of timekeeping, including the Gaulish Coligny calendar, used by Celtic countries to define the beginning and length of the day, the , the month, the , quarter days, and festivals.[1]

Contents

1 Continental Celtic calendar 2 Medieval Irish and Welsh 3 Native Calendar terms in the 4 In Neopaganism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading

Continental Celtic calendar

The Gaulish Coligny calendar is possibly the oldest Celtic solar/lunar calendar. It was discovered in Coligny, France, and is now on display in the Palais des Arts Gallo-Roman museum, Lyon. It dates from the end of the second century AD,[2] when the imposed the use of the in Roman . The calendar is made up of bronze fragments, in a single huge plate. It is inscribed in Gaulish with Latin characters and uses Roman numerals.

The Coligny Calendar is an attempt to reconcile the cycles of the moon and sun, as is the modern . However, the Coligny calendar considers the phases of the moon to be important, and each month always begins with the same moon phase. The calendar uses a mathematical arrangement to keep a normal 12-month calendar in sync with the moon and keeps the whole system in 1 sync by adding an intercalary month every 2 ⁄2 years. The Coligny calendar registers a five-year cycle of 62 lunar months, divided into a "bright" and a "dark" fortnight (or half a moon cycle) each. The months were possibly taken to begin on the new moon, and a 13th intercalary month was added every two and a half years to align the lunations with the solar year.

The astronomical format of the calendar year that the Coligny calendar represents may well be far older, as calendars are usually even more conservative than rites and cults. The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to Proto-Celtic times, roughly 800 BC. The Coligny calendar achieves a complex synchronisation of the solar and lunar months. Whether it does this for philosophical or practical reasons, it points to considerable degree of sophistication. Medieval Irish and Welsh calendars

Among the Insular , the year was divided into a light half and a dark half. As the day was seen as beginning at sunset, so the year was seen as beginning with the arrival of the darkness, at / (1 November in the modern calendar). The light half of the year started at Calan Haf/Bealtaine (1 May, modern calendar). This observance of festivals beginning the evening before the festival day is still seen in the celebrations and folkloric practices among the , such as the traditions of Oíche Shamhna (Samhain Eve) among the Irish and Oidhche Shamhna among the Scots.[3][4]

Julius Caesar said in his : "[the Gaulish Celts] keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night." Longer periods were reckoned in nights, as in the surviving English term fortnight meaning two , and the obsolete se'nnight meaning one week.

The Laws of Hywel Dda (in editions surviving from the 12th and 13th centuries) make repeated references to periods of nine days (nawfed dydd), rather than the "eight nights" that make up the current word wythnos.[5] Native Calendar terms in the Celtic languages

Many calendrical and time-keeping terms used in the medieval and modern Celtic languages were borrowed from Latin and reflect the influence of Roman culture and on the Insular Celts. The words borrowed include the month names Januarius ( Enáir, Welsh Ionawr), Februarius (Old Irish Febra, Welsh Chwefror), Martius (Old Irish Mart, Welsh Mawrth), Aprilius (Old Irish Apréil, Welsh Ebrill), Maius (Welsh Mai), Augustus (Old Irish Auguist, Welsh Awst); the names for the days of the week, dies Solis, Lunae, Martis, Mercurii, Jovis, Veneris, Saturni; the terms septimana "week" (Breton sizun, Cornish seithum), kalendae "first day of the month" (Old Irish callann, Welsh calan, Breton kala), tempore "time" (Welsh tymor), matutina "morning" (Cornish metin), vespera "evening", nona "noon" (Welsh nawn), and ôra "hour" (Welsh awr, Breton eur).[6][7] A number of native Celtic terms survived the adoption of the Roman/Christian calendar, however:

Old/Middle Modern Scottish Term Proto-Celtic Gaulish Manx Welsh Cornish Breton Irish Irish Gaelic

lat Day / 24- (abbreviation, *latįon la(i)the lá là, latha laa hour period Coligny Calendar)

(sin)diu Day *diį- día dia dia jee dydd dydh deiz (to)day

(tri)nox "(3)- noeth (in *nokWt-, *ad- night, nochd, noght, neth (comp.), neiz Night nocht, adaig oíche compounds), akWi-(?) (decam)noct- oidhche oie nos (comp.), noz nos "(10)-night-"

Week (eight *oktu-nokWt- / wythnos "8- eizhteiz "8- nights/days) *oktu-diį- nights" days"

cola-deug *kWenkWe- cóicthiges (coig latha pythefnos Fortnight coicís kegeesh pemzektez decam-nokWt- "15 (days)" deug "15 "15 nights" days")

mid (read Month *mīss- mí mí mìos mee mis mis miz *miđ)

b[l]is (abbreviation, blwydd, bloavezh, Year *bl(e)id-anī- bliadain bliain bliadhna blein bledhen Coligny blwyddyn bloaz Calendar)

Season, *ammn, *ammn- amm, àm, aimsir, imbagh, Period of stero-, *ratio-, amman aimser, aimsir amser, pryd amser amzer ràith emsher Time *pritu- ráithe

gem, Winter *gijamo giamo- geimhreadh geamhradh geurey gaeaf gwav goañv gemred

*ers-āko "end (of winter)" (alt. *uesr-āko gwanwyn, reverzi (Old "[time]"), earrach, Spring earrach earrach arragh (Old Welsh gwainten Breton *ues-ant-ēn-, robarta ribirthi) rebirthi)[8][9] *ro-bertiā ("torrent, inundation")

Summer *samo- samo- sam, samrad samhradh samhradh sourey haf hav hañv

*uφo-gijam-r- "under here, diskar- wintertime", fóghmhar, cynhaeaf, kydnyav/kynyav, amzer Autumn *kintu-gijamo fogamur foghar fouyr fómhar hydref hedra ("falling "beginning of ") winter", *sito- [...] "deer-"(?)

*kintu-samVn- (V=indeterminate May, May vowel) Cétamain Cèitean Cyntefin Day "beginning of summer"

*medio-samVn- June, (V=indeterminate Mithem(on) Mehefin Metheven Mezeven vowel) "mid- summer"

*uφer-kwenno- July samo- "end of Gorffennaf summer"

In Neopaganism In some Neopagan religions, a "Celtic calendar" loosely based on that of Medieval is observed for purposes of ritual. Adherents of Reconstructionist traditions may celebrate the four Gaelic festivals of Samhain, , and .[10][11]

Some eclectic Neopagans, such as Wiccans, combine the Gaelic fire festivals with and celebrations derived from non-Celtic cultures to produce the modern, Wiccan .[12] Some eclectic Neopagans are also influenced by Robert Graves' "Celtic Tree Calendar", which has no foundation in historical calendars or actual ancient Celtic Astrology, instead being derived from Graves' vision of the Song of Amergin.[13] See also

Gaelic calendar () Welsh holidays References

1. Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO (2006). Page 330. 2. Duval, P.M. and Pinault, G., Recueil des inscriptions gauloises, Tome 3: Les Calendriers (Coligny, Villards d'Heria), CNRS, Paris, 1986, pp. 35. 3. Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs Dublin: Mercier ISBN 1-85635-093-2; pp. 200–229 4. McNeill, F. Marian (1961) The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. Glasgow: William MacLellan; p. 11-42 5. Wade-Evans, Arthur. Welsh Medieval Laws (http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/laws_hywel_dda.html). Oxford Univ., 1909. Accessed 31 January 2013. 6. Loth, Joseph. Les mots latins dans les langues brittoniques, E. Bouillon, 1892, p. 44 (et al.). 7. Dictionary of the , Royal Irish Academy, 1983. Online (http://www.dil.ie/) 8. Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone. A historical phonology of Breton, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1967, p. 296, p. 248. 9. Hamp, Eric. "The Indo-European Roots *bher- in the Light of Celtic and Albanian", in Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, Volume 39, 1982, pp. 205–218. 10. Bonewits, Isaac (2006) Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism. New York, Kensington Publishing Group ISBN 0-8065-2710- 2. pp.134 11. McColman, Carl (2003) Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom. Alpha Press ISBN 0-02-864417-4. pp.12, 51 12. Hutton, Ronald (1991) The Pagan Religions of the Ancient : Their Nature and Legacy. Oxford, Blackwell ISBN 0- 631-18946-7 p.337 13. Hutton (1991) pp.145 Further reading

Brennan, Martin, 1994. The Stones of Time: Calendars, Sundials, and Stone Chambers of Ancient Ireland. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions Brunaux, Jean-Louis, 1986 Les Gaulois: Sanctuaires et Rites Paris: Editions Errance Duval, Paul-Marie, et Pinault, Georges [eds] Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises (R.I.G.), Vol. 3: The calendars of Coligny (73 fragments) and Villards d'Heria (8 fragments) Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Editions Errance 2003. Dictionary of the Irish language, Royal Irish Academy, 1983. Online Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, University of Press, 2nd Ed., 2002. Online Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone. Language and history in early Britain, Edinburgh University press, 1953. Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone. A historical phonology of Breton, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1967. Jenner, Henry. A Handbook of the , AMS Press, 1904, p. 203ff. Koch, John (ed.), "Calendar, Celtic", in Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopaedia, ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 330–332. Lambert, Pierre-Yves, La langue gauloise, Editions Errance, Paris, 1995, pp. 109–115. Loth, Joseph. Les mots latins dans les langues brittoniques, E. Bouillon, 1892. Matasović, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill Academic Publishers, 2009. Nance, Robert Morton. A Cornish-English dictionary, Federation of Old Cornwall Societies by Worden, 1955. Pokorny, Julius, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bern-Munchen 1959–1969. Schrijver, Peter. Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology. Rodopi, 1995. Vendryes, J. Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien. Dublin-Paris, 1959–(still in progress).

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