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Meet the Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the Minotaur POSEIDON's

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Meet the Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the Minotaur POSEIDON's Early Greeks THE ALPHABET (FROM ALPHA TO OMEGA) POSEIDON’S ADVENTURES Meet the Minoans, the Mycenaeans, and the Minotaur IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Early_Greeks_FC.indd 1 3/8/17 4:55 PM 2 Mountains and Seas It is thousands of years ago. You’re sitting on a beach looking out at a crystal-blue sea. Suddenly, in the dis- tance, you see your father’s ship returning home. Your heart skips a beat. You can’t wait to see how many fish he’s caught. Or maybe he’s bringing back goods from a faraway land. You see islands on the horizon. Your father says there are thousands more you cannot even see. Maybe on one of the islands is a child looking your way, wondering what life is like for you on the ICELAND Skelleftea mainland. And what about Archangelsk Nuuk FINLAND Reykjavik the mountains behind you? Ostersund Vaasa Torshavn Beyond the jagged peaksNORWAY are Syktyvkar Helsinki deep valleys that are homeOslo to Stockholm kids and their families, living Tallinn St. Petersburg Vologda Kirov ESTONIA Novgorod on farms. Chances are you’ll Jaroslavl Riga never meet them,DENMARK but you’re LATVIA Rostov Gorkiy Copenhagen LITHUANIA all Greek. You’reSunderland all part of Kaunas Moscow Kazan Minsk Dublin Gdansk Tol Yatti an ancient civilizationNETH. that Orol Kuybyshev IRELAND U. K. Berlin POLAND BELARUS Voronez will changeLondon the world forever. Warsaw Saratov Cork GERMANY Kiev BELGIUM Krakow LUX. Lviv CZECH Volgograd Paris SLOVAKIA UKRAINE Loire 0 500 mi. Ri l GREECE IS LOCAT- ve r EUROPEAUSTRIA HUNGARY MOLDOVA Frunze ATLANTIC Nantes SWITZ. 0 500 km. SLOVENIA ROMANIA ED on the Balkan OCEAN FRANCE PoITALY River CROATIA Da ALPS nuBucharestb Peninsula in south- BOSNIA e River Krasnodar Toulouse ITALIANApennines PENINSULAAdriatic Sea Bayonne Pyrenees SERBIA ConstantaBlack eastern Europe. Italy, Sicily, and parts E bro MONTENEGRO BULGARIA Sea IBERIANValladolid R Corsica GEORGIA(A peninsula is an of Turkey. The south- Porto ive MACEDONIA Madrider r Rome area of land that is ern part of Greece’s gus Riv Barcelona ALBANIABALKAN Ankara ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN PORTUGAL Ta Sardinia Naples Tyrrhenian PENINSULAGREECE Asia almost complete- mainland is called SPAIN Sea TURKEY PENINSULA M e d i Aegean IzmirMinor Ponta Delgada Lisbon Sevilla t e r Ionian ly surrounded by the Peloponnesus. It r a Sicily Sea Adana n Sea Athens water.) Greece is is connected to the Gibraltar Algiers Tunise Tehran a n Crete Nicosia THRACE Black Sea TUNISIA CYPRUS SYRIAbordered byBakhtaran the rest of the mainland EDONRabatIA Sea of Cyprus CasablancaAC LEBANON M Marmara Tripoli S Mediterranean,Baghdad Esfahanby the Isthmus of Pindus Mts.MOROCCO Ouargla e a ISRAEL ATLANTIC Mt. Olympus Troy Aegean, and Ionian Corinth. (An isthmus Asia N IRAQ Basra Aegean Minor EGYPT JORDAN Seas. Ancient Greece is a strip of land that Canary Islands SeaALGERIA CairoN i Ionian W E l also colonized what connects two large Mycenae e KUWAIT Sea AFRICASabhah Reggane R PELOPONNESUS iv Red are today southern pieces of land.) WESTERN EGYPTe LIBYA S r Sea Riyadh QATAR SAHARA Mediterranean Sea Djanet Crete Knossos Al Jawf Aswan U. A. E. Makkah (Mecca) SAUDI ARABIA MAURITANIA Araouane Bilma Nouakchott NIGER MALI Khartoum ERITREA YEMEN SENEGALEarly_Greeks_2-3.indd 16 Asmara 3/8/17 4:56 PM Dakar Niamey CHAD Sanaa GAMBIA Bamako SUDAN BURKINA NIGERIA N’Djamena DJIBOUTI GUINEA BISSAU GUINEA BENIN Conakry GHANA Abuja Addis Abbaba SOMALIA IVORY TOGO Freetown Waw Georgetown COAST Porto Novo CENTRAL AFRICAN Paramaribo SIERRA LEONE ETHIOPIA Monrovia Lome CAMEROON REPUBLIC GUYANA FRENCH GUIANA Abidjan Accra SURINAME LIBERIA Malabo Bangui EQUATORIAL GUINEA Yaounde UGANDA SAO TOME & PRINCIPE REPUBLIC OF KENYA Mogadishu Libreville Kampala CONGO Sao Tome Nairobi GABON CONGO Manaus Belem RWANDA Fortaleza Brazzaville BURUNDI Kinshasa Sao Goncalo Kananga TANZANIA Recife Dar es Salaam Porto Velho Cachimbo Luanda Likasi Barreiras COMOROS BRAZIL Huambo Salvador ZAMBIA MALAWI Cuiaba Brasilia ANGOLA Lusaka Goiania NAMIBIA Harare Antananarivo Belo Horizonte OCEAN ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA Windhoek MADAGASCAR Campinas MOZAMBIQUE PARAGUAY Rio De Janeiro Walvis Bay Gaborone Sao Paulo Asuncion Curitiba Pretoria Maputo Tolanaro Luderitz Mbabane Bloemfontein ARGENTINA SWAZILAND Porto Alegre SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO Rosario Umtata URUGUAY Cape Town Port Elizabeth Buenos Aires Montevideo Comodoro Rivadavia 3 u GREECE IS ALSO islands and along trade, migration, u ON THE MOUN- figs, grapes, and between mountain made up of thou- the coast of the and the sharing of TAINOUS mainland grain in the rocky villages was very sands of islands mainland became ideas, beliefs, and of Greece, people soil. They also difficult. This gave and islets. The great seafarers and customs. built communities raised goats and rise to individual early Greeks who fishers. Traveling in the valleys other livestock. city-states instead settled on the on the sea inspired and plains. They Communication, of a unified empire. cultivated olives, travel, and trade d AS GREEK SOCIETY developed and the economy grew, so did job special- ization. Instead of making everything they needed to survive, many early r HARBORS, WHICH Greeks specialized are places along in one job – like the coast where fishing, selling ships can dock goods, making What would you safely, became very pottery, or acting – have liked to be in important – and to earn a living. ancient Greece? busy – in early Fisher? Potter? Greece. By the fifth parts of Africa, Storyteller? century BCE, the Asia, and parts of Shepherd? Actor? harbor of Piraeus, Europe – traded near Athens, goods there. It was became the busiest said that anything trading center in could be bought in the Mediterranean. Piraeus, including Merchants from all food, pottery, gold, the Greek islands spices, marble, – plus Egypt, other and more. Early_Greeks_2-3.indd 17 3/8/17 4:56 PM 4 THE MINOANS BUILT and trade to Early Civilization in Greece cities around government and lavish palaces. entertainment. Crete is the largest of the Greek islands. In Everything hap- The largest was ancient times, it was home to two civilizations, pened at the built in 1700 BCE palace, from in the city the Minoans and the Mycenaeans. Imagine liv- religious worship of Knossos. ing on Crete so many years ago. If you’re a Minoan, you might live near a palace with so many rooms and passageways, it’s like a maze. According to legend, King Minos built the labyrinth, or maze, to house the Minotaur. (That’s a mythical beast with the head and tail of a bull and the body of a man.) But that’s just a legend. Your life centers on the palace. It’s where your mom goes to the mar- ket, your dad discusses the news with friends, and your family attends sporting events. Like most Minoans, you love theater, art, and music. You dream of becoming an actor, or maybe you’ll be a great sailor, like your dad. Perhaps you’re a Mycenaean, whose family moved south to Crete from the Peloponnesus. Your family may be poor, but you’re happy living on your farm. You love to hear stories about great warrior kings like Agamemnon who, according to legend, fought in the Trojan War. u ANCIENT CRETE r THE MINOAN bustled with cities civilization began but it also had rich in 2000 BCE and farmland. In The was named after Odyssey, the great the mythical king blind Greek poet Minos. According Homer said Crete to Greek mythol- was a “handsome ogy, Minos was country, fertile, the son of the god thronged [crowded] Zeus and the with people. .”* goddess Europa. *Homer. The Odyssey. Robert Fagles, trans. Penguin Group, 1996. Early_Greeks_4-5.indd 16 3/8/17 4:58 PM 5 u THE MINOAN civilization fell in about 1450 BCE. Many say it was because of a Mycenaean inva- sion. Others blame a volcanic eruption, earthquake, or fire. Some believe it was a combination of all these events. u FROM ABOUT d SOME SAY THE 1450 BCE to 1100 Mycenaean civili- BCE, the Mycenaean zation fell because civilization ruled it was invaded by over Crete and the Dorians, a peo- the Peloponnesus. ple from northern Named after the Greece. Others city of Mycenae, blame economic Mycenaeans were troubles. There is a mostly peasants, theory that the Sea or poor farmers, Peoples, a myste- who were ruled rious band of naval over by warrior raiders, caused the kings. They were downfall. Whatever greatly influenced caused it, that col- by the Minoans. lapse started the They adopted Greek Dark Ages. many Minoan customs as their own. This cultural borrowing included sailing techniques, a writing system, and pottery styles. Because they spoke an early form of Greek, they’re called the first Greeks. u THE MINOANS They developed a Try This! were great sailors system of writing Greek myths are and successful to keep track of filled with imag- traders. They trad- their trading inary creatures ed olive oil, wool, activities. Examples like the Minotaur. and pottery for of Minoan writing Draw or describe things like copper, still exist, but no your own mythi- tin, and gold from one has been cal beast. What is the Egyptians and able to translate its special power? Mesopotamians. them – yet. Early_Greeks_4-5.indd 17 3/8/17 4:58 PM 6 r GREEK MYTHS, which are stories Legends and Myths about gods and heroes, explained A bard has come to town! You cheer when nature, history, and you hear the news. Your friends gather humankind’s place in the world. Put around to hear the traveling storyteller sing, together, all the play music, and tell stories about gods, heroes, myths make up a and adventure. mythology. Each god and goddess Storytelling was a very important part of in Greek mythology early Greek life. Myths and legends were not ruled over only entertaining, they were also the basis of a different domain the Greek religion and taught valuable lessons.
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