REVIEW ON WATER POLLUTION STUDIES IN

Bambang Hartono *

ABSTRAK

Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan terhadap lebih dari 60 penelitian yang pernah dilakukan di Indonesia yang berkaitan dengan masalah pencemaran air. Dalam tinjauan ini terungkap bahwa hampir semua jenis sumber air, yaitu sungai, danau, tambak, laut maupun air tanah (misalnya sumur) yang pernah diteliti, telah mengalami pencemaran. Pencemarnya terdiri dari semua jenis pencemar, baik bakteriologis, fisis maupun kimiawi. Pencemar bakteriologis terutama datang dari pembuangan tinja manusia. Bukan hanya karena letak sumber air yang berdekatan dengan pembuangan tinja yang menyebabkan pencemalan, melainkan juga karena perilaku masyarakat. Namun dicatat pula bahwa penelitian dalam bidang ini masih terlaiu sedikit. Khususnya yang berkaitan dengan besarnya masalah. Pencemar fisis dan kirniawi terutama berasal dari pabrik-pabrik. Yang banyak mendapat perhatian tampaknya adalahlogam-logam berat. Walaupun dijumpai kandungan beberapa logam berat dalam air ma- sih di bawah standar, tetapi beberapa yang lain cukup potensial atau telah melewati batas-batas standar dan bahkan telah menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan masyarakat. Hal ini terutama dikarena- kan banyaknya pabrik-pabrik yang membuang limbah industrinya langsung ke sungai dan badan-badan air lain tanpa pengolahan terlebih dulu atau dengan pengolahan yang tidak sempurna. Selain deterjen, sampah rumah tangga, pestisida dan pupuk sebagai pencemar, yang masih kurang mendapat perhatian peneliti, akhir-akhir ini muncul masalah baru yang tampaknya lebih menarik minat para peneliti, yaitu intrusi air laut. Dari beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan terungkap bahwa masalah ini pun sudah cukup serius, khususnya di daerah dekat pantai.

INTRODUCTION playing fields; amenity purposes, such as public fountains and ornamental ponds; Water plays a predominant role in power production from hydropower and human life. The uses of water by the steam power; commercial and industrial community include almost all aspects Purposes, including industrial Process of human life. Daniel A. Okunl identifies waters and cooling; fire protection; and twelve activities of human being requiring carrying away wastes from all n~annerof water supply, i.e. drinking and culinary establishments. purposes; personal cleanliness, including Water may be abstracted for use from bathing and laundering; household clean- any one of a number of points in its lines, heating and air conditioning; movement through the hydrologic cycle. watering lawns and gardens, cleaning The most common sources of water are streets, recreational purposes, including rain water, surface water, and ground swimming pools and the watering of water. But for certain purposes, especially

* National Institute of Health Research and Development, .

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 1 Review on water pollution . . . . Barnbang Hartono

drinking and culinary, good quality of THE QUALITY OF WATER water is needed. However, in most deve- According to E.G. Wagner and J.N. loping countries, to obtain safe drinking Lanoix5, water to be safe for use must water is still a problem. meet three standards for water quality. Water is abundance in Indonesia. In Water should be free from microbiological the mountainous areas or in the areas contaminants, which is determined by the where ground water and surface water are presence of coliform bacterium in the easy to obtain, people use those kinds of water. Theemore coliform bacteria to be water. At the seashores or in the areas found in a certain amount of water, the where such waters are difficult to obtain, lesser the quality of the water. The people use rain and brackish water. But physical quality of water is measured by like in any other developing countries, the turbidity, color, odor and taste of the - especially in the rural areas, people water. Water should also be free from mostly lack the knowledge in selecting chemical and radioactivity. The chemical safe water sources. In 1982 a national contaminants include inorganic chemicals survey on water supply and sanitation (arsenic, borium, cadmium, chromium, found that 87.8 percent of the household lead, mercury, nitrate, selenium, silver, respondents use less and unsafe water fluoride) and organic chemicals (chlori- supply facilities. Meanwhile, 89,8 percent nated hydrocarbons and chlorophenoxys). of them have less and inadequate sanitati- Fair & Geyer6 described safe water as: on facilities? A 1986 national household (1) uncontaminated and hence unable to health survey indicated that 48.6 percent infect its user with waterborne disease, (2) of the respondents use wells water and free from poisonous substance, and (3) 20.7 percent use river water for drinking3. free from excessive amounts of mineral It was also reported in earlier study and organic matter.. that more than fifty percent of people of five villages in Wsst use fish pond water for household purposes. WATER POLLUTION IN INDONESIA Most fishponds are used for defecation Review on studies done in Indonesia and as such they are contaminated with shows many water pollution cases have parasites and bacteria4. With industriali- occurred. Studies done by Permadi Nur- zation program accelerated in Indonesia hasan7 in Magelang, , by even physical and chemical water pollu- Utomo Hari8 in Semarang, Central Java tion are now penetrating into villages. and Mojokerto, , and by Soe- Even though water is abundance in minarti et a19?' in , Central Indonesia, obtaining safe water sources is Java and , East Java re- getting more difficult due to the increas- vealed that the problem is still not serious. ing water pollutants. Moreover, the lack However, the result of these studies of knowledge of the people of safe water were based on a few stations for observati usage will make the health and sanitation on. problems even more complicated. B.A. Kawengian " who studied water

Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Harmno

~Rutionin big cities of Indonesia found in Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, that some rivers have been heavily conta- revealed that all hand pump wells located minated by heavy metals and other within the radius of less than 8.80 meters pollutants. Idjah Soemarwoto et al.' from the latrines are contaminated by E. who studied the quality of water from coli. Soemini A.R.' who studied dug 350 stations for observation including well in Cilandak, Jakarta, found that the rivers, lakes, wells, and ponds throughout safe distance between the wells and the Sumatera, Java, Bali, Kalimantan, and latrines is 6.70 meters, while Sudung Sulawesi, concluded that there is no Sahat H. Nainggolan in Lenteng Agung, water body which meets the criteria Jakarta, found that the safe distance is for Grade A stated in the 1975 Minister of 6.88824 meters.17 The difference in the Health Regulation.' Many chemical results is understandable since there is substances were found in excessive a difference in the nature of the soil, amount, especially organic chemicals and the depth of the wells below surface, and nitrogen. Study by Sri Soewasti Soesanto possibly the amount of bacteria between et al.' indicated many parameters Ujung Pandang and Jakarta. Bacterial acti- stated in the Minister of Health Regula- vity decreases with depth. At 1.3 to 2 m tion were deviated. These include pH there is little or none and at 3.3 to 4 m it (lo%), hardness (34.4%), sulphate (0,8%), is completely sterite. l8 The more poreous sulphide (14.8%), ammonia (71.1%), soil needs more distance between the nitrate (8.6%), , BOD (47%), detergent wells and the latrines. Study done by (6.3%), oil and grease (loo%), phenol Slamet Purwanto in Banyumas, for exam- (75%), chloride (2.3%), iron (48%), ple, shows that the safe distance between manganese (3.9%), zinc (1.6%), and the wells and the latrines will be from mercury (3.1%). The coliform bacteria of 15.5 m, and onwards.19. waters ranged between 1069- 18001100 cc, while the MPN (Most However, the above figures do not Probable Number) ranged between 200- mean that the well waters condition in 6,400.000/100 cc in the dry season and Jakarta and other big cities is bacterio- 240--6,950.000/100 cc in the rainy logically safer. Jakarta and other big season. cities are more crowded. Although the required safe distance is only 7 meters around the latrine, to dig a well beyond this distance is usually impossible. There- Bacteriological pollution fore it is not suprising to know that Beside the aforementioned studies, the quality of shallow wells water in there are many more studies dealing with Jakarta and around the vicinity investiga- bacteriological pollution of water. ted had been found to be contaminated Studies on bacteriological pollution of bacteri~logically.~The coliform bacteria ground waters mostly deal with the content ranged between 30- 240,000 contamination of wells by night soil. MPN1100 cc. Bachmid Johan Mullerl studied the presence of E, Coli in hand pump wells Not ~nlythe distance between the located near latrines, His study well and the latrine contributes to the

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 3 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono becteriological pollution of ground wa- There are six studies : described the ter resources, but some wells which state of bacteriological pollution of the are located within the safe distance sea waters. Josephine T. D. Listiawati from latrines were also shown to have and Soeminarti S. Thayib studied Teluk high number of coliform bacteria.16 Jakarta waters and the vicinity.26 The According to the study it is due to the observations done from September 1974 behavior of the people. This conclusion to February 1975 and from July 1976 is supported by a study done by Hilwati20 to June 1977, showed the distributions on factors aftecting the bacteriological of the MPN of the coliform bacteria are quality of hydrant waters in Grog01 succesively 460-240,0001100 cc and Petamburan of Jakarta. Yet, it is rather 0.15 x 103 100 cc. The study also revea- difficult to make a clear description on led that, in general, the MPN of the coli- the becteriological quality of the ground form increased every year during the waters, since there are only a few studies period of the study. observing the severity of the contamina- The study done by LON (Natio- tion and the magnitude of the problems. nal Institute of Oceanology) in 1982 in Selat Sunda waters showed the area was There are also very limited number of still safe (according to the standards). studies observing the bacteriological pollu- However, there has been a tendency of tion of rivers. Pusat Penelitian dan Pe- significant increase of coliform pollu- ngembangan Perkotaan dan Lingkungan tant~.~'In the first observation (June DKI Jakarta (the Jakarta Center for 1982), the MPN was 0-1801100 cc with Urban and Environment Research and the average of 431100 cc. Meanwhile, Development) who studied river water in the second observation (October in 50 locations throughout Jakarta in 1982) the hPN increased to 30-6101100 1981 concluded that almost all of the cc with the average of 2551100 cc. rivers are highly polluted by biological pollutants, especially during the dry In 1982, Soeminarti S. Thayib season^.^ The University of Indonesia studied the bacteriologic pollutants, expe- in its 1983 study on water pollution of cially the pathogenic bacteria, in Teluk Sunter River and Cakung River, both are Jakarta waters. The result showed the in Jakarta, showed that most people sea waters was relatively free from E. Coli. living along the rivers used the rivers for However, although the MPN of E. coli. defe~ation.~Tjokroarnidjojo et al. stu- was only 541100 cc, the water contained died the river of Tegalweru village in ~ibrioof Proteus and Citrobacter species Malang (East Java)24 found that which are pathogenic. The 1982 LON the water contains many parasitic bac-, study of Laut Sulawesi found Vibno teria. Sonny Priajaya Warouw who studied parahemolyticus and Salmonella in some the found that there observation stations.' were in average 34,940 colonies of bateria In 1985 study by Soeminarti S. per-cc of water.25 As, most rivers fl~wto Thayib et al. in the northern coast of the sea the bacteriological quality of the J3ali3 showed the MPN of bacteria sea waters in surounding coastal regions was increasing and some pathogenic is also of concern. bacteria were isolated. A similar

4 Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono

study by the same researchers done in S. Surtipanti et a1. 36 who studied Teluk Cilacap, Central Java, showed the water pollution of the industrial areas following results: Some species of of Jakarta-BogorTangerang-Bekasi pathogenic bacteria isolated from June (Jabotabek) in 1983 found metal indus- 1984 to March 1985 include Proteus, tries release heavy metals pollutants Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Pseudomonas, into waters. Salmonella, Fecal coliform and Provi- Heavy metals became more important dencia, They suggest that the sea as water pollutants in Indonesia since waters are equally as contaminated as 1980s. One of the methods of identifying other water sources. heavy metals pollution is through their Physcial and chemical pollution. deposits in fishes or other aquatic orga- nisms. L. Thamzil, S. Suwirma, and S. The increasing industrial areas in Surtipanti in their study of heavy metal Indonesia increases the possibility of pollution in Sunter Riverj ' obtained physical and chemical pollution to water the following results: Hg 1.2-20.6 ppb, bodies. The problem arises due to not Cd 0.03-0.24 ppm, Zn 0.1.04.31 ppm, only the quantity and diversity of wastes Pb 0.06-4.30 ppm, Ni 0.05-0.25 ppm, to be discharged, but more important are Co. 0.05--0.20 ppm, and Fe 0.27-0.76 the attitude and behavior of the industries ppm, while the physical parameters were managements in disposing their industrial pH 6.4-7.6, temperature 27.6-31.1°C, wastes. Badruddin Mahbub, Suyatna Ang- turbidity 126-328 pprn and dissolved gadinata and Ibrahim Sumanta in their oxygen 2.8-7.3 ppm. The data shows study found that there were at least 32 that the heavy metals, especially mercury factories disposing wastes into only one and lead were in high concentration. river, i.e. Cibodas River. Most of them Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Per- (92.8%) disposed the wastes directly kotaan dan Lingkungan DKI Jakarta (the without any t~eatment.~Sri Soewasti Jakarta Center for Urban and Environ- Soesanto et al. and Proyek Penelitian ment Research and Development) Pencemaran Industri (Indstrial Pollution studied rivers water in 50 locations of Research Project) in their studies in Jakar- Jakarta also concluded that in general ta found some factories have no waste the rivers had been highly polluted by treatment plant and even the large facto- lead.' ries which own waste treatment plants have not been able to treat their wastes Muhammad Taufiq studied River in 1983.3 He compared the water properly.3 g3 quality of the river before and after In Jakarta, in 1978 a study had been entering Jakarta. He found the quality done to observe the Cakung River in of the water was good in the last accordance with the pollution from facto- check point before entering Jakarta ries and household refuse disposal. The city borderline. After flowing through study revealed that the industrial wastes the city, the water became polluted. In and household refuse disposed into Ca- the check point near the branching of kung River play an important role in the the river into the Banjir Kanal, the water degradation of water quality of the ri- quality was moderate. The quality became ver. 35 worse as the river is approaching its Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 5 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono estuary. was also studied by Fuad Amsyari et al.. In 1981 Soetjipto studied the pollu- in Surabaya. Instead of analyzing mercury tion of cadmium in some water basins deposit in fishes, they studied, the mer- in Wonokromo (East Java). Analyzing the cury concentration in the hair of people deposit of cadmium in the lobsters consuming fishes using Activated Neu- cultured in the basins, he concluded tron Analy~is~~.The same method ,that the basins had been polluted. The was also done by Tri Tugaswati et al. in concentrations of cadmium in the three ~akarta.~Both these studies revealed basins were sucessively 0.0239 * 0.0069 that the water pollution of mercury was ppm, 0.0258 * 0 (2054 ppm, and 0.0235 yet to be a danger to human health. + 0.0071 -r>~m.~~ - The mercury concentration iq the hair Fuad Arnsyari et al. also in East indentified by Fuad Amsyari et al. was Java i.e. in Surabaya River, studied the 10.71 ppm, while Tri Tugaswati et al. pollution of mercury, cuprum, and found it ranged between 1.84 - 33.71 cadmium.40 The results of the study pprn among male and 1.17-31.84 pprn showed that the average concentration of among female. Tri Tugaswati et al. also mercury, cuprum, and cadmium in bader studied the concentration of mercury fish (Buntius javanicus) and keting fish in water consumed by the people and (Arius caelatus) were 0.74 ppm, 0.32 ppm, found it was still in safe level. i.e. 0.001 and 0.05 pprn respectively. The concen- ppm. In 1984 a study done by Proyek tration of these heavy metals in bader Penelitian Pencemaran Industri (Industrial fish did not differ significantly from that Pollutio~l Research Project) in Jakarta in keting fish, and both appeared to be confirmed the findings by the two previ- a little higher than the FA0 recommen- ous researchers, although it suggested ded limit for Hg and Cu concentrations that other metals, i.e. Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn, in fishes for human consumption. and Cr had been discharged into rivers in excessive amounts as to endanger the Soelastri Darwati S. et al. who studied river water.3 ' the condition of Surabaya River earlier (1982) confirmed that the river is highly Although the concentration of mer- contaminated and thus it is not suitable to cury may be stilI of the level unhazar- be a source of raw water for drinking dous to health, but other heavy metals, water treatment plant. The BOD (Biolo- i.e. nickel and chromium had been found gical Oxygen Demand) of the river is more to cause dermatitis. In Gersik, East Java, than 6 pprn on the a~erage.~ Su~ito~~studied the effect of Lake Agustina Lubis who studied the con- Kajen pollution by factories manufac- centration of mercury - in mujair fishes turing gold plated accesories in relation (Tilapia mossam bica) cultured in three to the health of the community that water basins in Jakarta concluded that the used the lake water for bathing and three water basins observed were pollu- laundering. The studied population show- ted. The concentration of mercury were ed 25.7% suffered from skin infections 0.22 ppm, 0.15 ppm, and 0.24 pprn 13,3% diagnosed as dermatitis, and respectively ? 7.5% was positive by patch test against Mercury deposit caused by pollution nickel and chromium.

6 Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono

Proyek Pengelolaan Sumbersumber the plankton (under 0.7), which suggests Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup (Natural the river had been higly polluted. Resources and Environment Management The food additive (monosodium gluta- who studied rivers and wells mate) factory in Mojokerto when it was in Yogyakarta also found that the DO studied by Utomo ~ari~was harmless (Dissolved Oxygen) of the water bodies to the nearby river. But another similar are generally low. Industrial pollu- factory in Probolinggo (East Java) which tion of water has, in fact, occured in was studied by Sutini and ~idwina'~ Yogyakarta with the highest level of showed potential pollution. In Gending pollution in the downstream of the River and Pesisir River, at the segment rivers. Chemical pollutants identified where the factory is located, there was include ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, a significant increase of C02, NH4, and chromium. Study by Totok G~nawan~~Nitrate, and organic matters ~cincentra- in Mergangsan, Yogyakarta to analyze tion and the BOD. The temperature and water pollution by batik printing factori- the acidity of the water were low, but es, revealed that there has been a severe the electric conductivity of the water pollution caused by industrial wastes was high. In most ponds watered by disposed into the rivers (surface waters) the river, there was a significant decrease as well as into the wells (ground waters). of the number of plankton, especially in Beside batik printing factories des- the area downstream the factory. cribed above,4 some other factories had Observation into the water pollution also been studied for their potential caused by sugar and spirits factories done polluting effect. Nurinas found that in by Hermani S. Djalal Tanjung5 revealed Majalaya, Bandung and Banjaran (West the potential of the factories, especially Java), pollution from textile factories had in increasing the temperature of the river been spreading Another study water which decreased the dissolved done by the Direktorat Jenderal Industri oxygen. Kecil (Directorate General of Small Musi River in South Sumatera had Industries) in Central Java also revealed also been studied for its water pollution. that batik printing industries play a The study done by Saeni M.S., RTM significant part in water pollution.4 Sutamihardja, and R.C. Tarmingkengs4 The pollution of paper factory into revealed no water quality degradation in Bekasi River in was studied by the river segment between Boom Baru Karno." The study concluded that due and Pulau Kembara. Similar condition to the pollution of the paper factory, was also found in the upstream segment the COD, temperature, suspended solids, of the river (near Pulau Borang). But hardness, pH and the SO4 concentration approaching the downstream segment, the of the river exceeded, the permissible water quality of the river degraded seve- level stated in the Ministry of Health rely. Ammonium nitrate and the COD Regulation.' (Chemical Oxygen Demand) exceed the Subarijanti and Herawati Umi studied permissible level due to the pollution the water pollution by sealing wax factory from fertilizer and rubber factories. Even in Umbul River, Probolinggo(East ~ava).~' in the industrial area segment the concen- This study showed the low diversity of tration of the ammonia and suspended

Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 7 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono solids were very high. Nearly all parts normal concentration of mercury in sea of the river crossing Palembang city had water is 0.15 ppb., it is clear that those BODS exceeding the permissible level sea waters had been heavily polluted for raw water for drinking water con- by mercury. sumption. So as the level of acidity. The industrial wastes seem to be not Water pollution caused by tapioca only polluting surface waters, but ground industrial waste forms the most serious water as well. environmental problem in Lampung. A Endang Mastuti W (1984)6 who study done by Badruddin Mahbub, Rach- studied water pollution problems in madi H.S., and Ibrahim S. revealed that Surakarta, Central Java, found the pre- the waste discharged by a tapioca industry sence of industrial waste pollutans in the with the production capacity of 300 tons private dug wells of the community, a day contains 10,500 mgll BOD; 20,550 especially in Subdistrict Pasar Kliwon. mgll COD and 16.8 mgll Cn.' Inswiasri et al. in their study done in Most rivers flow to the sea. Thus the Jakarta on heavy metals concentration physical and chemical pollution of rivers in water found that in almost half of the will directly affect the physical and studied wells, although the concentration chemical condition of the sea waters. of Cu and Zn were still below the per- Wahyu Santoso et al. who studied the mitted maximum, the concentration of physical and chemical quality of Teluk Hg (mercury) was in excessive .6 ' Badrud- Jakarta water, found that the industrial din Mahbub et al. even detected a high wastes is a dominant pollutant of the concentration of nitrate in the wells water^.^ Sofyan Yatim et al. who water they studied in Jakarta, although studied the same area of waters concluded this concentration (NO3 > 10 mglcc) is that the concentration of Hg, Pb, Ni, still below the permitted ma~imum.~ and Zn in the water exceeded the critical Iskandar Sumana studied the effect level.' It was also noticed that the of waste disposal from 94 tofu (soya chemicals have been spread out and even cakes) factories in Jakarta upon the acummulated in some parts of the waters. private wells of the ~ommunity.~'The In addition, Muswery Muchtar found a results showed the organic matters con- high concentration of silicon-silicate in centration of 6.636-22.436 mgll, the the same water^.^ nitrate concentration of 0.04--0.3 ppm, Horas P.H. and R. Harnidah studied and the ammonia concentration of 0.15- the wider areas of sea waters in 1982, 0.6 ppm. The average values of these including Muara Angke Estuary. Teluk concentrations are 14.04 ppm (organic , Northern Coast of Java, Seiat matters), 0.1103 ppm (nitrate). and Makasar and Laut Sulawesi." They 0.39 ppm (ammonia), thus concluded that found that the concentration of mercury those tofu factories are potential sources in those sea waters were 10-27 ppb for of pollution for the community private Muara Angke, 3-4 ppb for Teluk Banten, wells. 6.1 ppb for Northern Coast of Java, 1.8-4.8 ppb for Selat Makasar, and Other sources of physical and chemical 1-13 ppb for Laut Sulawesi. Since the pollution.

8 ~ul.Denelit. Keanat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono

Water polluti~ncaused by detergent this increasing problem. Studies by can be classified into industrial pollution. Bambang Soejadi and Sukibat R.S.,6 But in fact, the pollution mainly come by Pusat Litbang Pengairan (Center for from the community activities using the Water System Research and Develop- detergent, especially for laundering pur- ment),67 and by Soenarto B and Widjaja poses. Therefore it seems to be more J.M. " showed that there have been convenient to classify the pollution into extensive intrusion of sea waters into household wastes pollution. ground water table, especially through river. Badruddin Mahbub et al.' conclu- However, the detergent pollution ded that most shallow wells in Jakarta and seems to be still in an uncritical state, the vicinity located 7.5 km from seashores such as only a few studies were carried have salinity above the permitted maxi- out. A study done by Asep Ali Kudus in mum concentration. Joyce MartFr Widjaja Lake Panjalu, Ciamis (West Java) revealed even stated that the intrusims of sea that the detergent pollution to the lake water in Jakarta have reached the distan- water is still relatively Yet, in ce of *I3 km away from the seashores. some big cities it is not impossible that Not only salt being transported by the the detergent problem is getting more water, but also some minerals. Hisyam serious. Badruddin Mahbub et al. for S.W.7 found that the intrusion of Pre- example, found a high concentration of mulung River water into the community detergent in shallow wells in Jakarta and private wells located 3-15 meters away the vicinity.' from the river transporting not only salt Another source of water pollution but also manganese .. which is still neglected is solid waste. However, Kumoro Palupi et al. in their 1982 study indicated that in four cities CONCLUSION of Java solid waste was the major pollutant of the river (87.5%).6 From the above description, it is obvious that : The use of fertilizer and pesticide attracted some researchers from the 1. Water pollution has become a serious University of Andalas. In 1980 Abubakar problem in Indonesia especially since et aL6 studied the side effect of fertilizer 1980s. and pesticide used for agricultural pur- 2. Almost all sources of water, i.e. rivers, poses. Even though they failed to detect lakes, basins, oceans, as well as ground pollution of pesticide, the study revealed waters which were studied have been that the use of fertilizer had increased polluted. the concentration of N, P, and K in the 3. The water pollutants consist of all water of the private community dug kinds including bacteriological, phy- wells. sical as well as chemical pollutants. With the decrease of ground water 4. The bacteriological pollutants are reserve of the earth, a new problem of mostly originated from the night soil pollution emerges, i.e. sea water intrusion. contamination due to the close More researchers seem to be attracted by distance between the water bodies and

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 9 Review on water pollui:ion . . . . Bambang Hartono

the latrines and the improper beha- Looking at the serious problem of the vior of people in handling the water water pollution, it is suggested to supplies. However, there are only a increase the health education activi- few studies dealing with the magni- ties for the communities regarding tude of the bacteriological pollution the preservation of water resources, of rivers and ground waters. including the efficiency in using 5. The physical and chemical pollutants water, and the proper water supply are mainly heavy metals originated handling. from the industrial wastes. Although 3. Beside health education activities, the the concentration of some pollutants application of law and regulations are still within the permitted limits, concerning water pollution should be some others are beyond the limits. reinforced and supervised effectively. 6. The problem of industrial wastes More attention should be given to pollution into waters is mainly caused the industries regarding their lpractices by the ignorance in the industrial in industrial waste treatment. waste management. Most of the REFERENCES industries still dispose their wastes directly into rivers or other water bodies without any treatment. 1. Okun, Daniel A. (1980). Water quality management. in Last, John 7. Other pollution sources which are M. Maxcy-Rosenau Public Health and potential but still being given less Preventive Medicine. Eleventh edition. attention by researchers include the Appleton--Century -Crofts,New York?' household use of detergent, garbage disposal, and the use of pesticides 2. Sutomo, Sumengen et al. (1986)'. and fertilizers. The "new' kind of Water supply and sanitation in rural pollution which is more attractive to areas of Indonesia. Bull. Health the researchers seeirs to be sea water Studies 14 (4) : 1-9* intrusion. Some studies done in this 3. Budiarso. L. Ratna et al. (1987). matter indicate the problem is really Survai Kesehatan Rumah Tangga 1986 getting serious, especially within a Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan certain distance of the seashores. Kesehatan. Jakarta. 4. Soesanto, Sri Soewasti et al. (1979). RECOMMENDATIONS Fishpond latrine. Puslit Ekologi Ke- sehatan. Jakarta. More studies are needed to analyze further the water pollution problems 5. Wagner, E.G; J.N. Lanoix (1959). in Indonesia, especially in relation Water supply for rural areas and smalI with night soil contamination of communities. World Health Organiza- surface and ground waters, the pollu- tion. Geneva." tion of water bodies by other pollu- 6. Fair, G.M. and J.C. Geyer (1958). tants such as solid wastes, detergent, Elements of waters supply and waste- fertilizer and pesticides, and the sea water disposal. John Wiley & Sons. water intrusion. New York.*

Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Hartono

7. Nurhasan, Permadi (1980). Penelitian jenis pasir di kecamatan Tamalate, air buangan industri dalam kaitannya Ujung Pandang. Fakultas Kesehatan dengan pencemaran lingkungan di Masyarakat, Universitas Indonesia. daerah Magelang dan sekitarnya. Balai Jakarta. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri, 16. Soemini. A.R. (1979). Hubungan Departemen Perindustrian. Sernarang. variasi jarak penampungan tinja dengan 8. Hari, Utomo (1981). Studi pendahulu- sumur gali dan konsentrasi E. coli di an penentuan kadar zat-zat polutan kelurahan CiIandak, Jakarta. Fakultas kimiawi dalam air sungai yang berasal Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas dari eksklusi industri. Departemen Indonesia. Jakarta. Kimia, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas 17. Nainggolan, Sudung Sahat H. (1980). Brawijaya. Malang. Banyaknya coli tinja dalam air sumur 9. Soeminarti S.T. et a1 (1985). Peneliti- gali sehubungan dengan jaraknya ter- an mikrobiologi di daerah Bengawan hadap jamban di kelurahan Lenteng Solo. Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, Agung, Jakarta Selatan. Akademi LIPI. Jakarta. Penilik Kesehatan-Teknologi Sanitasi. 10. Soeminarti S.T. et al. (1985). Peneliti- Jakarta. L an mikrobiologi di daerah Sungai 18. Ehlers, Victor M. (1965). Municipal Porong (bagian Sungai Brantas). Lem- and rural sanitation. Sixth edition. baga Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI, Jakar- McGraw-Hill. New York.* ta. 19. Purwanto, Slamet (1980). Hubungan 11. Kawengian, B.A. (1983). Penelitian antara jarak jamban keluarga dengan pencemaran lingkungan di kota-kota tingkat pencemaran bakteri 'fecal besar di Indonesia. Puslit Ekologi coliform dalam air sumur pompa Kesehatan. Jakarta. tangan dangkal di kecamatan Sokaraja 12. Soemarwoto, Idjah (1979). Status dan Kernbaran, kabupaten Banyumas. mutu badan air di Indonesia. Lembaga Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Uni- Ekologi Universitas Padjadjaran. Ban- versitas Indonesia. Jakarta. dung. 20. Mahbub, Badruddirii et al. (1986). 13. Departemen Kesehatan (1975). Per- Kualitas air tanah Jakarta dan se- aturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik kitarnya. Jurnal Lit bang Pengairan Indonesia No. Ol/Birhukmas/I/1975 l(3) : 3-4." tentang syarat-syarat dan pengawasan 21. Hilwati (1984). Faktor-faktor yang kualitas air minum. mempengaruhi kualitas bakteriologis 14. Soesanto, Sri Soewasti et al. (1982). air hydrant di RW 08 kelurahan Evaluasi standar kualitas air badan Jelambar, kecamatan Grog01 Petam- air. Puslit Ekologi Kesehatan. Jakarta. buran, Jakarta Barat. Akademi Penilik Kesehatan Teknologi Sanitasi. Jakarta. 15. Muller, Bachmid Johan (1979). Penga- ruh jarak jamban keluarga terhadap 22. Tjokroasnidjojo (1983). Komposisi jumlah bakteri Escherichia coli dalam kimia hasil penyaringan air di desa air sumur pompa tangan dangkal pada Tegalweru, kecamatan Dau yang di-

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 11 Review on water pollution . . . . Barnbang Hartono

gunakan sebagai air minum. Fakultas 31. Soeminarti S.T. et al. (1985). Peneliti- Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. an mikrobiologi di daerah Cilacap. 23. Pnsat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. Perkotaan dan Lingkungan DKI Jakar- Jakarta. ta (1981). Laporan Lingkungan Jakarta 32. Mahbub, Badruddin; Suyatna Angga- 1980-1981 : Air sungai. dinata; Ibrahim Sumanta (1987). Pilot 24. Pusat Penelitian Sumberdaya Manusia plant pengendalian pencemaran air dan Lingkungan, Universitas Indonesia Cimahi. Jurnal Litbang Pengairan (1983). Pengelolaan lingkungan daerah 1(4) : 21 - 30." aliran Sungai Sunter-Cakung. PPMSL 33. Soesanto, Sri Sogwasti et al. (1987). UI bekerjasarna dengan Icantor Men- Penelitian upaya industri besar dalam teri Negara Kependudukan dan Ling- mengatasi limbah cair yang mengan- kungan Hidup. Jakarta. dung BOD tinggi 1986-1987. Puslit 25. Warouw, Sonny Priajaya (1984). Pe- Ekologi Kesehatan. Jakarta. ngaruh ketebalan lapisan arang sekam 34. Proyek Penelitian Pencemaran Industri padi sebagai media saring terhadap dan Badan Litbang Industri (1984). penurunan tingkat kekeruhan dan Identifikasi dan pengkajian kandungan jumlah kuman air Sungai Cisadane. logam berat dari beberapa industri di Akademi Penilik Kesehatan-Teknologi DKI Jakarta. Departemen Perindustri- Sanitasi. Jakarta. an. Jakarta. 26. Listiawati, Josephine T.D. and Soemi- 35. Silalahi; Titi Suparti (1978). Studi narti S. Thayib (1978). Tinjauan kualitas fisika-kimia air Kali Cakung masalah sanitasi di perairan Teluk sehubungan dengan daerah industri Jakarta dan sekitarnya. Lembaga Pulogadung di DKI Jakarta. Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. Jakarta. 36. Surtipanti. S. et al. (1983). Penentuan 27. Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional (1983). kandungan logam berat Hg. Pb, Cd, Bakteri coli di perairan Selat Sunda. Ni, Zn, Cr, As dan Th dalam air lim- Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. bah industri di daerah Jakarta-Bogor Jakarta. Tangerang-Bekasi (Jabotabek). klaja- 28. Thayib, Soeminarti S. (1982). Bakteri {ah BATAN 16 (2) : 17-26." penyakit (pathogen) di Teluk Jakarta. 37.Thamzi1, L.; S. Suwirma;S. Surtipanti Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. (1980). Studi kandungan logam berat Jakarta. pada aliran Sungai Sunter. Majalah 29. Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional (1982). BATAN 13(3) : 41-58." Penelitian mikrobiologi di Laut Sula- 38. Taufiq, Muhammad (1983). Studi des- wesi. Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional, kriptif perkembangan kualitas air LIPI. Jakarta. Sungai Ciliwung sebelum dan sesudah 30. Soeminarti S.T. et al. (1985). Peneliti- memasuki wilayah DKI Jakarta. Aka- an mikrobiologi di perairan pantai demi Penilik Kesehatan-Teknologi utara Pulau Bali. Lembaga Oseanologi Sanitasi. Jakarta. Nasional, LIPI. Jakarta. 39. Sutjipto (1981). Kandungan kadmium

Bul. Penelit. Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 Review on water pollution . . . . Bambang Harmno

(Cd) pada udang windu (Penaeus panjang dengan pendekatan model monodon fabricius) di budidaya tam- dinamika ekosistem pulau (111). Kan- bak sekitar muara kana1 Wonokromo, tor Menteri Negara Kependudukan Surabaya, Fakultas Kesehatan Masya- dan Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta. rakat. Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. 47. Gunawan, Totok (1981). Studi kasus 40. Amsyari, Fuad et al. Kadar mercury, pencemaran air .akibat pembuangan cuprum, dan cadmium pada Puntius bahan-bahan perusahaan batik Karang- javanicus (ikan bader) dan Arius kajen Prawirotaman. Fakultas Geografi caelatus (ikan keticg) di perairan UGM. Yogyakarta. Kali Surabaya. Unit Kesehatan Ling- 48. Nurinas. Laporan penelitian pencemar- kungan, F.K. Unair. Surabaya. an air dan aspek ekonomi di Jawa 41. Soelastri Darwati S. et al. (1982). Barat. Direktorat Jenderal Tndustri Kemampuan Kali Surabaya menam- Kecil. Jakarta. pung air limbah industri. Fakultas 49. Proyek Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknik Kimia, lnstitut Teknologi Industri Tekstil. Masalah pembuangan Sepuluh Nopember. Surabaya. air terhadap lingkungan hidup di Jawa 42. Lubis, Agustina (1982). Kandungan Tengah. Direktorat Jenderal Industri merkuri pada ikan mujair di budidaya Kecil. Jakarta. tambak dan pada penduduk pemakan 50. Karno (1982). Pengaruh air buangan ikan mujair di kelurahan Marunda. pabrik kertas P.T. Kertas Bekasi Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Uni- Teguh terhadap Sungai Bekasi, Jawa versitas Indonesia. Jakarta. Barat. Fakultas Kesehatan Masya- 43. Amsyari, Fuad et al. (1984). Peneliti- rakat, Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. an kadar merkuri pada penduduk 51. Subarijanti; Herawati Umi (1983). Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Fakultas Ke- Suatu studi tentang pengaruh buangan dokteran, Universitas Airlangga. Sura- pabrik lak (shellac) terhadap fluktuasi baya. 02, C02, dan perkernbangan plankton 44. Tugaswati, A. Tri (1984). Studi pada Sungai Umbul di Probolinggo. tingkat kontaminasi merkuri dan pola Fakultas Peternakan dan Perikanan, konsumsi ikan dan air minum. Puslit Universitas Brawijaya. Malang. Ekologi Kesehatan. Jakarta. 52. Sutini, Lidwina (1983). Pengaruh 45. Suwito (1983). Pengaruh limbah kimia buangan sisa industri Sasa (vetsin, dari kerajinan-Xemasan pada air telaga bumbu masak) terhadap kualitas air terhadap kesehatan penduduk di du- Sungai Gending dan Pesisir serta kuh Kajen, desa Giri, kecamatan pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas air di Kebomas, kabupaten Gresik. Fakultas tambak-tambak sekitarnya. Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga. Peternakan dan Perikanan, Universitas Surabaya. ~rawijaya:Malang. 46. Proyek Pengelolaan Sumber-sumber 53. Tanjung, Hermiani S. Djalal. Pengaruh Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup (1985). air buangan pabrik gula dan pabrik Studi operasional perencanaan jangka spriritus Madukismo terhadap bebe-

Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988 13 Review on water pollution . . Bambang Hartono

rapa parameter fisiokimia kualitas air. Tegal Parang, Jakarta Selatan. Aka- Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Gajah demi Penilik Kesehatan-Teknologi Mada, Yogyakarta. Sanitasi. Jakarta. 54. Saeni M.S.; R.T.M. Sutamihardja; 63. Kudus, Asep Mi (1982). Tingkat R.C. Tarmingkeng. Kualitas air Sungai pencemaran detergen di Danau Pan- Musi di sekitar kota Palembang di- jalu, kabupaten daerah tingkat I1 lihat dari beberapa peruntukan. Ciamis. Akademi Penilik Kesehatan- Teknologi Sanitasi. Jakarta. 55. Mahbub, Badruddin; Rachmadi H.S.; Ibrahim S. (1987). Penanggulangan 64. Palupi, Kumoro et al. (1982). Evaluasi pencemaran air limbah industri tapio- standard kualitas air badan air. Puslit ka di Lampung. Jurnal Litbang Peng- Ekologi Kesehatan. Jakarta. airan 2 (5) : 17-27." 65. Abubakar et al. (1980). Pemelnksaan 56. Santoso, Wahyu et al. (1975). Inven- pengaruh pemakaian pupuk dan insek- tarisasi kualitas air permukaan daerah tisida pada padi terhadap air rninum Teluk Jakarta Tirnur. Pusat Penelitian rakyat di sekitar kotamadya Padang. Masalah Perkotaan dan Lingkungan, FIPIA, Universitas Andalas. Padang. DKI Jakarta. Jakarta. 66. Soejadi, Bambang; Sukibat R.S. Salt 57. Yatirn, Sofyan et al. (1978). Distri- instrusion dan penggunaan air sungai busi unsur logam berat dalam air laut untuk keperluan penduduk sehari-hari permukaan Teluk Jakarta. Pusat Apli- pada beberapa sungai di kota Sura- kasi Isotop dan Radiasi, BATAN. baya. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember. Surabaya. Jakarta. 67. Pusat Litbang Pengairan (1984). Pe 58. Muchtar, Muswery. Kandungan silikon nyelidikan intrusi air laut daerah silikat di Teluk Jakarta. Lembaga Jawa Barat utara. Badan Litbang Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. Jakarta. P.U. Bandung. 59. Horas P.H.; R. Hamidah (1982) 68. Sunarto, B & Widjaja J.M. (1985). Kandungan logam berat dalam bebs Salt water intrusion in Jakarta ground rapa perairan laut Indonesia. Lembaga water basin. Pusat Litbang Pengairan Oseanologi Nasional, LIPI. Jakarta. Badan Litbang P.U. Bandung. 60. Endang Mastuti W. (1984). Studi 69. Wijaya, Joyce Martha (1986). Penyu- kasus pengaruh air buangan terhadap supan air laut di cekungan air tanah kualitas air minum di daerah kecamat- Jakarta. Jurnal Litbang Pengairan an Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta. Fakultas 1(1) : 8-12.* Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret. 70. Hisyam S.W. (1984). Dampak air Surakarta. Sungai Premulung, Surakarta terhadap 61. Inswiasri et al. (1987). Penelitian kualitas air sumur gali di sekitarnya. kandungan logam berat dalam air di KPS Lingkungan Hidup dan Kepen- DKI Jakarta. Puslit Ekologi Kesehatan dudukan, Pusat Penelitian Universitas Jakarta. Sebelas Maret. Surakarta. 62. Sumana, kkandar (1982). Pengaruh buangan pabrik tahu terhadap sumur (Most of the above references are unpub- masyarakat sekitarnya di kelurahan lished documents, except those with the*).

Bul. Penelit . Kesehat. 16 (2) 1988