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ANDY WARHOL [Ausencias] EVITERNA, REVISTA DE HUMANIDADES, ARTE Y CULTURA INDEPENDIENTE ISSN: 2530-6014, No 5, (MARZO 2019) ANDY WARHOL [Ausencias] Ramón Melero Guirado Departamento de Arte, Museo Picasso Málaga Recibido el 10 de diciembre de 2018; revisado el 20 de febrero de 2019; aceptado el 05 de marzo de 2019; publicado el 22 de marzo de 2019 RESUMEN: Resulta paradójico que Andy Warhol, uno de los artistas de la segunda mitad del siglo XX que más atención ha prestado al poder de las imágenes, realice un numeroso grupo de lienzos monocromos. Este artículo ofrece una interpretación de estas singulares obras y de sus composiciones en polípticos, partiendo del paradigmático “Before and After” (1962) y centrándonos en las series realizadas entre los años 1963 y 1964 con pintura plateada. Para tal fin, tomamos como referencia las propias reflexiones del artista en torno al concepto de belleza en general y de su propia imagen en particular. PALABRAS CLAVE: Andy Warhol, Pop Art, monocromía, imagen, políptico, pintura plateada. ABSTRACT: It is paradoxical that Andy Warhol, one of the artists after the middle XX century who has pay more attention to the images power, painted a large group of monochrome canvases. This article offers an interpretation of these singular works and their compositions in polyptychs, starting from the paradigmatic "Before and after" (1962) and focusing on the series realized between 1963 and 1964 with silver painting. To that end, we take as reference the artist's own reflections about the concepts of beauty and her own image. KEYWORDS: Andy Warhol, Pop Art, monochrome, image, polyptychs, silver painting. 1 Ramón Melero Guirado My mind is like a tape recorder with one button – Erase (Warhol, 2014, p. 217) Los grandes iconos de la música, el cine, el arte y la sociedad, protagonistas de la segunda mitad del siglo veinte, son plateados, dorados, fucsias y verdes. Son imágenes consensuadas globalmente, multiplicadas en mosaicos preciosos y colosales. Los primeros sesenta fueron años muy agitados en Estados Unidos: la crisis de los misiles, el incremento de la presencia militar en Vietnam, el asesinato del presidente Kennedy o la marcha sobre Washington por el trabajo y la libertad son solo algunos ejemplos. También eran momentos extraordinariamente inspiradores: la contracultura, Allen Ginsberg y la revolución psicodélica, y el Pop Art. Andy Warhol se apropió de la contemporaneidad, se convirtió en un cronista capaz de inmortalizar de lo general a lo particular, del acontecimiento a lo cotidiano. Su obra se nutre de un contexto fácilmente identificable por el público, y la ambigüedad de su palabra coadyuvó a consagrar un nuevo concepto de artista. Un artista colectivo, canalizador de sugerencias espontáneas, traductor de voces fabricadas en una sociedad proyectada hacia la globalización. Su obra no dejaba lugar a la aleatoriedad, incluso las versiones que realiza de grandes pinturas de la historia del arte respondían a un acontecimiento concreto generado en su tiempo, más que a cualquier otra referencia o reverencia artística. En 1963 se inaugura la exposición Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (8 enero – 3 febrero 1963) en la National Gallery of Art de Washington, la excepcionalidad del primer y único viaje de la obra a Estados Unidos acaparó dobles páginas en revistas como Life o Time, cuñas de radio y folletos publicitarios 1 . Cuando Warhol realiza su serie de Mona Lisas (1963 – 1979) no está homenajeando esta obra de arte, sino más bien documentando su contemporaneidad: el préstamo personal de la presidencia francesa a la Casa Blanca, o a una impresionada Jacqueline Kennedy delante de una obra maestra del Renacimiento (Leslie, 2009). En un contexto donde priman imágenes vulgares2 y confortables, surge un aspecto único y constante en la obra de Andy Warhol: la monocromía. Los primeros cuadros en incorporar superficies de un solo color datan de 1962, concretamente acompañando sus más recientes Marilyns, una tendencia presagiada por S&H Green Stamps. Para realizar esta última serie, Warhol adoptó una metodología que comenzaba con la aplicación uniforme de verde ftalo sobre la tela. Con unos *Mi agradecimiento a José Lebrero Stals, Director Artístico del Museo Picasso Málaga, por las innumerables conversaciones acerca del artista. 1 Time, diciembre, 1962. Life, enero, 1963. 2 El término “vulgar” su utiliza en reiteradas ocasiones para referirse a la obra de Warhol, véase por ejemplo: Rosenblum, 1964, p. 53. 2 Título del artículo pequeños sellos de goma tallados aplicaba una doble impronta, una verde más oscuro y una roja con las letras “S&H”. Por último, circundaba cada sello con una red blanca a base de puntos. De este modo quedaba configurada una superficie completamente trabajada. El proceso era lento, laborioso y precisaba de prolongados intervalos de espera entre el secado de la primera capa de acrílico y los pasos sucesivos. Concretamente en uno de estos S&H Green Stamps [1], Andy Warhol se acerca a la monocromía como no lo había hecho hasta ahora. Era 1962 en Nueva York, y a pesar de estar en un contexto en el que el arte de Carl André, Agnes Martin o los White Paintings de Robert Rauschenberg (1951) estaban más que asimilados por la sociedad (e incluso institucionalizados por las vanguardias constructivistas europeas), lo más probable es pensar en razones más próximas a la progresiva búsqueda de Warhol de una mecanización e instantaneidad en su producción: “En agosto del 62, empecé a hacer serigrafías en seda. De pronto, el efecto de sello que había estado empleando para clonar imágenes me parecía demasiado casero” (Warhol, 2007, p. 38). 3 Ramón Melero Guirado 1. Andy Warhol, S&H Green Stamps, 1962, caseína y acrílico sobre lino, 182.9 x 137.2 cm. The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. Los lienzos Yellow, Blue y Red Cover Before Striking, con sus tres franjas negras recorriéndolos horizontalmente, parecen enfrentar a Warhol a los estándares protocolarios del Pop Art, situándolo más bien en el discurso de sus contemporáneos minimalistas, sin embargo, sus guiños a la cultura popular son múltiples e incluso descarados, usa rojo Coca- Cola, azul y amarillo Pepsi- Cola, y hasta llega a incorporar los nombres de varias marcas de cerillas [2] (De Salvo, 2001, p. 47). En cualquier caso, lo cierto es que estamos ante toda una declaración de intenciones frente al expresionismo abstracto, una reacción buscada conscientemente por el artista, valiéndose de técnicas, procesos y motivos más propios de una cadena de montaje3. 3 “Buscaba algo más fuerte, más propio de cadena de montaje” (Warhol, 2007, p. 38). 4 Título del artículo 2. Andy Warhol, Blue Close Cover Before Striking. 1962. Acrílico, Letraset® y papel de lija sobre lino, 40.6 x 50.8 cm. The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. Bien distinto es el caso de Gold Marilyn, realizada en 1962. Del mismo modo, la tela se cubre con una primera capa de pintura, en este caso dorada, sobre la que se incorpora el rostro de la actriz. Aunque el lienzo es casi monocromo, no nos acercamos a la misma idea, sino más bien a la contraria: el dorado actúa a modo de paspartú o cornisa, y el poder de la imagen se refuerza y transfigura hacia una canonización casi bizantina4. El estudio de los lienzos monocromos en la obra de Andy Warhol pasa obligatoriamente por el análisis estructural del formato, ya que estas “ausencias” nunca llegaron a exhibirse de un modo aislado, sino acompañando a uno o más lienzos, principalmente de las mismas dimensiones, en una suerte de políptico complementario al más puro estilo Before and After [3]. Las imágenes evolucionan o desaparecen, se desdibujan y acomodan en un contexto anfibológico que puede responder a varias realidades. Se generan secuencias progresivas hacia algo o hacia nada, de izquierda a derecha en lo que Arthur C. Danto explica como el camino a la belleza (Danto, 2011, pp. 23-24), porque “la nada es fascinante, la nada es sexy, la nada no es en absoluto incómoda” (Warhol, 2014, p.18), la nada es “after”. 4 Sobre la transformación del valor simbólico de la obra de Andy Warhol véase: Cueff, 2009, pp. 23 – 37. 5 Ramón Melero Guirado 3. Andy Warhol, Before and After. 1961. Caseína y lápiz sobre lienzo, 137.2 x 177.5 cm. The Museum of Modern Art. Donación de David Geffen, 1995. El uso del políptico como composición artística implica una serie de preceptos de número, orden y temática fundamentales para la creación de un sistema de comunicación concreto. Su poder discursivo puede verse enriquecido o perder su validez si alguno de estos tres criterios se altera5. Andy Warhol desmantela estos argumentos cuando alega lo siguiente (Buchloh, 1989, p. 48): “The two are designed to hang together however the owner wants. He can hang it right beside the painting or across the room or above or below it […] it just make them bigger and main makes them cost more”. No obstante, y a pesar de este manifiesto pragmatismo, observamos el uso de juegos de color elegantemente resueltos y prurito estético en una inteligente composición, todo maximizado por un eficaz maridaje con aquellas obras cuyo impacto simbólico está más que consagrado: Gold Marilyn (tondos, 1962), Silver Car Crash (1963), Orange Car Crash (1963) o Red Disaster (1963), motivos que nos hacen dudar de esa declarada aleatoriedad. 5 En este sentido ya ha sido advertida cierta relación entre la articulación modular de los iconostasios bizantinos y la obra de Andy Warhol con el ejemplo de la iglesia ortodoxa de St. John Chrysostom de Pittsburgh. Cueff, 2009: 24. 6 Título del artículo En los dos lienzos que componen Double Elvis (1963 – 1976) podemos interpretar como estos tránsitos son una lectura secuencial hacia la ausencia: en el primero, una figura completa y otra cortada por su eje simétrico vertical se proyectan hacia un segundo lienzo, plano y uniforme, donde apenas podemos intuir unos contornos etéreos y delicados.
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