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Pancorbo-Olivera-Marggiori-Elizabeth UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “RECURSOS VEGETALES Y ALIMENTACIÓN EN DOS COMUNIDADES DE LA CUENCA DE MITO, REGIÓN HUÁNUCO - PERÚ” Presentada por: Marggiori Elizabeth Pancorbo Olivera Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Lima - Perú 2019 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “RECURSOS VEGETALES Y ALIMENTACIÓN EN DOS COMUNIDADES DE LA CUENCA DE MITO, REGIÓN HUÁNUCO - PERÚ” Presentada por: Marggiori Elizabeth Pancorbo Olivera Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Sustentada y aprobada por el siguiente jurado: ____________________________ ____________________________ Mg.Sc. Aldo Humberto Isidro Ceroni Stuva Mg.Sc. Abelardo Ciro Calderón Rodríguez PRESIDENTE MIEMBRO ____________________________ ____________________________ Mg.Sc. Rolando Percy Egusquiza Bayona Mg.Sc. Juan Torres Guevara MIEMBRO ASESOR ____________________________ ____________________________ Dra. Fabiola Alexandra Parra Rondinel Ph. D. Alejandro Casas Fernández CO - ASESORA CO - ASESOR DEDICADORIA A mi mamá, guía y amiga, en las buenas y en las malas A mis amigos agricultores de Santa Rosa de Monte Azul y San Pedro de Cani, en especial a Salomé Raimundo Alejo A mis maestros, Juan y Fabiola AGRADECIMIENTOS Muchas gracias mamá por apoyarme en la aventura de estudiar biología, y por soportar los nervios y dolores de cabeza que te deben dar cuando salgo a campo. A Fabiola Parra y Juan Torres, mentores de esta investigación, por sus comentarios, observaciones y recomendaciones, por el aliento constante, la confianza y la paciencia. A Alejandro Casas e Ignacio Torres, también mentores de la investigación, y a los miembros del jurado, por sus importantes comentarios, observaciones y sugerencias. A los miembros del IIES que me brindaron valiosas sugerencias: Selene Rangel, Mariana Vallejo y Gonzalo Álvarez. A Aldo Cruz y Nicolás Ibañez, cuyos aportes, con miradas desde otras disciplinas, refrescaron la investigación desde que era un proyecto hasta el procesamiento de los datos. A Doris Romero, siempre pendiente de los trámites y documentos que hicieron posible la realización de esta tesis y del proyecto en general. A Jesús Rojas, por su valiosa compañía en el campo, por enseñarme lo divertidos y cariñosos que son sus paisanos, por conectarme con su gente, y por su apoyo y amistad desinteresados. A Edson Arias y Sphyros Lastra, por aceptar coincidir en las salidas, a la ida o a la vuelta, por tenerme paciencia durante los viajes, y por su agradable compañía y amistad. A los demás chicos del proyecto y del CIZA, Aracelly, Maria Fernanda, Indira, Raquel, Yoskaya y Jhoan, amistades nuevas, con quienes puedo compartir dudas, comentarios y momentos de trabajo valiosos. A los miembros del herbario MOL de Biología. A la profesora Mercedes Flores, por brindarme apoyo facilitándome las instalaciones y materiales del herbario, y guiándome con la determinación de las muestras. A la profesora Gladys Tello, quien desde el inicio me brindó consejos, bibliografía y está siempre dispuesta a ayudar. A Rosita Villanueva, amiga desde los primeros ciclos de la carrera, por su paciencia con todas mis dudas y consultas sobre los herbarios y material bibliográfico para la determinación de las muestras botánicas. A Gonzalo Chávez, del herbario MOL de Biología y a Ítalo Revilla, del herbario MOL de Forestales, por su ayuda con la determinación de algunas muestras. Al Herbario USM de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, quienes me faciliaron el acceso a su colección, y en especial al profesor Hamiltón Beltrán, quien me orientó con la determinación de gran número de muestras. A mis primas Paola y Anghela, y a mis tíos Rubén y Miriam, quienes me apoyaron a lo largo de mis estudios y de la realización de esta tesis, siempre confiando en mí, dándome aliento en los momentos más difíciles y siendo ejemplo de constancia y superación A mi tía Ruth y mis primas Mónica y Vanessa, por depositar su confianza en mí abriéndome las puertas de su casa en los inicios de mis estudios. Por los momentos divertidos, su paciencia y ejemplo. A mis amigas del colegio, en especial a Kathy Palma y Alexandra (Leli) Gamarra, por su apoyo, palabras de aliento y consejos, y a Ángela Sierra, por su serenidad en momentos difíciles y su constante disposición a ayudarme. A la ONG IDMA – Huánuco, por el apoyo durante el desarrollo del proyecto de tesis, por ser el primer lazo con las comunidades y por todo el apoyo con materiales y coordinaciones durante las salidas de campo y el taller, en especial al Ing. Wilmar León, el Ing. Jorge Soto y el Ing. Dante Flores. Finalmente, al PNIA, por el financiamiento del Proyecto 027-2015-INIA-PNIA/UPMSI/IE “Diversidad, flujo génico de cultivos andinos y seguridad alimentaria: contrarrestando procesos de erosión génica para enfrentar los inciertos escenarios de cambio climático”, del cual fue parte esta tesis. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………… ix ABCTRACT……………………………………………………………………………… x I. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………. 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA…………………………………………………...4 2.1. ETNOBOTÁNICA ..................................................................................................... 4 2.2. PANORAMANA DE LAS PLANTAS ÚTILES DEL PERÚ ................................... 4 2.3. LA DIVERSIDAD EN LOS ANDES ......................................................................... 4 2.4. CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO ............................................................................................. 5 2.5. VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA ................................................................................ 5 2.6. CAMBIO GLOBAL ................................................................................................... 6 2.7. ESTRATEGIAS DE MANEJO DE RIESGOS DE LOS POBLADORES ANDINOS ................................................................................................................. 7 2.8. ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO ............................................................ 8 2.9. SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA ................................................................................ 8 2.10. SUFICIENCIA ALIMENTARIA .............................................................................. 9 2.11. SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA .............................................................................. 10 2.12. PATRONES ALIMENTARIOS .............................................................................. 11 2.13. SISTEMAS ALIMENTARIOS ............................................................................... 11 2.14. RECURSOS VEGETALES ..................................................................................... 11 2.15. PLANTAS NATIVAS, INTRODUCIDAS Y ENDÉMICAS ................................. 12 2.16 . AGROBIODIVERSIDAD...................................................................................... 12 2.17. AGROECOSISTEMA ............................................................................................. 13 2.18. CONSERVACIÓN IN SITU DE LA AGROBIODIVERSIDAD ........................... 13 2.19. CENTROS DE ORIGEN Y DE DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE PLANTAS CULTIVADAS ........................................................................................................ 14 2.20. DOMESTICACIÓN ................................................................................................ 14 2.21. PLANTAS DOMESTICADAS ............................................................................... 15 2.22. PLANTAS NO DOMESTICADAS: SILVESTRES, ARVENSES Y RUDERALES ............................................................................................................ 15 2.22.1. Plantas Silvestres ............................................................................................ 16 2.22.2. Plantas Arvenses ............................................................................................ 16 i 2.22.3. Plantas Ruderales ........................................................................................... 17 2.23. PARIENTES SILVESTRES ................................................................................... 17 2.24. MANEJO DE RECURSOS VEGETALES ............................................................. 18 2.25. FORMAS DE MANEJO DE RECURSOS VEGETALES COMESTIBLES ......... 19 2.26. ENTREVISTA ......................................................................................................... 21 2.26.1. Entrevista Estructurada .................................................................................. 22 2.26.2. Entrevista Semi-estructurada .......................................................................... 23 2.26.3. Entrevista Informal ......................................................................................... 23 2.27. RECORRIDOS O CAMINATAS ETNOBOTÁNICAS ......................................... 23 2.28. MUESTREO BOLA DE NIEVE ............................................................................. 23 2.29. MÉTODO DEL LISTADO LIBRE ......................................................................... 24 2.30. CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL ...................................................................... 24 2.31. TRANSMISIÓN DE CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL ................................... 25 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS………………………………………………….. 26 3.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ............................................................................................... 26 3.1.1. Ubicación geográfica ......................................................................................
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