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Soils, Weathering Zones, and Landscapes in the Upland Loess of Tama and Grundy Counties, Iowa Thomas Eugene Fenton Iowa State University

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Soils, Weathering Zones, and Landscapes in the Upland Loess of Tama and Grundy Counties, Iowa Thomas Eugene Fenton Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1966 Soils, weathering zones, and landscapes in the upland loess of Tama and Grundy counties, Iowa Thomas Eugene Fenton Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Soil Science Commons Recommended Citation Fenton, Thomas Eugene, "Soils, weathering zones, and landscapes in the upland loess of Tama and Grundy counties, Iowa " (1966). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2859. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2859 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfihned exactly as received 66-6980 FENTON, Thomas Eugene, 1933— SOILS, WEATHERING ZONES, AND LANDSCAPES IN THE UPLAND LOESS OF TAMA AND GRUNDY COUNTIES, IOWA. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1966 Agriculture, soil science University Microfilms. Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan SOILS, WEATHERING ZONES, AND LANDSCAPES IN THE UPLAND LOESS OF TAMA AND GRUNDY COUNTIES, IOWA by Thomas Eugene Fenton A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Soil Morphology and Genesis Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1966 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives of the Study 1 Location and Description of Areas Studied 6 BACKGROUND 7 Pleistocene Geology g Geomorphic Surfaces and Weathering Zones 14 Soils 17 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 24 Field Investigation 24 Laboratory Procedures 24 Particle-size analysis 25 Organic carbon 25 Soil reaction 25 Calcium carbonate equivalent 25 Exchangeable cations 26 Free iron 26 Total iron 26 Total magnesium and potassium of the <ly clay 27 fraction Total phosphorus 27 Organic phosphorus 27 INVESTIGATIONS IN GENESEO AREA 28 Stratigraphy 31 Stratigraphie sequence of Geneseo divide area 31 Stratigraphie sequence of lower landscape 56 Stratigraphie sequence under slopes that 62 descend from divide area to lower land­ scape Discussion 85 Summary 9 7 iii Page Landscape 99 Buried surfaces 99 Constructional Tazewell surfaces 108 Floodplain surfaces 118 Hillslope surfaces 118 Weathering Zones in the Wisconsin Loess 119 Weathering zones present and their general 120 characteristics Distribution of weathering zones 121 Chemical characteristics 125 Discussion 129 Soils 130 Distribution and correlation of soil mapping 131 units Characteristics of soils on upland-summit and 137 terrace surfaces Characteristics of soils on hillslope surface 154 S3 of Hayward paha Characteristics of soils on hillslope surfaces 163 descending from upland-summit surfaces 5 and 6 Summary 167 INVESTIGATIONS IN PALERMO AREA 170 Preliminary Studies 170 Four-Mile Creek area and Four-Mile Creek to 171 Palermo traverse Stratigraphy 181 Stratigraphie sequence of Palermo divide area 181 Landscape of Palermo Area 210 Buried surfaces 211 Construction Tazewell surfaces 213 Weathering Zones in the Wisconsin Loess 216 Weathering zones present and their distri- 217 bution Chemical characteristics 223 iv Page Soils 228 Distribution and correlation of soil mapping 228 units Characteristics of soils on upland-summit 232 surface Summary 244 DISCUSSION 247 Properties of Tama Soils on Different Landscape 247 Levels Soils on Slopes 254 Soil Profiles and Weathering Profiles 256 Soils and Landscapes 263 SUMMARY 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY 272 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 280 APPENDIX A 281 Glossary of Terms Used in Description of Sites 281 Descriptions of Sites in Geneseo Area 284 APPENDIX B 310 Locations of Sites in Four-Mile Creek Paha Traverse 310 and Four-Mile Creek to Palermo Area Traverse Descriptions of Sites in Palermo Area 311 V LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Distribution of lowan drift in northeastern Iowa 3 2. Location of research areas in northeastern Iowa 5 3. Location of drilling sites, traverses, divide area, 33 and lower landscape in section 36, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 4. Distribution of sand, clay, and calcium carbonate 39 equivalent in Tama soil, Wisconsin loess and Yarmouth-Sangamon paleosol at site WZ-1 5. Distribution of sand, clay, free iron, and total 44 iron in Wisconsin loess, Yarmouth-Sangamon paleosol, and Kansan till at site G-402 6. Cross section of traverse A, located near center of 65 section 36, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 7. Variation of particle-size ratio of Wisconsin loess 73 with elevation at sites WZ-1, WZ-2, WZ-3, WZ-4 and WZ-5 8. Distribution of particle-size ratios of Wisconsin 75 loess with depth at sites WZ-1, WZ-2, WZ-3, WZ-4, and WZ-5 9. Distribution of <2\i clay in Yarmouth-Sangamon 79 paleosol (PI) and truncated Yarmouth-Sangamon paleosol (PIT) at sites WZ-3 and WZ-3A 10. Cross section of traverse B, located west of center 83 of section 36, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 11. Cross section of traverse C, located in section 36, 87 T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 12. Cross section of Traverse D, located in section 36, 90 T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 13. Distribution of land surfaces in NE^ section 36, 104 E^ section 25, and the SE^ section 24, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 14. Location of drilling sites in sections 24, 25, and 110 36, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa vi Page 15. Distribution of total phosphorus, pH, calcium 128 carbonate equivalent, and weathering zones in Tama soil and Wisconsin loess at site WZ-1 16. Distribution of soil mapping units in NE^ section 133 36, section 25, and the SEj^ section 24, T86N, R13W, Tama County, Iowa 17. Particle-size distribution in Tama soils at sites 140 WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, GS-4, and Pal-1 18. Organic carbon distribution in Tama soils at sites 140 WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, GS-4, and Pal-1 19. Distribution of cation-exchange capacity in Tama 143 soils at sites WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, GS-4, and Pal-1 20. Distribution of base saturation in Tama soils at 143 sites WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, GS-4, and Pal-1 21. Distribution of free iron in Tama soils at sites 147 WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, and Pal-1 22. Distribution of organic phosphorus in Tama soils 147 at sites WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, and Pal-1 23. Distribution of total phosphorus in Tama soils at 150 sites WZ-1, GS-6, GS-5, and Pal-1 24. Distribution of nonexchangeable magnesium of <ly 153 clay in Tama soils at sites WZ-1, GS-5, and Pal-1 25. Distribution of nonexchangeable potassium of <ly 156 clay in Tama soils at sites WZ-1, GS-5, and Pal-1 26. Particle-size distribution in soils on hillslope 159 surface S3 of the Hayward paha 27. Organic carbon distribution in soils on hillslope 159 surface S3 of the Hayward paha 28. Particle-size distribution in Dinsdale soil at 166 site S3A 29. Organic carbon distribution in Dinsdale soil at 166 site S3A 30. Cross section of Four-Mile Creek paha traverse 173 vii Page 31. Cross section of Four-Mile Creek to Palermo 178 traverse 32. Location of deep drilling sites in Palermo area 183 33. Three-dimensional relationships of selected sites 185 in W^, section 29, T87N, R17W, Grundy County, Iowa 34. Contour map of land surface, location of drill 187 holes, and elevations of top of Kansan till in E^, SW^, section 29, T87N, R17W, Grundy County, Iowa 35. Variation of particle-size ratio of Wisconsin 199 loess with elevation at sites Pal-1, Pal-2, Pal-3, and S 36. Relationships of elevations of Tazewell surface 214 and buried surfaces in Palermo area 37. Relationships of elevations of Tazewell surface 215 and buried surfaces in Four-Mile Creek to Palermo area traverse 38. Cross section of traverse A, SW&, section 29, 219 T87W, R17W, Grundy County, Iowa 39. Elevations of top of deoxidized weathering zone in 222 Wisconsin loess in E^, SW&, section 29, T87N, R17W, Grundy County, Iowa 40. Distribution of total phosphorus, pH, calcium 226 carbonate equivalent, and weathering zones in Tama solum, Wisconsin loess, and Kansan till at site Pal-1 41. Distribution of soil mapping units in the SW&, 230 section 29, T87N, R17W, Grundy County, Iowa 42. Particle-size distribution in Tama, Muscatine, and 234 Garwin soils at sites Pal-1, Pal-2, and Pal-3, respectively 43. Organic carbon distribution in Tama, Muscatine, 234 and Garwin soils at sites Pal-1, Pal-2, and Pal-3, respectively 44. Distribution of cation-exchange capacity in Tama, 237 Muscatine, and Garwin soils at sites Pal-1, Pal-2, and Pal-3, respectively viii Page 45. Distribution of base saturation in Tama, Muscatine, 237 and Garwin soils at sites Pal-1, Pal-2, and Pal-3, respectively 46. Distribution of organic and total phosphorus in 241 Tama and Garwin soils at sites Pal-1 and Pal-3, respectively 47. Distribution of nonexchangeable potassium and 243 magnesium in <lp clay of Tama and Garwin soils at sites Pal-1 and Pal-3, respectively 48. Schematic representation of different landscape 249 levels on which Tama soils were sampled 49. Depth distribution of total phosphorus in profiles 260 WZ-1 and Pal-1 ix LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Estimated percent of land in given slope classes 29 for lowan drift area and the state as a whole 2a. Particle size, pH, free iron, calcium carbonate 35 equivalent, and total phosphorus of Tama soil, Wisconsin loess, and Yarmouth-Sangamon paleosol at site WZ-1 2b.
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