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Narrating Climate Change at the San Juan National Historic Site at the Community Level Leslie Paul Walker Jr

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Narrating Climate Change at the San Juan National Historic Site at the Community Level Leslie Paul Walker Jr University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School September 2015 Narrating Climate Change at the San Juan National Historic Site at the Community Level Leslie Paul Walker Jr. University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Law Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, and the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Walker, Leslie Paul Jr., "Narrating Climate Change at the San Juan National Historic Site at the Community Level" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5792 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Narrating Climate Change at the San Juan National Historic Site at the Community Level by Leslie P. Walker Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Science University of South Florida Major Professor: Antoinette T. Jackson, Ph.D., MBA Rebecca Zarger, Ph.D. Kevin Yelvington, D.Phil. Date of Approval: June 18, 2015 Keywords: Cultural Heritage, Puerto Rico, Cultural Resources Management Copyright © 2015, Leslie P. Walker Jr. Acknowledgments My thesis would not have any direction without the guidance of my committee. Thank you to Antoinette Jackson and her patience, who kept me focused during my time at USF. You have provided me with wonderful opportunities to grow and learn as a scholar and person. I will forever remember our time working together. Thank you to Dr. Rebecca Zarger, who introduced me to a subfield of anthropology that I had not previously explored and now love. In addition, to Dr. Kevin Yelvington, who has inspired me understand how far anthropological research can go and how theoretical implications that can direct future research. I want thank the folks at the San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico. I want to thank especially Superintendent Walter Chavez, Félix J. Lopéz, and Eric Lopéz. It was a blast working with you all. I also want to thank Dr. Paola Schiappacasse of El Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, Archaeology Department. I am also grateful for the support of the USF Heritage Research Lab, which includes Atuanya Dubreuil, Margaret Allsopp, and Kaniqua Robinson. My direction and passion is and always will be enlighten by the love of my family. You are the support that I needed to succeed in graduate school. Thank you to my parents Les Sr. and Shelly, Pap’Pap and Grandma Annie, Grandma Lil and Pops, Uncle Vince, Julian, and Dominique. I especially need to thank my Prince Hall Masonic family, the Brothers of Jerusalem Military Lodge #100 PHA, F&AM of Tampa, FL and my favorite frat brother Zachary Thomas. Lastly, I am deeply grateful for the community members of Palo Seco, I hope this research can help lead to the betterment of your community. Table of Contents List of Tables iii List of Figures iv Abstract vi Chapter One: Establishing the Research Context 1 Introduction 1 Project Background 6 Internship and Applied Research Goals 8 Background of Research Site 9 Palo Seco 9 Religious Leadership Erects Palo Seco as an Independent Municipality 10 Palo Seco’s Suppression as an Independent Municipality 12 Islas del Cabras 12 Sea Level Rise and Erosion in Puerto Rico 18 Chapter Two: Relevant Literature and Theoretical Framework 22 Environmental Justice 23 The Anthropology of Climate Change 25 Anthropology’s Use of Historical Ecology 27 Impacts with Rural and/or Disadvantaged Communities 28 Issues of Cultural Heritage 37 Authorized Heritage Discourse and the NPS 33 UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites 33 NPS Definition of Cultural Resources 35 NPS Definition of National Historic Site 35 The Park Service’s Response to Climate Change 36 Chapter Three: Research Design and Methodology 38 Population, Sampling, and Informed Consent 38 Limitations 39 Research Questions and Objectives 41 Participant Observation 42 Life History Interviews 45 Archival Research 46 Ethnographic Mapping 48 Data Analysis 49 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 51 i Research Question 1: Are there cultural resource sites not managed by The NPS that the community feels needs preservation? 51 Tangible Resources Associated with Palo Seco 51 La Iglesia Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Catholic Church 51 Restaurants and Bars 52 The Beaches 54 Bayamón River 56 Baseball Field and Basketball Court 57 Palo Seco Cemetery 58 The Lions Club Chapter Building 62 El Cañuelo 62 Research Question 2: What are the experiences of the community who also may consider erosion as an issue? 66 Air Pollution 70 Water Pollution 71 Research Question 3: What is the community’s motivation for addressing environmental issues? 74 Research Question 4: What is the community’s role in defining or challenging Notions of climate change and associated implications for national park sites? 76 Chapter Five: Conclusions 81 Theoretical Implication 83 Applied Implication 83 Recommendations 84 References 85 Appendix A. NPS Palo Seco Heritage Map Created as Project Deliverable 91 Appendix B: Ethnographic Map (Google Maps) of Cultural Heritage Resources in Palo Seco and Isla Del Cabras 92 Appendix C. Internship Duties while Working for the San Juan Nation Historic Site 93 Appendix D. Menu of Dishes at El Vigia Restaurant in Palo Seco, Puerto Rico 94 Appendix E. Interview Transcriptions 95 Appendix F. Interview Notes 112 Appendix G. USF Institutional Review Board Approval of Thesis Research 121 ii List of Tables Table 1. List of Interviews and Interview Participant 40 Table 2. Informal Conservation during Participant Observation 40 Table 3. Total Time Conducting Fieldwork in Palo Seco 43 Table 4. Archival Materials Collected During Fieldwork 48 Table 5. Restaurant and bars (closed and open) in Palo Seco and meal specialties 53 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Satellite Map of Palo Seco, present day (Source: Google Earth) 9 Figure 2. Iglesia Nuestra Señora del Carmen (Photo courtesy of USF Heritage Lab) Photographer: Dr. Antoinette Jackson 10 Figure 3. El Cañuelo, National Park Service on Islas del Cabras 13 Figure 4. Batería Reed on Islas del Cabras in circa 1940's (Source: Puerto Rico General Archives) 14 Figure 5. Soldiers standing by anti-aircraft gun, circa 1940 (Source: Puerto Rico General Archives) 15 Figure 6. Leper hospital ruins on Islas del Cabras 18 Figure 7. Los Serranos restaurant in Palo Seco 54 Figure 8. Las Raices del Arabe bar in Palo Seco 55 Figure 9. People enjoying the breezy day at a gazebo at Isla del Cabras 56 Figure 10. Bayamón River diversion that flows behind homes in Palo Seco (Photo courtesy of USF Heritage Lab) Photographer: Atuanya Dubrueil 57 Figure 11. Palo Seco cemetery circa 2005 (Source: Puerto Rico State Historic Preservation Office) 60 Figure 12. Looted crypt in the Palo Seco cemetery 60 Figure 13. Crest of the Lions Club building 62 Figure 14. The image of Mary passing through Palo Seco religious procession 64 Figure 15. Fisherman Club at the northern tip of Isla del Cabras 66 Figure 16. Palo Seco causeway (Photo courtesy of USF Heritage Lab) Photographer: Dr. Antoinette Jackson 69 Figure 17. Riprap, stone revetment used to defend the shoreline around El Cañuelo 70 iv Figure 18. Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) thermoelectric plant 71 Figure 19. Abandoned seafood restaurant in Palo Seco 73 Figure 20. Community mural painted by locals in Palo Seco. (Top Left) "Our Roots" (Top Right) "We are history"(Below) Palo Secans United, no matter the distance 78 v Abstract While the National Park Service is charged with interpreting and preserving areas designated as park resources, they must also manage environmental issues such as erosion resulting from climate change. This research sets out to narrate how Palo Seco, Puerto Rico, a neighboring community of the San Juan National Historic Site, perceives similar environmental conditions and motivations for addressing these issues. My research sits at the intersection between the park’s charter and understanding community implications of environmental changes that affect local heritage. Using Authorized Heritage Discourse and environmental justice as theoretical frameworks, I suggest that the National Park Service should include the observations of climate change from Palo Seco community to broaden Park Service’s understanding and preservation policies. I also recommend the National Park Service utilize cultural resource management guidelines to develop programs that facilitate collaborative research projects with the Palo Seco community to not only address mutual issues of climate changes but also document local heritage knowledge that can enhance the Park’s interpretation and preservation efforts. vi Chapter One: Establishing the Research Context Introduction When I asked a local restaurant owner in Palo Seco, Puerto Rico what he thinks his community will look like in ten years he replied, “In ten years that depends on the [conditions of] the environment, which is too many things." The restaurant owner was referring to how he perceives his small coastal community is facing issues of land erosion as the result of climate change and industrial pollution. During our interview, he went on to discuss how the community has not received support from the state to address these environmental concerns that affect the local heritage and economy. I interpret his quote as being filled with both hope and despair. His words encapsulate the sentiment I encountered from several individuals over the course of my fieldwork in Palo Seco, Puerto Rico in the summer of 2014. From interviews and conversations with community members, I learned that residents have been facing environmental issues for over 30 years.
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