Open Science

OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 Policy Profile

Open science

Rationale and objectives

Major aspects and instruments

Recent policy trends



Table 1. Open science: typology of national policy initiatives and country examples

Strategic objectives Policy instruments Selected country examples Strengthening public research capacity Croatia (Law on science and higher education), Belgium (OA mandate), Denmark (OA Mandatory provisions in legal policy), Greece (Law 4310/2014 on OA), Iceland (Act on public support for research), Reform and framework and public Italy (2013/14 Acts for OA), Lithuania (Law on Higher Education and Research), Opening science regulation research funding Netherlands (NOW OA Policy, 60% free online target), Norway (RCN), Slovenia mechanisms (Slovenian Research Agency), Spain (STI Act), Sweden (Research Council), UK (OA policy), US (OSTP mandate, OD Executive Order). Chile (Institutional Policy on Management of Research Data and Scientific Information), Standards Germany (Priority Initiative "Digital Information"), Norway (Norwegian Licence for Public Data). Performance agreements Multi-level with agencies and Austria. contracts universities Germany (DFG OA Policy), Netherlands (collective agreements), Norway (STIM-OA Financial support Provision for OA/OD costs programme), Turkey (Incentive Program UBYT). Austria (OA Network Austria - OANA), Germany (OA platform), France (Digital Services (guidelines, Scientific Library, Couperin Consortium, EPRIST), Greece (GR_Net), Ireland (Open Non-financial awareness campaigns, Access Ireland website), Lithuania (Lituanistika database), Netherlands (NWO support (information and training, Incentive Fund Open Access), Norway (web one-stop shop), Portugal (RCTS networking support) Network), Sweden (national guidelines for OA), US (Project Open Data). Recognition and visibility Finland (Open Finland Challenge) (e.g. awards) Improving policy governance Belgium (Fl.) (Blueprint for OD), Brussels (Brussels Declaration on OA), Czech Rep. (R&D Council's recommendation, OP RD and Education), Ireland (National OA Guiding Statement), Italy (National Agenda for the Enhancement of Public Data), Mexico (Open Direction setting documents and At national level Government Partnerhsip Action Plan), Netherlands (Letter to the Parliament on OA), policy statements Norway (RCN policy on open data), Portugal (FCT policy statement), Slovenia (National Strategy on OA/OD), Spain (Alhambra Declaration), Turkey (Final Declarations of the Workshops on OS and OA). At state/regional level Belgium (Fl.), Germany, Spain. Belgium (universities, PRIs), France (CNRS, INRA data management scheme), At institutional level Germany (major PRIs), Netherlands (universities), Norway (universities), Slovenia (universities), Spain (universities).

Finland (Strategy and Roadmap for Research Infrastructures), Slovenia (Action Plan Roadmaps and action plans for the establishment of a OD system). Intra-governmental Regulation Italy (collective agreement for OA), Mexico (Open Data Law). Austria (Network of funding agencies and research providers), Colombia (RENATA Network), Finland (APPS4FINLAND), Germany (Priority Initiative 'Digital Information'), coordination and Greece (National Documentation Centre EKT), Japan (Expert Panel on Open multi-stakeholders' Networking infrastructures Science), Mexico (Open Government Partnership Action Plan), Slovenia (National participation Point of Reference), Slovak Rep. (SCSTI), Turkey (National Open Access Committee), UK (Open Access Coordination group and Open Data Research Forum, Gateway for Higher Education). Colombia (National Open Access to Knowledge System), Italy (Open Government Public-private partnerships Partnership).

Monitoring and Meta-instruments Spain (Recolecta platform) evaluation (indicators etc.)

Improving actors' interaction Austria (Austrian centre for Digital Humanities, e-Infrastructures Austria), Belgium (Biodiversity Platform, INBO, VLIZ), Brazil (FINEP Innovation Portal), Chile (Programme of Management of Research Data and Scientific Information), Colombia (Network of Repositories and Digital Libraries BDCOL), Croatia (DABAR), France Physical and Digitalisation of research Plaftorms, networks (ISTEX or HAL platforms, CINES computing centre), Finland (National Digital Library), networking results, archives and and infrastructures Iceland (CRIS), Ireland (Rian), Italy (National Register of public administration infrastructures repositories databases), Latvia (Academic network), Lithuania (Lituanistika database), Mexico (REMERI), Netherlands (DANS), Norway (CRIStin), Peru (Alicia/Renare), Poland (Virtual Library of Science), Portugal (RCAAP portal), Slovenia (OA repositories, NIO portal), Slovak Rep. (Data Centre for R&D), US (data.gov), EU (OpenAIRE2020).

Databases of research Argentina (SICYTAR), Belgium (iMinds pilot), Brazil (FINEP Innovation Portal), Croatia resources (projects, tenders, (CROSBI), Czech Rep. (R&D&I Information System), Norway (CRIStin), Russian Fed. personnel, institutions) (Russian Science Map), UK (Gateway to Research). Interoperability of systems and Colombia (National Open Access to Knowledge System), France (ISIDORE), Slovak platforms Rep. (Central Information Portal for R&D and Innovation).

Public-private partnerships Colombia (National Open Access to Knowledge System), US (Office of S&T Policy).

Non-financial Services (guidelines, Mexico (general and technical guidelines to create national and institutional support information, expertise) repositories). Intellectual Property Reform and Austria (amended Copyright Law), Germany (amended Copyright Law). Rights regulation Globalisation and Guiding Germany (Priority Initiative 'Digital Information'), EU (Berlin Declaration on Open international documents Access). Platforms and Interoperability of France (ISIDORE), Portugal (Scientific Open Access Repository of Portugal -– cooperation infrastructures cyberinfrastructures RCAAP), South Africa (SANReN), EU (OpenAIRE2020). Strengthening skills for innovation Revised curricula and Reform and Education teaching methods for general Austria (Efit21),Croatia (work Srce), Slovenia (Opening Up Slovenia). regulation data literacy Platforms and Slovenia (Open by Default Service Standard, VideoLectures.NET) infrastructures Guiding Innovation culture Italy (National Plan for Culture, Education and Digital Skills) documents

Platforms and Trust and public engagement Slovenia (VideoLectures.NET), UK (MiData). infrastructures

Figure 1. Open science initiatives among other areas of STI policy change, 2014-16

Percentage of policy initiatives that have been newly introduced, revised or repealed over the period

Average change (all policy areas) Largest change (all policy areas) Smallest change (all policy areas) Change in open science initiatives

Legislation and policy guidance for open access 60

45 Public funding for open Infrastructures for open data 30 access

Infrastructures for open Public funding for open data access

Legislation and policy guidance for open data

Statlink2

References and further reading

From: OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016

Access the complete publication at: https://doi.org/10.1787/sti_in_outlook-2016-en

Please cite this chapter as:

OECD (2016), “Open science”, in OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/sti_in_outlook-2016-37-en

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.

This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected].