Water Management Study: Thames River Basin
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water management study thames river basin Ministry of the Ministry of Environment Natural Resources TORONTO ONTARIO 1975 The Ontario Ministries of the Environment and Natural Resources gratefully acknowledge permission from the Escher Foundation, Haags Gemeentemuseum, The Hague, Holland, to print M.G. Escher's work, "Three Worlds" on the cover of this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3 CHAPTER 2 BASIN DESCRIPTION 9 2.1 Physiography 9 2.2 Drainage 9 2.2.1 Lower Thames 9 2.2.2 Upper Thames 10 2.2.3 Artificial Drainage 10 2.3 Geology 10 2.3.1 Surficial Geology 10 2.3.2 Bedrock Geology 10 2.4 Climate 11 2.5 Reservoirs 11 2.6 Land Use 12 2.6.1 Rural Land Use 12 2.6.2 Urban Land Use 13 2.6.3 Other 14 2.7 Population Patterns 15 2.8 Implications of Agricultural and Population Trends 16 CHAPTER 3 WATER AVAILABILITY 17 3.1 Surface Water 17 3.1.1 Peak Flows and Flooding 17 3.1.2 Low Flows 17 3.1.3 Ground Water Component of Streamflow 18 3.1.4 Low Flow Augmentation 19 3.2 Ground Water 19 3.2.1 Ground Water in the Overburden 19 3.2.2 Ground Water in the Bedrock 20 3.2.3 Water Level Fluctuations 20 3.2.4 Ground Water Chemistry 20 CHAPTER 4 WATER USES 21 4.1 Water Supply 21 4.1.1 Municipal 21 4.1.2 Industrial 21 4.1.3 Agricultural 23 4.2 Waste Disposal 23 4.2.1 Municipal 23 4.2.2 Industrial 23 4.2.3 Agricultural 25 4.3 Recreation 25 4.4 Fish and Wildlife 26 CHAPTER 5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROGRAM 27 5.1 Phase 1 27 5.1.1 Water Resources 27 5.1.2 Water and Related Land Uses 28 5.1.3 Water Management 29 5.2 Phase 2 30 5.2.1 Region I 30 iii 5.2.2 Region 2 30 5.2.3 Region 3 31 5.2.4 Region 4 31 5.2.5 Region 5 32 5.3 Conclusions 32 CHAPTER 6 WATER RESOURCE PROBLEMS 34 6.1 Surface Water Quality Impairment 34 6.1.1 Nutrients 35 6.1.2 Oxygen Consuming Materials 37 6.1.3 Bacteria 38 6.1.4 Toxic Materials 38 6.1.5 Suspended Solids 39 6.1.6 Effects of Reservoirs on Water Quality 39 6.1.7 Evaluation of Water Quality by Stream Stretch 40 6.2 Flooding 43 6.2.1 Flood Damages 43 6.3 Erosion 44 6.3.1 Soil Erosion 44 6.3.2 Channel Erosion 44 6.4 Artificial Drainage 45 6.5 Water Supply Interference 45 6.6 Ground Water Quality Impairment 45 6.7 Use Conflicts in Reservoirs 46 6.8 Communication and Co-ordination Problems 46 CHAPTER 7 DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS 47 7.1 Water Management Objectives 47 7.1.1 General Water Quality Objectives 47 7.1.2 Specific Water Quality Objectives 48 7.1.3 Flood Control Objectives 49 7.2 Water Resource Management Options 50 7.3 Other Water Management Considerations 50 7.3.1 Land Drainage Proposals 51 7.3.2 Water Supply Interference 51 7.3.3 Ground Water Quality Impairment 51 7.3.4 Communication and Co-ordination Proposal 51 7.4 Analysis of Major Water Management Options 52 7.4.1 Evaluation Criteria and Procedures 52 7.4.2 Costing 53 7.4.3 Evaluation of Options 54 7.4.4 Flood Control Benefit-Cost Analysis 54 7.4.5 London Sewage Disposal Options 55 7.5 Total System Cost Analysis 57 7.5.1 Least Cost Analysis 57 7.5.2 Evaluation of Non-Quantified Factors 59 7.5.3 Options Involving the Thamesford Reservoir 61 7.5.4 Options Excluding the Thamesford Reservoir 62 7.5.5 Summary 63 CHAPTER 8 APPLICATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS TO LOCAL AREAS 64 8.1 North Thames River 64 8.1.1 Mitchell 64 iv 8.1.2 Stratford 65 8.1.3 St. Marys; Campbell Soup Company 66 8.1.4 Wildwood Reservoir 67 8.1.5 Fanshawe Lake 67 8.2 Thames River Upstream from London 67 8.2.1 Tavistock 67 8.2.2 Gordon Pittock Reservoir 68 8.2.3 Woodstock 69 8.2.4 Beachville 71 8.2.5 Ingersoll 71 8.2.6 Dorchester 72 8.2.7 Thamesford 72 8.3 Thames River in the London Area 72 8.4 Lower Thames River 72 8.4.1 Thamesville, Bothwell, Wardsville and Melbourne 73 8.4.2 Westminster Township-Lambeth 73 8.4.3 Ilderton 73 8.4.4 Komoka-Kilworth 73 8.4.5 Glencoe 74 8.4.6 Newbury 74 8.4.7 Chatham 74 8.4.8 Tilbury 75 8.4.9 Ridgetown 75 REFERENCES 76 APPENDIX A WATER QUALITY MODELLING 78 Introduction 78 Dissolved oxygen model formulation 78 Model application—general 80 Avon River 81 North Thames River 83 Thames River from Woodstock to Ingersoll 85 Thames River in the vicinity of London 87 Thames River at Chatham 100 APPENDIX B DISSOLVED OXYGEN CRITERIA 102 APPENDIX C WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 104 Urban options 104 Rural options 106 Reservoir options 106 APPENDIX D FLOOD CONTROL MODELLING 109 APPENDIX E FLOOD CONTROL OPTIONS 112 Structural methods 112 Non-structural methods 114 APPENDIX F COST ANALYSIS OF LONDON SERVICING OPTIONS 116 Sewage diversion 116 Tertiary treatment 117 Operation and maintenance cost 118 Discussion of cost estimates 119 Cost analysis for total system options 119 v Net cost calculation—an example 119 APPENDIX G NUTRIENT BUDGET 121 APPENDIX H SEWAGE DISPOSAL OPTIONS FOR THE CITY OF LONDON 126 Improve effluent treatment 126 Additional flow augmentation 128 Treat storm water runoff 128 Improved background quality 130 Divert sewage to Lake Erie 130 In-stream aeration 130 Discussion of options 130 Waste loading guidelines 130 Staging of construction options 131 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 6.1 Effect of urban and agricultural activities on aesthetics and fisheries in the Thames River basin 34 FIGURE A1 Thames River water quality simulation model 80 FIGURE A2 Maximum and minimum measured dissolved oxygen concentrations— versus time of travel for Avon River, June 1972 81 FIGURE A3 Nutrient concentration versus distance in Avon River, June 1972 82 FIGURE A4 Minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations predicted for Station 5 on the Avon River 2.6 miles downstream from Stratford STP at various natural flows and effluent waste loading rates 83 FIGURE A5 Maximum and minimum measured dissolved oxygen concentrations versus time of travel for North Thames River, June 1971 84 FIGURE A6 Maximum and minimum measured dissolved oxygen concentrations versus time of travel for the Thames River downstream from Woodstock, July 1972 86 FIGURE A7 Minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations predicted for two locations in the Thames River downstream from Woodstock at various effluent waste loading rates 86 FIGURE A8 Minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations predicted for the Thames River, 2.5 miles downstream from Ingersoll (Station J), at various effluent waste loading rates 88 FIGURE A9 Thames River water quality simulation model —Geometry of river systems 89 FIGURE A10 Maximum and minimum measured dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Thames River, August 13-16, 1973 90 FIGURE A11 All Probability distribution of NOD and CARBOD in the final effluent of Greenway STP 92 FIGURE A12 Thames River water quality simulation model—dissolved oxygen output summary in the month of July, Run 2 "Dam Operation" 94 FIGURE A13 Thames River water quality simulation model—dissolved oxygen output summary in the month of July, Run 4 "Greenway Treatment Plus Dam Operation" 95 FIGURE A14 Thames River water quality simulation model—dissolved oxygen output summary in the month of July, Run 6 "Zero Pollutants Plus Dam Operation" 96 FIGURE A15 Thames River water quality simulation model—dissolved oxygen output summary in the month of July, Run 5 "Greenway Treatment Plus Additional Flow Augmentation" 97 FIGURE A16 Thames River water quality simulation model—dissolved oxygen output summary in the month of July, Run 10 "Diversion of All Sewage to Lake Erie" 99 FIGURE A17 Maximum and minimum measured dissolved oxygen concentrations versus time of travel in the Thames River downstream from Chatham, September 1971 101 FIGURE A18 Minimum dissolved oxygen predicted at Station 2, 2.75 miles downstream from vi Chatham STP, at various effluent waste loading rates 101 FIGURE D1 Simplified seasonal reservoir operating schedule 111 FIGURE G I Thames River nutrient budget—sub-basin designation 122 FIGURE H I Projected sewage dilution ratios at low flow in the Thames River downstream from the City of London 129 LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 2.1 Physical data at normal operating levels for Wildwood, Fanshawe and Pittock reservoirs 11 TABLE 2.2 Large livestock operations in the Thames River basin in 1971 13 TABLE 2.3 Designated urban land uses 1971 14 TABLE 2.4 Existing urban land use in acres and percent of total urban area 14 TABLE 2.5 Estimated population for urban and rural areas, 1971-2001 15 TABLE 4.1 Existing surface water uses 22 TABLE 4.2 Municipal waste treatment facilities 24 TABLE 6.1 Summary of the nutrient budget— Thames River 36 TABLE 7.1 Flood control benefit-cost evaluation 54 TABLE 7.2 Marginal flood control benefit-cost evaluation 55 TABLE 7.3 London waste loading guidelines 56 TABLE 7.4 Total system net cost 58 TABLE 7.5 Summary of cost analysis for system options at a 4 percent discount rate in 1975 dollars 58 TABLE 7.6 Ranking in net cost order of options including the Thamesford dam 61 TABLE 7.7 Ranking in net cost order of options excluding the Thamesford dam 62 TABLE 8.1 Monthly contribution of phosphorus from the Stratford sewage treatment plant relative to the overall burden in the Avon River at its mouth 65 TABLE A1 Thames River simulation—water quality input description of probability distributions and mean sewage flows 88 TABLE A2 Comparison of average means and standard deviations of daily streamflows at Fanshawe, Ealing and Byron flow gauges 90 TABLE A3 Thames River simulation model, summary of input combinations 91 TABLE A4 Average daily sewage flow rates used in the Thames River simulation model 92 TABLE B1 Dissolved oxygen criteria 103 TABLE D1 Summary of storage allocations for existing and proposed reservoirs in the Thames River