The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19Th-Century Germany

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19Th-Century Germany The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19th-Century Germany Weir, T. H. (2013). The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism and the “Jewish Question” in Late 19th-Century Germany. Central European History, 46(4), 815-849. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938913001295 Published in: Central European History Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association 2014 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:26. Sep. 2021 Central European History 46 (2013), 1–35. © Central European History Society of the American Historical Association, 2013 doi:10.1017/S0008938913001295 1 2 3 The Specter of “Godless Jewry”: Secularism 4 and the “Jewish Question” in Late 5 6 Nineteenth-Century Germany 7 8 Todd H. Weir 9 10 11 12 HEN asked to provide his own “solution to the Jewish Question” 13 for a 1907 survey, the journalist and philosopher Fritz Mauthner 14 responded, “I do not know how to give an answer to your question, 15 W because I do not know which Jewish question you mean. The Jewish question is 16 posed differently by every questioner, differently at every time, differently at every 17 location.”1 While untypical for its time, Mauthner’s viewpoint is shared by many 18 scholars who write today—not one but a myriad of “Jewish Questions” prolifer- 19 ated in nineteenth-century Germany and, indeed, across the globe. The dramas 20 they framed could be transposed onto many stages, because talk about the pur- 21 ported virtues and vices of Jews had the remarkable ability to latch onto and 22 thereby produce meaning for a wide range of public debates. By plumbing this 23 excess of meaning, scholars have teased out some of the key dynamics and anti- 24 nomies of modern political thought. No longer focusing solely on conservative 25 antisemitism, they have examined the role of the “Jewish Question” in other 26 political movements, such as liberalism and socialism, and in the conceptual elab- 27 oration of the state, civil society, and the nation.2 Cast in ambivalent roles at once 28 powerful and vulnerable, familiar and foreign, the figure of the Jew acted as a 29 lightning rod for imagining such collectivities. Opposing parties shared 30 31 32 Earlier versions of this essay were presented at the Stroum Jewish Studies Program of the University 33 of Washington, Vanderbilt University, the University of Marburg, and at the conference “Beloved ” 34 Enemy: Philosemitism in History, at the Moses Mendelsohn Center, Potsdam. Thanks are owed to Michael Rosenthal, Helmut Walser Smith, Jochen-Christoph Kaiser and the other participants 35 at these events. I am also grateful to Ari Joskowicz, Uffa Jensen, and the anonymous reader of 36 Central European History for helpful suggestions. The essay is dedicated to the memory of my uncle 37 John McMillan, who read it and applied his skills as a longtime newspaper editor to indicate where I might rephrase overly stuffy sentences in plain English. He will be missed. 38 1Julius Moses, ed., Die Lösung der Judenfrage. Eine Rundfrage (Berlin: C. Wigand, 1907), 144. 39 2Dagmar Herzog, Intimacy and Exclusion: Religious Politics in Pre-Revolutionary Baden (Princeton, NJ: 40 Princeton University Press, 1996); Aamir R. Mufti, Enlightenment in the Colony: The Jewish Question and the Crisis of Postcolonial Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Wendy Brown, 41 Regulating Aversion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Lars Fischer, The Socialist 42 Response to Antisemitism in Imperial Germany (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 1 2 TODD H. WEIR 43 common assumptions, such as the tacit understanding that integration into the 44 nation, state, or civil society required a self-transformation of Jews, something his- 45 torians have referred to as the “emancipation contract.”3 Generally speaking, it 46 was the terms of this contract rather than its form that divided liberals from 47 conservatives, philo- from antisemites, and Jews from non-Jews in the 48 nineteenth-century. Accordingly, scholars now increasingly approach the 49 “Jewish Question” not merely as an example of prejudice, but rather as a frame- 50 work through which multiple parties elaborated their positions.4 51 This essay concerns the “Jewish Question” of one modern movement— 52 worldview secularism—as it emerged in mid-nineteenth-century Germany. 53 Secularism encompassed the anticlerical movements affiliated with the political 54 left, which sought not merely the separation of church and state, but also the 55 replacement of Christianity by an immanent, natural scientific worldview. In 56 the course of conducting research into the history of German secularism, I 57 found that the “Jewish Question” popped up in the sources in initially surprising, 58 but upon further inspection, quite systematic patterns. Antisemites regularly 59 spoke of “godless Judaism,” while liberal and Jewish secularists wrestled over 60 the issue of Jewish difference in a movement whose naturalistic worldview was 61 generally understood to be unitary and universal. By following these patterns, 62 this essay hopes to cast light on strong and hitherto relatively unexamined 63 dynamics at work within nineteenth-century German secularism, Jewish 64 liberalism, and antisemitism. It also calls into question assumptions found in 65 those theoretical models that have been put forward to describe changes to 66 nineteenth-century church-state relations in Germany and elsewhere. 67 68 Secularism and the Confessional State 69 Historians, literary scholars, and political theorists have recently appropriated the 70 term “secularism” to describe not the belief of the freethinkers who coined it in 71 the 1850s, but rather the modern liberal doctrine and governmental practice of 72 separation of church and state.5 Here the problem posed by the Jewish religious 73 74 75 3On the “emancipation contract,” see David Cesarani, “British Jews,” in The Emancipation of 76 Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-century Europe, ed. Rainer Liedtke and Stephan Wendehorst (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 77 1999), 33–55. 78 4Nadia Valman and Tony Kushner, eds., Philosemitism, Antisemitism and “the Jews”: Perspectives from 79 the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004); Uffa Jensen, Gebildete Doppelgänger. Bürgerliche Juden und Protestanten im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005); 80 Irene Diekmann, Elke-Vera Kotowski, and Julius Hans Schoeps, eds., Geliebter Feind—Gehasster 81 Freund. Antisemitismus und Philosemitismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Berlin: VBB, 2009); Jonathan 82 Karp and Adam Sutcliffe, eds., Philosemitism in History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 5Two texts that have anchored state secularism as a key issue in postcolonial theory are Rajeev 83 Bhargava, ed., Secularism and its Critics (Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); and 84 Talal Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University THE SPECTER OF “GODLESS JEWRY” 3 85 minority in a Christian nation has been highlighted as the paradigmatic case 86 through which this separation was achieved, but one that also reveals a chief anti- 87 nomy of liberal universalism. As scholars such as Dagmar Herzog and Aamir Mufti 88 have shown, liberal commitment to the full emancipation of Jews was the guar- 89 antee of the universality of the state, the nation, humanity, and the public sphere, 90 yet the persistence of Jewish difference posed a challenge to this very universality.6 91 In the resultant tension between assimilation of minority difference and ongoing 92 hostility to it, the modern state and civil society developed the concept of toler- 93 ance. Political philosopher Wendy Brown describes tolerance as a discursive prac- 94 tice that extended rights to Jews while it placed them on notice that these rights 95 could be withdrawn if they did not adhere to majoritarian expectations. A toler- 96 ated minority is thus one subject to regulation and the threat of intolerance.7 In 97 short, the tolerance of religious minorities has been described in this literature as a 98 necessarily contradictory, but ultimately successful means by which the nine- 99 teenth-century European states and liberal society extended their hegemony 100 over the nation. 101 This conclusion sits uneasily with developments in nineteenth-century Prussia 102 and the German Reich, where, at crucial junctures, the state resisted separation 103 from the church and modified rather than abandoned the classification of the 104 population according to religious affiliation.
Recommended publications
  • Johannes Ronge (1813-1887)
    Johannes Ronge (1813-1887) Tabellarischer Lebenslauf 1813 Am 16. Oktober in Bischofswalde/Kreis Neiße geboren, aufgewachsen mit 9 Geschwistern in bäuerlicher Familie 1827 Beginn der Gymnasialzeit zu Neiße 1937 Beginn der Studentenzeit an der Universität Breslau, Burschenschaftler 1839 Priesterseminar (Alumnat) in Breslau 1841 Katholische Priesterweihe, Kaplan in Grottkau/Schlesien 1843 Aufgrund der Nichtanerkennung des freisinnigen Bischofs von Breslau durch den Papst kritischer und anonymer Artikel gegen die Amtskirche. Infolge des bloßen Verdachts der Autorenschaft als Kaplan suspendiert, seitdem Privatlehrer für Beamtenkinder im oberschlesischen Industrierevier Laurahütte 1844 Am 1. Oktober Abfassung des Offenen Sendschreibens und Protestbriefs gegen die Ausstellung des Hl. Rocks in Trier, Veröffentlichung in den „Sächsischen Vaterlandsblättern“ am 16.10., zahlreiche Parallel- und Sonderdrucke auch in Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Darmstadt u.a. - Exkommunikation Ronges am 4. Dezember 1845 Am 12. Januar Aufruf zur Gründung einer romfreien Kirche, aufsehenerregende Rundreisen, Empfänge, Predigten vor Massenpublikum 1848 Mitglied des Vorparlaments in Frankfurt am Main 1849 Im Juni d.J. Offener Brief gegen den preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm IV., Aufruf zum bewaffneten Aufstand gegen den Despoten, daraufhin steckbrieflich gesucht, vor seiner Flucht ins Ausland Aufenthalt in Hamburg 1850 Flucht über Frankreich, Belgien und Holland nach London. Mitverfasser des „Aufrufs an die Deutschen“, politische Arbeit im Exil, Rundreisen in England 1852 Gründung der Humanen Religionsgemeinde in London. Ronge wird Schwager von Carl Schurz, der mit Frau Margarethe geb. Meyer in die USA ausreist. 1855 Handbuch für die Kindergartenerziehung mit Ehefrau Bertha gesch. Traun geb. Meyer (1819-1863), das im Parlament durch englische Schulinspektoren bekannt wird und die Fröbel’sche Pädagogik auch in England popularisiert.
    [Show full text]
  • A Fresh Perspective on the History of Hasidic Judaism
    eSharp Issue 20: New Horizons A Fresh Perspective on the History of Hasidic Judaism Eva van Loenen (University of Southampton) Introduction In this article, I shall examine the history of Hasidic Judaism, a mystical,1 ultra-orthodox2 branch of Judaism, which values joyfully worshipping God’s presence in nature as highly as the strict observance of the laws of Torah3 and Talmud.4 In spite of being understudied, the history of Hasidic Judaism has divided historians until today. Indeed, Hasidic Jewish history is not one monolithic, clear-cut, straightforward chronicle. Rather, each scholar has created his own narrative and each one is as different as its author. While a brief introduction such as this cannot enter into all the myriad divergences and similarities between these stories, what I will attempt to do here is to incorporate and compare an array of different views in order to summarise the history of Hasidism and provide a more objective analysis, which has not yet been undertaken. Furthermore, my historical introduction in Hasidic Judaism will exemplify how mystical branches of mainstream religions might develop and shed light on an under-researched division of Judaism. The main focus of 1 Mystical movements strive for a personal experience of God or of his presence and values intuitive, spiritual insight or revelationary knowledge. The knowledge gained is generally ‘esoteric’ (‘within’ or hidden), leading to the term ‘esotericism’ as opposed to exoteric, based on the external reality which can be attested by anyone. 2 Ultra-orthodox Jews adhere most strictly to Jewish law as the holy word of God, delivered perfectly and completely to Moses on Mount Sinai.
    [Show full text]
  • MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (Pp
    communicated his desire to the Bishop, in inimitable fashion: MICROCOSM: Portrait of a European City by Norman Davies (pp. 224-266) The Holy Ghost and I are agreed that Prelate Schaffgotsch should be coadjutor of [Bresslau] and that those of your canons who resist him shall be regarded as persons who have surrendered to the Court in Vienna and to the Devil, and, having resisted the Holy Prussia annexed Silesia in the early phase of the Enlightenment. Europe was Ghost, deserve the highest degree of damnation. turning its back on the religious bigotry of the preceding period and was entering the so-called 'Age of Reason'. What is more, Prussia was one of the The Bishop replied in kind: more tolerant of the German states. It did not permit the same degree of religious liberty that had been practised in neighbouring Poland until the late The great understanding between the Holy Ghost and Your Majesty is news to me; I was seventeenth century, but equally it did not profess the same sort of religious unaware that the acquaintance had been made. I hope that He will send the Pope and the partisanship that surrounded the Habsburgs. The Hohenzollerns of Berlin had canons the inspiration appropriate to our wishes. welcomed Huguenot refugees from France and had found a modus vivendi between Lutherans and Calvinists. In this case, the King was unsuccessful. A compromise solution had to be Yet religious life in Prussian Silesia would not lack controversy. The found whereby the papal nuncio in Warsaw was charged with Silesian affairs. annexation of a predominantly Catholic province by a predominantly But, in 1747, the King tried again and Schaffgotsch, aged only thirty-one, was Protestant kingdom was to bring special problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 094 892 PS 007 449 AUTHOR Snyder, Agnes TITLE Dauntless Women in Childhood Education, 1856-1931. INSTITUTION Association for Childhood Education International, Washington,/ D.C. PUB DATE [72] NOTE 421p. AVAILABLE FROM Association for Childhood Education International, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 ($9.50, paper) EDRS PRICE NF -$0.75 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Biographical Inventories; *Early Childhood Education; *Educational Change; Educational Development; *Educational History; *Educational Philosophy; *Females; Leadership; Preschool Curriculum; Women Teachers IDENTIFIERS Association for Childhood Education International; *Froebel (Friendrich) ABSTRACT The lives and contributions of nine women educators, all early founders or leaders of the International Kindergarten Union (IKU) or the National Council of Primary Education (NCPE), are profiled in this book. Their biographical sketches are presented in two sections. The Froebelian influences are discussed in Part 1 which includes the chapters on Margarethe Schurz, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, Susan E. Blow, Kate Douglas Wiggins and Elizabeth Harrison. Alice Temple, Patty Smith Hill, Ella Victoria Dobbs, and Lucy Gage are- found in the second part which emphasizes "Changes and Challenges." A concise background of education history describing the movements and influences preceding and involving these leaders is presented in a single chapter before each section. A final chapter summarizes the main contribution of each of the women and also elaborates more fully on such topics as IKU cooperation with other organizations, international aspects of IKU, the writings of its leaders, the standardization of curriculuis through testing, training teachers for a progressive program, and the merger of IKU and NCPE into the Association for Childhood Education.(SDH) r\J CS` 4-CO CI.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction: Origins
    Copyrighted Material Introduction: Origins In “The Non-Jewish Jew,” the Polish social revolutionary Isaac Deutscher, who began his education as a yeshiva student, argued that those who re- jected their ancestral religion and their people in favor of secular universal- ism had historical precursors. In a paradoxical formulation that captured something of his own identity, Deutscher wrote: “The Jewish heretic who transcends Jewry belongs to a Jewish tradition.”1 This “Jewry” is Judaism— not only the religion but all of the traditions built up over nearly three millennia. Yet, in transcending Judaism, the heretic finds himself or herself in a different Jewish tradition, a tradition no less Jewish for being antitradi- tional. Secular universalism for these heretics paradoxically became a kind of Jewish identity. Many of these ideas originated in the European Enlightenment, but they also often had a Jewish provenance or at least were believed by secular Jews to have such a provenance. Deutscher, for example, started his famous essay on an autobiographical note, remembering how, as a child in the yeshiva, he had read the story of the heretic Elisha ben Abuya (or Aher—the Other— as he is known). Elisha’s favorite student, Rabbi Meir, became one of the towering legal authorities of his generation, yet he never renounced his wayward teacher. By raising the question of the relationship of the Ortho- dox Rabbi Meir and the heretic Elisha, Deutscher implied that even the heretic remains somehow connected to that which he rejects, for the source of his heresy may lie within that tradition. For Deutscher, Elisha was the prototype of his modern heroes: Spinoza, Heine, Marx, Rosa Luxemburg, Trotsky, and Freud.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispute Over the State: Between “A Confessional State” and “A Secular State”
    Fr. Wojciech Guzewicz, Poland 1 Dispute over the state: between “a confessional State” and “a secular State” ABSTRACT For a long time lawyers and politicians have been divided in the sharp dispute over what should be the relation between the state and the Church: “secular state” or “reli- gious state”. Meanwhile, both meanings are vague and sometimes misconstrued. It is known that today are unacceptable extreme solutions: on the one hand “theocracy”, where the Church exercises control over the state, as it used to be over Israel and, on the other hand, a “totally anti-religious state” sometimes occurring in the twentieth century. It seems that the relations between the Church and the State should adopt the principle of the Second Vatican Council, that “the political community and the Church are, on their own territory, independent and autonomous”, and that the Church and the political community will be able to perform their ministry “for the good of all, the better, the more they will lead a healthy cooperation with each other, taking into account the circumstances of time and place”. KEYWORDS: the relations between Church and State in Poland, autonomy of cooperation Introduction It is a long time since the lawyers and the politicians have been divided by the strong discussion about how the relationship between the state and the Church should looks like: like “the secular state or like the religious state”. However, both of that names are not clear enough and sometimes there are misunderstood. It is clear that extreme solutions are unacceptable: on the one hand, “theocracy”, where the Church exercises control over the state, as earlier kahal over Israel, and on the other hand “a total anti-religious state” what sometimes happened in the 20th century2.
    [Show full text]
  • Justifying Religious Freedom: the Western Tradition
    Justifying Religious Freedom: The Western Tradition E. Gregory Wallace* Table of Contents I. THESIS: REDISCOVERING THE RELIGIOUS JUSTIFICATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.......................................................... 488 II. THE ORIGINS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN EARLY CHRISTIAN THOUGHT ................................................................................... 495 A. Early Christian Views on Religious Toleration and Freedom.............................................................................. 495 1. Early Christian Teaching on Church and State............. 496 2. Persecution in the Early Roman Empire....................... 499 3. Tertullian’s Call for Religious Freedom ....................... 502 B. Christianity and Religious Freedom in the Constantinian Empire ................................................................................ 504 C. The Rise of Intolerance in Christendom ............................. 510 1. The Beginnings of Christian Intolerance ...................... 510 2. The Causes of Christian Intolerance ............................. 512 D. Opposition to State Persecution in Early Christendom...... 516 E. Augustine’s Theory of Persecution..................................... 518 F. Church-State Boundaries in Early Christendom................ 526 G. Emerging Principles of Religious Freedom........................ 528 III. THE PRESERVATION OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN MEDIEVAL AND REFORMATION EUROPE...................................................... 530 A. Persecution and Opposition in the Medieval
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Private and Political Islam
    Fiona Hill, NOTES Page 1 Reflections on Private and Political Islam. Is There an Islamist Threat from Eastern Europe and Eurasia? Georgetown University, Thursday, April 15, 2004 The Region? Eastern Europe and Eurasia are the topic of our meeting today––this is a huge and broad swathe of territory, well over twice the size of the United States if we begin on the frontiers of Germany and set our gaze toward Vladivostok and the Pacific. Does this constitute a definable region as the conference structure would suggest, and can we make generalizations across this territory? Certainly there is a shared heritage in Eastern Europe and Eurasia (which is our new term for the lands of the former Soviet Union). And this shared heritage comes not just from being part of the Soviet Union or of the Soviet or Eastern bloc after World War II, but from a much deeper history of interactions stretching back over several centuries. Part of this history has been shaped by the encounter between Christianity and Islam in the region, dating back over a millennium. Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, and Russia, for example, mark the western and northernmost expansion of the boundaries of the Muslim world. In most of this region, in stark contrast with Western Europe, the Muslim populations are largely indigenous. They are not modern migrants from outside––as they are, say in Britain, France, and Germany––but historic Muslim communities, some of whom assumed Islam as their primary religion during the early years of its expansion beyond the Arab world and especially during the push west from the distant Eurasian steppe lands toward the gates of Vienna by the Mongol Golden Horde.
    [Show full text]
  • Secular Bodies, Affects and Emotions: European Configurations
    Gutkowski, Stacey. "Love, War and Secular ‘Reasonableness’ among hilonim in Israel-Palestine." Secular Bodies, Affects and Emotions: European Configurations. Ed. Monique Scheer, Nadia Fadil and Johansen Schepelern Birgitte. London,: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. 123–138. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 3 Oct. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350065253.ch-009>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 3 October 2021, 00:07 UTC. Copyright © Monique Scheer, Nadia Fadil and Birgitte Schepelern Johansen and Contributors 2019. You may share this work for non-commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 9 Love, War and Secular ‘Reasonableness’ among hilonim in Israel-Palestine Stacey Gutkowski In his 2002 lecture How to Cure a Fanatic, Israeli novelist and peace activist Amos Oz suggested that a combination of cool rationalism on both sides of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, along with humour, imaginative empathy and the ability to feel comfortable with ambiguity, could sustain a two-state solution. He condemned the renewed rise of violent ethno-national ‘religious fanaticism’ among both Jews and Palestinians during the Second Intifada. The conflict is, he said, about ‘real estate not religion’ (Oz 2012: 43–81). This emotio-political antidote resonated particularly with hilonim, secular Jewish Israelis, Oz’s own religio-class constituency, after the collapse of the Oslo peace process.1 It remains popular across the political spectrum, not just among leftists like Oz keen to see a two-state solution. It also resonates among Jewish Israelis on the right and centre who do not share the left’s enthusiasm for Palestinian statehood, but who mobilize the formula of humour and empathy among Jewish Israelis towards, as they see it, cool, collective endurance of and solidarity in the face of Palestinian and Arab political violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Church-State Cooperation Does Not Violate a Guarantee of Religious Freedom: a Study of the 1978 Spanish Constitution and 1979 Concordat with the Catholic Church
    Emory International Law Review Volume 27 Issue 1 2013 Church-State Cooperation Does Not Violate a Guarantee of Religious Freedom: A Study of the 1978 Spanish Constitution and 1979 Concordat with the Catholic Church Melissa Curvino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Melissa Curvino, Church-State Cooperation Does Not Violate a Guarantee of Religious Freedom: A Study of the 1978 Spanish Constitution and 1979 Concordat with the Catholic Church, 27 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 509 (2013). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol27/iss1/11 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CURVINO GALLEYSPROOFS2 7/16/2013 10:34 AM CHURCH-STATE COOPERATION DOES NOT VIOLATE A GUARANTEE OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM: A STUDY OF THE 1978 SPANISH CONSTITUTION AND 1979 CONCORDAT WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ABSTRACT For much of Spanish history, to be a Spaniard and to be a Catholic were understood as equivalent. Spain had seven different constitutions in a span of 150 years and the question of religion was one of the main issues in each new constitution. From the early 1800s until the Constitution of 1978 Spain oscillated between two extremes: on one side, complete identification of the Church with the state; and on the other, state discouragement and restriction of the Church. Neither extreme provided for religious freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Byzantine Legacy in Modern Church-State Relations in the West and in Russia
    9960_07_Churh_and_State_11_12 08-05-2008 15:21 Pagina 125 European Journal for Church and State Research - Revue européenne des relations Églises- État 11, 125-137. doi: 10.2143/EJCS.11.0.2029500 ©2004 by European Journal for Church and State Research - Revue européenne des relations Églises-État. All rights reserved. THE EVOLUTION OF THE BYZANTINE LEGACY IN MODERN CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS IN THE WEST AND IN RUSSIA ELENA MIROSHNIKOVA One of the disputed legacies of the Byzantine tradition is the evolu- tion of models in church-state relations. The desired “symphony” between church and state in the Byzantine tradition can be seen in the spirit of mutual cooperation, mutual support, and mutual responsibility between church and state without serious encroachment by one into the internal affairs of the other. In a relationship of “symphony,” the state seeks from the church a policy of general encouragement and support, as well as prayer for public prosperity and overall success, and the church seeks from the state conditions of peace and prosperity for the citizens, as well as financial support1. What is the situation in church–state relations today in the Byzantine world? Does the desired “symphony” exist? Does it exist anywhere in the world? The answer to these questions is connected to the mutual influ- ence of democracy and religion. This mutual influence is expressed on one side in the democratic legacy of religion, and on the other side in the religious legacy of democracy. Democracy is most effective when there is no discrimination on account of religion and belief, due to a policy that all religions are deemed equal under the law.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion, Tolerance and Discrimination in Malta
    RELIGION, TOLERANCE AND DISCRIMINATION IN MALTA ALFRED GRECH Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief Political legitimacy is a central issue. Since religion can be a powerful legitimizing force for society, the likelihood of achieving religious liberty, and therefore non-discrimination on the basis of religion is often reduced to the extent that the regime’s political legitimacy is weak. Such a regime is likely to exploit the legitimizing power of the dominant religion with the corresponding risks of oppression for dissenting groups. A State which is confessional, or has a dominant religion may be a democracy in its own right, and may also embrace human rights guarantees, but to what extent is the fundamental right to freedom of conscience safeguarded when the State decides how far and to what extent a ruling religion or the religion of the state determines or interferes with the political life of the country? It would appear that in situations like these the majority or the ruling class can determine the religious rights of everyone including the dissenting minority, which does not identify itself with the State religion. In such a case religion or the state religion interferes with, if it does not determine the political agenda.1 Article 2 of the Constitution of Malta provides: 2 (1) The religion of Malta is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. (2) The authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty and the right to teach which principles are right and which are wrong. (3) Religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education.
    [Show full text]