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Dipl Lomar Rbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Diplomarbeit Titel der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Nationale Konzepte in Böhmen im 19. Jahrhundert Eine verglleichende Darstellung Verfasser Bernhard Seyr Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, im März 2011 Studienkennzahl laut Studienbuchblatt: A190/313/333 Studienrichtung laut Studienbuchblatt: UF Geschichte, Sozialkunde, politische BBildung; UF Deutsch Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Thomas Winkelbauer 0 1 Inhalt 0 Vorwort ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................................ 3 2 Nationalität – Nationalismus ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Nation ...................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Nationalität .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Nationalismus .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Relevanz .................................................................................................................................. 9 3 Österreichische Nation? ................................................................................................................ 10 4 Innen und Außen – Orientierungsmodelle .................................................................................... 16 4.1 Austroslawismus und Österreichertum .................................................................................. 17 4.2 Panslawismus und Russismus ............................................................................................... 21 4.3 Tschechismus, Pangermanismus und Bohemismus .............................................................. 23 5 Die Entwicklung in Böhmen ......................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Ausgangslage in Böhmen ...................................................................................................... 27 5.1.1 Böhmen, die Habsburgermonarchie und das Heilige Römische Reich ......................... 27 5.1.2 Exkurs: ein Böhme, ein Tscheche und ein Deutscher ................................................... 35 5.1.3 Exkurs: Demographie - Geographie .............................................................................. 38 5.1.4 Tschechen und Deutsche im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert........................................... 42 5.2 Die Phasen A, B und C der Nationalbewegung nach Miroslav Hroch .................................. 45 5.3 Differenzierung der Programme ............................................................................................ 54 6 Revolution, Stagnation und Obstruktion ....................................................................................... 61 6.1 Böhmischer Landespatriotismus ........................................................................................... 61 6.2 Diversifikation nach 1848 ..................................................................................................... 65 6.3 Rahmenbedingungen der Emanzipation der Slawen Böhmens ............................................. 68 6.3.1 Alttschechen .................................................................................................................. 75 6.3.2 Jungtschechen ................................................................................................................ 80 6.4 Deutschböhmen ..................................................................................................................... 85 6.4.1 Deutsche „Abwehr“ ....................................................................................................... 85 6.4.2 Deutscher Nationalismus ............................................................................................... 93 6.5 Die Rolle von Milieu, Schicht und Berufsstand im Nationalitätenkonflikt ......................... 100 7 Nationale Desintegration ............................................................................................................. 107 7.1 Festigung des Feinbildes (ideelle Spaltung der Gesellschaft) ............................................. 109 7.2 Parallelgesellschaften (funktionale Spaltung der Gesellschaft) .......................................... 115 8 Zusammenführung – Nationalkonzepte böhmischer Interessengruppen ..................................... 120 9 Resümee ...................................................................................................................................... 126 10 Literatur ................................................................................................................................... 128 11 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 135 2 3 0 Vorwort In der Geschichte der Habsburgermonarchie ragt das 19. Jahrhundert durch massive Umwälzungen als die Endphase eines Staates hervor. Bei einer Betrachtung dieser Zeitspanne wird heute oft der Donaustaat als antiquiertes Konstrukt abgeschrieben oder die zurückhaltende Politik in Wien für die Konflikte verantwortlich gemacht. Böhmen bietet hier die Möglichkeit, die Entwicklungen zumindest teilweise von der Hauptstadt losgelöst zu betrachten. Das Königreich der zwei Ethnien schien lange Zeit eine Region zu sein, in der das Miteinander im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Ländern gelingen könnte. Die Ereignisse von 1848 scheinen jedoch diese Position sehr schnell zu verändern und es kommt zu einem Auseinanderleben. Die Fronten bildeten sich schnell und verschiedene Ausrichtungen können in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ausgemacht werden. Somit liegt zwischen der tschechischen nationalen Wiedergeburt Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts und der Etablierung der Massenparteien eine Phase, die das (nationale) Bewusstsein der Einwohner dieses Königreichs stark veränderte und Konzepte zur Neuformierung der Gesellschaft anbot. Wenn es im 19. Jahrhundert ein Thema gibt, das ausreichend behandelt wurde, dann ist dies die tschechische Wiedergeburt. Dabei muss allerdings bedacht werden, dass es sich hier um realhistorische Überblicke beziehungsweise Periodisierungen oder Darstellungen von Subthemen handelt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit hingegen sollen die konzeptionelle Vielfalt dargestellt und die einzelnen Richtungen verglichen werden. Weder eine Vereinsgeschichte, noch ein Überblick über die Parteienlandschaft können hier erwartet werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, wenn man so will, eine Art Ideengeschichte der nationalpolitischen Differenzierung in Böhmen im 19. Jahrhundert zu liefern. Die Grundlagen der Argumentation für oder wider eine tschechisch oder eine deutsch dominierte Gesellschaft werden angeführt und verglichen, wobei nicht nur die Entwicklung dieser Argumente beleuchtet, sondern auch eine Typologie dieser Strategien aufgestellt werden soll. In der Literatur wird stets ein Aufgehen des nationalen Gedankens erst in der intellektuellen und dann in der Massenbewegung geschildert. Hier soll versucht werden, das darauffolgende Auseinanderleben der beiden Ethnien wie auch das Auseinandergehen der einzelnen Interessengruppen zu beleuchten. Diese Darstellung wird anhand der einschlägigen Forschungsliteratur ermöglicht und aus dieser wird nicht ein weiterer Überblick über Epoche und Region generiert, sondern vielmehr eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit bereits 1 vorhandene Deutungen. Die Erweiterung der Anschauung wird durch eine Triangulierung der Aspekte der Argumentation der Zeitgenossen, der spezifischen Analyse durch einschlägige Forschungsliteratur (allen voran Hroch, Kořalka, Urban und Bosl) und der allgemeinen Nationalismustheorien (nach Jansen/Borggräfe) versucht. Dabei spielt natürlich vor allem die komplizierte Stellung des Königreichs zwischen slawischer Bevölkerung, deutscher Einflüsse und habsburgischer Herrschaft eine maßgebende Rolle. Nationale Konzepte zu definieren war und ist immer schwierig, denn ein solch abstrakter Begriff kann auf verschiedene Art und Weise verstanden werden. Hier soll nun untersucht werden, wie sich die Gruppen (also Parteien und Interessengruppen) positionierten. Nationale Konzepte sind hierbei Vorstellungen über die Zukunft Böhmens innerhalb oder außerhalb eines anderen staatlichen Gebildes. Dabei ist die Argumentation ebenso wichtig wie die Forderungen selbst sowie der Weg, auf dem diese durchgesetzt werden sollen. Die Definition der Nationalität und der Blick auf den jeweils Anderen beeinflussen sich hierbei stets gegenseitig. Das Konzept wäre dann die Gesamtheit dieser Punkte, wobei durch dieses Modell die Nation gleichzeitig beschrieben und begründet wird. Die zentrale Frage, die sich aus dieser thematischen Eingrenzung ergibt, ist, welche Vorstellungen von der Nation in Böhmen im 19. Jahrhundert vertreten wurden. Hierbei sind vier Subpunkte prägend. Dabei geht es darum, wie argumentiert wurde (Orientierung), wie die einzelnen Gruppen zueinander standen, wie sich die Situation im Laufe der Zeit veränderte und schließlich
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