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Faculdade De Letras Da Universidade Do Porto Doutoramento Em Sociologia FACULDADE DE LETRAS DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO DOUTORAMENTO EM SOCIOLOGIA The Roles of Turkish Society in the Alliance of Civilization in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands Dinçer Özer Dissertação de doutoramento em Sociologia Orientada pela Professora Doutora Helena Carlota Ribeiro Vilaça Porto, Dezembro de 2014 To my wife and son… ii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION THE ROLES OF TURKISH SOCIETY IN THE ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATION IN GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS Mobility across borders in the information, technologies and internet age has increased both inter-civilization relations and the interactions among the members of these different civilizations more than any time before. As the mobility towards continental Europe through migration have started to change the demographic balances and as the European Muslims began to be considered as a threat after September 11, new debates came along. Islamophobia, xenophobia and anti- immigrant contexts have developed an exclusion and otherization into a political context and pushed the Muslim minorities into introversion and ethnic and religious ghettos. Some minority groups otherized and pushed out of system with the failure of multiculturalism policies gradually become affected by radical ethnic, religious and ideological movements. Reciprocal bias and distinctions in European countries threaten the social peace and cause societal tensions; and they are being used by nationalist and racist parties to establish a public opinion. The starting point of this research is whether the ‘intercultural and inter-civilization communications and interactions’ which increased highly in the last decades will cause conflict or dialogue? The Muslim Turkish migrants living in Europe as settled immigrants have faced several different problems since the first years of migration. Problem of integration has definitely become one of the most important topics of this struggle to be permanent in Europe. The background of criticisms about the minorities, including the Turkish migrants, that they could not overcome the integration problem, is consisted of the increasing ethnic/cultural ghettos and introversions. Muslim minorities include the Turkish society in Europe, which is criticized by media and the politicians in terms of integration, are mentioned with violence and terror which make difficult the integration process. Within this new integration process, during which the incidents of terror have strengthened the concerns against Muslims, radical elements began to appear in both societies. The increase of excessive and aggressive racism and nationalism with a reactionary or iii defensive reflex caused societal tensions far from rationality and common sense. In many German cities, Turkish houses were set on fire and ‘Turkish döner’ shop owners were killed in a series of murders. These events show us where the tensions have reached. The question that comes on our minds at this point is what kind of a reaction Muslim Turkish society in Europe will give to these bias and attacks within the continental Europe which threaten the social peace. The reaction of European Turkish society both towards the radical ethnic and religious elements within itself and to those racist and far-right elements is the starting point of our research. In another word, this study aims to reveal the participatory and open to dialogue role of European Turkish society with its internal and external dynamics which will make the ‘Alliance of Civilizations’ approach possible at least in Western societies. Besides, the limited number of research conducted whether the European Turkish society has a tendency towards the violence-oriented radical groups or not makes this study current and unique. In this field study, semi-structured interview and survey methodology, a subfield of qualitative research, has been used to collect data. This study was conducted on respondents with different socio-economic statuses from Cologne (German and Turkish: Köln) in Germany, Brussels in Belgium and Amsterdam in the Netherlands where Turkish society live intensely. With the help of a previously prepared set of questions, the respondents of interview and survey were asked a series of open and close-ended questions. Besides, with the help of semi- structured interview methodology, the interviewees were selected from prominent members of Turkish societies in terms of political, economic and socio-cultural indicators. Pre-defined interview and survey questions have been asked with the most objective and scientific method possible to the respondents and have been recorded to be analyzed later. Key words: The migrants of Turkish origin, Alliance of Civilization, Interfaith and intercultural dialogue, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands iv RESUMO O PAPEL DA MINORIA TURCA NA ALIANÇA DAS CIVILIZAÇÕES, NA ALEMANHA, BÉLIGICA E PAÍSES BAIXOS Na era da internet, da informação e das tecnologias, a mobilidade transfronteiriça aumentou as relações interculturais e as interações entre os diferentes membros desses grupos culturais, como nunca antes. Com as sucessivas ondas de migração para a Europa continental a alterar o equilíbrio demográfico, e com os Muçulmanos europeus a serem considerados uma ameaça, após os atentados de 11 de Setembro, começaram a surgir novos temas de debate. A Islamofobia, a xenofobia e casos de hostilidade anti imigração levaram essas situações de exclusão e alienação para o contexto político, provocando o confinamento das minorias muçulmanas em guetos étnicos e religiosos. Alguns grupos minoritários, alienados e excluídos do sistema devido ao falhanço das políticas multiculturais, foram gradualmente afectados pelos movimentos radicais étnicos, religiosos e ideológicos. A discriminação e as diferenciações tendenciosas nos países europeus ameaçam a paz social, provocando tensões que servem precisamente os propósitos dos partidos nacionalistas e racistas de influenciar a opinião pública. O ponto de partida desta pesquisa é questionar se “as interações e comunicações inter- civilizacionais e interculturais”, que aumentaram drasticamente nas últimas décadas, estarão na origem de conflito ou de diálogo? Os migrantes turcos muçulmanos instalados na Europa têm enfrentado várias situações problemáticas desde os primeiros anos da imigração. Problemas de adaptação tornaram-se um dos tópicos mais prementes dessa luta para a permanência na Europa. O pano de fundo das críticas às minorias, onde está igualmente incluída a minoria turca, consiste na afirmação de que elas não conseguem ultrapassar os problemas de adaptação, o que tem levado ao aumento de situações de alienação e de confinamento em guetos étnico-culturais. À reminiscência dos hábitos da sociedade turca na país de acolhimento, criticados pelos media e políticos como estando na base do problema de adaptação, acrescentaram-se episódios de violência e terror nas minorias muçulmanas, o que tem tornado o processo de adaptação ainda mais difícil. Esses episódios têm v consolidado o preconceito antimuçulmano, provocado o surgimento de movimentos radicais em ambos grupos sociais. O aumento do racismo e do nacionalismo excessivo e agressivo enquanto reflexo defensivo e reactivo, está na base de tensões sociais que ultrapassam a razoabilidade e o bom senso. Em várias cidades alemãs, residências turcas foram incendiadas e vários proprietários de lojas turcas de döner foram assassinados. Esses acontecimentos são reveladores do ponto a que chegaram as tensões. A pergunta que surge neste momento é qual será a reação do grupo social turco muçulmano instalado na Europa a esses ataques e atos discriminatórios que ameaçam a paz social? A reação da minoria turca em relação aos elementos radicais étnicos e religiosos, e aos grupos racistas de extrema-direita são o ponto de partida da nossa pesquisa. Por outras palavras, este estudo tem como objetivo revelar o papel inclusivo e de abertura ao diálogo da minoria turca europeia, com as suas dinâmicas internas e externas, que tornarão a abordagem da “Aliança das Civilizações” possível, pelo menos na sociedade ocidental europeia. Além disso, existe um número limitado de estudos que questionam se a minoria turca europeia tem uma tendência para os grupos radicais violentos ou não, o que reforça a pertinência e originalidade deste trabalho. Neste campo de estudo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e metodologia de pesquisa, um subcampo da pesquisa qualitativa, foram usadas para recolher dados. O estudo foi realizado com inquiridos de diferentes grupos socioeconómicos de Colónia, na Alemanha, Bruxelas na Bélgica e Amsterdão nos Países Baixos, onde existe uma maior incidência de minorias turcas. Com a ajuda de um conjunto de perguntas previamente elaboradas, foram colocadas uma série de perguntas abertas e fechadas aos inquiridos, em entrevistas e inquéritos. Além disso, com a metodologia de entrevistas semiestruturadas, os inquiridos foram seleccionados entre membros proeminentes de grupos sociais turcos, no que respeita a indicadores políticos, económicos e e socioculturais. Entrevistas predefinidas e perguntas foram colocadas aos inquiridos com o maior rigor objetivo e científico, e foram gravadas para serem mais tarde analisadas. Palavras-chave: os migrantes de origem turca, Aliança das Civilizações, diálogo intercultural e inter-religioso, Alemanha, Bélgica e Países Baixos. vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ III RESUMO ............................................................................................................................
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