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Freedom North Studies, the Long Civil Rights Movement, and Twentieth
JUHXXX10.1177/0096144216635149Journal of Urban HistoryReview Essay 635149review-article2016 Review Essay Journal of Urban History 2016, Vol. 42(3) 634 –640 Freedom North Studies, the © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: Long Civil Rights Movement, and sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav juh.sagepub.com Twentieth-Century Liberalism in American Cities Patrick D. Jones (2009). The Selma of the North: Civil Rights Insurgency in Milwaukee. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. xiii, 318 pp., maps, photos, notes, bibliography, index, $45.00 (cloth), $22.95 (paper). Phyllis Palmer (2008). Living as Equals: How Three White Communities Struggled to Make Interracial Connections during the Civil Rights Era. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. x, 299 pp., illustrations, notes, index, $69.95 (cloth), $27.95 (paper). Jerald Podair (2008). Bayard Rustin: American Dreamer. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. xiii, 173 pp., photographs, documents, bibliographical essay, index, $32.95 (cloth). Thomas J. Sugrue (2008). Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North. New York: Random House. xiii, 720 pp., illustrations, notes, index, $35 (cloth). Reviewed by: Brian Purnell, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA DOI: 10.1177/0096144216635149 Keywords social movements, interracial, civil rights, Black Power, post-WWII “For historians and general readers interested in the civil rights movement’s past,” writes Eric Arnesen, “these are indeed the best of times. Every month, it seems, new books roll off the presses of university and trade publishing houses, while academic journals and television docu- mentaries present specialized or general interpretations to their respective audiences.” Arnesen’s comment came before the fiftieth anniversaries of major civil rights movement milestones. -
The US Anti- Apartheid Movement and Civil Rights Memory
BRATYANSKI, JENNIFER A., Ph.D. Mainstreaming Movements: The U.S. Anti- Apartheid Movement and Civil Rights Memory (2012) Directed by Dr. Thomas F. Jackson. 190pp. By the time of Nelson Mandela’s release from prison, in 1990, television and film had brought South Africa’s history of racial injustice and human rights violations into living rooms and cinemas across the United States. New media formats such as satellite and cable television widened mobilization efforts for international opposition to apartheid. But at stake for the U.S. based anti-apartheid movement was avoiding the problems of media misrepresentation that previous transnational movements had experienced in previous decades. Movement participants and supporters needed to connect the liberation struggles in South Africa to the historical domestic struggles for racial justice. What resulted was the romanticizing of a domestic civil rights memory through the mediated images of the anti-apartheid struggle which appeared between 1968 and 1994. Ultimately, both the anti-apartheid and civil rights movements were sanitized of their radical roots, which threatened the ongoing struggles for black economic advancement in both countries. MAINSTREAMING MOVEMENTS: THE U.S. ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT AND CIVIL RIGHTS MEMEORY by Jennifer A. Bratyanski A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Greensboro 2012 Approved by Thomas F. Jackson Committee -
"I AM a 1968 Memphis Sanitation MAN!": Race, Masculinity, and The
LaborHistory, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2000 ªIAMA MAN!º: Race,Masculinity, and the 1968 MemphisSanitation Strike STEVEESTES* On March 28, 1968 Martin LutherKing, Jr. directeda march ofthousands of African-American protestersdown Beale Street,one of the major commercial thoroughfares in Memphis,Tennessee. King’ splane had landedlate that morning, and thecrowd was already onthe verge ofcon¯ ict with thepolice whenhe and other members ofthe Southern Christian LeadershipConference (SCLC) took their places at thehead of the march. The marchers weredemonstrating their supportfor 1300 striking sanitation workers,many ofwhom wore placards that proclaimed, ªIAm a Man.ºAs the throng advanceddown Beale Street,some of the younger strike support- ersripped theprotest signs off the the wooden sticks that they carried. Theseyoung men,none of whomwere sanitation workers,used the sticks to smash glass storefronts onboth sidesof the street. Looting ledto violent police retaliation. Troopers lobbed tear gas into groups ofprotesters and sprayed mace at demonstratorsunlucky enough tobe in range. High above thefray in City Hall, Mayor HenryLoeb sat in his of®ce, con®dent that thestrike wasillegal, andthat law andorder wouldbe maintained in Memphis.1 This march wasthe latest engagement in a®ght that had raged in Memphissince the daysof slaveryÐ acon¯ict over African-American freedomsand civil rights. In one sense,the ª IAm aManºslogan wornby thesanitation workersrepresented a demand for recognition oftheir dignity andhumanity. This demandcaught whiteMemphians bysurprise,because they had always prided themselvesas being ªprogressiveºon racial issues.Token integration had quietly replaced public segregation in Memphisby the mid-1960s, butin the1967 mayoral elections,segregationist candidateHenry Loeb rodea waveof white backlash against racial ªmoderationºinto of®ce. -
Unit 13 Civil Rights Movements in the United States
UNIT 13 CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES Structure 13.1 Introduction Aims and Objectives 13.2 Discrimination of the Disadvantaged Groups 13.2.1 African Americans 13.3 Black Civil Rights Movements 13.4 Consequences of Civil Rights Movements 13.4.1 Native Americans 13.4.2 Hispanic and Asian Americans 13.4.3 Women and Civil Rights Movements 13.4.4 Rights of Homosexuals 13.5 Democrats and Civil Rights 13.6 Republicans and Civil Rights 13.7 Summary 13.8 Terminal Questions Suggested Readings 13.1 INTRODUCTION Mahatma Gandhi’s influence on civil rights movements around the world is beyond anyone’s doubt. Non-violent resistance through non-cooperation and civil disobedience are powerful tools of the deprived over the privileged sections of the society. Gandhi’s influence is nowhere more discernible in the developed West than in the United States itself. Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader who led the non-violent civil rights movement, in the United States to empower the African Americans, was highly inspired by Mahatma Gandhi. Civil rights denote the rights of individuals to equal protection under the laws of the land and equal access to public amenities and services in society. Civil rights differ from civil liberties. Significantly, civil liberties involve freedom of speech and expression and other freedoms of the citizens that are protected from the possible violation by the government. Civil rights, on the other hand, refer to individual members or groups—whether racial, religious and others—who need to be treated equally by the government and even by the private parties to a certain extent. -
Gore Vidal's Caligula (1979): Denying the Author Daniel O'brien Gore
Journal of American Studies of Turkey 35-36 (2012): 97-109 Gore Vidal’s Caligula (1979): Denying the Author Daniel O’Brien Gore Vidal’s involvement with and subsequent disownment of the film Caligula (1979) is well known. Produced in Italy and financed by Penthouse publisher Bob Guccione; it started as an ostensibly serious biopic of the infamous Roman emperor, scripted by Vidal, but ended up as a lurid blend of graphic violence and explicit sex. The focus of this article is not on Caligula itself, but an accompanying documentary, made at the time of the film’s production with Vidal’s participation. The prosaic title A Documentary on the Making of Gore Vidal’s Caligula (1981) is notable for apparently granting Vidal authorial ownership of the film. However, the content of the documentary, supervised by Guccione, subverts and questions this authorship, ultimately denying both Vidal’s entitlement to this position and the validity of the concept itself. My methodology includes debates on authorship in relation to the cinema, which have usually centered on the director and ideas of personal expression. As noted below, Vidal scorned the notion of directors as cinematic authors, or auteurs, regarding them as mere technicians who neither required nor displayed creative ability. However, A Documentary on the Making of Gore Vidal’s Caligula highlights opposing ideas of film authorship that befit further analysis. As Peter Wollen states, the concept of the auteur is linked to the French film journal Cahiers du Cinéma, which promoted the politique des auteurs during the 1950s, albeit in haphazard fashion (74, 77). -
Interview: Francesco Vezzoli
Financial Times: 'Antidotes to Absurdity', by Rachel Spence, August 28th 2015 Interview: Francesco Vezzoli The Italian artist and film-maker on his ‘obsession’ with truth and the connection between sexuality, art and capitalism Generally, videos are a cross that art-lovers have to bear. Most are too long and pretentious, made by practitioners who would never have survived were they obliged to use a less generous medium such as paint or marble. So it was with a heavy heart that I pushed open the curtain that shielded Francesco Vezzoli’s film at the 2005 Venice Biennale. Six minutes later, I was reeling. For “Trailer for a Remake of Gore Vidal’s ‘Caligula’ ” was a hilarious riff on Bob Guccione’s 1979 movie Caligula. Disavowed by Vidal, the original screenwriter, Caligula had been panned by critics as a piece of hard-porn kitsch masquerading as a feature film. Vezzoli had made a trailer for a movie that didn’t exist inspired by one that was never what it pretended to be. Furthermore, he had scooped up Hollywood stars, including Helen Mirren — who had also appeared in Guccione’s film — Milla Jovovich and Benicio del Toro. Vidal himself intoned the introduction. Courtney Love popped up in a cameo as Caligula. Not only was it far more engaging than most artists’ films, the logistics were baffling. How did Vezzoli persuade his all-star cast to participate? Mirren is a busy woman. Vidal was no pushover. “Sincerity and flowers!” Vezzoli replies when I ask him, 10 years later, how he had convinced such legends to work with him. -
The Persistent Effect of U.S. Civil Rights Protests on Political Attitudes
The Persistent Effect of U.S. Civil Rights Protests on Political Attitudes Soumyajit Mazumder Harvard University Abstract: Protests can engender significant institutional change. Can protests also continue to shape a nation’s contemporary politics outside of more formalized channels? I argue that social movements can not only beget institutional change, but also long-run, attitudinal change. Using the case of the U.S. civil rights movement, I develop a theory in which protests can shift attitudes and these attitudes can persist. Data from over 150,000 survey respondents provide evidence consistent with the theory. Whites from counties that experienced historical civil rights protests are more likely to identify as Democrats and support affirmative action, and less likely to harbor racial resentment against blacks. These individual-level results are politically meaningful—counties that experienced civil rights protests are associated with greater Democratic Party vote shares even today. This study highlights how social movements can have persistent impacts on a nation’s politics. Replication Materials: The data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this arti- cle are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network, at: http://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WKJJ3Z. ocial movements are generally associated with pe- titude change among the target public.1 Second, historical riods of massive political and economic change. ideational change persists long after a social movement’s S These movements may spur democratization such life through a system of intergenerational transmission of as the case with the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia, beliefs. Together, these theoretical premises suggest that enfranchise oppressed racial or ethnic groups as seen with social movements can shift public opinion in the long the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa, or hasten run. -
Ebony Magazine and the Civil Rights Movement
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2018 Black Business as Activism: Ebony Magazine and the Civil Rights Movement Seon Britton The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2659 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] BLACK BUSINESS AS ACTIVISM EBONY MAGAZINE AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT by SEON BRITTON A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2018 © 2018 SEON BRITTON All rights reserved ii Black Business as Activism: Ebony Magazine and the Civil Rights Movement by Seon Britton This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Date Karen Miller Thesis Advisor Date Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Black Business as Activism: Ebony Magazine and the Civil Rights Movement by Seon Britton Advisor: Karen Miller In the fight for justice, equality, and true liberation, African American organizations and institutions have often acted as a voice for the African American community at large focusing on common issues and concerns. With the civil rights movement being broadcast across the world, there was no better time for African American community and civil rights organizations to take a role within the movement in combatting the oppression, racism, and discrimination of white supremacy. -
History of Civil Rights in the United States: a Bibliography of Resources in the Erwin Library, Wayne Community College
History of Civil Rights in the United States: A Bibliography of Resources in the Erwin Library, Wayne Community College The History of civil rights in the United States is not limited in any way to the struggle to first abolish slavery and then the iniquitous “Jim Crow” laws which became a second enslavement after the end of the American Civil War in 1865. Yet, since that struggle has been so tragically highlighted with such long turmoil and extremes of violence, it has become, ironically perhaps, the source of the country’s greatest triumph, as well as its greatest shame. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, who would have sought to guide the reunion of the warring states with a leniency and clear purpose which could possibly have prevented the bitterness that gave rise to the “Jim Crow” aberrations in the Southern communities, seems to have foreshadowed the renewed turmoil after the assassination in 1968 of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who had labored so long to awaken the nation non-violently, but unwaveringly, to its need to reform its laws and attitudes toward the true union of all citizens of the United States, regardless of color. In 2014, we are only a year past the observation of two significant anniversaries in 2013: the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, re-focusing the flagging Union’s purpose on the abolition of slavery as an outcome of the Civil War, and the 50th anniversary of the “I Have a Dream” speech, delivered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. -
201409 BCHS Nwsltr
THE HISTORICAL BULLETIN September 2014 Vol. XXXIII, No. 3 A newsletter by the Brown County Historical Society dedicated to the preservation of Brown County history. 2013 H ISTORIC PRESERVATION AWARD WINNER PACKERS HERITAGE TRAIL by Jerry Abitz Green Bay has a unique relationship with its professional football team. Fan loyalty to their team is the envy of the rest of the league. If you don't think so, think of the long, long list of people waiting for, potentially, years and years to get season tickets. Think, too, of the welcome home cele- brations that followed the 13 NFL Championship seasons (which in- clude four Super Bowls!) with tens of thousands of fans lining the streets in the heart of Wisconsin's frigid win- ters. People here consult the Packer schedule before they pick a date for Left: Trailhead for the Packers Heritage Trail on the Neville Public Museum their event to avoid conflicts. A recent grounds with the Fox River in the background. The Trail starts here, across meeting Dousman Street from the former Chicago & North Western railway station depot (2014). Right: Map of the Packers Heritage Trail on the grounds of Inside this issue: of stock- the Neville Public Museum (2014). Photos by Jerry Abitz. holders Packers Heritage Trail 2 resulted in more than 15,000 people showing (cont.) up on a workday at Lambeau Field; some came Historical Markers 3 from as far away as Florida. The aura of this Historical Markers (cont.) 4 team is like no other. So, it is no surprise that someone came Events 5 up with the idea of a Packers Heritage Trail. -
Steve Smith's Eye on Innovation: Just How Much Is "New Media" Actually Media? News Aggregation Apps and Major Media Brands No Longer Have Guns Pointed at Their Heads
July 20, 2015 Media Industry Newsletter Vol. 68 No. 28 New York, N.Y. www.minonline.com Steve Smith's Eye on Innovation: JUST HOW MUCH IS "NEW MEDIA" ACTUALLY MEDIA? News aggregation apps and major media brands no longer have guns pointed at their heads. Apple News isn't going to be eating anyone’s lunch, killing any rivals or becom- ing content monopoly. The open beta of iOS 9 dropped last week and, with it, a preview of the aggregation app Apple announced last month. Like the Maps and Music apps before it, News enters a familiar content category with the prospect of displacing established endemics like Google or Spotify, respectively. In this case, Apple News is most clearly like Flipboard in style and approach but also similar to Facebook in hoping partners will create enhanced experiences that live on their third party platforms. These aggre- gators promise greater reach to readers who don’t want to install and launch too many branded media apps in order to catch up on their range of interests. Mobile platforms, especially, seem to have revived the portal approach to digital news gathering that died nearly a decade ago on the Web. (continued on page 4) BIG WOMEN'S-FASHION FALL PREVIEWS FOR "NYT" T AND "WSJ." Like their beauty- and fashion-magazine brethren, September is the month for The New York Times magazine's T Women's Fashion and WSJ.'s women's fashion issue. Their respective August 23 and August 15 releases give them a calendar head start, and T's 164 ad pages and WSJ.'s 100.4 are notable benchmarks. -
CHAPTER 8 Natural and Cultural Resources
DRAFT Chapter 8: Natural and Cultural Resources 11/5/14 CHAPTER 8 Natural and Cultural Resources Introduction Natural and cultural resources such as the Fox River, Bay of Green Bay, Niagara Escarpment, and the lengthy history of human settlement, all contribute to Brown County’s sense of place and unique identity within the State of Wisconsin. Brown County has recognized the importance of planning for natural resources, as evidenced by the Brown County Shoreland Zone and Environmentally Sensitive Area Best Practices Report, open space and outdoor recreation plans, Brown County Sewage Plan, and comprehensive plans. This chapter of the Brown County Comprehensive Plan places an emphasis on integrating those plans’ recommendations with other county and local planning efforts. A comprehensive approach to natural and cultural resources planning will reflect the strong influence these features have on quality of life issues and the character of the community. Reasonable and timely protection of natural and cultural resources helps sustain many important functions of a community and can help protect a community’s history and identity. In an urbanizing county like Brown County with its mix of urban, suburban, rural, and agricultural lands, sensible protection of natural and cultural resources can help ensure a healthy, safe, and attractive community. Beyond the quality of life benefits, it is important to understand the vital functions and benefits that the protection of natural resources provides. Wetlands, for example, perform a vital function in preserving the quality of groundwater, as well as surface water. Floodways and floodplains serve to naturally attenuate high surface water conditions. Development adjacent to natural resource areas should be done in a well- planned fashion to preserve the natural functions of these resource areas.