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reasures of the University: an examination of the identification, presentation and responses to artefacts of significance at the University of St Andrews, from 1410 to the mid-19th century; with an additional consideration of the development of the portrait collection to the early 21st century Helen Caroline Rawson Submitted in application for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Art History, University of St Andrews, 20 January 2010 I, Helen Caroline Rawson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 111,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2001 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in June 2003; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2001 and 2010. date signature of candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. date signature of supervisor In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. We have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the electronic publication of this thesis: Access to all of printed copy but embargo of all of electronic publication of thesis for a period of 5 years on the following ground: publication would preclude future publication date signature of candidate signature of supervisor Abstract Treasures of the University: an examination of the identification, presentation and responses to artefacts of significance at the University of St Andrews, from 1410 to the mid-19th century; with an additional consideration of the development of the portrait collection to the early 21st century A thesis submitted by Helen Caroline Rawson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of St Andrews Since its foundation between 1410 and 1414 the University of St Andrews has acquired what can be considered to be ‘artefacts of significance’. This somewhat nebulous phrase is used to denote items that have, for a variety of reasons, been deemed to have some special import by the University, and have been displayed or otherwise presented in a context in which this status has been made apparent. The types of artefacts in which particular meaning has been vested during the centuries under consideration include items of silver and gold (including the maces, sacramental vessels of the Collegiate Church of St Salvator, collegiate plate and relics of the Silver Arrow archery competition); church and college furnishings; artworks (particularly portraits); sculpture; and ethnographic specimens and other items described in University records as ‘curiosities’ held in the University Library from c. 1700-1838. The identification of particular artefacts as significant for certain reasons in certain periods, and their presentation and display, may to some extent reflect the University's values, preoccupations and aspirations in these periods, and, to some degree, its identity. Consciously or subconsciously, the objects can be employed or operate as signifiers of meaning, representing or reflecting matters such as the status, authority and history of the University, its breadth of learning and its interest and influence in spheres from science, art and world cultures to national affairs. i This thesis provides a comprehensive examination of the growth and development of the University's holdings of 'artefacts of significance' from its foundation to the mid-19th century, and in some cases (especially portraits) beyond this date. It also offers insights into how the University viewed and presented these items and what this reveals about the University of St Andrews, its identity, which changed and developed as the living institution evolved, and the impressions that it wished to project. ii Table of Contents Chapter Page Abstract i Table of contents iii List of plates v Acknowledgements ix List of abbreviations xi Introduction 1 I The collections and buildings of the University of St 11 Andrews, as perceived by visitors, from the medieval period to the mid-19th century II The silver and furnishings of the University of St Andrews, 69 15th to 18th centuries III The portrait and other fine art collections of the University of 151 St Andrews IV Scientific instruments of the University of St Andrews 199 V The Library ‘Curiosities’, and the establishment of the 241 Museum of the University of St Andrews and the Literary and Philosophical Society of St Andrews Conclusion 279 Appendix A Inventories of silver of the colleges, from the Reformation to 293 the mid-18th century iii Appendix B Catalogue of extant portraits and sculpture busts 311 Appendix C Inventories of scientific instruments held in the University 337 Library, c. 1699-1718 Appendix D List of extant items referred to (excluding portraits and 345 sculpture busts) Bibliography 353 iv List of Plates Plate 1 View of St Andrews from the south-east in John Slezer, Theatrum Scotiæ, London, 1718 2 A View of the City of St Andrews taken from the South East by John Oliphant, c. 1767 3 St. Salvators Colledge St. Andrews by John Oliphant, c. 1767 4 St. Salvators Colledge Church St. Andrews by John Oliphant, c. 1767 5 Bishop Kennedy's Tomb in R.W. Billings, The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1845-52 6 St. Leonards Colledge St. Andrews by John Oliphant, c. 1767 7 St. Leonards Colledge Chapel St. Andrews by John Oliphant, c. 1767 8 St. Marys Colledge St. Andrews by John Oliphant, c. 1767 9 The Library by John Oliphant, c. 1767 10 A View of the Ruins of the Cathedral of St. Andrews taken from the West by John Oliphant, c. 1767 11 Ruins of Cathedral & Chapel of St Regulus in Handy Book of St Andrews, Cupar and St Andrews, 1865 12 Capriccio view of the ruins of St Andrews, unknown artist, mid-18th century 13 Photograph of the old St Salvator’s College site, c. 1845 v 14 Blackstone, 15th century 15 ‘Parliament chair’, mid-17th century 16 Head of the French Faculty Mace [Mace of the Faculty of Arts], c. 1416- 19 17 Head of the Scottish Faculty Mace [Mace of the Faculty of Canon Law], mid-15th century 18 Head of the Mace of St Salvator's College, made by Johne Maiel, 1461 19 Silver Arrow archery competition medal of James Graham, 5th Earl of Montrose (later 1st Marquis of Montrose), 1628 20 Silver Arrow archery competition medal of Thomas Gourlay of Kincraig, 1642 21 Silver Arrow archery competition medal of William Murray (later Marquis of Tullibardine), 1706 22 Silver Arrow archery competition medal of Francis Murray, Lord Doune (later 8th Earl of Moray), 1754(?) 23 St Mary's Mazer made by Alexander Auchinleck, Edinburgh, 1552-62 24 St Leonard's Mazer, mid-16th – early 17th century 25 Detail of St Leonard's Mazer 26 The Bruce Cup, remade 1727 by Henry Bethune, Edinburgh 27 Murray Cup or St Leonard's College Communion Cup, made by William Law, Edinburgh, 1679-81 28 The Guild Cup, made in London 1613-14 vi 29 'Capstan' salt made by Patrick Gardyne, St Andrews, mid-17th century 30 St Andrews Cupboard, c. 1500 31 Tombstone of Hugh Spens (Provost of St Salvator's College 1503-34) 32 Portrait of David Steuart Erskine, Lord Cardross, by unknown artist after Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1764 or 1765 33 Portrait of Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull, by David Martin, mid-18th century 34 Portrait of Robert Saunders Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville, by David Wilkie, 1831 35 Portrait of Sir David Brewster by William Salter Herrick, c. 1859 36 Portrait of George Buchanan by or after Arnold van Brounckhorst, ?1580 37 Portrait of Archbishop James Sharp by Sir Peter Lely, c. 1666 38 Portrait of John Patrick Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquis of Bute, by E.T.