DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Research Online Oro.Open.Ac.Uk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs The Burford Masons and the changing world of building practice in England, 1630-1730 Thesis How to cite: Mobus, Melody Ann Clara (2012). The Burford Masons and the changing world of building practice in England, 1630-1730. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2011 The Author Version: Version of Record Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk I THE BURFORD MASONS AND THE CHANGING WORLD OF BUILDING PRACTIC.,E IN ENGLAND 1630-1730 Melody Ann Clara Mobus, BA, FRICS Thesis submitted to the Department of Art History, The Open University, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2011 Volume I of2 DC\-tz ad SQbrvUSSlQI'\: 30 sept Qrnbcr 2011 DCl~ DJ J\VIf OI(J: 3 M ~ 2 011- ABSTRACT Architectural history has traditionally focused on the named architect and the completed building. Investigation of the master craftsmen who realised the emerging architect's ideas while continuing to build to their own design has only recently been embarked upon. This thesis sets out to address this imbalance by scrutinising a group of master masons closely connected with Wren for over five decades. This thesis, for the first time, explores the Burford Masons, three dynasties comprising the Strongs, the Kempsters, and Ephraim Beauchamp, who rose to join the elite of mason-contractors in the rebuilding of London. Examining their experience over the period 1630-1730, it aims to shed light on building practices undergoing transition to modem methods. The research is largely based on primary sources, some hitherto untapped, which has produced a wealth of new evidence. The Burford Masons' careers are set out in Chapter Two, a Catalogue Raisonne giving the first comprehensive account of their works. The remaining chapters are thematic, Chapter Three investigating their experience after the Great Fire, a catalyst for changing building practices and their careers. Chapters Four and Five study the Burford Masons' evolving contractual arrangements, and their strategies to withstand the endemic problem of dilatory payments. Chapter Six scrutinises changes in London Masons' Company and the Burford Masons' involvement with it. Chapter Seven explores their role in design, both in conjunction with the architect and as mason-architects in their own right. It identifies them as a school of masons emerging from quarries. The research deepens knowledge of the evolution of the contracting system in both London and the provinces. It shows the Burford Masons also in the process of change, becoming interdisciplinary master-builders, entrepreneurs, and financiers. TABLE OF CONTENTS This thesis consists of two volumes. Volume 1 Abstract Acknowledgements Abbreviations and Notes on the Text Chapter One: Introduction pp. 1-27 Chapter Two: The Burford Masons and their Careers pp. 28-58 - generations of Burford Masons - geographical mobility - wealth accumulation - social mobility Chapter Three: The Burford Masons after the Great Fire of London, 1666-1681 pp.59-98 Section One: Circumstances after the Great Fire - the Fire and its impact - legislation to facilitate rebuilding - the Strong and Kempster stone operations - differential rates of pay Section Two: The Wren Connection Section Three: Response of Strong and Kempster to the post-Fire situation - response as purveyors of stone - response as masons - assessment of Strong's and Kempster's success in London Chapter Four: Business Organisation: Employment pp.99-153 - the Burford Masons' employment in the light of Wren's '3 wayes of working' - examination of the Burford Masons' surviving contracts - basis upon which Burford Masons won their contracts Chapter Five: Business Organisation: Finance pp.154-206 - general financial and operational background - the Burford Masons' experience with dilatory payments - the Burford Masons as contractors: profit - the Burford Masons' use of capital - strategies used by the Burford Masons to counter the effects of dilatory payments Chapter Six: The Burford Masons' Involvement with the London Masons' Company pp. 207-235 - the London Masons' Company in transition - reasons for the Burford Masons' involvement with the Company - the Burford Masons' commitment to the Company Chapter Seven: The Burford Masons as Translators of Design pp.236-300 - continuity and change in masons' skill base - design skills: the architect and the mason - the Burford Masons as mason-architects - stylistic influences on the provinces Chapter Eight: Conclusion pp.301-306 Volume 2 Appendix One: Sources and Careers of the Burford Masons pp.307-349 Appendix Two: Catalogue Ralsonne pp.350-365 Manuscript Sources and Bibliography pp. 366-376 List of Illustrations pp.377-381 Illustrations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would probably not have been undertaken without the early encouragement of Malcolm Airs for my research of Christopher Kempster. Over the course of this PhD I have been most appreciative of the support and guidance which my supervisors Elizabeth McKellar and Susie West have patiently given me. Also remembered, with gratitude, are Martin Vessey and John Ashdown, who believed in me in supporting my application for research. I have thanks to many Burford people, in particular, Christopher Walker of the Tolsey Museum, who made available Kempster's Daybook and responded to my countless, probably tedious, queries; also David Cohen, who as mayor generously gave me unlimited access to recently-found documents, Abbot Stuart then of the Priory, Julia Melvin, the late Roger Warner, and Lord of the Manor Nicholas Mills. Many of the secondary sources were found in London Libraries, and my gratitude lies especially with the ever-helpful staff of the Guildhall Library. I extend my thanks to Jo Wisdom at St Paul's Cathedral Library, and to Geoffrey Fisher, then at the Conway Library of the Courtauld Institute. I should like to acknowledge the help of many archivists, particularly those at Oxford colleges, the College of Arms, St Bartholomew's Hospital, and Westminster Abbey. My thanks also to the experts who shared their wisdom on particular issues, Geoffrey Beard, James W.P. Campbell, Anthony Geraghty, and the late Howard Colvin and Andor Gomme. To Siegfried Helm, for his editorial skills, support, and sense of perspective, I am most indebted. ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTES ON THE TEXT ABC Abingdon Borough Council, Oxfordshire AQC Ars Quatuor Coronatorum BEA Bank of England archives, London BL British Library, London Bodi. Bodleian Library, Oxford BOE The Buildings of England BT Burford Tolsey Museum, Oxfordshire CAA College of Arms Archives, London Campbell 'Finances' James W.P. Campbell, 'The Finances of the Carpenter in England 1660-1710: A Case Study on the Implications of the Change from Craft to Designer-based Construction', in L 'Edilizia Prima della Rivoluzione Industriale. Secc.XIII- XVIIL ed. by Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Prato: Instituto Intemazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini" 2005), pp.313-346 Campbell'F ortune' James W.P. Campbell, 'Building a Fortune: The Finances of the Stonemasons Working on the Rebuilding ofSt Paul's Cathedral 1675-1720', Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History (2000), 297-304 [viewed online 2009 at: www.bma.arch.unige.itJPDF/CONSTRUCTION _HISTORY _20091 VOLlICAMPBELL-James_ VW_Paper_layouted.pdf] Caroe W. Douglas Caroe, 'Tom Tower', Christ Church, Oxford: Some Letters of Sir Christopher Wren to John Fell, Bishop of Oxford, hitherto unpublished, annotated by W. Douglas Caroe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923) CCM Muniments of Christ Church, Oxford Colvin, 'Townesends' Howard Colvin, 'The Townesends of Oxford: A Firm of Georgian Master-Masons and its Accounts', Georgian Group Journal, 10 (2000), 43-60 Dictionary Howard Colvin, Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600-1840, 4th edn (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008) GA Gloucestershire Archives, Gloucester GL Guildhall Library, London HKW H.M. Colvin, ed., The History of the King's Works, 6 vols (London: HMSO, 1963-82), v (1976) HRO Hertfordshire Record Office, Hertford KJ Douglas Knoop and G.P. Jones KvW TNA, PRO C 106/145, Master Richards' Exhibits, Kempster v. Wrigglesworth Letter-book Letter Book of Edward Strong Junior, 1730-1740 LMA London Metropolitan Archives, London London Mason Douglas Knoop and G.P. Jones, The London Mason in the Seventeenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press and the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, 1935) LPL Lambeth Palace Library, London NCA New College Archives, Oxford ORO Oxfordshire Record Office, Oxford Parentalia Christopher Wren, Parentalia: or Memoirs of the Family of the Wrens; viz. Of Mathew Bishop of Ely, Christopher Dean of Windsor, etc but chiefly of Sir Christopher Wren, Late Surveyor- General of the Royal Building, President of the Royal Society, etc etc, ed. by Stephen Wren (London: Osborn and Dodsley, 1750) Plot Robert Plot, The Natural History of Oxford-shire: Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England, 2nd edn (London: Lichfield, 1705; reprint Chicheley: Minet, 1972) PRO Public Record Office RCHM Royal Commission on Historic Manuscripts RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England RlBA Royal Institute of British Architects, London
Recommended publications
  • Berkhamsted Heritage Network and Hub – Main Report Appendices

    Berkhamsted Heritage Network and Hub – Main Report Appendices

    Berkhamsted Heritage Hub and Network Berkhamsted Heritage Network and Hub – Main Report Appendices 1 Destination Audit 78 2 Heritage Groups 87 3 Collections 91 4 Arts Groups in Berkhamsted 94 5 Museums & Heritage Centres 96 6 History Festivals 99 7 “Berkhamsted - Ten Centuries Through Ten Stories” - Worked Example of Events and Performances Proposal 105 8 Increasing Enjoyment of Heritage by Young People and Working with Schools 113 9 The Historic Environment (M Copeman Report) 10 BLHMS Collections Analysis (E. Toettcher report) 11 HKD Digitisation and Digital / Virtual Interpretation 12 Workshop Notes 13 Socio-Demographic Profile – Berkhamsted 14 Socio-Demographic Profile – 30 Minute Drive Time 77 Berkhamsted Heritage Hub and Network 1 Destination Audit 1.1 Access The A4251 runs through the centre of Berkhamsted. It connects to the A41, which runs adjacent to the town. The A41 connects in the east to the M1 and M25. Figure 48: Distance & Drive Time to large towns & cities Name Distance (mi.) Drive Time (mins) Tring 6.7 13 Hemel Hempstead 7.4 15 Watford 12.6 25 Aylesbury 13.8 22 Leighton Buzzard 14.3 31 High Wycombe 15.2 35 Luton 18.2 32 Source: RAC Route Planner There are currently 1,030 parking places around the town. Most are charged. Almost half are at the station, most of which are likely to be used by commuters on weekdays but available for events at weekends. A new multi-storey will open in 2019 to alleviate parking pressures. This is central to the town, next to Waitrose, easy to find, and so it will a good place to locate heritage information.
  • The Library of 'Flesh': a Return to Bodily Perception

    The Library of 'Flesh': a Return to Bodily Perception

    The Library of 'flesh': A return to bodily perception Amy Lam, B AS. A thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Amy Lam © 2009 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51989-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-51989-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nntemet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation.
  • Palace-House-Brochure-FINAL-Mar

    Palace-House-Brochure-FINAL-Mar

    PALACE HOUSE 3 CATHEDRAL STREET SOUTH BANK SE1 Prime long let freehold investment opportunity Contents INVESTMENT Summary 04 / 05 Location 06 / 13 Connectivity 14 / 15 Local Occupiers 16 / 19 Local DEVELOPMENT pIPELINE 20 / 21 Description 24 / 25 Specification 26 Accommodation 27 Floor Plans 28 / 29 Tenure and TENANCY 30 / 31 Covenant Information 32 Asset Management 33 SOUTH BANK MARKET 34 / 35 Contact & FURTHER INFORMATION 36 / 37 01-02 INVESTMENT SUMMARY Freehold. Located in the thriving South Bank district adjacent to Borough Market. London Bridge station is within a five minute walk from the property. Currently under refurbishment by Kaplan, the property comprises 45,012 sq ft (4,182 sq m) of accommodation arranged over ground and five upper floors. The accommodation includes 43,083 sq ft (4,002 sq m) of office and ancillary accommodation and a retail unit at part-ground and part-first floor extending to 1,929 sq ft (179 sq m). The office space is single let to Kaplan Estates Limited guaranteed by Kaplan UK Limited, a 5A1 rated company, for a term of 15 years expiring 31st August 2032, with a tenant option to determine on 31st August 2027. The overall passing rent of the office accommodation is £2,453,165.50 per annum (£57.76 per sq ft). The retail unit is let to Nero Holdings Limited t/a Caffè Nero for a term of 15 years from 11th June 2007 expiring 10th June 2022. The rent payable is subject to a minimum base rent of £150,000 per annum and an additional turnover rent (if applicable).
  • Simon Thurley, ‘Kensington Palace: an Incident in Anglo-Dutch Architectural Collaboration?’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol

    Simon Thurley, ‘Kensington Palace: an Incident in Anglo-Dutch Architectural Collaboration?’, the Georgian Group Journal, Vol

    Simon Thurley, ‘Kensington Palace: an incident in Anglo-Dutch architectural collaboration?’, The Georgian Group Journal, Vol. XVII, 2009, pp. 1–18 TEXT © THE AUTHORS 2009 KENSINGTON PALACE: AN INCIDENT IN ANGLO-DUTCH ARCHITECTURAL COLLABORATION? SIMON THURLEY illiam III was brought up in what is often The second was after the death of Charles II in Wtermed the ‘Golden Age’ of Dutch culture, in when William and Mary became next in line to the a country whose intellectual and artistic singularity throne of England after James II. In this period and creativity were recognised across Europe. William’s court, such as it was, was swelled by He came, as King, to a country that Voltaire saw as English visitors and his palaces were enlarged and having made, since , ‘greater progress in all the made more magnificent, both to entertain them, and arts than in all preceding ages’, and having the to reflect his increased status. These bursts of cultural influence to create in Europe the ‘Age of the architectural activity were triggered by the practical English’. The marriage of the two cultures in the requirements of a prince, rather than being the result person of King William was surely to hold great of a love of building and architectural display such as things for the state of English architecture. Yet, in that which drove his grandparents. In Jacob van reality, the English king who spent more on building der Does wrote of William’s grandfather, Frederik than any other in the seventeenth century led court Hendrik, that he was ‘possessed by such a passion architecture into a cul-de-sac.
  • Visitor Attraction Trends England 2003 Presents the Findings of the Survey of Visits to Visitor Attractions Undertaken in England by Visitbritain

    Visitor Attraction Trends England 2003 Presents the Findings of the Survey of Visits to Visitor Attractions Undertaken in England by Visitbritain

    Visitor Attraction Trends England 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VisitBritain would like to thank all representatives and operators in the attraction sector who provided information for the national survey on which this report is based. No part of this publication may be reproduced for commercial purp oses without previous written consent of VisitBritain. Extracts may be quoted if the source is acknowledged. Statistics in this report are given in good faith on the basis of information provided by proprietors of attractions. VisitBritain regrets it can not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this report nor accept responsibility for error or misrepresentation. Published by VisitBritain (incorporated under the 1969 Development of Tourism Act as the British Tourist Authority) © 2004 Bri tish Tourist Authority (trading as VisitBritain) Cover images © www.britainonview.com From left to right: Alnwick Castle, Legoland Windsor, Kent and East Sussex Railway, Royal Academy of Arts, Penshurst Place VisitBritain is grateful to English Heritage and the MLA for their financial support for the 2003 survey. ISBN 0 7095 8022 3 September 2004 VISITOR ATTR ACTION TRENDS ENGLAND 2003 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS A KEY FINDINGS 4 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 12 1.1 Research objectives 12 1.2 Survey method 13 1.3 Population, sample and response rate 13 1.4 Guide to the tables 15 2 ENGLAND VISIT TRENDS 2002 -2003 17 2.1 England visit trends 2002 -2003 by attraction category 17 2.2 England visit trends 2002 -2003 by admission type 18 2.3 England visit trends
  • The Reception of Hobbes's Leviathan

    The Reception of Hobbes's Leviathan

    This is a repository copy of The reception of Hobbes's Leviathan. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/71534/ Version: Published Version Book Section: Parkin, Jon (2007) The reception of Hobbes's Leviathan. In: Springborg, Patricia, (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes's Leviathan. The Cambridge Companions to Philosophy, Religion and Culture . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , pp. 441-459. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521836670.020 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ jon parkin 19 The Reception of Hobbes’s Leviathan The traditional story about the reception of Leviathan was that it was a book that was rejected rather than read seriously.1 Leviathan’s perverse amalgamation of controversial doctrine, so the story goes, earned it universal condemnation. Hobbes was outed as an athe- ist and discredited almost as soon as the work appeared. Subsequent criticism was seen to be the idle pursuit of a discredited text, an exer- cise upon which young militant churchmen could cut their teeth, as William Warburton observed in the eighteenth century.2 We need to be aware, however, that this was a story that was largely the cre- ation of Hobbes’s intellectual opponents, writers with an interest in sidelining Leviathan from the mainstream of the history of ideas.
  • The Politics of Architecture in Tudor and Stuart London Transcript

    The Politics of Architecture in Tudor and Stuart London Transcript

    The Politics of Architecture in Tudor and Stuart London Transcript Date: Thursday, 11 February 2010 - 12:00AM Location: Museum of London The Politics of Architecture in Tudor and Stuart London Professor Simon Thurley Visiting Gresham Professor of the Built Environment 11/12/2010 Tonight, and again on the 11 March, I will be looking at the interrelation of architecture and power. The power of kings and the power of government and how that power has affected London. On the 11th I will be looking at Victorian and Edwardian London but tonight I'm going to concentrate on the sixteenth and seventeenth century and show how Tudor and Stuart Monarchs used, with varying degrees of success, the great buildings of the City of London to bolster their power. The story of royal buildings in the City starts with the Saxons. Before 1052 English Kings had had a palace in London at Aldermanbury, but principally to avoid the instability, turbulence and violence of the populace Edward the Confessor, the penultimate English King, had moved his royal palace one and a half miles west to an Island called Thorney. On Thorney Island the Confessor built the great royal abbey and palace of Westminster. And it was here, that William the Conqueror chose to be crowned on Christmas day 1066, safely away from the still hostile inhabitants of the city. London was too big, powerful and independent to be much influenced by the Norman Conquest. Business continued unabated under a deal done between the city rulers and their new king. However William left a major legacy by establishing the metropolitan geography of the English monarchy - the subject of my talk this evening.
  • 2000 Jaargang 99

    2000 Jaargang 99

    Robert Hook Hollandd ean : Dutch influenc architecturs hi n eo e Alison Stoesser-Johnston The use of these publications by English architects and arti- Introductie)!! sans and the design of Wollaton Hall were not based on any Dutch classicism was a recent arrival in England when first-hand personal impressio f classicisno Italymn i . Thid ha s Robert Hooke made his first architectural designs in the late emergence th waio t r fo t f Inigeo o Jone s architectsa visis Hi . t 1660s. 'e constructioPrioth o t r f Hugo n h May's Eltham to Italy in 1613-'14 in the entourage of Thomas Howard, 2nd Lodg 1663-'64n i e e firsth , t exampl f Dutceo h classicisn mi Earl of Arundel, his close interest in Roman antiquities and England, classical elements straight from Italy and via Flan- intimate knowledge of Palladio's drawings are most ders had been used in English architecture for nearly a hund- dramatically exemplifie Banquetins hi n di g Hous f 1619-22eo . red years. Initially these had been mainly of a decorative na- Not only, however, has Jones here used Palladian "vocabulary" ture but vvith the construction of Inigo Jones' Banqueting 7 but hè has combined it with the application of Scamozzian House (1619-'21) there was a dramatic change in the way orders, the Composite being superimposed on the lonic. This classicism was adapted to English architecture. Jones drew combination of Palladian elements with Scamozzian also on the examples of Palladio and Scamozzi in his architecture influence beginninge th d f Dutcso h classicism.8 Jones' design using both Palladio's treatise, / quattro libri, personal know- was not only a major innovation in England but it also inspired ledge of his architecture and, in the case of Scamozzi, per- Jaco n Campe s va bfirs hi tn i narchitectura l commission i n sonal contact e applieH .

  • Museums and Galleries of Oxfordshire 2014

    Museums and Galleries of Oxfordshire 2014 includes 2014 Museum and Galleries D of Oxfordshire Competition OR SH F IR X E O O M L U I S C MC E N U U M O S C Soldiers of Oxfodshire Museum, Woodstock www.oxfordshiremuseums.org The SOFO Museum Woodstock By a winning team Architects Structural Project Services CDM Co-ordinators Engineers Management Engineers OXFORD ARCHITECTS FULL PAGE AD museums booklet ad oct10.indd 1 29/10/10 16:04:05 Museums and Galleries of Oxfordshire 2012 Welcome to the 2012 edition of Museums or £50, there is an additional £75 Blackwell andMuseums Galleries of Oxfordshire and Galleries. You will find oftoken Oxfordshire for the most questions answered2014 detailsWelcome of to 39 the Museums 2014 edition from of everyMuseums corner and £75correctly. or £50. There is an additional £75 token for ofGalleries Oxfordshire of Oxfordshire, who are your waiting starting to welcomepoint the most questions answered correctly. Tokens you.for a journeyFrom Banbury of discovery. to Henley-upon-Thames, You will find details areAdditionally generously providedthis year by we Blackwell, thank our Broad St, andof 40 from museums Burford across to Thame,Oxfordshire explore waiting what to Oxford,advertisers and can Bloxham only be redeemed Mill, Bloxham in Blackwell. School, ourwelcome rich heritageyou, from hasBanbury to offer. to Henley-upon- I wouldHook likeNorton to thank Brewery, all our Oxfordadvertisers London whose Thames, all of which are taking part in our new generousAirport, support Smiths has of allowedBloxham us and to bring Stagecoach this Thecompetition, competition supported this yearby Oxfordshire’s has the theme famous guidewhose to you, generous and we supportvery much has hope allowed that us to Photo: K T Bruce Oxfordshirebookseller, Blackwell.
  • For Reference Only

    For Reference Only

    FOR REFERENCE ONLY FRANCIS CLOSE HALL LEARNING CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE Swindon Road, Cheltenham GLSO 4AZ Tel: 01242 714600 VOLUNTEER - RUN MUSEUMS IN ENGLISH MARKET TOWNS AND VILLAGES BRIDGET ELIZABETH YATES A Thesis submitted to The University of Gloucestershire In accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Education, Humanities and Sciences December 2010 ABSTRACT VOLUNTEER-RUN MUSEUMS IN ENGLISH MARKET TOWNS AND VILLAGES Volunteer-run museums in English market towns and villages have been largely over-looked by scholars examining the history and development of museums in England, and work on contemporary museum volunteering or the relations of museums to their communities have not distinguished between volunteer-run and volunteer-involving museums. This thesis attempts to redress the balance by examining a number of volunteer-run museums in Dorset and the characteristics and motivations of the volunteers involved in their development. This element of the project included a survey of museum volunteers in the county and studies of a selected group of museums through interviews and through archival research in museum records. The thesis also presents a historical analysis, through a number of case histories, of the development of volunteer-run museums in English market towns and villages from 1884, demonstrating clearly how the development of these small museums reflects larger changes in the rural community from the paternalism of the late nineteenth century, through growing independence and democracy after 1918, to the counter­ urbanisation of the second half of the twentieth century. 1 Changing perceptions of rural identity are also apparent in the history of these museums.
  • BANKSIDE, BOROUGH & LONDON BRIDGE Characterisation STUDY

    BANKSIDE, BOROUGH & LONDON BRIDGE Characterisation STUDY

    APPENDIX 8 BANKSIDE, BOROUGH & LONDON BRIDGE CHARACTERISATION STUDY JULY 2013 Bankside, Borough and London Bridge Characterisation Study page 2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 6 2. StrategiC CONTEXT 10 3. TOWNSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS 22 3.1 BLACKFRIARS ROAD NORTH 23 3.2 BLACKFRIARS ROAD SOUTH 33 Limitations 3.3 BANKSIDE CULTURAL 43 URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited (“URS”) has prepared this Report for the sole use of Southwark Council (“Client”) in accordance with the 3.4 BANKSIDE COMMERCIAL 53 Agreement under which our services were performed [3117681. 19 October 2012]. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this Report or any other services provided by URS. This 3.5 BOROUGH MARKET 61 Report is confidential and may not be disclosed by the Client nor relied upon by any other party without the prior and express written agreement of URS. 3.6 THE BOROUGH 70 The conclusions and recommendations contained in this Report are based upon information provided by others and upon the assumption that all relevant information has been provided by those parties from whom it has 3.7 BOROUGH HIGH STREET 79 been requested and that such information is accurate. Information obtained by URS has not been independently verified by URS, unless otherwise stated 3.8 LONDON BRIDGE 89 in the Report. The methodology adopted and the sources of information used by URS in 3.9 BERMONDSEY 104 providing its services are outlined in this Report. The work described in this Report was undertaken between [insert date] and [insert date] and is based on the conditions encountered and the information available during the said REFERENCES 115 period of time.
  • Early Modern Absolutism and Constitutionalism

    Early Modern Absolutism and Constitutionalism

    EARLY MODERN ABSOLUTISM AND CONSTITUTIONALISM Kinch Hoekstrat The idea of sovereignty led to great advances in political and legal thinking. It unleashed the clarifying capacities of general theory abstracted from the complications of established agencies of ruling and administration in particular commonwealths. A focus on the concept of sovereignty facilitated the formulation of absolutist theory, according to which not only must all states be sovereign (or they are not states), but sovereignty therein must be unlimited and undivided (or it is no longer sovereignty). The logic of absolutism has important earlier exponents, but was given its early modern impetus by Jean Bodin (1530-1596). Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) follows Bodin's arguments against limitations on sovereignty and his rejection of mixed or divided sovereignty. Unable to do justice to both thinkers here, I focus on Hobbes, who is more consistently absolutist. Yet historical and conceptual questions remain about Hobbes's own views of limitation, mixture, division, and administration. Considering such questions can illuminate the intellectual history of constitutionalism in a way that an exclusive focus on republicanism and the development of mixed government cannot. While limitations on the highest power in the state were associated most notoriously with Calvinist theories of resistance and justifications of tyrannicide, such limitations were often asserted by those who were conservatives or traditionalists about established systems of administration and control, in which they often had a stake. While mostly regarded now as arch-authoritarians, those who instead swept these systems aside or demoted them to the delegated and discretionary dispensations of the sovereign were perceived as philosophical radicals who cut at the roots of established authority.