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CIGI is advised by an International Advisory Board. www.cigionline.org The dark side of globalization Edited by Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur © United Nations University, 2011 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Cover art by Joe Joubert, Gourmet, [email protected], www.joe-joubert.com Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-92-808-1194-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The dark side of globalization / edited by Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280811940 (pbk.) 1. Globalization. 2. Terrorism. 3. Transnational crime. I. Heine, Jorge. II. Thakur, Ramesh Chandra, 1948– JZ1318.D367 2011 303.48'2—dc22 2010044694 Endorsements “This remarkably fine book constitutes the elegant bridge between aca- demic theorizing about globalization and the inspired anecdotage of Thomas Friedman. It leaps beyond the frenzied celebration and denunci- ation (so frequently found in this field), to illuminate the vast human breakage that is an incidental result of compressing time and space with- out a corresponding growth in transnational mechanisms for limiting the malignant consequences of globalization (‘the dark side’), which not only scar but can in the longer term limit globalization’s desirable effects.” Tom Farer, University Professor and past Dean, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver “A bold step addressing the unattractive baggage that comes with the more desirable elements of globalization. An excellent collection that breaks away from conventional thinking to address globalization’s un- savory elements.” Diana Tussie, Director, Department of International Relations, FLACSO, Argentina “Timed just right! This book will be welcome reading in classrooms and policy circles worldwide in which globalization is a problem as well as a solution to the ongoing financial and economic crisis. All aspects of the issue are dissected by an unusual group of contributors. These inter- national voices are not the usual suspects. Indispensable reading for any- one who wants to understand the full range of contents and discontents caused by globalization.” Thomas G. Weiss, Director, Ralph Bunche Institute of International Studies, CUNY and past president, International Studies Association Contents Figures and tables. viii Contributors . ix Foreword: In the penumbra of globalization . xv Saskia Sassen Acknowledgements . xvii Abbreviations. xix Introduction: Globalization and transnational uncivil society. 1 Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur Part I: Domination and fragmentation . 17 1 Globalization, imperialism and violence. 19 William D. Coleman 2 New state structures in South America. 32 Edgardo Lander 3 The African connection. 50 Garth le Pere and Brendan Vickers CONTENTS vii Part II: Challenges. 71 4 Arms trafficking in West Africa . 73 Dorcas Ettang 5 Organized crime in Southern Africa . 85 Charles Goredema 6 Maoism in a globalizing India. 101 Ajay K. Mehra 7 Globalization and South Asian insurgencies. 123 S. D. Muni 8 Terrorism and political movement in Kashmir. 144 Rekha Chowdhary 9 Jihad in the age of globalization. 160 Nasra Hassan 10 Security challenges in a unipolar globalized world . 174 M. J. Akbar Part III: Responses. 189 11 Regional integration as a response to globalization . 191 Luk Van Langenhove and Tiziana Scaramagli 12 Civil society and trade protests in the Americas. 208 Marisa von Bülow 13 Global production, local protest and the Uruguay River pulp mills project. 229 Ricardo A. Gutiérrez and Gustavo Almeira 14 Actors and activities in the anti–human trafficking movement 249 Kirsten Foot Conclusions: A bumpy ride to globalization, Google and jihad. 266 Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur Index. 282 Figures and tables Figure 14.1 Prevalence of anti-trafficking activity (percentage of URLs that engage in activity). 255 Tables 6.1 Districts affected by Naxalism in 2007, with degree of intensity. 110 6.2 Conservative estimate of persons and tribals displaced by development projects, 1951–1990. 112 6.3 Percentage of tribal people affected by some large dams in India. 114 12.1 Four pathways to transnationality. 211 12.2 Ideational pathways to transnationality. 212 14.1 Geographical base and focus regions in the sampled sites. 253 14.2 Cross-site index: Robustness of activity and number of actors by geographic region of activity. 256 14.3 Cross-site index: Robustness of activity by actor type. 258 14.4 Prevalence of actions within activities across sample. 260 viii Contributors M. J. Akbar is a leading Indian Gustavo Almeira is Researcher at the journalist and author. He is the National Water Institute, Argentina. founder and former editor-in-chief He is a meteorologist from the and managing director of The Asian University of Buenos Aires and a Age, a daily multi-edition Indian Political Science PhD Candidate at newspaper with a global perspective. the National University of San He has written several non-fiction Martín. He is currently serving as a books, including Byline (New Delhi: weather researcher at the National Chronicle Books, 2003), a biography Water Institute and is conducting of Jawaharlal Nehru entitled Nehru: PhD research on environmental The Making of India, a book on politics and climate change Kashmir titled Kashmir: Behind the discourse in Argentina. Vale, Riot after Riot and India: The Siege Within. He also authored The Rekha Chowdhary is a Professor of Shade of Swords, a cohesive history Political Science at the University of of jihad. Akbar’s recent published Jammu, India. She was formerly book is Blood Brothers, a family Head of the Department of Political saga covering three generations and Science (January 1999–December packed with information of events 2001) and Honorary Director of the in India and the world, particularly Centre for Strategic and Regional the changing Hindu–Muslim Studies (until August 2003). She has relations. In 2006, Akbar joined the been working in the areas of Indian Brookings Institution as a Visiting and State Politics, specializing in the Fellow in the Brookings Project on Politics of Jammu and Kashmir. She US Policy Towards the Islamic is currently the Coordinator of the World. USG Special Assistance Program on ix x CONTRIBUTORS Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to Annan International Peacekeeping being the author of several academic Training Centre. She joined the publications, she also contributes KAIPTC in September 2007 as a regularly to the Indian Express and research intern under the United the Kashmir Times. Nations Association in Canada William D. Coleman holds the CIGI Junior Professional Consultant Chair in Globalization and Public Program. She is a graduate of the Policy at the Balsillie School of University of Windsor (Canada) International Affairs and is with a Masters of Arts in Political Professor of Political Science at the Science. Her research interests University of Waterloo. He has include conflict management and written five books, including The