DOCSLIB.ORG

What Is Wicca?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Books that may be of interest -- ask your librarian or local bookstore. Adler, Margot. Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Drulds, Goddess-Worshippers, & Other Pagans in America Today.Boston: Beacon Press, 1987. Budapest, Zsuzsanna. The Holy Book of Women’s Mysteries.Berkeley, CA: Wingbow Press, 1989. Campanelli, Pauline. Wheel of the Year. St.Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications, 1989. Crowley, Vivianne. Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age.London: Aquarian, 1989. Vision: Cunningham, Scott. Wicca: A Guide for the Solitary Practitioner.St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications, 1989. Farrar, Stewart & Janet. Eight Sabbats for Witches. The Covenant of the Redmond,WA. Phoenix, 1983. Gardner, Gerald B. High Magic’s Aid. London, Goddess envisions a world Houghton,1949. Guiley, Rosemary. The Encyclopedia of Witches & Witchcraft. where all living beings New York: Facts on File, 1989. K, Amber. True Magick A Beginner’s Guide. St. Paul, MN: are honored and Llewellyn, 1990. Leland, C.G. Aradia: Gospel of the Witches. Custer, WA cherished as Phoenix, 1990. Starhawk. The Spiral Dance –A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. New York: Harper & Row, manifestations of the 1989(2ⁿd ed.). Valiente, Doreen. Witchcraft for Tomorrow. Redmond, WA Sacred. Phoenix, 1978. Mission: WICCA We, the Covenant of the --- sometimes called Wicce, the Goddess, through Craft, or The Old Religion by its advocacy, education, practitioners --- is an ancient religion of love for interfaith action, and life and nature. resource sharing, empower Witches and Wiccans to protect, MORE INFORMATION: strengthen, and enrich Visit our web page at www.cog.org WHAT IS or write to us at: our religion, society, and Post Office Box 12193, San Bernardino, CA 92423-2193 Facebook: covenantofthegoddess the Earth. TWITTER: @cogtweet PINTEREST: CoG Pins WICCA? INSTAGRAM: CoGPIO A GENERAL INTRODUCTION PRESENTED BY THE COVENANT OF THE GODDESS Version 201905-1 WICCA: THE OLD RELIGION BASIC PHILOSOPHY HOLIDAYS Wicca is a life-affirming, Earth-and nature oriented At the major seasonal holy days, called Wicca is an Earth religion. In city apartments, in religion that reveres the natural world as the sabbats, Wiccans celebrate oneness with suburban backyards, in country glades, groups of embodiment of Divinity and experiences the Divine life. The myths of the holiday are enacted women and men meet on the new and full through dancing, singing, feasting and as feminine and as masculine—Goddess as well as revelry. Wiccans visualize the calendar of moons and at festival times to attune themselves God. sabbats as a Wheel of the Year with eight with the life force of nature and the energies of spokes—four pastoral and agricultural the Earth. They create circles of love and trust in festivals and four solar festivals of the Like the spiritual world view and practices of Native solstices and equinoxes. which, through creative ritual, they celebrate life, Americans and Shintoists, Wiccan spiritual raise magical energy, and honor the old practices are intended to attune humanity to the SAMHAIN-OCTOBER31-Known also as Goddesses and Gods. In Old English “wicce” cycles of nature as a means of personally November Eve or Hallows. The Celtic New Year, where the dead are remembered means “to bend” or “to twist;” and evolved into experiencing Divinity. Wiccans tend to be and divination is performed. Wicca. Many contemporary Witches use the individualists, and have no central holy book, term as a less misunderstood term for prophet or church authority.Wiccan practices YULE-DECEMBER21-Known also as Witchcraft. Wicca is the most common form of enable an individual to experience the divine that Winter Solstice. The longest night, when some covens commemorate the Goddess Neo-Paganism, a group of modem Earth dwells within and fills the world around us. as Mother giving birth to the Sun God. religions which borrow and adapt from pre- Christian Pagan religions, sometimes with For Wiccans, concern for the environment is not IMBOLC-FEBRUARY 1-2-Candles are lit merely scientific or utilitarian, but a visceral and to hasten the journey of the sun and additions from contemporary religious thinkers. celebrate rebirth at this festival of Bridget, profound spiritual reality. Divinity is not believed to the Celtic Fire Goddess. exist separately and apart from humanity, or from the Earth, but to imbue every aspectof it. The Earth OSTARA-MARCH 21-Also known as MAGIC AND RITUAL does not belong to humanity. We belong tothe Vernal Equinox. Day and night are equal. The Goddess Ostara (or Eostre) returns The primary purpose of magic is the Earth. Wiccans consider the Earth, our bodies, and bringing Spring, new life and fertility. transformation of the self to fully develop one’s the natural cycles of life to be sacred. gifts and capacities to live a full, joyful and spiritual BELTAINE-APRIL 30-Known also as May life. Magic is also used for practical ends suchas Wicca honors nature and the feminine in a way that Eve. The plant world blossoms and folk dances celebrate fertility and pleasure. In healing, divination, purification, and blessing, and many religions do not. These values, the Goddess, some traditions the Maiden Goddess raising energy to achieve positive goals. and the other Gods of Wicca provide a spiritual meets Her lover, the Young God. model for treating all of life with reverence. LITHA-JUNE21-Known also as Magic is an art. It requires careful training and self- Midsummer or Summer Solstice. As the discipline to achieve the conscious direction of will longest day, we honor the union of sun toward a desired end. It also requires wisdom and and earth, and for some, the marriage of maturity, patience and passion, and an abiding the Goddess and the God. commitment to the sacred. Magic is never used to LUGHNASADH-JULY 31-Known also as gain power over anyone, or to manipulate, injure August Eve.The Celtic Sun God Lugh is or control another. honored as His energy is transformed into grain and the days diminish in length; also The Wiccan Rede: Lammas, the Saxon Feast of Bread. Most rituals are performed within sacred space “An it harm none, do what ye will.” demarcated by a circle. Magical work may include MABON-SEPTEMBER21-Also known as Harvest Home or Autumnal Equinox.With singing, ritual drama, chanting, dancing, This honors the freedom that each light and dark again in equal balance, this drumming, meditation, visualization, trances, and individual has to ascertain truth, harvest festival is held to thank the other techniques. Ritual usually includes the experience the divine directly, and Goddess for Her abundance. invocation and honoring of the Goddess and/or determine how best to live one's the God, and when the celebration, teaching or own life. magical work is done, food and drink are blessed and shared by all..
Recommended publications
  • Why Is It Called Easter?

    Why Is It Called Easter?

    March 20, 2018 Why Is It Called Easter? Easter is the name of the most important Christian holiday, the day we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead after his crucifixion. The resurrection of Jesus resides at the very heart of the gospel: “For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance: that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures” (1 Cor. 15:3-4). But, why is this holiday called Easter? Where did the name Easter come from? Let’s shed some light on those questions. Easter is an English word The etymology of the English word Easter indicates that it descends from the Old German—likely from root words for dawn, east, and sunrise. English is a western Germanic language named for the Angles who, along with the Saxons (another Germanic tribe), settled Britain in the 5th century. In fact, the Old German for Easter was Oster (Ostern in the modern). English and German speakers have been using variations of the term Easter for over a millennium. However, most of the countries surrounding Britain and the German principalities of Europe have long used variants of the Latin Pascha (from the Greek for Passover, a transliteration of the Hebrew pesach) as the name of the celebration of Christ’s resurrection. Today, in many non-English speaking countries, Easter is still called by a name derived from the term Pashca. A number of other languages use a term that means Resurrection Feast or Great Day.
  • Wicca 1739 Have Allowed for His Continued Popularity

    Wicca 1739 Have Allowed for His Continued Popularity

    Wicca 1739 have allowed for his continued popularity. Whitman’s According to Gardner, witchcraft had survived the per- willingness to break out of hegemonic culture and its secutions of early modern Europe and persisted in secret, mores in order to celebrate the mundane and following the thesis of British folklorist and Egyptologist unconventional has ensured his relevance today. His belief Margaret Murray (1862–1963). Murray argued in her in the organic connection of all things, coupled with his book, The Witch Cult in Western Europe (1921), that an old organic development of a poetic style that breaks with religion involving a horned god who represented the fertil- many formal conventions have caused many scholars and ity of nature had survived the persecutions and existed critics to celebrate him for his innovation. His idea of uni- throughout Western Europe. Murray wrote that the versal connection and belief in the spirituality present in a religion was divided into covens that held regular meet- blade of grass succeeded in transmitting a popularized ings based on the phases of the moon and the changes of version of Eastern theology and Whitman’s own brand of the seasons. Their rituals included feasting, dancing, sac- environmentalism for generations of readers. rifices, ritualized sexual intercourse, and worship of the horned god. In The God of the Witches (1933) Murray Kathryn Miles traced the development of this god and connected the witch cult to fairy tales and Robin Hood legends. She used Further Reading images from art and architecture to support her view that Greenspan, Ezra, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Whit- an ancient vegetation god and a fertility goddess formed man.
  • The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, by Margaret Alice Murray This Ebook Is for the Use of Anyone Anywhere at No Cost and with Almost No Restrictions Whatsoever

    The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, by Margaret Alice Murray This Ebook Is for the Use of Anyone Anywhere at No Cost and with Almost No Restrictions Whatsoever

    20411-0 The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Witch-cult in Western Europe, by Margaret Alice Murray This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Witch-cult in Western Europe A Study in Anthropology Author: Margaret Alice Murray Release Date: January 22, 2007 [EBook #20411] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WITCH-CULT IN WESTERN EUROPE *** Produced by Michael Ciesielski, Irma THE WITCH-CULT IN WESTERN EUROPE _A Study in Anthropology_ BY MARGARET ALICE MURRAY OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1921 Oxford University Press _London Edinburgh Glasgow Copenhagen New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Calcutta Madras Shanghai_ Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY PREFACE The mass of existing material on this subject is so great that I have not attempted to make a survey of the whole of European 'Witchcraft', but have confined myself to an intensive study of the cult in Great Britain. In order, however, to obtain a clearer understanding of the ritual and beliefs I have had recourse to French and Flemish sources, as the cult appears to have been the same throughout Western Europe. The New England records are unfortunately not published _in extenso_; this is the more unfortunate as the extracts already given to the public occasionally throw light on some of the English practices.
  • Constructing the Witch in Contemporary American Popular Culture

    Constructing the Witch in Contemporary American Popular Culture

    "SOMETHING WICKED THIS WAY COMES": CONSTRUCTING THE WITCH IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE Catherine Armetta Shufelt A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2007 Committee: Dr. Angela Nelson, Advisor Dr. Andrew M. Schocket Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Donald McQuarie Dr. Esther Clinton © 2007 Catherine A. Shufelt All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Angela Nelson, Advisor What is a Witch? Traditional mainstream media images of Witches tell us they are evil “devil worshipping baby killers,” green-skinned hags who fly on brooms, or flaky tree huggers who dance naked in the woods. A variety of mainstream media has worked to support these notions as well as develop new ones. Contemporary American popular culture shows us images of Witches on television shows and in films vanquishing demons, traveling back and forth in time and from one reality to another, speaking with dead relatives, and attending private schools, among other things. None of these mainstream images acknowledge the very real beliefs and traditions of modern Witches and Pagans, or speak to the depth and variety of social, cultural, political, and environmental work being undertaken by Pagan and Wiccan groups and individuals around the world. Utilizing social construction theory, this study examines the “historical process” of the construction of stereotypes surrounding Witches in mainstream American society as well as how groups and individuals who call themselves Pagan and/or Wiccan have utilized the only media technology available to them, the internet, to resist and re- construct these images in order to present more positive images of themselves as well as build community between and among Pagans and nonPagans.
  • Deus Ex Machina? Witchcraft and the Techno-World Venetia Robertson

    Deus Ex Machina? Witchcraft and the Techno-World Venetia Robertson

    Deus Ex Machina? Witchcraft and the Techno-World Venetia Robertson Introduction Sociologist Bryan R. Wilson once alleged that post-modern technology and secularisation are the allied forces of rationality and disenchantment that pose an immense threat to traditional religion.1 However, the flexibility of pastiche Neopagan belief systems like ‘Witchcraft’ have creativity, fantasy, and innovation at their core, allowing practitioners of Witchcraft to respond in a unique way to the post-modern age by integrating technology into their perception of the sacred. The phrase Deus ex Machina, the God out of the Machine, has gained a multiplicity of meanings in this context. For progressive Witches, the machine can both possess its own numen and act as a conduit for the spirit of the deities. It can also assist the practitioner in becoming one with the divine by enabling a transcendent and enlightening spiritual experience. Finally, in the theatrical sense, it could be argued that the concept of a magical machine is in fact the contrived dénouement that saves the seemingly despondent situation of a so-called ‘nature religion’ like Witchcraft in the techno-centric age. This paper explores the ways two movements within Witchcraft, ‘Technopaganism’ and ‘Technomysticism’, have incorporated man-made inventions into their spiritual practice. A study of how this is related to the worldview, operation of magic, social aspect and development of self within Witchcraft, uncovers some of the issues of longevity and profundity that this religion will face in the future. Witchcraft as a Religion The categorical heading ‘Neopagan’ functions as an umbrella that covers numerous reconstructed, revived, or invented religious movements, that have taken inspiration from indigenous, archaic, and esoteric traditions.
  • Strength Symbols

    Strength Symbols

    Ancient Japanese kanji symbol for Spiritual Strength Ancient Japanese symbol for Good Fortune. Ancient Japanese symbol for Black Sheep Ancient Japanese symbol for Supernatural Power. Strength Symbols The Bear-An ancient Heraldic symbol which signifies Strength. The Bull- Symbolized strenght in Egypt and other countries. Japanese Kanji Symbol for Strength Tabono - the 'paddles'. Ancient African Symbol- Symbol represents strength and perseverence. Celtic Boar symbol for Strength Chinese Symbol for Strength Good Luck Symbols Four Leaf Horseshoe-The horseshoe Clover-is a renown is considered very lucky symbol that means good and used to be hung in luck to the person who many homes to protect and finds one. What do the attract good fortune for the leaves symbolize? family residing inside. One leaf is for FAITH...The second for Horseshoes were also considered lucky HOPE... The third for LOVE... And the because they were made by fourth for LUCK! In Irish tradition the blacksmiths, which is also considered a Shamrock or Three-leaf Clover very lucky trade. Because they worked represents the Holy Trinity: one leaf for with elemental fire and magical iron, the Father, one for the Son and one for they were thought to have special the Holy Spirit. When a Shamrock is powers. found with the fourth leaf, it represents God's Grace. Lucky Rabbit's foot- Rabbits and hares were considered very lucky animals as they were associated with spring and the return of flowers and other plants. Spring was also a time of fertility and so rabbits were considered good luck to be seen running through the fields.
  • Rosaleen Norton's Contribution to The

    Rosaleen Norton's Contribution to The

    ROSALEEN NORTON’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WESTERN ESOTERIC TRADITION NEVILLE STUART DRURY M.A. (Hons) Macquarie University; B.A. University of Sydney; Dip. Ed. Sydney Teachers College Submission for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities and Social Science University of Newcastle NSW, Australia Date of submission: September 2008 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Date: Neville Stuart Drury ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that the work embodied in this Thesis is the result of original research, the greater part of which was completed subsequent to admission for the degree. Signed: Date: Neville Stuart Drury 2 CONTENTS Introduction 5 Chapter One: Rosaleen Norton – A Biographical Overview 16 Chapter Two: Sources of the Western Esoteric Tradition 61 Chapter Three: Aleister Crowley and the Magic of the Left-Hand Path 127 Chapter Four: Rosaleen Norton’s Magical Universe 214 Chapter Five: Rosaleen Norton’s Magical Practice 248 Chapter Six: Rosaleen Norton as a Magical Artist 310 Chapter Seven: Theories and Definitions of Magic 375 Chapter Eight: Rosaleen Norton’s Contribution to the Western Esoteric Tradition 402 Appendix A: Transcript of the interview between Rosaleen Norton and L.J.
  • Earth-Centered Religions

    Earth-Centered Religions

    An Introduction To Earth-Centered Religions History Overview Earth-centered or Pagan religious traditions together constitute a major world religion—but with many unique branches. Paganism has many branches due largely to the individualized ecosystems, pantheon and mythology of the various cultures from which they have emerged. The branches often share their roots in ancient Goddess traditions. They include the pagan and earth-centered religions practiced before the introduction of Christianity as well as a growing and vibrant movement of the 21st Century. Examples of Pagan traditions include: Asatr (based upon pre-Christian Norse religion and mythology); Greek (based upon pre-Christian Greek religion and mythology); Goddess worship (drawing upon different cultures and dating back more than 35,000 years); Druidism (based upon pre-Christian Celtic religions); and, Wicca (reconstructed from pre-Christian Western European religions). Most of the Earth-Centered traditions went underground or vanished during the centuries-long period of Christianization wherein many Pagan holidays and traditions were absorbed into the Christian calendar and its practices. As an example, the Pagan holiday of Eastre celebrated the Goddess of Spring and the idea of fertility (through the symbolism of eggs and rabbits). Eastre became Easter, the Celebration of the Risen Christ. After decades of dormancy, the modern Pagan movement began emerging in the 1950’s. It matured in the context of the ecological, civil rights and womenʼs movements. This emergence resulted in strong ties between Paganism and the social justice and environmental move-ments. Wiccan author and activist Starhawk is a popular articulator of the Pagan tradition. Today Pagan celebrations such as The Burning Man Festival and fictional Wiccan characters such as Willow on Buffy the Vampire Slayer have brought Pagan expression into mainstream pop- culture at a time when the tradition is growing in numbers and in visibility.
  • Eostre in Britain and Around the World

    Eostre in Britain and Around the World

    I was delighted to recent- Eostre in Britain and ly discover that many of Around the World the Iranians who escaped from Khomeni’s funda- mentalist Islamic rule of 01991, Tana Culain ‘K’A’M terror into exile - and no doubt many still trapped - are actually quite Pa- I t is no coincidence that and the Old German Eos- gan in their beliefs. A the Spring Equinox, tre, Goddess of the East. friend of mine was kind Passover, and Easter all Eostre was originally the enough to explain to me fall at the same time of name of the prehistoric that March 21 remains year. west Germanic Pagan Noruz, the ancient Per- spring festival, which is sian New Year. Many Per- The Christian Easter is a not to say that this same sians grow new seeds at lunar holiday and always festival was not celebrated this time of year and each falls on the first Sunday world over by many other family member must after the first full moon af- names. jump over seven fires ter the Spring Equinox. If made of thorns and bush- the full moon is on a Sun- es in a purification ritual. day, Easter is the next Special treats of seven Sunday. Why don’t the dried fruits and nuts are powers that be allow East- given out, and eggs are er to occur on a full moon colored and put on a fam- Sunday? Probably the ily altar alongside a mir- Christian Easter is too ror, coins, sprouted masculine a day, being grains, water, salt, and tu- the resurrection of a mon- lips.
  • 1 March 2021 Diversity/Cultural Events

    1 March 2021 Diversity/Cultural Events

    MARCH 2021 DIVERSITY/CULTURAL EVENTS & CELEBRATIONS Women’s History Month National Women’s History Month began as a single week and as a local event. In 1978, Sonoma County, California, sponsored a women’s history week to promote the teaching of women’s history. The week of March 8 was selected to include “International Women’s Day.” This day is rooted in such ideas and events as a woman’s right to vote and a woman’s right to work, women’s strikes for bread, women’s strikes for peace at the end of World War I, and the U.N. Charter declaration of gender equality at the end of World War II. This day is an occasion to review how far women have come in their struggle for equality, peace and development. In 1981, Congress passed a resolution making the week a national celebration, and in 1987 expanded it to the full month of March. The 2021 theme is Valiant Women of the Vote: Refusing to be Silenced continues to celebrate the Suffrage Centennial” celebrates the women who have fought for woman’s right to vote in the United States. For more information visit http://www.nwhp.org/. Irish American Heritage Month A month to honor the contributions of over 44 million Americans who trace their roots to Ireland. Celebrations include celebrating St. Patrick’s Day (March 17th) with parades, family gathering, masses, dances, etc. Due to COVID-19, many of these events have been cancelled. For more information visit the Irish-American Heritage Month website at http://irish-american.org/.
  • Trying to Make Sense of Easter Traditions B2+

    Trying to Make Sense of Easter Traditions B2+

    Trying to Make Sense of Easter Traditions B2+ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQz2mF3jDMc 1) Ask your partner the following questions. a) When is Easter? Do you know why the date changes every year? b) Why do we celebrate Easter? c) Why do we decorate eggs for Easter? d) Why is there an Easter Bunny? 2) Easter is a popular holiday around the world with traditions that vary from country to country. However, it is sometimes difficult to understand Easter traditions because they have different origins. The words in the box below are all related to Easter. Some have Religious origins, some are Pagan and some are Secular. Write the words into what you think is the correct column (check the meaning of the words that you don’t know with a dictionary or your teacher). Lent Fertility Holiday Jesus Easter Bunny Rabbits Spring Eggs Decorated Eggs Resurrection Candy/Sweets Chocolate Eostre Festival Christian Goddess of Spring & Fertility Religious: Relating to or believing in Pagan: A person or tradition with Secular: Not connected to religious a divine being. religious beliefs other than those of or spiritual matters. the main world religions. 3) Now watch a video about Easter traditions. While you watch check your answers to exercise 2 and then compare them with a partner (NB some of the words can go into more than one column). 4) Watch the video again and write true (T) or false (F) next to the statements. A. The first recorded celebration of Easter was before the 2nd Century. ____ B. Rabbits represent fertility and new life.
  • An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft

    An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft

    Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons @ IWU Honors Projects Religion 4-18-2006 Who's in Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft Austin J. Buscher '06 Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/religion_honproj Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Buscher '06, Austin J., "Who's in Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft" (2006). Honors Projects. 6. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/religion_honproj/6 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Who's In Charge? An Examination of Societal Impacts on Gender Roles in American and English Witchcraft Austin J. Buscher Senior Honors Research Carole Myscofski, Advisor th Received Research Honors April 18 , 2006 Ie INTRODUCTION Since its genesis in the 1970s, American Witchcraftl has shown itself to be one ofthe most forward-looking and tolerant religions in the area ofwomen's roles and gender theory.