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2016 State of Wind Development in the United States by Region For more information, visit: http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/ windexchange/ 2016 STATE OF WIND DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY REGION National Renewable Energy Laboratory 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable April 2017 Energy, LLC. TP-5000-67624 • April 2017 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy NREL prints on paper that contains Offi ce of Energy Effi ciency and Renewable Energy recycled content. Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC 2016 State of Wind Development in the United States by Region Ruth Baranowski, Frank Oteri, Ian Baring-Gould, and Suzanne Tegen National Renewable Energy Laboratory Prepared under Task No. WE14.BB01 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 15013 Denver West Parkway NREL/TP-5000-67624 Golden, CO 80401 April 2017 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] NREL prints on paper that contains recycled content. Acknowledgments The authors thank the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind Energy Technologies Office for funding the Regional Resource Centers, this report, and broader stakeholder engagement and education efforts such as the WINDExchange initiative. The authors also thank DOE’s Jocelyn Brown-Saracino, Maggie Yancey, Amber Passmore, Lillie Ghobrial, and Devan Willemsen for their leadership and guidance. Thanks to the Regional Resource Centers for their work and contributions to this document: • Four Corners Wind Resource Center: Fletcher Wilkinson, Amanda Ormond, Sarah Propst, Sarah Wright, Karin Wadsack, Meghan Dutton • Islanded Grid Resource Center: Suzanne MacDonald, Stephanie Nowers, Chris Rose, Brooks Winner • Midwest Wind Energy Center: Lisa Daniels, Dan Turner, Tom Wind • Northeast Wind Resource Center: Deborah Donovan, Benjamin Brown, Bob Patton, Jake McDermott, Val Stori • Northwest Wind Resource and Action Center: Mia Devine, Jennifer Grove, Julie Peacock, Rachel Shimshak, David Wolf, Cameron Yourkowski • Southeast Wind Energy Resource Center: Paul Gayes, Mary Hallisey Hunt, Katharine Kollins, Jon Miles. Thanks to Brian Smith and Daniel Laird from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and DOE’s Hoyt Battey for their review of this report. Also thanks to Corrie Christol and Bethany Straw who work to support our regional stakeholder engagement projects. iii This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 4CWRC Four Corners Wind Resource Center BLM Bureau of Land Management BOEM Bureau of Ocean Energy Management BPA Bonneville Power Administration CAISO California Independent System Operator CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands CPP Clean Power Plan DOE U.S. Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency GCAMP Georgia Coastal and Marine Planner IGRC Islanded Grid Resource Center ISO independent system operator JMU James Madison University MW megawatt MWEC Midwest Wind Energy Center NAU Northern Arizona University NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory NWRC Northeast Wind Resource Center NW Wind Center Northwest Wind Resource and Action Center NYSERDA New York State Energy Research and Development Authority PTC Production Tax Credit PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act REAP Renewable Energy Alaska Project iv This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications REST Renewable Energy Standard and Tariff (Arizona) RFP request for proposals RPS renewable portfolio standard RRC Regional Resource Center SWERC Southeast Wind Energy Resource Center UCS Union of Concerned Scientists USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service v This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications Executive Summary Significant expansion of wind energy development will be required to achieve the scenarios outlined in the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE)’s Wind Vision: 20% wind energy by 2030 and 35% wind energy by 2050. Wind energy currently provides more than 5% of the nation's electricity but has the potential to provide much more. The wind industry and the DOE’s Wind Energy Technologies Office are addressing technical wind energy challenges, such as reducing turbine costs and increasing energy production and reliability. The Office recognizes that public acceptance of wind energy can be challenging, depending on the proximity of proposed wind farms to local populations. Informed decision makers and communities equipped with unbiased information about the benefits and impacts of wind energy development are better prepared to navigate the sometimes contentious development process. In 2014, DOE established six Regional Resource Centers (RRCs) across the United States to communicate unbiased, credible information about wind energy to stakeholders through regional networks. The RRCs provide ready access to this information to familiarize the public with wind energy; raise awareness about potential benefits and issues; and disseminate data on siting considerations such as turbine sound and wildlife habitat protection. Each U.S. region experiences unique wind energy development challenges due to many factors: wind resources and other natural resources, population density, community needs, and local wildlife species. Expanding the nation’s wind energy portfolio requires high- impact, regionally specific strategies to inform the policy and permitting processes and improve public discourse, thereby reducing conflict around development decisions and ultimately increasing the annual rate of responsible wind development. As a starting point to developing strategies, the RRCs identified a wide array of market challenges that have affected wind energy development. These issues include: • Insufficient transmission capacity and the need for transmission improvements • Power market conditions that limit wind development (such as small balancing areas, hard energy forecast requirements, and hour-ahead dispatching) • Lack of local wind siting or zoning ordinances; ordinances that do not reflect best practices or do not allow the flexibility in wind development to address small, distributed, community, or utility-scale wind projects • Grid interconnection and integration challenges and costs • Lack of clear federal policy covering wind power-related initiatives and awareness of those policies • Minimal past public education and engagement on wind siting issues, exacerbated by inaccurate information and negative public opinion regarding wind energy • Lack of understanding about wind energy’s economic impacts, including local tax benefits, jobs and economic development, and turbine manufacturing • Challenges with development on federal and native lands vi This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory at www.nrel.gov/publications • Accurate wind information not being utilized in utility integrated resource and state- based clean energy planning (resulting in a need to advance the state of the art in power sector resource planning processes) • Dearth of science-based resource planning in siting guidelines, especially for development in sage grouse and other environmentally sensitive areas • Restricted access to capital; limited financing, funding, and technical assistance for small, community, and distributed wind development. The RRCs also identified the following issues as unique to offshore wind energy development: • The current
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