DOCSLIB.ORG

Sector El Nula, Estado Apure-Venezuela Conflicts of Normative and Agroecological Uses in a Border Area: Apure State-Venezuela

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sector El Nula, Estado Apure-Venezuela Conflicts of Normative and Agroecological Uses in a Border Area: Apure State-Venezuela Revista Geográfica Venezolana ISSN: 1012-1617 [email protected] Universidad de los Andes Venezuela Molina, Gladys Zuleima; Rivas L., José L. Conflictos de usos normativos y agroecológicos en un área fronteriza: sector El Nula, estado Apure- Venezuela Revista Geográfica Venezolana, vol. 48, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2007, pp. 101-114 Universidad de los Andes Mérida, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=347730365006 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Revista Geográfica Venezolana, Vol. 48(1) 2007, 101-114 Conflictos de usos normativos y agroecológicos en un área fronteriza: sector El Nula, estado Apure-Venezuela Conflicts of normative and agroecological uses in a border area: Apure State-Venezuela Molina Gladys Zuleima* y Rivas L. José L**. Recibido: abril, 2005 / Aceptado: septiembre, 2006 Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la existencia de conflictos de uso en el sector El Nula, localizado al oeste del municipio Páez, estado Apure. Este sector tiene carac- terísticas particulares dadas por la presencia de tres Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE), que le definen usos desde el punto de vista legal y ambiental, y por proyec- tos del Estado venezolano (Ciudad Sucre, Eje Apure-Orinoco y la carretera binacional) que tienen como objetivo impulsar el desarrollo en todos los ámbitos (local, regional, nacional e internacional), pero bajo los principios del desarrollo endógeno sostenible. Para identi- ficar los conflictos se diseñaron dos modelos, utilizando herramientas SIG. Los conflictos detectados surgen porque el uso del suelo no es acorde con su capacidad agrológica, pero también porque este uso se asocia con la falta de planificación y control sobre las ABRAE, escasa vigilancia, relativo aislamiento, inmigración ilegal e inseguridad fronteriza. Palabras clave: uso de la tierra; conflictos de usos; ordenación territorial; Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Abstract The aim of this study is to identify the existence of use conflicts on the border area in the El Nula Sector, Apure State. The analyzed space is characterized by the presence of three Ar- eas Under Special Management Regime and the design of policies by the Venezuelan State, which aim to benefit the development under the principles of sustainable endogenous devel- opment at local, regional, national and international levels. By using tools such as GIS, two models that reflect the existence of use conflicts, due to subuse as well as overuse of soils, are designed. The detected conflicts emerge, partly, due to the soil resource inappropri- ate management, the lack of planning, limited monitoring and control on the Areas under Special Management Regime (ABRAE), the lack of social control, relative isolation, illegal immigration and frontier insecurity. Key words: land use; use conflicts; land-use planning; Geographical Information Sys- tems. * Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales, Escuela de Geografía, Mérida- Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] ** [email protected] Vol. 48(1) 2007, enero-junio 0 Molina G. Z. y Rivas L. J. L. Introducción las funciones de resguardar la integridad y soberanía nacional, por lo que esta si- El sector El Nula tiene una gran impor- tuación no favorece su desarrollo. El sec- tancia estratégica por encontrarse en un tor El Nula, además de compartir estas área fronteriza (Colombia). Si bien este características, carece de estudios que hecho ha generado el desarrollo de acti- permitan evaluar el estado actual de los vidades de intercambio comercial, tam- recursos naturales en función del uso que bién es cierto que allí existen importantes identifica a su territorio. recursos naturales (hídricos, forestales, Esta es una de las razones por las que edáficos), además de tres Áreas Bajo Ré- el objetivo central de este trabajo es el gimen de Administración Especial (Par- de caracterizar las condiciones agroam- que Nacional El Tamá, Reserva Forestal bientales del sector El Nula, con el objeto San Camilo y Reserva Hidráulica Muni- de determinar sus potencialidades y li- cipio Páez). Estas características han fa- mitantes naturales, utilizando para ello vorecido la puesta en funcionamiento de herramientas SIG, con miras a definir proyectos por parte del Estado venezo- áreas de conflicto tanto por subutiliza- lano que buscan fortalecer su presencia ción como por sobreutilización agroeco- en esta zona. Entre los más significativos lógica, así como conflictos normativos en están: 1) Eje Orinoco-Apure, con el que las ABRAE. Lo que se pretende con este se ha pretendido aprovechar al máximo estudio es ayudar a sentar las bases que le la navegabilidad de los ríos más impor- permitan a los organismos encargados de tantes de la región (Apure, Uribante y la administración de este sector, diseñar Arauca) para propiciar el surgimiento de medidas para la ordenación del territorio, una zona de intercambio de bienes y ser- cónsonas con los preceptos del desarrollo vicios que trascienda nuestras fronteras sostenible, y que apunten al crecimien- (Delgado, 2002; MARNR, 1988); 2) Ca- to económico de esta importante región rretera de Integración Binacional (Boca- fronteriza. randa, 1995), con la que se busca comu- nicar a Santa Fe de Bogotá con la ciudad de Caracas, y 3) Ciudad Sucre, proyecto Procedimientos metodológicos urbanístico innovador en política fron- teriza, cuyo objetivo primordial es el de Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto se asentar venezolanos en esta importante realizó, en primer lugar, una revisión bi- área fronteriza (Radomilde, 1995). bliográfica y cartográfica, útil tanto para En Venezuela, muchas áreas fronte- el diagnóstico físico-natural como para rizas permanecen aisladas, no sólo por la selección de los mapas a ser utilizados. las difíciles condiciones de accesibilidad En segundo lugar, se utilizó una imagen y escaso poblamiento, sino también por- del satélite Landsat ETM (007/055), que no tienen el suficiente y necesario del 25 de julio del 2001, que permitió la personal militar para que cumplan con actualización de las capas temáticas. La 02 Revista Geográfica Venezolana Conflictos de usos normativos y agroecológicos..., 101-114 revisión bibliográfica sugirió, para la uti- El segundo modelo se obtuvo a partir lización de la imagen, la combinación de de la superposición de las capas de uso bandas 4 (IRC), 5 (IRM) y 3 (Rojo). Esta actual (actualizada mediante la imagen combinación fue manejada en importan- de satélite Landsat 007/055) y de uso tes trabajos desarrollados en la Comu- potencial, sin incluir las áreas correspon- nidad Económica Europea (López, 1989 dientes a las ABRAE. El resultado de esta y Chuvieco, 1996) y en Venezuela, entre superposición fue el modelo Conflictos otros por Pernía (1993), Molina (1995; agroecológicos en las áreas no protegi- 1998) y Dolande (1996; 1999). Luego de das. La información resultante de este la interpretación de la imagen de satélite, cruce entre capas se reclasificó a 5 cate- se realizó un chequeo de campo que per- gorías (0-4), para definir las áreas con o mitió reconocer el área y validar la infor- sin conflicto agroecológico. mación recabada. Este modelo integra ambas cobertu- La fase de integración de la informa- ras temáticas y su tabla de atributos aso- ción cartográfica se llevó a cabo utilizando ciada, y el mismo permitió determinar herramientas de análisis espacial (Siste- qué unidades de tierra con capacidades mas de Información Geográfica). El mo- agrológicas específicas se encuentran ac- delado cartográfico se aplicó para obtener tualmente subutilizadas; es decir, cuan- dos modelos: 1) conflictos normativos en do el uso de la tierra demanda menos las ABRAE, y 2) conflictos agroecológicos insumos que los que puede recibir, o so- en las áreas no protegidas. breutilizadas o cuando el uso actual de la El primer modelo se obtuvo a partir tierra es más intensivo que su capacidad de la superposición de las coberturas de o aptitud. uso actual y de las ABRAE. El resultado refleja sólo los conflictos ubicados dentro Características generales del área de de las ABRAE (el resto del área aparece estudio en blanco), y el mismo permitió elaborar el modelo que hemos llamado conflic- Localización tos de usos normativos en ABRAE. Este El área objeto de estudio se ubica en la modelo facilitó conocer el grado de in- parte sur occidental del territorio vene- tervención que presentan las ABRAE y, zolano, al oeste del estado Apure, mu- por tanto, los conflictos normativos allí nicipio Páez. Limita por el norte con los presentes. Es oportuno señalar que para estados Barinas y Táchira, por el sur con efectos del modelo y su análisis sólo se la República de Colombia, por el este consideró el Parque Nacional El Tamá y con las parroquias Guasdualito y El Am- la Reserva Forestal San Camilo; la Reser- paro del municipio Páez y, por el oeste, va Hidráulica Municipio Páez no se tomó con el estado Táchira (Figura 1). Tiene en cuenta porque se solapa con el Parque una superficie de 3.046,75 km2, de los Nacional El Tamá. cuales 1.086,70 km2 están bajo la figura de ABRAE y el resto (1.960,05 km2) son Vol. 48(1) 2007, enero-junio 0 Molina G. Z. y Rivas L. J. L. N I. LAS AVES I. LA O RCH ILA I. LO S TEST IGOS FALC ON W E I. TOR TU GA NVA ES PART A I. COCH E DT TO F ED ERA L SUCR E YA RACU Y MIR AN DA LAR A S ARAG UA ZU LIA TR UJ ILLO MO NAG AS COJ ED ES POR TU GU ESA ANZ OAT EGUI GUA RIC O DELT A AMACUR O MER ID A BARIN AS O C N O C TAC HIR A AP U O I O R O R O R Í E Í R L R O S A E A Í R A R CA O U APUR E M R A B R ÍO A IA Z O N RÍ O ET A BOLIVAR M A E N G R U E C Y L EJEEJEFFLLUUVVIIALL A A N M A SECTOR OESTE A SECTOR EL NULA C AMAZ ON AS MUNICIPIO PÁEZ I Ó BRASIL N Figura 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oceanography
    2021 OCEANOGRAPHY Experience Credential ISO ISO OHSAS 9001 14001 1801 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE CERTIFICATE QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL OCCUPATIONAL GARANTEE MANAGEMENT HEALTH & SAFETY Measurements and Studies of Physical Oceanography and Marine Meteorology Waves Measurements: Directional wave using oceanographic buoys: • In real-time data telemetry by satellite, GSM and radio • Additional sensors: • Current velocity profiles • Temperature, conductivity, turbidity, salinity • Meteorological parameters, as wind, pressure, temperature, pluviosity, solar radiation, etc. Directional wave using Doppler Acoustic Profiler current meters (ADCP). Scalar wave using digital pressure gauges. Studies: • Wave regime in deep waters (with the support of OceanWeather, Inc.) • Wave statistic parameters (operational, extreme, significant for sedimentary processes, etc.) • Wave and wind forecast up to seven days, updated every six hours (with the support of OceanWeather, Inc.) • Mathematical modeling of the wave propagation Experience in… Currents Instruments: Great diversity of current meters, Doppler acoustic profilers (ADCP) for multiple applications: • Nortek AWAC 600 kHz with acoustic surface tracking (AST) for currents and directional wave measurements from the bottom at depths up to 50 meters • Nortek Continental 190 kHz for deep waters (range: 300 meters) • Nortek AquaDopp Profiler 400 kHz for measurements from buoys (range: 80 meters) • Nortek AquaDopp Profiler 1 MHz for currents and directional wave measurements
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela Floods
    VENEZUELA: FLOODS 16 November 2000 Information Bulletin N° 1 The Disaster Following several days of heavy rains, a state of emergency has been declared in nine states in Venezuela as a result of widespread flooding: Merida, Trujillo, Falcón, Zulia, Carabobo, Aragua, Miranda, Sucre and Vargas. According to the Venezuela civil defence authorities, three people have been killed and thousands made homeless. The Venezuelan authorities have already evacuated several thousands of people from their homes in Vargas and are arranging temporary shelter facilities for those affected. River levels are being closely monitored as the bad weather continues. Floods and landslides in the country last December left up to 30,000 dead, with tens of thousands more made homeless. Many communities are still living in high-risk areas affected by last year’s landslides, despite government efforts to relocate people to the interior of the country. The Venezuelan Red Cross (VRC), supported by the Federation and several Participating National Societies, is still assisting those affected in Vargas state, within the framework of appeal 35/99 launched following severe flooding. Red Cross/Red Crescent Action Volunteers from the Vargas branch of the Venezuelan Red Cross, headed by the branch’s seven-person relief team, have been responding to the emergency situation since Sunday. In the first instance, the branch assisted with evacuations in the affected areas and subsequently conducted an initial needs assessment in conjunction with the Venezuelan authorities. Provisions and basic supplies have been provided in eight shelters, mostly located in schools, theatres and military centres, where more than 750 families are staying.
    [Show full text]
  • Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic Of) 25 September 2017
    Zika-Epidemiological Report Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 25 September 2017 Figure 1. Suspected Zika cases by epidemiological week (EW). Venezuela. EW 48 of 2015 to EW 31 of 2017. Source: Data provided by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Ministry of Health to PAHO/WHO1 FIRST AUTOCHTHONOUS VECTOR-BORNE CASES In epidemiological week (EW) 48 of 2015, the detection of the first autochthonous vector-borne Zika case was reported by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP). GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Since the emergence of Zika virus, suspected cases have been detected in all of Venezuela’s 24 states In 2017, as of EW 31, the highest incidence rates were reported in Falcon (30 cases per 100,000), Sucre (28 cases per 100,000), and Amazonas (8 cases per 100,000) (Figure 2).1 In contrast, in 2016, the highest incidence rates were registered in Distrito Capital (1,481 cases per 100,000), Sucre (838 cases per 100,000 population), and Delta Amacuro (509 cases per 100,000). Figure 2 illustrates the incidence of Zika at the sub-national level by year. 1 Reported to PAHO/WHO by the Venezuela IHR NFP on 6 September 2017. Suggested citation: Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. Venezuela - Zika Epidemiological Report. September 2017. Washington, D.C.: PAHO/WHO; 2017 Pan American Health Organization • www.paho.org • © PAHO/WHO, 2017 Page 1 / 5 Figure 2. Cumulative incidence of suspected Zika cases by state per 100,000 population. Venezuela. 2016-2017 (as of EW 31). Source: Data provided by the Venezuela Ministry of Health and reproduced by PAHO/WHO1 TREND From EW 1 of 2016 onwards, numbers of Zika cases began to progressively increase an,d between EW 4 and EW 11 of 2016, the highest weekly numbers of Zika virus cases were reported, with peaks of over 5,000 cases during EW 5 and EW 7.
    [Show full text]
  • CRACKDOWN on DISSENT Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution in Venezuela
    CRACKDOWN ON DISSENT Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution in Venezuela HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Crackdown on Dissent Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution in Venezuela Copyright © 2017 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-35492 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit: http://www.hrw.org The Foro Penal (FP) or Penal Forum is a Venezuelan NGO that has worked defending human rights since 2002, offering free assistance to victims of state repression, including those arbitrarily detained, tortured, or murdered. The Penal Forum currently has a network of 200 volunteer lawyers and more than 4,000 volunteer activists, with regional representatives throughout Venezuela and also in other countries such as Argentina, Chile, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Uruguay, and the USA. Volunteers provide assistance and free legal counsel to victims, and organize campaigns for the release of political prisoners, to stop state repression, and increase the political and social cost for the Venezuelan government to use repression as a mechanism to stay in power.
    [Show full text]
  • Northwestern Venzuela: Herpetological Information
    Herpetofauna of Estado Falc6n, Northwestern Venzuela: A Checklist with Geographical and Ecological Data Abraham Mijares-Urnitia & Alexis Arends R. Universidad Francisco de Miranda smithsonian herpetological information service no. 123 2000 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The distribution of amphibians and reptiles is incompletely docijmented, consequencely, national, regional or local list of species, genera or families are scarce but highly desirable. Recent effort of some Venezuelan biologists have begun to correct this lack of distributional data. La Marca (1997. Los Vertebrados Actuales y Fosiles de Venezuela. Museo de Cienc. y Tecnol . Merida. Pp 298) and Pefaur (1992. Smiths. Herpetol. Info. Serv. , 89:1-54) gave complete list of species of amphibians and reptiles but did not provide distribution data; Pritchard and Trebbau (1984. The Turtles of Venezuela.
    [Show full text]
  • Unicef Venezuela
    UNICEF VENEZUELA Situation Report Mid-year 2021 © UNICEF/UN0475778/Fernandez. Arantza Palacios, 6, is vaccinated during a mass vaccination campaign in Caracas, Venezuela, 26 May 2021. Reporting period: January-June 2021 Highlights Situation in numbers • During the first semester of 2021, UNICEF distributed a total of 881.6 tons of relief supplies worth US$6.95 million from its warehouses to various partners throughout the country. In addition, vaccines worth US$4.7 3,200,000 million were directly distributed to the Ministry of Health’s main warehouse children in need of and counterparts. humanitarian assistance (OCHA, 2021 Humanitarian • Between January and June 2021, 78,510 women and their newborns Response Plan, June 2021) were reached with health interventions across the 24 Venezuelan states. • Some 15,540 health workers (7,786 men and 7,754 women) received personal protective equipment (PPE), allowing them to provide 275,205 uninterrupted health services to children and adults. COVID-19 laboratory- • Some 95,195 children under five were screened for detection of acute confirmed cases and 3,154 malnutrition (48,549 boys and 46,646 girls), including 2,995 indigenous deaths (1,524 boys and 1,492 girls) and 1,647 Afro-descendent children (841 (WHO, 28 June 2021) boys and 806 girls). • UNICEF and the Ministry of Water have been working on various projects that, once completed, will contribute to improving safe access to water for 1,300,000** more than 1.7 million people in Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Zulia and Táchira children and adolescents states. enrolled with access • A total of 43,128 children (24,016 boys and 19,112 girls) were provided limitations to learning with legal support, child protection interventions, alternative care and continuity due to COVID-19 (Education Cluster, 2020) case management.
    [Show full text]
  • Cariaco: 30 Years After the Caracas Earthquake
    Cariaco: 30 years after Geotectonic context In Venezuela, the contact area of the Caracas earthquake the South American and Caribbean plates runs along the northern bor- der of the country from the state of Faustino Pérez. MAPFRE RE Caracas. Tachira, on the frontier with Colom- Mayte Piserra. MAPFRE RE Madrid bia, to the state of Delta, where the Orinoco flows out, passing through the city of Caracas. This system of area with a radius of 70 km around faults is called Boconó-San Se- the epicenter, and there were 73 bastián-El Pilar, and is where the deaths, 531 injuries and 5,000 more horizontal movement between both In the city of Caracas, about were affected. plates takes place at a rate of be- 400 km far from the epicentre, the Up to 350 aftershocks were tween 2 and 3 cm per year. recorded per day in the weeks fol- tall buildings of Los Palos lowing the main earthquake; these Grandes and Altamira, situated on always had depths lower than 19 km Seismic history very thick sedimentary deposits, and were located along a band 5 km swayed during several seconds. to the South and 20 km to the North The strongest earthquake known The «Ciudad de México» effect was of the El Pilar fault. At the end of Ju- to the area occurred in 1766, and once again felt. ly the number of aftershocks each had a Ms magnitude in the order of day fell to around 50. 7.9, causing damage in Caracas - sit- The earthquake was felt in the uated 300 km from the epicenter - states of Sucre, Anzoátegui, Mona- and was felt as far away as Maracai- gas, Nueva Esparta, Miranda and bo, 800 km away.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGIN and DEVELOPMENT of WHALEWATCHING in the STATE of ARAGUA, VENEZUELA: LAYING the GROUNDWORK for SUSTAINABILITY (Working Paper)
    ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WHALEWATCHING IN THE STATE OF ARAGUA, VENEZUELA: LAYING THE GROUNDWORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY (Working paper) Jaime Bolaños-Jiménez 1 Auristela Villarroel-Marin 1 , 2 E.C.M. Parsons 3 Naomi A. Rose 4 1 Sociedad Ecológica Venezolana Vida Marina (Sea Vida), A.P. 162, Cagua, Estado Aragua, Venezuela 2122. e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (UPEL), Instituto Universitario Rafael Alberto Escobar Lara, Av. Las Delicias, Departamento de Biología, Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. 3 Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. e-mail: [email protected] 4 Humane Society International, 700 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Whalewatching potential in Venezuelan waters is considered to be “moderate to considerable” by experts. Since 2001, the local non-governmental organization (NGO) Sociedad Ecológica Venezolana Vida Marina (Sea Vida) has been promoting responsible whalewatching in the “Municipio Ocumare de la Costa de Oro”, State of Aragua. Here, we review the origin and development of whalewatching in Ocumare de la Costa de Oro, as detailed below. 1) Scientific research. Research effort dates back to 1996-1998, when researchers of the Ministry of Environment evaluated the status of cetacean populations in this area. Since 2000-2001, research efforts have been accomplished by Sea Vida’s teams and independent researchers. Target species include Atlantic spotted (Stenella frontalis) and bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins and Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni). The encounter rate with cetaceans is approximately 70%. 2) Regulatory framework. No specific regulations exist in Venezuela for whalewatching. Currently, a proposal presented by Sea Vida for the enactment of regulations at the national level is being reviewed by the MINAMB.
    [Show full text]
  • That the Capacity of a Plant Species to Adjust Itself, Due to a Change N Environmental Temperature, Is Genetically Controlled
    122 that the capacity of a plant species to adjust itself, due to a change n environmental temperature, is genetically controlled. The différences in physiological adjustments among genotypes are P^i'"^'^;^^',^" ,^^^^,f,\P^^'^ of heat acclimation (heat adaptability) rather than ^", \^^\ \"^^^r^^^^^ ^^^î tolerance. This adaptive character, which protects plants against heat stress, works only if the heat adaptability can occur rapidly (J), so that the damage would not occur, which in turn results in better crop performance. References 1. Kigel, J. and M. Ofir. 1981. The morphogenetic processes that determine yield in french bean. Reports to A.R.O., Ministry of Agri., Israel. 2. Chen,\^ii\.M, ii.ii.,H.H., Z.Y.A.. I. oiiciiShen aiiuand r.M.P.H. ui.Li. 1982.• ^^i-» ,^—~^~~Adaptability ___X.__ of crop plants to high temperature stress. Crop Sei., 22:719-725. 3. Shen, Z.Y. and P.H. Li. 1982. Heat adaptability of the tomato. HortSci. 17:924-925. ««»«« INTERNAL CONTAMINATION OF BLACK BEAN SEED LOTS WITH XANTHOMONAS BLIGHT BACTERIA FROM DIFFERENT STATES OF VENEZUELA Nancy Contreras de Velasquez and Gustavo Trujillo Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Agronomía Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay Venezuela To evaluate the internal bacterial contamination in black bean seed lots, a survey was conducted with 176 samples from different classes of seed' such as: genetic, foundation, registered, certified, and harvested from growers and experiments. The survey came from different States of the Country Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Carabobo, Guarico, Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Trujillo and Yaracuy. The samples of 80 g from each lot were weigthed, the surface was sterilized during 2 minutes with 2,6% NaOCl, rinsing twice in sterile wa ter and incubated in a shaker for 48 hr in the following enrichment medium (SEM): 1,0 g yeast extract, 25 mg cycloheximide, 2 mg nitrofurantoin, 1 mg nalidixic acid in 1000 ml 0,01 phosphate buffer pH 7.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Encuesta Sobre Condiciones De Vida Venezuela 2017
    Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida Venezuela 2017 Caracas, 21 de febrero de 2018 Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida. Venezuela 2017 Entidades y municipios donde se aplicó la Encuesta Región Entidad Municipio Distrito Capital Libertador Centro Norte Baruta, Chacao, Guaicaipuro, Los Salías, Plaza Miranda Costera Sucre, Zamora Aragua Girardot , Ocumare de la Costa de Oro, Zamora Bejuma, Carlos Arvelo, Los Guayos Puerto Carabobo Cabello Cojedes Tinaquillo Vargas Vargas Apure Achaguas, Biruaca, San Fernando de Apure LLanos Barinas Antonio José de Sucre Guárico Camaguam, Pedro Zaraza Anaco, Aragua, de Barcelona, Juan Antonio Anzoátegui Sotillo, Libertad, Píritu, Simón Bolívar, Pedro María Freites Oriente Sucre Bermúdez, Sucre, Bolívar, Mejías Monagas Bolívar, Ezequiel, Zamora, Maturín, Punceres Nueva Esparta Antonio Díaz, Marcano Bolivariano Angostura, Caroní, Heres, Piar Bolívar Sur Roscio Delta Amacuro Casacoima, Tucupita Alberto Adriani, Campo Elías, Libertador Mérida Miranda, Obispo. Ramos de Lora, Santa Elena de Arenales, Sucre,Tovar Andes Andrés Bello, Bolívar, Cárdenas, Córdoba, Táchira Junín, Libertad, Pedro María Ureña, San Cristóbal Boconó, Pampan, Pampanito, Rafael Rangel, Trujillo Trujillo, Valera Falcón Colina, Dabajuro, Federación, Miranda Crespo, Iribarren Moran, Simón Planas Bruzual, Lara Jiménez Occidente Bruzual,Cocorote, Independencia, José Antonio Yaracuy Páez, Sucre Almirante Padilla, Bachaquero, Cabimas, Colón, Machiques de Perijá, Mara, Rosario de Perijá, Zulia San Francisco, Sucre, Valmore Rodríguez, Maracaibo Encuesta sobre Condiciones de Vida. Venezuela 2017 Dominio de estudio Cinco regiones fisiográficas: ciudades principales, grandes, medianas, pequeñas y caseríos. Diseño de la muestra a) Sexo: hombres y mujeres b) Grupos de edades: 20-34 35-49 60-65 años c) Estratos según características de la vivienda (CISOR) Estrato Característica de la vivienda AB Materiales y acabados óptimos.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Rivalidades Locales En El Entorno Cañero Del Distrito Sucre Del Estado Zulia
    Provincia ISSN: 1317-9535 [email protected] Universidad de los Andes Venezuela Rodríguez Arrieta, Marisol Rivalidades locales en el entorno cañero del distrito Sucre del estado Zulia Provincia, núm. 14, julio-diciembre, 2005, pp. 65-89 Universidad de los Andes Mérida, Venezuela Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=55501404 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto PROVINCIA Nº 14, julio-diciembre 2005. pp. 65-89 Rivalidades locales en el entorno cañero del distrito Sucre del estado Zulia* Local rivalries in the sugarcana surrounding in the Sucre district of Zulia State Marisol Rodríguez Arrieta Universidad del Zulia, Centro de Estudios Històricos. E-mail: [email protected] Resumen En esta investigación se pretende evidenciar las transformaciones que se operaron en la base territorial, los límites y administración del distrito Sucre, promovidas por la elite, para ampliar, reforzar y disminuir vecindarios, municipios y parroquias con el objeto probablemente de fortalecer el distrito y sus principales áreas productivas como Bobures y Gibraltar, localidades estratégicas para la instalación de los primeros centrales azucareros en el occidente venezolano. La reactivación de algunos espacios con el ensanche de su jurisdicción provocó resistencias y rivalidades en las localidades que responderían a la intención de apropiarse de las mejores tierras para desarrollar un proyecto de explotación, a gran escala, de la caña de azúcar y sus derivados destinados al mercado regional e internacional.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Malaria Incidence in Sucre State, Venezuela Using a Bayesian
    Modeling malaria incidence in Sucre state, Venezuela using a Bayesian approach 1 Desire´eVillalta Universidad Sim´on Bol´ıvar, Caracas, Venezuela, [email protected] Lelys Guenni Universidad Sim´on Bol´ıvar, Caracas, Venezuela Yasmin Rubio Universidad de Carabobo,Valencia, Venezuela Abstract:This paper presents a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson lognormal model for malaria incidence in Sucre state, Venezuela, during the period 1990 − 2002. The logarithm of the relative risk of the disease for each county or municipality is ex- pressed as an additive model that includes a multiple regression with social-economic and climatic covariates; a random effect that captures the spatial heterogeneity in the study region and a CAR (Conditionally Autoregressive) component, that recog- nizes the effect of nearby municipalities in the transmission of the disease each year. For most years the selected model captures well the spatial structure between the relative risks from the nearby municipalities. When a poor model fit is obtained, a t-Student model for the spatial heterogeneity parameter improves model fitting re- sults. From the 15 municipalities in Sucre state during the study period 1990−2002, 7 of them presented high relative risks (greater than 1) in most years. These areas are mostly agricultural areas with poor living conditions. Keywords: hierarchical Bayesian model, Poisson lognormal model, malaria in- cidence, Venezuela 1 Introduction Malaria is a parasitic infectious tropical disease that causes high mortality rates in the tropical belt. In Venezuela, Sucre state is considered the third state with the highest malaria incidence. The Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), is the ratio between the number of observed disease cases (yi) and the expected number of cases 1Project funded by the National Fund for Science and Technology (FONACIT) project No.
    [Show full text]