The Mughal Administration of the Suba of Ajmer
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THE MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE SUBA OF AJMER ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY By SUNITA BUDHWAR Under the Supervision of DR. M. ATHAR ALI Centre of Advanced Study Department of History Aligarh Muslim University Allgarh 1977 AaaTRAC? Tb« pr«MDt t]a««lf «tMi at ft gtwjty of tti« wrking of tbt Na^||b«a •dBinialrfttlfln is th« jsl)A «f AJMOT. A Movigr la firal offarad odT tha gaagr^lqr of iba jgfetA, Hia botaidarlaa« aa tb^gr aleod o, 15^^ nd In tha lata 17th eentuiy^ hava ba«n ilMwn oo tha mp, frmd* reutaa aouiaetlBf tha m^ of Ajatr vltti tha joJbiA of Agra« Bolbl» au^azit «Qd SinA hava haan dl asuaaad. A dlatisetiva iN»atiuro af tha |Q^ of Ajasr vaa tha praaanoa of fiajpat ahUfa idio Jolnad ^^u^l aarrlM with tha prlTilaga of ruling tlwlr aim tarritorlaa aa natan layfrau la diaptar H, tha funatlroa of tha govanera af tha jg^ ara dlaeuaMd. A paoaUar faatura of tha jula vaa that aenatliiia tha govamora vara daalgaatad ipbadaro and aoaatlMui XiaJAuci* Othar offiolala vara hia aidM>rdlnataa« I'ablaa hava boon praparod oontalning tha naaaa vlth tha data of ippolntaont and tha duMtion of mrrie9 of tha govanxera* Qiaptar in daala vlth tha MJOUL and t*«i*>ifa^ of tbm joSU^ ThMo of f iolala vara nazt to tha gcrramor in iapextaa&oa, thagr «ara appointad bgr tha ^aparor* ¥o halp tha gofamort and lay<«i«a'« in raranna raaliaation, thara wai:^ local ravaaua officials. In ehaptor IT, tha funetiona of JBUSBEL* MSS3i» """'"fffr S^matOaaiiL ^^^qiUULbava ba«a diacnaaad. C^taptor T daaoribaa tha dntiaa and jtiriadiotion of tha qjal and othar offieiala of tha ^ioial dapartatnt* •ix •••tiont** (l) Th« dlff*r8ne« b«tifS4m eTdiBMT <<kyir «Dd jaiflLiisiZ* (ii) JIMdili (tablM hav» bMn pzvpftz^d to ahflw th« JUMUlUil of JDilSIIUI Hoita TMxwlio)^ (ill) ftdnlnlgfcrfttioa of jlgSxi* (!•) problAst f«oed \if tho iMy4irfiwi. (T) rolAtio&t htitwmk ^igfuAam and jmfiDdiaElt n<i (•!) U^ JiblliM (totritorlM idioM mnmmn mro ro«»rrod for tlw ^aporor). Infonwtlon is broa^t togoUior la « lift to #to« t)w total land of tho JQ^ IneludM into Cjbaptor VU (Land Bavanua and Otbor Taxoa) dMla vitJi tfa« aagnlttido of land x9wmvm, aathods of assoaaamt, Taaioa and OOOOM otbor than land r«v«nutf total rvranua roallsatioc orortiaa and nathoda of Agrleuttvral fiolltf • l^atljr l/2 or l/} of tha total produeo wia allooaiod from tha poaaanta. In d<*a*rt aroaa fxoai l/5 to 1/V of tho prodoeo ma oxaotod. Tha r«toa of tax en food ifraini of AljaH AM>aii; haro boon ooaporftd with thoM of Mulita Iialn«i*a ginflr CT PtrBttJ rt Tlgilr «^ MiiltM of fittOBii Marilna, Cbitttt flite. I hnra alao worked otit tha gaaa' por aqiMiro adla in aaeh jgcklC* l^ao f l^araa aoggoat that tho inoldoiwa of lawa' within ^a jdUi Ajaar Tariad broadly in aoo«ni«Qeo with tho eeonMiio roaotire^ (aainHyj of eooraOf agrieolttire) of tho rariooa rogiona. Chi^or Vin doftla with land grtnta «nd tho adalnistrotion of tho ^ime dOTfih. %a]y Hu|^ ^poror rlaltod tho heljr ahrlno of %vija ^uln oddia Cfat^ti and |^E«Btod land for tho oxpa&aea of tho Artno and for ita banafloiarioa *- tho iif>«^*ff -3 U«redlt«ry chlaf a, vho joined Hti^ai Mrrlce, mmd tixB MQ^I ^aqpira vlth th*ir arnltt. Th« giafndara of Ajn«r J]^ asintalBed 90»000 cATtlxy, Chaptar IX deals vitb the anv ond 1^» f aria of the jembA* ^07 acftXaa of th« pfygj^a and jffljQKca I**^ b*<n glvan* Adtttnlttration of tha forts has b««ci diacuaaad. A Xiat of iba fort a aimtloned is Ajjjnrt J^W^^y aa veil ae in other aoxuHsee hae alao been conpiled* Cbaptar X deala irith the Autenoaoua chief a and their adalnlatratlcsu Tbe ehlafa joined the iltig^al aezvioe^ but they v»rt left free, at laaat partly^ to manage their terrltorlea* Their OMD offlelala ^nre appointed. ^I!he pattem of appolatliig th9 offlelala vaa sivdlar to that of thA Mughal adfldnlatratlTe pattern. 1fe« laat ehapter brlxiga together Infarauitlon relatiag to xlsaa and Minta* T^ jpalsi contained fairly rloh alneral vmvn^§, and the narbla quarrlaa^r aalt-pana and ct^per ainea of the jpa^i yielded lai^ aiuoa to the ^^Uj^al Kqplre. There were alao reyal ninta* rU,, Ajoar, Haathaabor and liligaiir« functioning in the jjitifiu> THE UGHAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE SUB A OF AJMER THESIS SUBMITTED/FOR THE DEGREI DOCTOR OF.PHILOSOPHY IN . HISTORY By SUNITA BUDHWAR Under the Supervision of DR. M. ATHAR ALI Centn^^of Advanced Study Department of History Aligarh Muslim University Aiigarh 1977 T1962 c; 0 T E T 3 PaSFACE ABBfiSVlATIDilS CEAPtSRS Page I ^^URAPHI OF BiE mBA 1- 15 II THE UOVEaiOa 16- A4 III QiE DIMAH MB BAm&ii IV LOCAL mnms OFFICIALS 53-65 7 JUDICIAL ASHllilSTMTIOM 66- 80 VI THE JAGIR SISTSti AliO JQJALiaA 81-114 Vn L4liD REVEfiUS AKD OXhSB TAXES 115-1A6 Vin iMB OfiAMTS AMD DABqAH ADKIIilSTiULTIOli 147^159 IX XUE AfiHI AND FOiiTS 160-176 I filE AUTOitO^US CHIEFS AiiD ThBlfi ADABilSlBMSIOn 177-184 II MINES AilD MIMT3 185^194 OOliCLUSIDli 195^197 BIBLIOafiAPHI 198-212 MA? - 1 - fHBgACE Th# Mughal T5«pir« uas a faaclnattog effort at achiering a uniform ayttem of administration in far-flwig regtona, Tha JMJML of Aj«ar with ita Rajput chiefs and clans was pezhaps the most difficult to press int' soch a uniform i>att«m. I hare therefore atteiq;>ted to present here a study of the suba of Aj«er largely from the Mu^«l point of view, "Hiat is, I have tried to see how the Mu^l administration functioned In the JsHSLkl how far did it answer to the standard pattern of the ^iqpire; and i^at problems they faced in the effort. My sources have mainly been Persian and fiajasthttii, most of them in manuscript. I hope that by a utilisation of this material I have added something to existing Information and a little, hopefully, to the understanding of Hxi^^l administration* I am delighted to express w thanks to those without whose help it was difficult for me to oosplete this work. I feel pride to thank w supervisor. Dr. ^. Athar AH, i^ guided me with affection, interest and patience. My respected teacher Professor Irfan Habib very kindly want through BQT thesis and helped me with many valuable suggestions. I am also grateful to Mr. Iqtidar Alam Khan for guidance and advice on many pointa. My parents Mrs. and Mr. M.L, Budhwar encouraged and inspired ms at the time of strain and stress. I am also Indebted to my colleagues Messrs M.P. Singh, I.A. Zim, - 11 - Iqbal Husain, 2af ami Islam and IHaa Sfeii-aan Mooarl, Particularly I am thankful to J^JT friend* Messrs Aitmaduddln Qaai, Idrls B«g and Innyat Ali 2aidi for their help, I am also Indebted to th« authorities and staff of Maulana Aaad Idbraxy, Allgai*, The fieaearch Library, Department of History, Allgarh, Aaoop Sanskrit Library, Bikaner and The State Archires of Rajaathan, Bikarer. I«st2y it is also w duty to express icr thanks to Mr Zaidi, 1*0 typed iv thesis reiy eerefuUy. The map submitted with the thesis is based on oheat 6 H of Irfan liabib's atlas of tii^ Kuchal i^mT>lre. with io&e additioas. it r^as '*>eun dra'rfn by Kr Zal.oor A, iwhan» Cartorr rhor of the uev-artnent of uistory, Aligarh Hudliffi Uaiversity. AbbrevlatlQnt 1. Mi 2. AAx 3. Aanad 4. Beml« r IfaTela la the Mpgoi ^wplre 5. I.^.3.H.R. 6. IJi.C. Indian Hiaboiv Congress 7. tihorl 8. ManiKJcl 9. Peter l^undy The Tr«Tela of Peter MmdT In EnioDe JOa Asia 10. Pvcchaa 11. Saran Ihe ProTlncial Qovemwant of the Moahala 12. S.A.R. Sjbat? ArchlT»g of ^.j^g^h^m 13. TtTsmler Iir«ygli In ^<I1^ 14. Tod i>m«^la Itn4 ^tlgmtjeg of Ra.jas^hac 15. ligai. 16. Ttfs^K JMttle-i Jahangfrl 17. lilt Yfr Yinftd 18. MaaalAiMi or wjL, Maaai^ Sarkar Rantha«bor na Aiaar 1Q- Waris Pjia«hah Mama Chapter I (gpQKAPnJt OF TtiE 3UBA AUbar was the f Irit Mti^al Bii^peror lAo dtrided his ^«plre Into twelve yubaa for facility of administration. The yubaa irara dirided into sarioMra and the ffarlarf were dirided into JSaESSOU* ^Jwr was the capital of a y^)i of that naaa, which, like the other jubAfl« v*> ae^in dirided into •arkara. The Aiir-i Akbarl fumidies detailed infomatioi about the area of the prorince of Ajaer. In length the yuba extended from the rillage of Bhakkar and dependencies of Amber to Bikaner and ^aisaljaer was l68 JoiEflbl (roughly 336 nilfis). Its width extended from th« extreme limits of the aarkara of Ajjmer to Banswara was 153 JOiEQ^ (roughly 300 miles). To its east lay guhg Agra, to the North the dependencies of Delhi, to the South Oujarat anl to the West Dipalpur and Mtatan. It ooaprised 7 H''^'^^ ^^^ V7 paryanaa. Sarfcar Ajm^r contained 26 targanaa; jufloc Chittor 26; sarkar Ranthambor 73; garkir Jodfapur 22; jlEklJd ^irohi 6; JBIEIISC Nagaur 31; and juCkirJ^ikwaer contained 11 Jfij^UBAl* It appears that eonsiderablm changes took place after 1^5* The 1. Abul Faalf ATn-i Akfaarip «d. Blochmann, Bib. Ind., Calcutta, 1867-77, PP.50&-11; (figures hare been collated with Br. MSS. Add. 7652 and Add.