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Los Tres Reinos De Granada ANDALUCÍA EN LA HISTORIA Nº 40

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Los Tres Reinos De Granada ANDALUCÍA EN LA HISTORIA Nº 40 DOSIER LOS TRES REINOS DE GRANADA Una escuela de pilotos para las rutas ultramarinas Cuando Jaén clamó contra la pena de muerte ANDALUCÍA EN LA HISTORIA ANDALUCÍA Nº 40 Imagen cedida por el Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Imagen cedida por el Patronato Los tres reinos de Granada Año XI número 40 abril-junio 2013 3,50 € ENFOQUE Cuatro reinos, ocho provincias e ha convertido en un lugar imaginario del llamado andalucismo común, difundido en los libros histórico e impregnó los perfiles S de Historia, que los límites de folklóricos de muchas manifestaciones Andalucía se dibujaron a partir de 1492 populares. con la “reunificación” de los cuatro Se entiende pues, que si la reinos (Córdoba, Jaén, Sevilla y generación del 98 creó el mito de Granada). Un síndrome unificador Castilla, la del 27 sustituyese a Castilla derivado de la interpretación que por Andalucía. Sin embargo, tanto el AH defiende que con los Reyes Católicos se sevillano Cernuda como el gaditano ABRIL alcanzó premeditadamente no sólo la Alberti o el granadino García Lorca 2013 unión dinástica, sino también y sobre necesitaron dejar su andalucismo para todo la unidad territorial española. crecer en poesía. Pese a ese giro, 3 La realidad matiza mucho esta recientes iniciativas intelectuales e construcción imaginaria. Para el caso institucionales han recreado y de qué andaluz hubo que esperar al siglo XVIII manera el andalucismo —de mar y para que un geógrafo granadino, el bandoleros que decía Dámaso Alonso— jesuita Pedro Murillo, aplicase el de García Lorca, reinventando su figura término unitario de Andalucía al al anclarla en una época de su conjunto de los cuatro reinos. Y en 1833 trayectoria intelectual. Tiempo al de nuevo otro granadino, Javier de tiempo, puede que suceda algo similar Burgos, fue el que consolidó con la obra y la imagen del también definitivamente esta representación granadino Carlos Cano. unitaria con la agrupación regional de Han sido numerosos y diversos los las ocho provincias. acontecimientos, los contextos y los Durante los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, proyectos que, en ocasiones por el principal y común vínculo andaluz se reflexión y en otras por espasmos, han construyó mediante la recuperación de hecho que Granada construyese la antigüedad clásica y la legitimación Andalucía, y que Andalucía modelase a de la conquista cristiana. La Granada. Y no sólo por la referida unión reivindicación de una herencia de reinos, la posterior reorganización inmaterial concreta, legitimadora de administrativa o los andalucismos un pasado y no de otro, facilitó la literarios, también por la percepción conformación de un espacio único en el interiorizada de pertenecer a un área sur de España, con peculiaridades cultural con caracteres compartidos con comunes: la fe, la nobleza y, enfrente, el resto de andaluces, y diferentes a los África, memoria de la ocupación infiel, de los vecinos murcianos, manchegos o paréntesis entre la Bética romana, el extremeños. Quizás porque ha Estado visigodo y la Monarquía prevalecido la fusión frente a la fisión, católica. que también existe. O tal vez, y Fue después y no antes, cuando los recordando al ilustre granadino viajeros extranjeros, con una imagen Francisco Ayala, porque sin renunciar a cargada de exotismos orientales, lo andaluz se ha rechazado el realizaron la segunda “invención” de profesionalismo de dicha identidad. Andalucía. Un orientalismo decimonónico que fue asumido por una parte de las elites culturales andaluzas. MANUEL PEÑA DÍAZ Y que muy pronto engrosó el DIRECTOR DE ANDALUCÍA EN LA HISTORIA D O S I E R Los tres reinos de Granada: taifa, emirato y reino cristiano 6 Cuatro fechas han marcado la historia del reino de Granada: 1013, año en el que la dinastía de los Ziríes estableció en Granada la capitalidad de su taifa y formó así el primer reino de Granada; 1238, cuando Muhammad I entró en Granada y la convirtió en la nueva capital del emirato nazarí; 1492, año de la con- quista castellana de la capital granadina e inicio del Reino de Granada cristiano, y 1833, momento en el que el granadino Javier de Burgos diseñó la nueva división provincial de España en la que este último Reino de Granada quedaba definitivamente suprimido, pasando a integrase en la Andalucía de ocho pro- Edita: Centro de Estudios Andaluces vincias que incorporó también los territorios de los reinos de Sevilla, Córdoba y Jaén. Este dosier, coordi- Presidenta: Susana Díaz Pacheco nado por el profesor de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos de la Universidad de Jaén, Francisco Vidal Castro, Directora gerente: Mercedes de Pablos Candón ofrece un recorrido sobre estos tres reinos de Granada, atendiendo a sus amplias coordenadas geográ- Coordinación: Alicia Almárcegui Elduayen Consejo de Redacción: Rafael Corpas Latorre, Lorena ficas (siete provincias) y temporales (nueve siglos), así como a sus singularidades artísticas, arquitectóni- Muñoz Limón, Esther García García y Eva de Uña cas, religiosas, sociales y culturales. Ibáñez Director: Manuel Peña Díaz Consejo Editorial: Carlos Arenas Posadas, Marieta La taifa de los Ziríes, primer reino de Granada 8 Cantos Casenave, Juan Luis Carriazo Rubio, Salvador AH Cruz Artacho, José Luis Chicharro Chamorro, María María Jesús Viguera Molins José de la Pascua Sánchez, Encarnación Lemus ABRIL López, Carlos Martínez Shaw, Teresa María Ortega 2013 López, Antonio Ramos Espejo, Valeriano Sánchez El emirato nazarí de Granada 12 Ramos y José Luis Sanchidrián Torti Emilio Molina López Colaboran en este número: Francisco Vidal Castro, 4 María Jesús Viguera Molins, Emilio Molina López, Ángel Galán Sánchez, Antonio Malpica Cuello, José El Reino cristiano de Granada (1492-1833) 18 Miguel Puerta Vílchez, Celia del Moral, Antonio José García Sánchez, Clive Griffin, Piedad Bolaños Ángel Galán Sánchez Donoso, Marta García Garralón, Luis Emilio Vallejo Delgado, Antonio Barragán Moriana, Francisco Cobo Romero, Tano Ramos, Carlos Villoria Prieto, Enriqueta Madinat Ilbira y Madinat Garnata 24 Vila Vilar, Carlos Arenas Posadas, Luis F. Bernabé Pons, Jeremy Roe, Luis Salas Almela, Víctor M. Núñez Antonio Malpica Cuello García y Juan Antonio Lacomba Diseño y maquetación: SumaySigue Comunicación Arquitectura y arte para vivir 28 José Miguel Puerta Vílchez Impresión: Escandón Impresores Entre alamedas y huertos floridos. La literatura árabe 34 Distribución: Distrimedios, S.A. y Mares de Libros Celia del Moral El Centro de Estudios Andaluces es una Fundación Pública Andaluza adscrita a la Consejería de la Presidencia e Igualdad de la Junta de Andalucía. Centro de Estudios Andaluces C/ Bailén, 50 - 41001 Sevilla La constitución del señorío de Çehel 40 Información y suscripciones: 954 78 70 01 Don Luis Zapata constituyó un señorío en el territorio de la Alpujarra [email protected] Correo-e: baja de Granada mediante las concesiones regias de tierras [email protected] desocupadas por los musulmanes tras la conquista y por la URL: www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es Depósito legal: SE-3272-02 adquisición de terrenos a la Corona y a particulares. Después ISSN: 1695-1956 consiguió establecer un mayorazgo para que lo heredaran sus descendientes de generación en generación. Imagen de cubierta:. Detalle de un fresco de la Sala de Antonio J. García Sánchez los Reyes de la Alhambra. No existe acuerdo sobre la inter- pretación de la iconografía de esta sala. Para algunos los diez personajes que aparecen en el fresco son diez emires nazaríes granadinos; para otros, representan un consejo Los Cromberger y su imprenta 44 de sabios. Imagen cedida por el Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife. Consejería de Cultura y Deporte. Junta de La familia Cromberger, de origen alemán, se instaló en Sevilla a Andalucía. finales del siglo XV. Estableció la imprenta española más importante de la primera mitad del XVI, en la que se editaron muchos de los Tratamiento de las imágenes: Emilio Barberi Rodríguez best-seller de la época. En 1539 fue la primera empresa editora en abrir una imprenta en América; concretamente en la capital azteca. Clive Griffin Los corrales de comedias 50 Aunque no se puede hablar del nacimiento del teatro del Siglo de Oro en Sevilla, no se puede obviar que la expansión de las ‘Andalucía en la Historia’ no se responsabiliza de las opi- niones emitidas por los colaboradores y participantes de representaciones teatrales se produjo en esta ciudad como en cada número de la revista. ninguna otra a finales del XVI y comienzos del XVII, momento en el que abrieron sus puertas al público numerosos corrales de comedias. Piedad Bolaños Donoso S U M A R I O AH ABRIL 2013 5 Los magníficos palacios de la Alhambra son el único conjunto palatino del Islam clásico conservado en pie. Pilotos andaluces para las rutas S E C C I O N E S ultramarinas 58 El Colegio de San Telmo de Sevilla fue un centro especializado en la AGENDA 70 formación de pilotos y gente de mar de la Carrera de Indias que combinaba la formación teórica y práctica. Por sus aulas pasaron unos 3.500 huérfanos, la mayoría de ellos andaluces. Su avanzada IN MEMORIAM 74 preparación los convirtió en tripulantes muy requeridos por los Julio Aróstegui diversos navíos que iban a Indias. Marta García Garralón TIEMPO PRESENTE 76 El crimen de los hermanos Nereo 62 Entrevista a Manuel González Jiménez Hace cien años, en el término municipal de Porcuna, dos cazadores OCURRIÓ HACE 80 AÑOS 80 furtivos mataron a una pareja de la Guardia Civil. Condenados a la pena capital, la sociedad jiennense, secundada por personalidades Casas Viejas y el capitán Rojas como Alcalá- Zamora y Pablo Iglesias, clamó por su perdón. Luis E. Vallejo Delgado APRENDER HISTORIA 86 La primera globalización Juan Díaz del Moral 66 LIBROS 90 El compromiso político y la obra del ilustre notario e historiador Juan OPINIÓN / A PROPÓSITO 96 Díaz del Moral (1870-1948) son imprescindibles para entender uno La crisis del 29 y la actual de los ejes principales sobre el que gravita la historia contemporánea de Andalucía, la cuestión agraria.
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